,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #bb 
,! ,A/URIAN ,COMMUNE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,X,I,I4 ,! ,A/URIAN ,COMMUNE 

  

,GIL ,ROBLES WAS UND\BT$LY ! %REWDE/ ( ,SPA9'S REACTION>IES4 ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ! C\NTRY'S PROBLEM WAS SOCIAL NOT POLITICAL & ?AT :ILE ! ,C,N,T HAD BE5 UNABLE TO UNLEA% A REVOLUTION1 IT HAD MA9TA9$ A /ATE ( PRE-REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T ?AT WAS SO DYNAMIC ?AT ONE C\LD BREAK \T AT ANY TIME4 ,GIL ,ROBLES'S POLITICAL /RATEGY RE/$ ON 9T]RUPT+ ?AT PROCESS1 :I* IS EXACTLY :AT HE DID ON ,OCTOB] #e BY =C+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO EI!R ACCEPT ! ,C,$,A M9I/RY OR RISE UP4 ,HIS CLEV]NESS LAY 9 HIS ABILITY TO KN[ PRECISELY :5 HE C\LD PROVOKE AN UPRIS+ )\T JEOP>DIZ+ ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,:AT MADE ,GIL ,ROBLES SO CONFID5T ?AT HE W\LD RISK 9CIT+ A REVOLUTION8 ,HIS CONFID5CE LAY 9 ! V]Y COMPLEXITY ( ! ,SPANI% SITUATION1 9 :I* HIS SUPPOS$ OPPON5TS HAD MADE A SOCIAL PROBLEM 9TO A POLITICAL ONE & ?US BECAME HIS OBJECTIVE ALLIES4 ,BASQUE LEAD]S /OOD ALO( FROM ! ,SOCIALI/S' REBELLION & TRI$ TO NEUTRALIZE WORK] ACTION 9 !IR REGION4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! ,G5]ALITAT TRI$ TO 9CAPACITATE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,) RESPECT TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY NATIONALLY1 IT CREAT$ ! PRE-CONDITIONS ( ITS [N DEFEAT BY RE/RA9+ ITS WORK] BASE & PREV5T+ ! EM]G5CE ( AN AU!NTIC ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T4 

,= ,GIL ,ROBLES1 ! C5T] ( DANG] WAS 9 ,A/URIAS3 IT WAS !RE ?AT ! ?REAT ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS ! GREATE/4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S W]E MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ELSE:]E2 ! ,C,N,T WAS NOT WORN \T BY 9SURRECTIONS2 & !RE WAS A CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ALLIANCE4 ,IT WAS IMP]ATIVE = ,GIL ,ROBLES TO CRU% ! REBELLION !RE1 IF ONLY TO PREV5T IT FROM SPREAD+ TO ! RE/ ( ,SPA94 ,9 FACT1 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,CATALANI/S HELP$ ! GOV]NM5T SUPPRESS ! ,A/URIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! *ATT] AB\T :E!R ! ,C,N,T C\LD HAVE SEIZ$ CONTROL 9 ,B>CELONA AFT] ! ,CATALANI/S' DEFEAT IS NO?+ BUT CONJECTURE4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT =C$ REVOLUTION>IES TO *OOSE ONE ( ?REE OPTIONS4 ,! FIR/ WAS TO /AY \T ( ! REVOLT 7:I* ! ,G5]ALITAT WANT$74 ,! SECOND WAS TO JO9 IT1 :I* ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ADVIS$1 AL?\< ?AT W\LD HAVE MEANT AN >M$ CONFRONTATION ) ! ,CATALANI/S &1 LAT]1 ! >MY QU>T]$ 9 ! REGION4 ,! F9AL OPTION WAS TO WAIT = ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CATALANI/S & ?R[ !MSELVES 9TO A V5TURE AGA9/ ! >MY1 :I* BY !N CONTROLL$ ! CAPITAL & HAD ! SUPPORT ( 0ELITE0 UNITS BR\<T 9 FROM ,AFRICA & UNLOAD$ ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,OCTOB] #g4 ,! ,C,N,T *OOSE ! FIR/ ALT]NATIVE & SEIZ$ AS MANY >MS AS IT C\LD AFT] ! ,CATALANI/S SURR5D]$1 :ILE ALSO DO+ EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO PREV5T A MASSACRE ( WORK]S4 

,9 MANY RESPECTS1 ONE CAN SEE ! REVOLUTION UNLEA%$ 9 ,A/URIAS ON ,OCTOB] #e AS A G5]AL REHE>SAL ( ! REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,AL?\< ! ,A/URIAN WORK]S W]E DEFEAT$ MILIT>ILY1 !IR UND]TAK+ WAS ULTIMATELY A VICTORY & ONE ?AT HAD 5ORM\S CONSEQU5CES = ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,! NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/'S REVOLT W]E SOON LOCALIZ$4 ,! P>TY FAIL$ TO ACCOMPLI% ITS AIMS ANY:]E4 ,9 ,BILBAO1 ! ,BASQUE ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY URG$ ITS MEMB]S TO AB/A94 ,ITS LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ,BASQUE ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY1 TOLD ITS MEMB]S TO GO TO WORK BUT RETURN HOME IF !Y 5C\NT]$ DIFFICULTY OR DANG]4 ,IT ALSO ORD]$ !M NOT TO UND]TAKE ANY ACTIVITIES ?AT IT HADN'T SANCTION$4 ,!RE WAS A MORE OR LESS G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,BILBAO1 BUT IT WAS PASSIVE4 ,9 NE>BY VILLAGES--SU* AS ,PORTUGALETE1 ,H]NANI1 & ,EIB>--REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E =M$ & !RE W]E >M$ CONFLICTS4 

,!RE WAS A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,MADRID3 BUS9ESSES CLOS$1 ! NEWSPAP]S DID NOT PUBLI%1 & !RE WAS NO VEHICUL> TRAFFIC4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #e & #f1 !RE W]E BATTLES BETWE5 GR\PS ( WORK]S & POLICE 9 ! PROLET>IAN NEI<BORHOODS ( ,CUATRO ,CAM9OS1 ,TETUAN1 ,ATO*A1 ,DELICIAS1 & O!RS4 ,WORK]S ALSO ATTACK$ ! HEAD PO/AL (FICE & ! ,G5]AL ,(FICE ( ,SECURITY1 :I* RESULT$ 9 %OOT\TS ON ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 ,ALCALA ,/REET1 & 9 ! ,PU]TA DEL ,SOL4 ,H[EV]1 POLICE >RE/$ ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S ALMO/ AS SOON AS ! /RUGGLE BEGAN1 JU/ AS !Y HAD DONE DUR+ ALL !IR PREVI\S REBELLIONS4 ,AU?ORITIES CAPTUR$ !M 9 ! /UDIO ( ,SOCIALI/ PA9T] ,QU9TANA1 :]E !Y HAD E/ABLI%$ !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS HEADLESS FROM ?AT MOM5T ON & DE/9$ TO FAIL4 

,NEV]!LESS1 !RE W]E FI]CE /RUGGLES 9 ,A/URIAS & ! GOV]NM5T MOBILIZ$ AT ONCE TO NEUTRALIZE ! ,A/URIAN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AT #i3 9 ! EV5+1 ,SPANI% ,9T]IOR ,M9I/] ,ELOY ,VAQU]O MADE A /ATEM5T OV] ! RADIO TYPICAL ( ALL GOV]NM5TS 9 SIMIL> SITUATIONS3 0,CALM REIGNS 9 ,SPA910 HE SAID4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T FROM HURRY+ TO MEET 9 FULL AT #a#a3 PM 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS ! SITUATION4 ,ITS FIR/ ACT WAS TO C5SURE ! PRESS4 ,! ,PRIME ,M9I/] TOLD J\RNALI/S ?AT ! 0PRES5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T OBLIGES ! GOV]NM5T TO DECL>E A /ATE ( EM]G5CY 9 ,A/URIAS40 

,ON ,OCTOB] #f1 ! GOV]NM5T EXT5D$ ! /ATE ( EM]G5CY ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & ORD]$ ,G5]AL ,BATET TO SUBDUE ! DISORD]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,L]R\X /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD BE IMPLACABLE AGA9/ ! ,A/URIAN AN>*I/S & ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/S4 

,M9I/] ( ,W> ,DIEGO ,HIDALGO ORD]$ ,G5]AL ,FRANCO TO DRAFT A PLAN ( ATTACK = ,A/URIAS4 ,HIDALGO W5T TO SLEEP AT #b3 9 ! MORN+ ON ,OCTOB] #g1 AFT] CONF]R+ ) ,G5]AL ,BATET1 :O ASSUR$ HIM ?AT ! ,CATALAN REVOLT W\LD BE SUPPRESS$ 9 F\R H\RS4 ,HE GAVE ,G5]AL ,FRANCO & ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,YAGUE ! TASK ( CRU%+ ! ,A/URIAN REBELS4 

,V>I\S PEOPLE VISIT$ ,L]R\X ON ,OCTOB] #g & (F]$ !IR UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT DUR+ ?OSE CRITICAL MOM5TS4 ,ONE ( ?OSE TO VOLUNTE] HIS AID WAS ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7= :OM ,L]R\X FELT 0A V]Y /RONG AFFECTION074 ,! GOV]NM5T MET ?AT EV5+ &1 AFT]W>DS1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> /AT$ ?AT 0! >MY'S COMB9$ L& & SEA =CES >E V]Y CLOSE TO A*IEV+ !IR OBJECTIVES 9 ,A/URIAS40 ,! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/] ASS]T$ ?AT 0! TOTAL SUBMISSION ( ! ,A/URIAN REBELS WILL OCCUR 9 A MATT] ( H\RS40 

,! ,P>LIAM5T MET ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,OCTOB] #i1 )\T ! ,LEFTW+ DEPUTIES4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS CONGRATULAT$ = ITS QUICK RESPONSE4 ,A RUMOR WAS CIRCULAT+ ?AT ,MANUEL ,AZANA HAD BE5 >RE/$ 9 ,B>CELONA & LOAD$ ONTO A %IP4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S UPRIS+1 )\T LEAD]%IP FROM ! BEG9N+1 HAD FAIL$4 ,BUT :AT COLLAPS$ 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 BECAME A DEEP PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,A/URIAS4 

,! REBELLION BEGAN !RE AT #c3 9 ! MORN+ ON ,OCTOB] #e1 :5 WORK]S ATTACK$ ALL ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D B>RACKS 9 ! REGION ) DYNAMITE4 ,BY ! MID-DAY1 TW5TY-?REE ,CIVIL ,GU>D B>RACKS & ALL !IR >MAM5TS HAD FALL5 9TO ! WORK]S' H&S4 ,! B>RACKS 9 ,MI]ES SURR5D]$ ) ITS =TY-FIVE ,GU>DS & ! B>RACKS 9 ,REBOLL$A1 ,SANTULLANO1 & ,SAMA CAPITULAT$ ON ,OCTOB] #f4 

,! WORK]S HAD FAIL$ TO TAKE ,OVI$O1 BUT F\<T AGA9/ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & >MY !RE4 ,! MILIT>Y COMM&] DECL>$ A /ATE ( EM]G5CY & S5T TROOPS TO ! >EAS :]E ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E HOL$ UP OR CONTROLL$ COMPLETELY4 ,HE S5T A DETA*M5T ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS TO ,MANZAN$A1 :I* ! REVOLUTION>IES HELD1 BUT ! ,GU>DS W]E FOIL$ BY A WORK]S' COLUMN HID+ \T 9 ,>MATILLA1 ,PICO DEL ,CA/ILLO1 & ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! VALLEY 9 ,SANTIANES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 RAPIDLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' COLUMNS ADVANC$ ON ,OVI$O & PREP>$ TO SEIZE IT4 ,!RE WAS /REET FI<T+ 9 ,GIJON1 BUT ! WORK]S COMPLETELY TOOK OV] ! ,CIMADEVILLA NEI<BORHOOD & RAIS$ B>RICADES AT ITS 5TRANCES4 

,! REVOLUTION>IES CONTROLL$ ! SITUATION 9 ,AVILES1 :]E !Y OCCUPI$ ! GAS FACTORY & ! ELECTRIC COMPANY'S MA9 (FICE4 

,!Y CALL$ UPON ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D TO SURR5D] 9 ,LA ,FELGU]A1 :]E !RE WAS AN >MS FACTORY ?AT EMPLOY$ ?REE ?\S&1 PR$OM9ANTLY ,C,N,T METALWORK]S4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D REFUS$ & ! M9]S ATTACK$ !IR B>RACKS1 :I* !Y TOOK AT MIDNI<T4 ,! REBELS CONTROLL$ ,LA ,FELGU]A FROM !N ON & PUBLI%$ A MANIFE/O SIGN$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE & HEAD$ ) ! LETT]S3 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,IT SAID3 0,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS VICTORI\S 9 ,LA ,FELGU]A4 ,\R DUTY IS TO ORGANIZE DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION PROP]LY4 ,WE ASK = GOOD S5SE & PRUD5CE FROM ALL4 ,!RE IS A ,DI/RIBUTION ,COMMITTEE1 & ALL ?OSE 5TRU/$ ) ATT5D+ TO DOME/IC NECESSITIES MU/ GO !RE40 .<#d#b#a.> 

,REBELS PROCLAIM$ A ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE ,TURON VALLEY1 :I* TOOK ON ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]I/ICS 9 >EAS ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE & BUREAUCRATIC *>ACT]I/ICS :]E ,M>XI/S DOM9AT$4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 ! ,A/URIAN REVOLUTION (F]$ A MAT]IAL EXPRESSION ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO SY/EMS4 ,A C>EFUL /UDY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ DUR+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC'S FIFTE5 DAYS W\LD BE EXTREMELY VALUABLE AS A /UDY 9 REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #e1 ,MADRID ORD]$ ,G5]AL ,BOS*1 ! MILIT>Y LEAD] 9 ,LEON1 TO BR+ HIS TROOPS 7TWO 9FANTRY REGIM5TS7 TO ,A/URIAS4 ,HE C\LD NOT TRANSPORT !M BY TRA9 BECAUSE REVOLUTION>IES HAD BL[N UP ! ,LOS ,FI]ROS ,BRIDGE4 ,HE HAD TO MOVE !M 9 TRUCKS1 BUT WORK]S 5TR5*$ 9 ,VEGA DEL ,REY HELD !M BACK = TWO WEEKS4 ,G5]AL ,LOPEZ ,O*OA SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE :5 WORK]S DETA9$ HIS =CES 9 ! N>R[ ,P5AFLOR GORGE :ILE !Y TRI$ TO GO FROM ,GALICIA TO ,A/URIAS ,! WORK]S COLUMNS SURR\ND+ ,OVI$O ATTACK$ ON ,OCTOB] #h4 ,ONE 5T]$ ?R\< ! ,SAN ,LAZ>O NEI<BORHOOD AFT] DEFEAT+ A COMPANY ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS NE> ! ,AGUILA ,RIV]4 ,:5 !Y OCCUPI$ ! ,ADORATRICES ,HILL ,CONV5T1 WOM5 9 ! WORK]S' NEI<BORHOODS WELCOM$ !M ) 5?USIA/IC *E]S4 ,GR\PS ( M9]S 5T]$ ANO!R P>T ( ! CITY & =C$ !IR WAY ?R\< ) DYNAMITE ON ,FI]RO1 ,SANTO ,DOM+O1 & ,GUILL]MO ,E/RADA /REETS BE=E F9ALLY TAK+ OV] ,T[N ,HALL AT #b3#c PM4 ,ON ,LEOPOLDO ,ALAS & ,>ZOBISPO ,GUISASOLA ,/REETS1 ! C>AB9]OS TRI$ TO /OP A M9]'S COLUMN L$ BY ,S]GEANT ,DIEGO ,VAZQUEZ BUT W]E OV]COME BY DYNAMITE & %\TS ( 0,VIVA ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION60 ,AT #c3 PM1 ! COLUMN HAD COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! SURR\ND+ NEI<BORHOOD & HAD OCCUPI$ ! HOSPITAL4 ,! M9]S' ONSLAU<T MADE ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & >MY TROOPS DEF5D+ ,OVI$O RETREAT1 :O TOOK REFUGE 9 ! ,PELAYO B>RACKS & ! ,CA!DRAL4 ,! >MS FACTORY1 N[ 9 ! M9]S' H&S1 (F]$ A SIGNIFICANT BOOTY3 TW5TY-ONE ?\S& RIFLES1 ?REE HUNDR$ MA*9E-GUN RIFLES1 & NUM]\S MA*9E-GUNS4 

,:ILE ! FI<T+ OCCURR$1 REVOLUTION>IES BEGAN TO TRANS=M SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & E/ABLI% A TYPE ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! POPULATION G5U9ELY SUPPORT$4 ,!Y ABOLI%$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & DECL>$ IT COLLECTIVE4 ,N[ ?AT ! METALLURGIC C5T]S W]E 9 WORK]S' H&S1 ! FACTORIES 9 ,LA ,FELGU]A & ELSE:]E BEGAN TO WORK OV]TIME 9 AN EF=T TO RAPIDLY PRODUCE MUNITIONS4 ,!Y MANAG$ TO TURN \T ?IRTY ?\S&S C>TRIDGES P] DAY 9 ,LA ,FELGU]A1 AL?\< EV5 ?AT WAS NOT 5\< = ! ?\S&S ( FI<T]S READY TO DIE = ! ,A/URIAN ,COMMUNE4 

,REBELS SET UP ! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE 9 ,OVI$O1 :I* MA9TA9$ CONTACT ) REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS A DISPUTE BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S4 ,AL?\< ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T NATURALLY 9DICAT$ ?AT BO? ORGANIZATIONS W\LD LEAD ! /RUGGLE1 ! ,A/URIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATION =M$ ! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ) ITS MEMB]S ALONE & LAT] EV5 9VIT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO JO91 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT HAD NOT SIGN$ !IR ACCORD & WAS 9SIGNIFICANT 9 ! REGION4 ,?IS CONFIRM$ ! ,LA ,FELGU]A AN>*I/S' FE>S AB\T ! ,SOCIALI/S' REVOLUTION>Y S9C]ITY1 :I* !Y HAD EXPRESS$ AT A ,C,N,T MEET+ HELD 9 ,GIJON ON ! EVE ( ! REBELLION4 

,GIJON'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE REPEAT$LY S5T REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE 9 ,OVI$O 9 AN ATTEMPT TO ACQUIRE >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,!SE VISITS W]E 0FRUITLESS10 SAYS ,PEIRATS4 .<#d#b#b.> ,! VILLAG]S =M$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES 9 TWO DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,9 ZONES ( LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE1 RESID5TS APPO9T$ !M 9 ASSEMBLIES2 9 >EAS ( ,SOCIALI/ 9FLU5CE1 P>TY GR\PS ASSUM$ EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,! $ICTS & PROCLAMATIONS ISSU$ 9 !SE VILLAGES ALSO HAD A DIFF]5T *>ACT]3 ! LIB]T>IANS APPEAL$ TO ! POPULATION'S S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & GOOD WILL TO C>RY ! /RUGGLE =W>D1 :]EAS ! ,SOCIALI/S ISSU$ COMM&S & ANN\NC$ ?AT DRACONIAN MEASURES W\LD BE APPLI$ TO ANYONE :O DIDN'T FOLL[ !IR ORD]S4 

,DESPITE !SE CONTRADICTIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE SWEPT ?R\< ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,& !RE W]E RELATIVELY FEW SECT>IAN CONFLICTS1 :I* SEEM$ PO9TLESS 9 ! FACE ( ! GREAT DANG]S LY+ 9 WAIT & ALREADY WEI<+ UPON ON ! REBEL ZONE4 

,! ,M9I/RY ( ,W> WAS DI/RESS$ TO LE>N ?AT WORK]S HAD /OPP$ ,G5]AL ,BOS* & ,G5]AL ,LOPEZ 9 !IR TRACKS4 ,=TUNATELY1 !Y ?\<T1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCO HAD ANTICIPAT$ SU* PROBLEMS & ORD]$ ,=EIGN ,LEGION TROOPS & ,MOROCCAN ,REGUL>S TO SET (F = ,GIJON4 ,MOROCCO ONCE AGA9 BECAME ! CANC] ( ,SPA94 ,! ,MOROCCANS HAD ASK$ ! ,SOCIALI/-,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T TO DECL>E IT AUTONOM\S :5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 #a#i#c#a1 BUT W]E UNABLE TO CONV9CE IT TO DO SO4 ,9 FACT1 ! GOV]NM5T 9/ITUT$ AN EV5 MORE BRUTALLY COLONIAL POLICY ?AN ! DEPOS$ MON>*Y4 ,H[ C\LD ! ,SOCIALI/S COMPLA9 IF ,FRANCO BR\<T TROOPS FROM ,MOROCCO & MANY ( ! ,MOORI% =CES V5T$ !IR JU/IFI$ ANG] UPON ! ,SPANI>DS8 ,WASN'T IT ! ,SPANI>DS :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = COLONIALISM 9 ,MOROCCO8 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCO US$ ! ,REPUBLIC'S FAILURES TO CRU% ! WORK]S4 ,HE WASN'T TO BLAME = ! B>B>ISM ( ! ,MOORI% =CES2 ?AT WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS' 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( A B>B>IC COLONIALISM4 

,AU?ORITIES LOAD$ ! W>%IPS ,LIB]TAD1 ,JAIME ,I1 & ,MIGUEL DE ,C]VANTES ) ,AFRICAN TROOPS & !Y SET (F = ,GIJON4 ,LIB]TAD WAS ! FIR/ TO >RIVE4 ,IT BEGAN BOMB+ 9T5SELY ON ,OCTOB] #g1 :I* COV]$ ! L&+ ( A ,M>9E ,9FANTRY BATTALION4 ,! WELL-=TIFI$ ,GIJON RESID5TS /OPP$ ! SEAM5 FROM PASS+ 9 ,S]91 BUT >MS & AMMUNITION W]E RUNN+ %ORT4 ,! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE DID NOT SEEM TO APPRECIATE ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION4 ,! ,GIJON ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE CONTACT$ ,LA ,FELGU]A & REQUE/$ AMMUNITION1 WEAPONS1 & M54 ,LA ,FELGU]A CAME RAPIDLY TO ITS AID1 BUT !Y W]E ULTIMATELY UNABLE TO RESI/ ! BOMB>DM5T & ! OV]:ELM+ NUMB] ( TROOPS 7N[ 9CLUD+ ,REGUL>S FROM ,MOROCCO1 MEMB]S ( ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION1 & ! ,EI<? ,BATTALION ( ,HUNT]S FROM ,AFRICA74 ,!Y HAD TO GIVE 9 ON ,OCTOB] #a1 AFT] ?REE DAYS & NI<TS ( HELLI% BATTLE4 ,! ,A/URIAN COMMUNE C\LD C\NT ITS H\RS FROM !N ON4 ,LOPEZ ,O*OA'S M5 ESCAP$ !IR DETA9M5T BY DIV]T+ !IR R\TE ?R\< ,AVILES4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S =CES 7 ,T]CIO & ,REGUL>S7 5T]$ ?R\< ! PORT4 

,! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ORD]$ A G5]AL )DRAWAL ON ,OCTOB] #a#a4 ,SOME MILITANTS OPPOS$ ?IS ORD] & FROM !N ON ! ,C,N,T =CES BEGAN TO ACT ) SOME 9DEP5D5CE4 ,JOSE ,M>IA ,M>T9EZ DI$ 9 ,SOTIELLO ON ,OCTOB] #ab :ILE C>RY+ \T A MISSION = ! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE4 

,GOV]NM5T =CES DETECT$ A R5EWAL ( ! RESI/ANCE & CALL$ 9 ! AIR =CE1 :I* PROMPTLY BEGAN BOMB+ M]CILESSLY4 ,! PLANES ALSO DROPP$ PAMPHLETS DEM&+ ?AT ! 9SURG5TS GIVE UP3  
  

,REBELS ( ,A/URIAS1 GIVE UP6 ,IT IS ! ONLY WAY TO SAVE Y\R LIVES4 ,Y\ MU/ SURR5D] UNCONDITIONALLY & H& OV] Y\R >MS )9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,ALL ( ,SPA9 IS AGA9/ Y\ & READY TO CRU% Y\ )\T PITY AS A JU/ PUNI%M5T = Y\R CRIM9AL MADNESS4444 ,ALL ! DAMAGE ?AT ! TROOPS & BOMBS HAVE CAUS$ ?US F> IS NO?+ BUT A =ETA/E ( :AT Y\ WILL RECEIVE IF Y\ DO NOT 5D Y\R REBELLION & REL9QUI% Y\R >MS BE=E SUNRISE4.<#d#b#c.>  
  

,DESPITE !SE ?REATS1 ! ,A/URIAN REVOLUTION>IES CONT9U$ FI<T+ UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#h1 :5 ! ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE CALL$ = AN 5D TO ! RESI/ANCE4 ,IT RELEAS$ A /ATEM5T ?AT SAID3 0,AFT] PROV+ ! /R5G? ( ! WORK+ MASSES 444 A PAUSE 9 ! /RUGGLE IS NECESS>Y4 ,BUT ?IS )DRAWAL IS HONORABLE1 BECAUSE IT IS ONLY A /OP 9 ! J\RNEY4 ,! PROLET>IAT CAN BE BEAT5 BUT NEV] DEFEAT$60 ,! SPIRIT ( ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T'S DECL>ATION ON ! EVE ( HIS MURD] IMPREGNATES ?IS MANIFE/O3 0,!RE >E DEFEATS ?AT >E VICTORIES1 & VICTORIES ?AT >E MORE %AMEFUL ?AN DEFEATS40 

,9DE$1 ! GOV]NM5T'S TRIUMPH OV] ! ,A/URIAN REVOLUTION>IES WAS ! MO/ %AMEFUL ( VICTORIES4 ,IT DID NOT EV5 RESPECT ! S+LE CONDITION ?AT ! M9]S IMPOS$ BE=E SURR5D]+3 ?AT ! M]C5>Y TROOPS NOT OCCUPY ,A/URIAS4 ,G5]AL ,>&E1 AFT] GIV+ HIS 0WORD ( HONOR10 (F]$ ! REGION TO ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION & ,REGUL>S AS W> BOOTY4 

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