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,SOCIALISM1 ,ABS5T 9 ,DECEMB] #aicc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V,I,I4 ,SOCIALISM1 ABS5T 9 DECEMB] #aicc 

  

,! ,RI<T'S ELECTORAL VICTORY ON ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #aicc WAS A SURPRISE TO NO ONE4 ,A DIVID$ LEFT1 A WORK+ CLASS DISAPPO9T$ 9 ! ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,C,N,T'S AB/5TION CAMPAIGN MADE ! RESULTS EASY TO ANTICIPATE4 

,! ,LEFT WON N9ETY-N9E SEATS 79CLUD+ SIXTY = ! ,SOCIALI/S & ONE = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY72 ! ,C5T]1 #aef 79CLUD+ #ab = ! ,RADICALS72 & ! ,RI<T1 #bag 7#a#a#e W5T TO ! ,C,$,A74 ,COMP>+ ?IS ) ! \TCOME ( ! ELECTIONS 9 ,JUNE #aica %[S A SIGNIFICANT DEFEAT3 ! ,LEFT1 #bfc DEPUTIES 79CLUD+ #aaf ,SOCIALI/S72 ! ,C5T]1 #aa 7TW5TY- TWO BELONG+ TO ,MAURA & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA71 & ! ,RI<T2 =TY-F\R 79CLUD+ TW5TY-SIX AGR>IANS74 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY LO/ FIFTY-SIX SEATS BETWE5 #aica & #a#i#c#c4 

,WAS ,SPA9 TURN+ RI<T8 ,TO SUGGE/ ?AT W\LD BE A %>P MISREAD+ ( ! SITUATION4 ,!RE W]E HI< LEVELS ( AB/5TION 9 >EAS :]E ! ,C,N,T WAS /RONG3 ,SEVILLA & ITS PROV9CE1 #e4#a#f P]C5T2 ,MALAGA1 #d#h4#c#g P]C5T2 ,CADIZ1 #f#b4#g#c P]C5T2 & ,B>CELONA1 #d P]C5T4 ,A DEEP] /UDY W\LD MAKE ! ,C,N,T'S ROLE /& \T EV5 MORE1 AL?\< WE 9SI/ ?AT ! ORIG9S ( ! ,LEFT'S DEFEAT LAY 9 POPUL> FRU/RATION ) ! ANTI- WORK] POLICIES ?AT IT 9/ITUT$ :ILE 9 P[] & ALSO 9 ! FACT ?AT IT 5T]$ ! ELECTION CAMPAIGN AS A DIVID$ =CE4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#c#c1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I'S ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE SET UP BASE 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 :I* W\LD SOON BE ! CITY MO/ 5GAG$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION4 ,ITS HEADQU>T]S W]E ON ! SECOND FLOOR ( A BUILD+ ON ,CONV]TIDOS ,/REET & IT WAS !RE ?AT ITS ?REE PR9CIPLE MEMB]S--,DURRUTI1 ,M]A1 & ,ISAAC ,PU5TE--GOT TO WORK4 ,>AGON DELEGAT$ ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO1 ,EJ>QUE1 & ! ,ALCRUDO BRO!RS 7ALL FROM ,Z>AGOZA7 TO ! GR\P4 

,!Y DIVID$ A MAP ( ,SPA9 9TO COLOR$ ZONES1 ) EA* COLOR 9DICAT+ A REGION'S POT5TIAL4 ,9 ! R$ ZONES 7,>AGON1 ,RIOJA1 & ,NAV>RE7 ! 9SURRECTION W\LD BE ! MO/ AGGRESSIVE2 9 ! BLUE ZONES 7,CATALONIA1 9 P>TICUL>7 IT W\LD BEG9 ) A G5]AL /RIKE & !N BECOME REVOLUTION>Y2 9 ! GRE5 ZONES 7,C5T] & ,NOR?71 :]E ! ,SOCIALI/S DOM9AT$1 !RE W\LD BE A G5]AL /RIKE & AN ATTEMPT TO DRAW ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9TO ! /RUGGLE4 ,VAL5CIA & ,&ALUSIA W]E M>K$ 9 R$-BLUE4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE 7,N,R,C7 PR9T$ PAMPHLETS URG+ ! WORK]S TO TAKE IMM$IATE CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY OCCUPY+ ! FACTORIES1 M9ES1 & WORK%OPS4 ,!Y W]E TO SET UP ,WORK]S ,COMMITTEES 9 ! WORKPLACES1 :I* W\LD F$]ATE LOCALLY & =M ! ,LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL4 ,PEOPLE 9 RURAL >EAS W]E TO =M ,FREE ,COMMUNES & F$]ATE BY C\NTY4 ,!Y W\LD SEIZE ! L>GE FOOD DEPOTS & DI/RIBUTE FOOD PRODUCTS ?R\< COOP]ATIVES4 ,!Y W\LD ALSO CREATE AN >M$ WORK]S' MILITIA ?AT W\LD PROVIDE REVOLUTION>Y SECURITY4 ,IT W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SMALL & HI<LY MOBILE GU]RILLA DETA*M5TS1 US+ TRUCKS & O!R VEHICLES TO GET >\ND4 .<#c#h#i.> ,!Y S5T !SE PAMPHLETS TO ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES & ,F,A,I GR\PS1 :O REPRODUC$ !M 9 L>GE NUMB]S & DI/RIBUT$ !M 9 ALL ! VILLAGES4 

,A PROBLEM CAME UP AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 JU/ :5 IT SEEM$ LIKE !Y ONLY HAD TO WAIT = ! REVOLUTION>Y SP>K3 AT A MEET+ ( MILITANTS 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 SOME RAIS$ D\BTS AB\T :E!R !IR ORGANIZATION %\LD />T ! REBELLION4 ,IT HAD BE5 DECID$ ?AT ,Z>AGOZA W\LD RISE UP FIR/ & !N ! RE/ ( ,L[ & ,HI< ,>AGON W\LD FOLL[ IMM$IATELY AFT]4 ,!IR HESITATION CREAT$ AN UNPLEASANT SITUATION4 ,ISAAC ,PU5TE & ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO MADE AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO GET !M TO COMMIT4 ,!N IT WAS ,DURRUTI'S TURN TO SPEAK TO ! GR\P4 ,DURRUTI KNEW MO/ ( !M P]SONALLY & WAS FULLY AW>E ( !IR COMMITM5T & C\RAGE4 ,:Y1 !N1 W]E !SE DIFFICULTIES COM+ UP N[8 ,AS USUAL1 HE SPOKE FRANKLY3 HE SAID ?AT IF ,>AGON BACK$ \T !N ALL ! ,C,N,T'S CR$ITABILITY W\LD GO TO PIECES4 ,NO O!R REGION 9 ,SPA9 WAS CAPABLE ( LEAD+ ! REBELLION ?AT !Y 9T5D$ TO UNLEA%4 ,B>CELONA WAS EXHAU/$ AFT] ! ,JANU>Y #h 9SURRECTION & ! /ATE'S CON/ANT CRACKD[NS2 CONDITIONS W]E ! SAME 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,>AGON WAS ! ONLY >EA ?AT SEEM$ TO HAVE KEPT ITS =CES 9TACT4 ,BUT1 IF !Y ?\<T ?AT !Y %\LDN'T P>TICIPATE1 !Y W]E FREE TO MAKE ?AT DECISION1 HE TOLD !M4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAD PL$G$ TO MAKE A %[ ( =CE & W\LD DO SO ) OR )\T !M4 ,:ATEV] !IR DECISION1 !Y C\LDN'T AF=D TO LOSE ANY MORE TIME4 0,Y\ HAVE TO MAKE UP Y\R M9DS & SOON10 HE SAID1 0SO ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE CAN *ANGE ITS PLANS IF NECESS>Y40 ,DURRUTI'S /RAI<T=W>D SPEE* IMPRESS$ ! ASSEMBLY &1 AFT] A BRIEF DISCUSSION1 ! ,Z>AGOZA MILITANTS PL$GE !IR WILL+NESS TO P>TAKE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 .<#c#i.> 

,ON ,DECEMB] #h1 !RE W]E G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,HUESCA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,SEVILLA1 ,CORDOBA1 ,GRANADA1 ,BADAJOZ1 ,GIJON1 ,Z>AGOZA1 ,LOGRONO1 & ,LA ,CORUNA1 & P>TIAL /RIKES 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ >EAS ( ! ,NOR?1 ,MADRID1 & ,OVI$O4 

,! AN>*I/ & ,CONF$]AL GR\PS TRI$ TO MAKE ! /RIKE REVOLUTION>Y :]EV] IT WAS DECL>$ & !RE W]E SOON CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE4 ,! GOV]NM5T DECL>$ A /ATE ( EM]G5CY & CALL$ \T ! 5TIRE POLICE =CE &1 9 SOME PLACES1 ! TROOPS4 ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X WAS DUE TO PRES5T HIS GOV]NM5T TO ! ,P>LIAM5T ?AT DAY4 ,TROOPS GU>D$ GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D M\NT$ MA*9EGUNS 9 ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,CIBELES & O!R IMPORTANT SITES 9 ,MADRID4 ,MILITANTS 9/ITUT$ ! ,N,R,C'S DIRECTIVES 9 >EAS :]E ! REVOLUTION>IES TOOK CONTROL & >M$ MILITIA PATROLS APPE>$4 ,BUT TW5TY-F\R H\RS AFT] ! REBELLION BEGAN1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT IT WAS DOOM$ TO FAIL4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT HAD NOT SPREAD3 ! ,SOCIALI/ WORK+ MASSES FOLL[$ !IR BOSSES' ORD]S & /AY$ \T ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I M5 :O W]E ON ! /REETS1 CONFRONT+ ! POLICE & ! >MY4 ,>AGON KEPT ITS WORD & ROSE UP AGGRESSIVELY4 ,B>BA/RO1 ,Z>AGOZA1 ,HUESCA1 ,T]UEL1 & C\NTLESS VILLAGES 9 ,HI< & ,L[ ,>AGON REBELL$4 ,! 9SURRECTION SPREAD FROM ,RIOJA TO ,LOGRONO & EXT5D$ TO DIV]SE VILLAGES 9 ,BURGOS4 ,! /RUGGLE LA/$ = SEV]AL DAYS 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 :]E REVOLUTION>IES TOOK OV] ! WORK]S' NEI<BORHOODS4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,C5IC]O1 ,BRIONES1 ,FU5MAYOR1 ,CA/ELLOTE1 ,VALD]ROBRES1 ,ALCORISA1 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 ,TORMOS1 ,ALCAMPEL1 ,ALCALA DE ,GURREA1 ,ALMUDEV>1 ,CALAHORRA1 & 9 NEI<BORHOODS ( ,LOGRONO4 

,!RE W]E SOME REP]CUSSIONS 9 P>TS ( ,VAL5CIA4 ,9 ,ALFAF>1 >MY TROOPS BOMB$ A UNION HALL 9 :I* PEASANTS HAD HOL$ UP4 ,RAILROAD TRACKS W]E RIPP$ UP4 

,9 ,VILLANUEVA DE LA ,S]5A 7,BADAJOZ71 A S]GEANT & SEV]AL WORK]S B>RICAD$ !MSELVES 9 ! ,RECRUIT+ ,(FICE1 :]E !Y RESI/$ A MIX$ 9FANTRY COLUMN >M$ ) MA*9E-GUNS & MORT>S = TWO DAYS4 ,! M9]S TOOK CONTROL 9 ,FAB]O 7,LEON74 ,! REBELLION WAS NOT COMPLETELY DEFEAT$ UNTIL ,DECEMB] #a#e4 ,= SEV5 DAYS1 9 DOZ5S ( >EAS1 ! LOCAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES SEIZ$ ,T[N ,HALLS1 ,C\RTS1 TELEGRAPH BUILD+S1 & O!R VITAL C5T]S4 

,! GOV]NM5T DECL>$ A /ATE ( EM]G5CY 9 ,Z>AGOZA & IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,N,R,C TO ESCAPE ! POLICE4 ,ITS MEMB]S DECID$ TO ACCEPT COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY = ! REBELLION4 ,AT LEA/ !RE W\LD BE A PUBLIC TRIAL1 :I* !Y C\LD USE TO 9DICT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ASS]T ! PEOPLE'S RI<T TO REVOLUTION4 

,! CRACKD[N WAS BRUTAL4 ,! GOV]NM5T \TLAW$ ! ,C,N,T & CLOS$ ITS UNIONS & CULTURAL C5T]S 7& DE/ROY$ ! LIBR>IES )9 !M74 ,IT BANN$ ALL AN>*I/ & ,C,N,T NEWSPAP]S1 9 ADDITION TO TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC MAGAZ9ES LIKE ,TIEMPOS ,NUEVOS & ,E/UDIOS4 ,!RE W]E 5DLESS >RE/S & ! /ATE H&$ D[N R\<LY SEV5 HUNDR$ S5T5CES SEV]AL MON?S LAT]4 ,ORDIALES1 ! GOV]NOR ( ,Z>AGOZA1 WANT$ TO APPLY ! 0 LEY DE FUGAS0 TO ! ,N,R,C BUT SOME POLITICIANS MANAG$ TO DISSUADE HIM4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! POLICE VICI\SLY BEAT ! MEMB]S ( ,N,R,C4 ,C\NTLESS O!R PRISON]S SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE & SIGN$ COMPROMIS+ DECL>ATIONS UND] TORTURE4 

,AS ! 9MATES W5T TO PRISON1 ! GOV]NM5T--9 :I* ,GIL ,ROBLES & ,L]R\X W]E UNIT$--BEGAN ABOLI%+ POSITIVE LAWS 5ACT$ DUR+ ! ,SOCIALI/-,REPUBLICAN BI5NIUM1 9CLUD+ AGR>IAN & $UCATIONAL RE=MS4 ,NATURALLY1 ! NEW GOV]NM5T DID NOT *ANGE ! CO]CIVE LAWS DECRE$ DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD4 ,9 FACT1 ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS W\LD SOON FEEL ! BITE ( !SE REACTION>Y LAWS !MSELVES1 & ?IS CONTRIBUT$ TO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S TURN T[>D A MORE RADICAL POSITION & ACCEPTANCE ( ! IDEA ( ! WORK+ CLASS SEIZURE ( P[]4 

,9 ! ,PR$ICADORES PRISON1 ! ,N,R,C 7,DURRUTI1 ,PU5TE1 & ,M]A7 DISCUSS$ H[ TO FREE ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( DETA9EES4 ,DURRUTI SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y TRY TO MAKE ! GOV]NM5T'S DOSSI] ON ! CASE VANI% 7?IS WAS BE+ PREP>$ 9 ! ,Z>AGOZA ,C\RT1 S9CE IT WAS L>GE 5\< TO ACCOMMODATE ! MULTIPLE EMPLOYES D$ICAT$ TO ! TRIAL74 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?AT DOSSI] W\LD =CE POLICE TO GET PRISON]S TO ! MAKE !IR /ATEM5TS AB\T EV5TS AGA9 & ?IS W\LD P]MIT !M TO MODIFY ?OSE EXTRACT$ BY =CE4 ,PU5TE & ,M]A AGRE$ TO HIS IDEA & 5TRU/$ A GR\P ( LOCAL LIB]T>IAN Y\?S ) C>RY+ \T ! MISSION4 ,! PRESS PR9T$ AN ACC\NT ( ?AT UNUSUAL ROBB]Y3  
  

,AN EXTREMELY AUDACI\S SURPRISE ATTACK TOOK PLACE AT ! ,Z>AGOZA ,C\RT ( ,COMM]CE1 :]E ! ,C\RT ( ,URG5CY WAS PREP>+ ! TRIAL S*$UL$ = ! REC5T REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,A GR\P ( SEV5 9DIVIDUALS >M$ ) PI/OLS 5T]$ ! ROOM 9 :I* ! JUDGES W]E WORK+ & =C$ !M TO /AY /ILL :ILE !Y PUT ! DOSSI] ON ! ,DECEMB] #h REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9TO BAGS4.<#c#i#a.>  
  

,! ,N,R,C ASSUM$ SOLE RESPONSIBILITY = ! REBELLION :5 POLICE CONDUCT$ ! NEW 9T]ROGATIONS NECESS>Y TO RECON/RUCT ! CASE4 ,NUM]\S DETA9EES CORRECT$ !IR PREVI\S /ATEM5TS & W]E LAT] RELEAS$4 ,! ,Z>AGOZA UNIONS DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* W\LD LA/1 !Y SAID1 UNTIL ALL ?OSE IMPRISON$ = ! ,DECEMB] ACTIONS W]E FREE4 ,! SITUATION WAS EXPLOSIVE4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS AFRAID ?AT MILITANTS W\LD ATTEMPT TO BREAK !IR COMRADES \T ( PRISON & ?US DECID$ TO TRANSF] ! MEMB]S ( ! ,N,R,C TO ! ,BURGOS PROV9CIAL PRISON 9 LATE ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#d4 

,! CITY ( ,BURGOS WAS ! COMPLETE OPPOSITE ( ,Z>AGOZA4 ,:]EAS !RE WAS A /RONG WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! LATT]1 ! ,*UR* PREVAIL$ 9 ! =M]1 ALONG ) ITS RET9UE ( CONV5TS & *UR*ES4 ,! MILIT>Y HAD TROOPS 9 MULTIPLE B>RACKS !RE AS WELL4 ,IT WAS ! CLASSIC REACTION>Y ,CA/ILIAN CITY &1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! LOCAL POPULATION WAS T]RIFI$ TO LE>N ?AT ,F,A,I LEAD]S W]E BE+ HELD !RE4 ,COMP>$ TO ,Z>AGOZA1 ! ,BURGOS PRISON MEANT ALMO/ COMPLETE ISOLATION = ! 9T]NEES4 ,!Y W]E ! ONLY POLITICAL PRISON]S & 9T]NAL SURVEILLANCE MADE RELATIONS ) COMMON PRISON]S IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT1 DESPITE EV]Y?+1 ?IS ISOLATION MADE IT EASI] = !M TO REFLECT ON IMPORTANT EV5TS TAK+ PLACE AMONG ,SOCIALI/S AT ! TIME4 

,! ,SOCIALI/S' ELECTORAL FAILURE WEAK5$ ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO'S 9FLU5CE 9 ! P>TY & /R5G!N$ ?AT ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,CABALL]O'S VIEWS HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO *ANGE &1 9 A ,DECEMB] #aicc SPEE*1 HE DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC 9TO A SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC & ADVOCAT$ WORK+ CLASS UNITY4 ,BY #a#i#c#d1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S RADICAL VIEWS BECAME ! NORM AMONG ,S,P LEAD]S4 ,HE HAD ALSO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\?'S PUBLICATION ,R5OVACION & ! P>TY'S !ORETICAL MAGAZ9E1 ,LEVIATAN4 ,>AQUI/A9 $IT$ ! LATT]1 :I* WAS BREAK+ RADICALLY ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC L9E4 

,BE/EIRO1 ,TRIFON ,GOMEZ1 & ,SABORIT L$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S RI<TW+1 :I* /ILL ADVOCAT$ COLLABORATION ) ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,AS A CRITIQUE ( ?AT POSITION1 & TO RELIEVE HIS CONSCI5CE1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O PUBLICLY ADMITT$ ?AT ! P>TY'S COLLABORATION ) ! ,REPUBLICANS HAD =C$ IT TO APPROVE ALL ! CO]CIVE LAWS ?AT W]E N[ MUZZL+ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ?AT ,L]R\X WAS US+ TO HIS ADVANTAGE4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD APPROXIMATELY #f#i1 MEMB]S AT ?AT TIME1 AL?\< ITS REAL /R5G? LAY 9 ITS CONTROL OV] ! ,U,G,T4 ,! P>TY'S RI<TW+ DOM9AT$ ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 :I* IS :Y IT REJECT$ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S ,DECEMB] PROPOSAL TO LAUN* A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO SEIZE POLITICAL P[] 7,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S PROPOSITION HAD NO CONNECTION ) ! ,C,N,T'S ,DECEMB] REBELLION74 ,9 ,JANU>Y1 ! DIVIDE 9 ,SOCIALI/ CIRCLES BEGAN TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON ! ,U,G,T & IT WAS !N ?AT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O BECAME ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,G,T'S ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION4 ,FROM !N ON1 ! ,U,G,T'S POLITICAL /ANCE BECAME MORE RADICAL4 ,IT HAD APPROXIMATELY ONE MILLION MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ #a#e1 PEASANTS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S4 

,LIB]T>IANS FOLL[$ DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ,U,G,T & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ) GREAT 9T]E/4 ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ WAS ! FIR/ AN>*I/ TO EXT5D A H& TO !M4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #d1 #a#i#c#d1 HE PUBLI%$ A LONG >TICLE 9 ,LA ,TI]RA TITL$ 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE1 ,YES6 ,FACTIONAL ,OPPORTUNISM1 ,NO60 ,! >TICLE ANALYZ$ ! ,SPANI% SITUATION & \TL9$ ! HUGE ]RORS ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD COMMITT$ S9CE #a#i#c#a4 ,IT ALSO PO9T$ \T ! REACTION>Y NATURE ( ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE & D5\NC$ ! CRIM9AL (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T ?AT HAD BEGUN 9 #aica & CONT9U$ 9 ! PRES5T4 ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ CALL$ = PROLET>IAN UNITY AGA9/ ! DANG] ( FASCISM3  
  

,H[8 ,?R\< ! C5T] & ! P]IPH]Y1 FROM UND]NEA?1 FROM ABOVE1 & FROM ! MIDDLE4 ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL IS ?AT IT IS BAS$ ON A REVOLUTION>Y PLAT=M ?AT PRESUPPOSES LOYALTY1 CONSI/5CY1 & 9TEGRITY ON ! P>T ( ! PACT'S SIGN]S4 ,TO BURY ONESELF 9 LONG DISCUSSIONS AB\T ME?ODS ( RAPPRO*EM5T W\LD BE DEVA/AT+LY ,BYZANT9E4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO WANT ! RAPPRO*EM5T S9C]ELY & ?AT ALONE IS 5\<4 ,?IS ISN'T TIME = LIT]>Y COMPETITIONS OR DEMAGOGIC OB/RUCTION4  
  

,! >TICLE'S HEAD+S SUMM>IZ$ ITS CONT5T3 0,COMBATIVE UNITY1 A QUE/ION ( LIFE OR DEA?10 0,TO OPPOSE UNITY IS TO OPPOSE ! REVOLUTION10 & 0,P>TY DEALS1 NO40 7,9 ! LA/ SECTION1 HE CRITICIZ$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY = PR9T+ FALSEHOODS 9 ITS NEWSPAP]S1 P>TICUL>LY = ITS /ATEM5TS AB\T ! ,DECEMB] REBELLION1 :]E IT HAD ! N]VE TO WRITE3 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IMM$IATELY TOOK P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE & ADMONI%$ ! PUTS*I/ AN>*I/S407 ,HE CONCLUD$ HIS >TICLE BY \TL9+ ! F\NDATION ( :AT C\LD BE CALL$ A PLAT=M = A REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS ALLIANCE BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,HE DIVID$ IT 9TO FIVE SECTIONS3 

A7 ,A /RATEGIC PLAN EXCLUD+ ALL B\RGEOIS POLITICS & ) A CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 

B7 ,ACCEPTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK] DEMOCRACY AS A F\NDATION4 

C7 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

D7 ,A F$]AT$ ECONOMY1 MANAG$ DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S4 

E7 ,ALL EXECUTIVE BODIES NECESS>Y = NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 7POLITICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE7 WILL BE CONTROLL$1 ELECT$1 & RECALLABLE BY ! PEOPLE4 .<#c#i#b.> 

,OROBON ,F]N&EZ'S >TICLE WAS WELL RECEIV$ BY ,C,N,T MEMB]S 9 ,MADRID & ,A/URIAS4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 P>TICUL>LY ,B>CELONA1 :]E ONE LIV$ FROM CRACKD[N TO CRACKD[N1 MILITANTS DID NOT IMAG9E ! WORK]S' ALLIANCE AS SOME?+ ?AT C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ FROM ABOVE4 ,!RE W]E /R5U\S DEBATES AB\T ! ISSUE1 :I* ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE HOP$ TO CL>IFY AT A NATIONAL MEET+ ( REGIONALS HELD 9 ,MADRID ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#c4 ,!RE WAS A S]I\S CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,CATALAN1 ,C5T]1 & ,A/URIAN REGIONALS AT ?IS MEET+4 ,CATALONIA ALLEG$ ?AT A WORK]S' ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T C\LD NOT BE MADE FROM ABOVE 7LAT] EV5TS W\LD CONFIRM ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS ASS]TION74 ,MEET+ P>TICIPANTS NOM9AT$ A COMMITTEE TO ANALYZE ! QUE/ION & PUBLICLY CALL$ ON ! ,U,G,T TO DECL>E ITS POSITION ON AN ALLIANCE3  
  

,! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO IMPLORES ! ,U,G,T TO /ATE ITS REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS CLE>LY & PUBLICLY4 ,BUT IT MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT A REVOLUTION IS NOT A SIMPLE *ANGE 9 GOV]NM5TS--LIKE :AT OCCURR$ ON ,APRIL #a#d--BUT RA!R ! TOTAL SUPPRESSION ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4.<#c#i#c.>  
  

,?IS DEBATE NATURALLY HAD E*OES 9 ! PRISONS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,BURGOS1 :]E ! ,N,R,C MEMB]S W]E BE+ HELD4 ,DURRUTI >TICULAT$ HIS OP9ION ON ! MATT] 9 A LETT] TO ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS3  
  

,! WORK]S1 REAL WORK]S1 HAVE TO MAKE UP ! ALLIANCE IF IT'S GO+ TO BE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,NO P>TY1 EV5 A SOCIALI/ P>TY1 CAN P>TICIPATE 9 A PACT ( ?AT NATURE4 ,= ME1 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES >E ! BASIC ORGANS ( A WORK]S' ALLIANCE1 :I* ! WORK]S ELECT 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES4 ,F$]AT$ BY NEI<BORHOOD1 DI/RICT1 LOCALITY1 C\NTY1 REGION1 & NATIONALLY1 ,I BELIEVE ?OSE COMMITTEES WILL BE ! AU!NTIC EXPRESSION ( ! BASE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,I 9T]PRET ! ISSUE 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT WE 9T]PRET EV]Y?+3 FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ) DIM9I%+ P[] AS ! BODIES MOVE FUR!R AWAY FROM ! FACTORY1 WORK%OP1 OR M9E COMMITTEES4 ,TO ?9K ( ! WORK] ALLIANCE 9 ! OPPOSITE WAY IS TO D5ATURALIZE IT4 ,?AT'S :Y ,I DON'T %>E SOME COMRADES' VIEW ?AT A WORK]S' ALLIANCE CAN BE MADE 9 0ANY WAY40 ,( C\RSE1 ONE ( ?OSE 0ANY WAYS0 IS FROM ABOVE1 ?R\< ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T NATIONAL COMMITTEES4 ,BUT ,I REJECT ?AT1 DUE TO ! BUREAUCRATIC DANG] ?AT IT IMPLIES4 ,I REPEAT3 = A WORK]S' ALLIANCE TO BE AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y IT HAS TO BE FELT1 LOV$1 & DEF5D$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! WORKPLACES1 BECAUSE ! PRIM>Y GOAL ( ?AT ALLIANCE IS TO CREATE WORK] CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% SOCIALISM4.<#c#i#d.>  
  

,DURRUTI'S COMRADES 9 ,CATALONIA AGRE$ ) HIS P]SPECTIVE ON ! WORK]S' ALLIANCE1 BUT O!R MILITANTS IMPRISON$ ) HIM DID NOT4 ,?IS WAS TRUE ( ,CIPRIANO ,M]A1 :O WAS 9 ,MADRID'S ORBIT ( 9FLU5CE 7& :OSE SPOKESP]SON1 AS WE KN[1 WAS ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ74 

,! ,U,G,T DID NOT RESPOND TO ! CALL ?AT ! ,C,N,T MADE TO IT AT ITS ,FEBRU>Y NATIONAL MEET+1 :I* SUGGE/$ ?AT ITS LEAD]S DID NOT WANT ! TYPE ( REVOLUTION 5VISION$ BY ! ,C,N,T4 ,YE>S LAT] IT W\LD COME TO LI<T ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD DRAFT$ A POLITICAL PROGRAM 9 ,JANU>Y #aicd ?AT FOCUS$ OV]:ELM+LY ON EXPELL+ ! ,L]R\XI/S FROM P[]4 ,IT WAS NOT G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y & WAS P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ! P>TY'S RE=MI/ PRACTICE4 ,9 ! PROGRAM1 IT DECL>$3 0,IF ! REVOLUTION IS VICTORI\S1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ,U,G,T WILL HAVE ROOM = ?OSE :O CONTRIBUT$ TO ! REVOLUTION'S TRIUMPH 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T ?AT IS CREAT$40 .<#c#i#e.> 

,?IS CLAUSE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY EI!R BELIEV$ ?AT IT WAS CAPABLE ( MAK+ ! REVOLUTION ALONE OR1 MORE LIKELY1 ?AT IT DID NOT WANT ONE & ?\<T ! BE/ WAY TO PREV5T IT WAS BY REJECT+ A REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ALLIANCE4 ,BO? ?+S W]E COMPLEM5T>Y4 ,!Y ALSO CONT9U$ TO ?9K ( ! ,REPUBLICANS AS ALLIES & !IR VISION ( SOCIALISM DID NOT GO BEYOND A ,REPUBLIC LIKE ! ONE EXI/+ BETWE5 #aica & #a#i#c#c4 ,! ,L]R\X-,GIL ,ROBLES ALLIANCE WAS BE>+ FRUIT3 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #aicd ! GOV]NM5T ISSU$ A DECREE ?AT ANNULL$ ! FEW EFFECTS ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M ,LAW 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & ?AT PROMPT$ ! EVICTION ( TW5TY-EI<T ?\S& PEASANTS :O HAD 9/ALL$ !MSELVES ON ! L>GE E/ATES4 ,RURAL CACIQUES TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE TO CUT SAL>IES4 ,! PEASANTRY'S SITUATION RETURN$ TO MORE OR LESS :AT IT HAD BE5 PRIOR TO #a#i#c4 

,H[EV]1 NEI!R ! WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE NOR ! CITIES W]E GO+ TO RETREAT4 ,! YE>S ( /RUGGLE HAD GIV5 !M A MORE ACUTE & ACC5TUAT$ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:5 ! /ATE TRI$ TO CRU% !M1 !IR RESPONSE WAS AGITATION1 /RIKES1 & SABOTAGE2 CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 PEASANTS & POLICE2 ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S /RIKE 9 ,MADRID1 :]E ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO PLACE ITSELF ON EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! ,U,G,T & ! =TY-F\R H\R WORKWEEK WAS SECUR$ 7PAY+ =TY-EI<T72 ! METALWORK]S' /RIKE 9 ! SAME CITY2 & %OOT\TS BETWE5 ,FALANGE & WORK]S' GR\PS4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S CAME UP 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! ,RI<TW+ WAS 9 A RU% TO P>DON ! LEAD]S ( ! ON ,AUGU/ #a1 #aicb REBELLION 7,SANJURJO & O!RS7 AS WELL AS V>I\S F9ANCI]S IMPRISON$ = ! CAPITAL EVASION4 ,AMNE/Y WAS PROPOS$ AS A WAY TO RESOLVE !IR SITUATION1 :I* W\LD ALSO B5EFIT MANY WORK]S >RE/$ DUR+ ! REVOLT 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c4 

,! AMNE/Y DECREE WAS APPROV$ 9 LATE ,APRIL #a#i#c#d4 ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC WAS WILL+ TO P>DON ,SANJURJO & O!R LEAD]S ( ! #aicb REBELLION1 BUT REFUS$ TO RE/ORE !M TO !IR PO/S4 ,?IS CAUS$ A GOV]NM5TAL CRISIS1 :I* WAS QUICKLY RESOLV$ :5 ,L]R\X WAS REPLAC$ BY ! PRESID5T'S RI<T-H& MAN1 ! LAWY] FROM ,VAL5CIA1 ,RIC>DO ,SAMP] 7,APRIL #b#h1 #a#i#c#d74 

,AN APP>5TLY 9SIGNIFICANT EV5T OCCURR$ >\ND ! SAME TIME3 ,MON>*I/S ,ANTONIO ,GOICOE*EA1 ,G5]AL ,B>R]A1 ,RAFAEL ,OLAZABAL1 & ,ANTONIO ,LIZ>ZA TRAVEL$ TO ,ITALY TO MEET ) ,MUSSOL9I & ,ITALO ,BALBO1 ! ,ITALIAN ,M9I/] ( ,W>4 ,TOGE!R !Y DECID$ TO ORGANIZE A C\P 9 ,SPA9 ?AT W\LD ABOLI% ! ,REPUBLIC & RE/ORE ! ,MON>*Y4 ,! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T GAVE ! CONSPIRATORS #a1#e1 PESETAS TO BEG9 PREP>ATIONS4 ,MUSSOL9I'S SUPPORT = ! PLAN REFLECT$ HIS DESIRE TO CONTROL ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S & ?US CLOSE ,5GL& & ,FRANCE'S M>ITIME PASSAGE4 

,DURRUTI & HIS PRISON MATES LEFT ! ,BURGOS PRISON :5 ! GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ AMNE/Y4 ,DURRUTI NE$$ TO RETURN TO ,B>CELONA IMM$IATELY1 BUT LACK$ ! FUNDS TO MAKE ! TRIP4 ,RAMON ,ALV>EZ1 A Y\NG ,A/URIAN--:O1 DESPITE HIS Y\?1 WAS ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,A/URIAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE & HAD GONE TO PRISON 9 ?AT CAPACITY 9 ,DECEMB]--GAVE ,DURRUTI :AT MONEY HE HAD1 :ILE HE WAIT$ = ! ,A/URIANS TO S5D HIM SOME CA% SO HE C\LD GET BACK TO ,GIJON1 HIS PLACE ( RESID5CE4 .<#c#i#f.> 

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