,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,! ,9SURRECTION 9 ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X4 ,! 9SURRECTION 9 ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT 

  

,:ILE SOCIAL CONDITIONS CONT9U$ TO DET]IORATE1 DEPUTIES & M9I/]S W]E BUSY DRAFT+ ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,! DISCUSSION ( >TICLE #b#f1 :I* TREAT$ ! SEP>ATION ( ! *UR* & /ATE & LIMIT$ ! *UR*'S ACTIVITY 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 %ATT]$ ! POLITICAL UNITY 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS >TICLE WAS APPROV$ ON ,OCTOB] #ac BY #a< VOTES AGA9/ FIFTY-N9E1 ) ! AB/5TION ( ! ,RADICAL-,SOCIALI/S 7:O SUPPORT$ AN EV5 /RONG] TEXT74 ,MIGUEL ,MAURA & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA SAW ?IS AS A BETRAYAL ( ! ,PACT ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN & RESIGN$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS OV]CAME ! CRISIS BY =M+ A NEW GOV]NM5T )\T ! ,RI<TW+4 ,MANUEL ,AZANA CONT9U$ TO HOLD ! PURSE /R+S ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W> & /OOD 9 = ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,SANTIAGO ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA REPLAC$ ,MAURA 9 ! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/RY & ,JOSE ,GIRAL 7ALSO FROM ,AZANA'S P>TY7 TOOK ON ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,NAVY4 ,?IS M9I/]IAL READJU/M5T PRODUC$ A ,REPUBLICAN-,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T ?AT C\LD GOV]N )\T ! OB/ACLE ( ! HI< B\RGEOISIE & ! ,*UR*'S REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ TO /OP IT FROM 9/ITUT+ SWEEP+ RE=MS & ADDRESS+ URG5T PROBLEMS SU* AS UNEMPLOYM5T & ! AGR>IAN CRISIS4 ,?AT WAS :AT ! PEOPLE HOP$ IT W\LD DO1 BUT ! ,REPUBLICAN LEAD]S DISAPPO9T$ !M ONCE AGA94 ,9/EAD ( TACKL+ ?OSE ISSUES1 !Y SIMPLY AGGRAVAT$ ?+S BY APPROV+ ! ,LAW = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC ON ,OCTOB] #b4 ,!Y HEAVILY /R5G!N$ ! P[]S ( ! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/RY1 SO MU* SO ?AT ,MIGUEL ,MAURA C\LDN'T HELP BY EXCLAIM3 0,?AT W\LD MAKE BE+ ,9T]IOR ,M9I/] A PLEASURE60 

,ON ,DECEMB] #i1 #aica ! ,P>LIAM5T REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM 9CONGRU5CE :5 #cfb MEMB]S VOT$ TO MAKE ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA1 :O HAD RESIGN$ BECAUSE HE DISAGRE$ ) >TICLE #b#f1 ONLY HEI<T5$ ! CONTRADICTION BY AGREE+ TO BE ! FAI?FUL GU>DIAN ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

,! ,PRESID5T SWORE HIS FIDELITY TO HIS PO/ TWO DAYS LAT] &1 TO R5D] ! ACT MORE SOLEMN1 ! GOV]NM5T MADE ! DAY A NATIONAL HOLIDAY4 ,?IS O/5TATION /OOD 9 FRANK CONTRADICTION TO ! SITUATION ON ! /REET3 !RE WAS A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,Z>AGOZA & WORK]S HAD OCCUPI$ FACTORIES 9 ! ,A/URIAN M9+ REGION1 ONLY TO BE DISLODG$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,IT WAS NOT A PEACEFUL AFFAIR2 ONE WAS KILL$ & ELEV5 9JUR$ BY GUNFIRE ?AT DAY 9 ,GIJON4 

,SIGNIFICANT EV5TS OCCURR$ ON ,DECEMB] #ca 9 ,CA/ILBLANCO1 A SMALL T[N 9 ! ,BADAJOZ PROV9CE4 ,PEASANTS !RE HAD BE5 ON /RIKE = SEV]AL WEEKS & ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA ORD]$ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D TO IMPOSE ORD]4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D'S 5TRANCE 9TO ,CA/ILBLANCO %OOK ! LOCALS & !Y1 9 REPLY1 SURR\ND$ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D'S PO/ & KILL$ ?OSE 9SIDE4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D RESPOND$ BY UNLEA%+ A WAVE ( T]ROR 9 NUM]\S VILLAGES1 9CLUD+ ,ALM>*A1 ,J]ESA1 ,CALZADA DE ,CALATRAVA1 ,PU]TOLLANO1 & ,>N$O4 ,!RE W]E SIX DEA?S & MORE ?AN ?IRTY 9JUR$ 9 ! LA/ SITE ALONE1 :]E AU?ORITIES FIR$ UPON A PEASANT DEMON/RATION DEM&+ BREAD & WORK4 ,! ,F,A,I'S ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD PUBLI%$ A L5G?Y >TICLE AB\T ! 9CID5T UND] ! FOLL[+ HEADL9E3 0,SPA9 IS KIDNAPP$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D40 ,IT PR9T$ A NUMB] ( GRAPHICS DEPICT+ :AT HAD HAPP5$4 

,CIRCUM/ANCES W]E EV5 WORSE 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,9 ! COALFIELDS ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT & ,C>DON]1 CONDITIONS = ! POTA% M9]S HAD DET]IORAT$ %>PLY S9CE ,JUNE #a#i#c#a4 ,! M9+ COMPANY WAS ,5GLI% & TREAT$ ! M9]S LIKE !Y W]E COLONIAL SUBJECTS4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS AT ! COMPANY'S BECK & CALL & >RE/$ ?OSE IT CONSID]$ DISOB$I5T4 ,UNIONS W]E ATTACK$1 IT WAS ILLEGAL TO SELL WORK]S' PUBLICATIONS1 & POLICE CON/ANTLY FRISK$ LABOR]S 9 ! /REET4 ,! WORK]S1 MO/ ( :OM HAD MIGRAT$ FROM ! ,C>TAG5A M9+ REGION1 BEGAN TO REA* ! LIMITS ( !IR PATI5CE3 SOME WANT$ TO RETURN TO !IR HOME T[NS & O!RS LOOK$ T[>D VIOL5CE4 ,MILITANT ,C,N,TI/AS & AN>*I/S MET TO DEVISE A PLAN ?AT W\LD TO *ANNEL ! POPUL> DISCONT5T 9TO POSITIVE ACTS ( PROLET>IAN AFFIRMATION1 RAISE ! WORK]S' COMBATIVE SPIRIT1 & 5C\RAGE !IR CONFID5CE 9 !IR /R5G? & REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 

,! IDEA ( LAUN*+ AN 9SURRECTION & PROCLAIM+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TOOK ROOT4 ,!Y DECID$ TO LAY ! F\NDATION = ! REBELLION ) A PROPAG&I/IC SPEAK+ T\R4 ,VIC5TE ,P]EZ1 0,COMB9A10 ,>TURO ,P>]A1 & ,DURRUTI BEGAN ! T\R 9 E>LY #a#i#c#b4 ,DURRUTI WAS TRULY EXPLOSIVE AT ! RALLY 9 ,SALL5T3 0,HE TOLD ! WORK]S ?AT IT WAS TIME TO R5EW ! REVOLUTION LEFT HANG+ BY ! ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAD FAIL$1 & ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY EXPROPRIAT+ ! B\RGEOISIE & ABOLI%+ ! /ATE4 ,HE URG$ ! ,FIGOLS M9]S TO PREP>E !MSELVES = ! F9AL /RUGGLE & %[$ !M H[ TO MAKE BOMBS ) T9 CANS & DYNAMITE40 .<#c#d.> 

,DURRUTI'S AGGRESSIVE TONE REFLECT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! MOM5T4 ,FELIPE ,ALAIZ URG$ ! PEOPLE TO REVOLT 9 >TICLES ?AT HE S5T TO ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD FROM PRISON 9 ,B>CELONA3  
  

,IT ISN'T TIME TO BR&I% P5S 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?AT %UDD]S MEEKLY BE=E ! BIG L&[N]S & LACKS ! /R5G? TO TRULY REACT AGA9/ ! PUBLIC AFFRONT4 

,NO1 IT ISN'T TIME = RHETORICAL PROTE/S OR TO CALL = VIGOR\S DEMON/RATIONS4 ,WE'VE DONE ?AT MORE ?AN 5\< ALREADY4 ,SOME >E EV5 SAY+ ?AT ?OSE :O TOL]ATE ! ABUSE DES]VE IT4 

,CONV5TIONAL WISDOM REA*ES TRAGIC EXTREMES :5 IT /ATES ?AT A DICTATOR%IP IS BREW+ 9 ,SPA91 EV5 ?\< DICTATORIAL =CES HAVE ALREADY BE5 ACT+ 9 FULL UNCONTE/$ VIGOR = SEV]AL WEEKS ?ANKS TO ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS4 ,:AT CAN Y\ EXPECT FROM ! ,SOCIALI/S1 :O HAVE JU/LY BE5 TREAT$ AS TRAITORS = FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S8 ,& :AT DO Y\ EXPECT FROM ! ,REPUBLICANS1 A GR\P ( HALFWITS :O N[ RAISE >MS & ANN\NCE ?AT DEMOCRACY IS BANKRUPT8 ,DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS BE5 A POISON1 A :IP1 & A GAG4 

,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE HAVE NEV] BE5 AS DOCILE AS N[ & NEV] MASSACR$ AS FREQU5TLY AS N[4 ,WE DON'T NE$ TO SPELL \T ! MORAL ( ! /ORY2 BUT IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT IF !RE ISN'T A REAL RESPONSE TO ! IGNOM9I\S ABS5CE ( EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5TAL LIB]TIES & RI<T TO LIFE2 IF ! DOCILITY CONT9UES DISGUIS+ ITSELF ) WORDS1 :I* >E SIMPLY PAGES TO ! W9D2 IF WE FAIL TO 5]GETICALLY ATTACK ! ORIG9 ( !SE PROBLEMS2 !N WE WILL CONT9UE TO BUILD W>EH\SES ( SMOKE & P]HAPS WRITE A PAGE 9 ! M>TYROLOGY1 BUT WE WON'T BE AN>*I/S4.<#c#d#a.>  
  

,SEV]AL DAYS AFT] ! ,SALL5T RALLY1 A REBELLION ]UPT$ ?R\<\T ! COALFIELDS ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT & ,C>DON] & ! VILLAG]S PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 7,JANU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#c#b74 ,! REBELLION SPREAD TO ,MANRESA1 :]E >M$ WORK]S TOOK OV] & ABOLI%$ MONEY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,FIGOLS WAS ! LA/ T[N TO SURR5D] TO ! >MY4 ,! REVOLUTION>IES HELD IT = FIVE DAYS1 DUR+ :I* !Y LIV$ \T A PR(\ND EXP]IM5T 9 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,! CORRESPOND5T S5T !RE BY ,LA ,TI]RA WROTE ! FOLL[+3  
  

,M5 ( ALL TYPES WORK ! COALFIELD :]E ! REBELLION TRIUMPH$4 ,!Y >E M5 :O HAVE ALWAYS FELT ! WEI<T ( EXPLOITATION & IT WAS AGA9/ !IR DEM&S--JU/ AS !Y W]E--?AT ! REGIME WAS ]ECT$ ?AT ALWAYS D5IES ! WORK]S ! RI<T TO LIVE4 ,REVOLUTION>IES1 & UNION ACTIVI/S 9 !IR MAJORITY1 !SE FI<T+ WORK]S W]E :OLLY REBELS2 ET]NALLY P]SECUT$ BY ALL 9JU/ICES1 !Y >E ALL TOO FAMILI> ) ! M9E & ! PRISON1 ! %IP1 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 

,IT SEEM$ LOGICAL ?AT !SE M51 ONCE VICTORI\S & ?9K+ ?AT !Y HAD OV]?R[N ! B\RGEOISIE1 W\LD AV5GE ! YE>S ( OPPRESSION ?AT !Y HAD SUFF]$1 ?AT DRIV5 BY HATE !Y W\LD ?R[ !MSELVES ON ! /ATE'S REPRES5TATIVES--GU>DS1 JUDGES1 & PRIE/S1 ETC4--& M]CILESSLY TE> !M TO %R$S4 

,BUT AFT] PROCLAIM+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !SE M5--IDEALI/IC & G5]\S BE+S--DID NOT ?9K ( RETALIATION3 !Y DID NOT WANT TO SPILL BLOOD & DIDN'T EV5 CONSID] HUMILIAT+ ?OSE :O HAD HUMILIAT$ !M SO MANY TIMES BE=E4 ,!Y SEIZ$ ! WEAPONS TO PREV5T !IR ADV]S>IES FROM ATTACK+4 ,!Y SECUR$ ! >EA TO PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ SURPRISES4 

,&--LEAV+ ! :OLE WORLD 9 ABSOLUTE LIB]TY--!Y CONT9U$ WORK+ JU/ LIKE ! DAY BE=E1 )\T IMAG9+ = AN 9/ANT ?AT !IR REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY FRE$ !M FROM ! GRUEL+ TASK ( TE>+ COAL FROM ! B[ELS ( ! E>?4 

,& ?AT IS EXACTLY :AT ! AN>*I/S DID2 M5 :O >E BEYOND ALL LAWS & :O >E CON/ANTLY TREAT$ LIKE MURD]]S1 ?IEVES1 & PR(ESSIONAL CRIM9ALS4 ,AT !IR HEAD1 TEA*+ BY EXAMPLE1 W]E ! LEAD]S ( ! REBELLION1 ! REVOLUTION>IES :O--ACCORD+ TO ! ,MUNOZ ,SECA BRO!RS1 ! ,PIESA1 ! ,P>LIAM5T1 & EV5 ! GOV]NM5T--HAD UNSPEAKABLE MOTIVES & REBELL$ M]ELY TO FULFILL !IR MO/ TURBID APPETITES4 ,! REVOLUTION>IES CONTROLL$ ! SITUATION = SEV]AL DAYS 9 ,SALL5T1 ,SURIA1 ,B]GA1 ,FIGOLS1 & ,C>DONA4 ,!RE W]E NO ROBB]IES1 MURD]S1 OR RAPES ANY:]E4 ,!RE WAS NOT EV5 ONE DEA? TO SUGGE/ CRUELTY 9 ?OSE ET]NALLY P]SECUT$ M52 NOT ONE ROBB]Y TO DEMON/RATE ! DESIRE = PR(IT2 NOT ONE RAPE TO M>K ! URGE TO SATISFY CRAV5 DESIRES4 

,IT WAS ! SAME 9 ALL ! T[NS4 ,! WORK]S GREET$ ! VICTORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) 5?USIASM4 ,!Y SEIZ$ ! T[N HALLS1 FLEW R$ OR BLACK FLAGS1 ABOLI%$ MONEY1 & MADE PUR*ASES ) V\*]S4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO LOOT+ OR B>B>ITIES4 ,NO:]E1 NOT EV5 9 ONE SMALL VILLAGE1 DID ! WORK]S ?9K ?AT !IR VICTORY LIB]AT$ !M FROM !IR H>D DAILY LABORS444 

,?AT IS H[ ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ,C>DON] & ,LLOBREGAT ?\<T & ACT$4444 

,& ?AT IS :Y ! REBELLION IS SO SIGNIFICANT4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS A BROAD & LIV$ REALITY4 ,& UTOPIAN AN>*ISM'S G5]\S & NOBLE IDEAS %9$ BRI<TLY 9 ALL ?OSE PLACES1 ABOVE ALL HATR$1 RES5TM5T1 & CONFLICT4 

,! EV5TS 9 ?OSE T[NS HAVE SU* CAPITAL IMPORTANCE ?AT !Y WILL SURELY HAVE A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! PROGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & M]IT ?OR\< /UDY AS A SOCIOLOGICAL PH5OM5ON BY \R 9TELLECTUALS1 LEAD]S1 & POLITICIANS4 ,= ! WORK]S !RE IS NO D\BT1 & !Y WILL KN[ H[ TO EXTRACT POSITIVE LESSONS FROM !IR BRO!RS1 ! M9]S ( ,SALL5T & ,FIGOLS4.<#c#d#b.>  
  

,H[ DID ! GOV]NM5T RESPOND TO ?AT BLOODLESS WORK] UPRIS+8 ,9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,MANUEL ,AZANA SPOKE AB\T A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT WAS L$ FROM ABROAD & SAID ?AT IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO CRU% IT IMM$IATELY4 ,HE REQUE/$ & RECEIV$ A VOTE CONFID5CE FROM ! *AMB]4 ,AZANA ORD]$ ,CATALONIA'S ,G5]AL ,CAPTA9 TO SUPPRESS ! MOVEM5T AT ONCE4 ,TROOPS FIR/ OCCUPI$ ,MANRESA & LAT]1 AFT] ?REE DAYS ( /RUGGLE1 ! COALFIELDS W]E PACIFI$ :5 ,FIGOLS F9ALLY SURR5D]$4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ DREAM HAD B>ELY LA/$ A WEEK4 ,! DREAM]S1 OR ?OSE :O DID NOT PAY ) !IR LIVES1 W]E IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ TO ,SPANI% ,GU9EA4 

,C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES SEIZ$ ! DAY & ! GOV]NM5T RIGOR\SLY APPLI$ ! ,LAW = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AU?ORITIES 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,SEVILLA & ,CADIZ RECEIV$ ORD]S TO LAUN* A RAID ON AN>*I/ CIRCLES ?AT W\LD 5SN>E LEAD+ ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I MEMB]S4 

,! MANHUNT BEGAN AT DAWN ON ,JANU>Y #b ) ASSAULTS ON ! HOMES ( PRE-ID5TIFI$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! LIB]T>IAN PR(ESSOR ,TOMAS ,CANO ,RUIZ WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO BE CAPTUR$3 0,I WAS >RE/$ & HELD 9COMMUNICADO 9 ! BASEM5TS ( ,POLICE ,HEADQU>T]S4 ,I QUICKLY CAME TO APPRECIATE ! MEAN+ ( A RAID 9 ! /YLE ( ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO40 .<#c#d#c.> 

,AU?ORITIES FILL$ ! PRISON CELLS ) SUSPECTS1 & !N SELECT$ !M EI!R = DEPORTATION OR 9C>C]ATION4 

,POLICE >RE/$ ,DURRUTI 9 ! MORN+ ( ,JANU>Y #ba & SEIZ$ ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS 7,FRANCISCO & ,DOM+O7 >\ND NOON ?AT DAY4 ,9 ! AFT]NOON ( ,JANU>Y #b#b1 ?OSE DE/9$ TO BE DEPORT$ W]E TRANSF]R$ TO ! PORT & LOAD$ ONTO ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 A /EAM%IP ?AT ! ,TRANSATLANTIC ,COMPANY HAD FREELY PUT AT ! GOV]NM5T'S DISPOSAL4 

,! ,CANOVAS GUNBOAT MANEUV]$ ITS CANONS :ILE ! M5 W]E HAUL$ ONBO>D4 ,! SAILORS ON ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES WAT*$ ) !IR F+]S ON ! TRIGG] AS ! DETA9EES W]E S5T TO ! %IP'S HOLD1 :]E !RE WAS NEI!R /RAW NOR BLANKETS NOR ANY?+ EV5 REMOTELY RESEMBL+ %ELT] OR B$D+4 ,! M5 W]E CON/ANTLY WAT*$ & HAD NO FRE$OM O!R ?AN AIR+ !MSELVES UND] ! %IP'S SKYLI<TS4 ,!RE WAS V]Y LITTLE WAT] OR FOOD4 ,?IS HUMAN C>GO EVOK$ ! SLAVE TRADE3 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD BECOME A SLAV]4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE ALREADY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS1 !RE WAS A PROHIBITION ON RECEIV+ VISITORS1 FOOD PACKAGES1 & CORRESPOND5CE4 ,! DETA9EES W\LD HAVE TO LIVE LIKE ?IS UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #aa :5 ! GOV]NM5T ORD]$ ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES TO SET SAIL4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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