,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 
,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V4 ,LOS JU/ICI]OS 

  

,:5 ,BU5AV5TURA >RIV$ 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 ! ,C,N,T WAS MAK+ 9ROADS 9TO AN >EA ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ITS UNION BODY1 ! ,U,G,T1 HAD DOM9AT$ UNTIL !N4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,C,N,T'S ,SECOND ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a#i1 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,BASQUE REGION WAS LIMIT$ TO PR9T$ PROPAG&A PUT \T BY ! SMALL NUMB] ( GR\PS !RE4 ,BUT AN>*I/S 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN & ALSO ,BILBAO BEGAN TO GO 9TO ACTION & LAY D[N SOLID ORGANIZATIONAL ROOTS AFT] ! #aiag G5]AL /RIKE & ! DRAMATIC 9CREASE 9 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,>\ND ?IS TIME1 WORK]S BEGAN BUILD+ ! ,GRAN ,KURSAAL CAS9O AT ! M\? ( ! ,URUMEA ,RIV] & LABORS FROM ,>AGON & ,LOGRONO CAME TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! UND]TAK+4 ,! AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN SET \T TO ORGANIZE ?IS MASS ( IMMIGRANT WORK]S1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( VET]AN MILITANT ,MOISES ,RUIZ4 ,ACTIVI/S FROM ,Z>AGOZA & ,LOGRONO ALSO HELP$ \T1 9CLUD+ ,M>CEL9O DEL ,CAMPO1 ,GREGORIO ,SUB]VIELA1 ,VICTOR ,ELIZONDO1 ,JOSE ,RUIZ1 ,9OC5CIO ,P9A1 ,CLEM5TE ,MANGADO1 & ,ALBADETRECU4 .<#d#c.> ,!Y W]E HI<LY 5?USIA/IC1 BUT NOT P>TICUL>LY /RATEGIC & ,RUIZ SOON REALIZ$ ?AT SOME ( !IR TACTICS W\LD ELICIT RESI/ANCE FROM ! LOCALS1 :O W]E ACCU/OM$ TO ! S(T] PRACTICE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,TO C\NT]ACT & DEFEAT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ON ! 9TELLECTUAL T]RA91 HE TURN$ TO HIS GOOD FRI5D ,BU5ACASA1 :O TRAVEL$ FROM ,B>CELONA TO ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN AT HIS REQUE/4 ,BU5ACASA WAS A TAL5T$ AGITATOR & HIS 9FLU5CE WAS SOON FELT1 AS MU* 9 ! $UCATION ( MILITANTS AS ! CREATION ( ! FIR/ ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,AS A PROPAG&I/1 HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 LECTURES & *ALL5G$ ! ,SOCIALI/S TO PUBLIC DEBATES ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S IMM$IATELY UND]/OOD ?AT !IR SUPREMACY 9 ! >EA WAS AT RISK & !Y1 9 TURN1 CALL$ 9 ,SOCIALI/ MILITANTS FROM O!R REGIONS4 ,A BITT] CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S ?US BEGAN 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,BASQUE B\RGEOISIE SAW ?IS DISCORD AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO WEAK5 ! PROLET>IAT & SID$ ) ! ,SOCIALI/S4 

0,ONE DAY10 WRITES ,BU5ACASA1 0A TALL & BRAWNY Y\NG MAN ) *E]FUL EYES TURN$ UP AT ! UNION4 ,HE GREET$ US W>MLY1 LIKE HE'D KN[N US ALL HIS LIFE4 ,HE %[$ HIS ,C,N,T C>D & SAID )\T PREAMBLE ?AT HE HAD JU/ >RIV$ & NE$$ WORK4 ,( C\RSE WE OCCUPI$ \RSELVES ) HIM1 AS WAS CU/OM>Y1 & F\ND HIM A JOB 9 A ME*ANICS' WORK%OP 9 ,R5T]IA4 ,FROM !N ON1 HE REGUL>LY CAME TO ! UNION AFT] WORK4 ,HE W\LD TAKE ,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS ! NEWSPAP]S PIL$ UP ON A TABLE & SIT 9 A CORN] & READ4 

,HE B>ELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 DISCUSSIONS &1 :5 IT WAS LATE 9 ! EV5+1 RETIR$ TO ! 9N 9 :I* WE HAD F\ND HIM ACCOMMODATION40 

,DURRUTI'S FACE MADE AN IMPACT ON ,BU5ACASA &1 AFT] REFLECT+ = A MOM5T1 HE RECALL$ !IR PREVI\S 5C\NT]4 ,HE WAS ! UNPLEASANT Y\? ?AT HE HAD MET 9 ,GIJON ?REE YE>S BE=E4  
  

,I BECAME CURI\S AB\T HIM & S\<T \T HIS FRI5D%IP4 ,! ONLY ?+ ,I C\LD GA!R FROM \R 9ITIAL CONV]SATIONS WAS ?AT HE HAD BE5 9 ,FRANCE = A NUMB] ( YE>S1 BUT HE DIDN'T TELL ME :Y & DIDN'T SAY ANY?+ AB\T ,GIJON4 ,I FELT C]TA9 ?AT HE RECOGNIZ$ ME & HIS SIL5CE AB\T ! EPISODE 9TRIGU$ ME4 ,C\LD IT BE ?AT \R FIR/ MEET+ LEFT A BAD TA/E ) BO? ( US8 ,:ATEV] IT WAS1 NEI!R ( US EV] REF]R$ TO ,GIJON DIRECTLY4 

,HE 5JOY$ TALK+1 BUT NOT >GU+4 ,HE ALWAYS AVOID$ DIGRESSIONS & /UCK TO ! HE>T ( ! MATT]4 ,HE WAS NEI!R /UBBORN NOT FANATICAL1 BUT OP51 ALWAYS RECOGNIZ+ ! POSSIBILITY ( HIS [N ]ROR4 ,HE HAD ! R>E & UNCOMMON VIRTUE ( KN[+ H[ TO LI/5 & TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! OPPOS+ >GUM5T1 ACCEPT+ IT :]E HE ?\<T IT WAS REASONABLE4 ,HIS UNION WORK WAS QUIET1 BUT 9T]E/+4 ,HE & ! O!R METALWORK]S ?AT WE HAD AFFILIAT$ TO \R ,S9DICATO DE ,(ICIOS ,V>IOS .<UNION ( V>I\S TRADES.> =M$ AN OPPOSITION GR\P )9 ! ,U,G,T'S ,METALWORK]S' ,UNION 79 :I* !Y HAD ALSO 5ROLL$74 ,HE BEGAN TO SPEAK \T AT MEET+S ( ! ,METALWORK]S' ,UNION & MORE ?AN ONCE A ,SOCIALI/ LEAD] />T$ TO WORRY :5 ,DURRUTI TOOK ! FLOOR4 ,HIS SPEE*ES--JU/ LIKE AT ! RALLIES MANY YE>S LAT]--W]E %ORT BUT 9CISIVE4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF ) EASE & :5 HE CALL$ A SPADE A SPADE1 HE DID IT ) SU* =CE & CONVICTION ?AT NO ONE C\LD CONTRADICT HIM4 

,HIS COMRADES NOM9AT$ HIM = LEAD]%IP POSITIONS 9 ! ,METALWORK]S' ,C\NCIL1 BUT HE NEV] ACCEPT$ !M4 ,HE TOLD !M ?AT SU* POSITIONS W]E ! LEA/ IMPORTANT ?+ & ?AT :AT REALLY MATT]$ WAS RANK & FILE VIGILANCE1 SO ! LEAD]S DON'T BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$ & >E =C$ TO FULFILL !IR RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,WE BECAME CLOS] OV] ! MON?S & HE TOLD ME AB\T HIS LIFE4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I TRI$ TO PUT ! BE/ MILITANTS ?AT WE HAD 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN 9 HIS PA? 7& ALWAYS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE W\LDN'T SUSPECT IT74 ,!Y ALL QUICKLY CAME TO LIKE ?AT QUIET FELL[ FROM ,LEON4.<#d#d.>  
  

,!SE MILITANTS W]E3 ,GREGORIO ,SUB]VIELA1 M9E =EMAN2 ,M>CEL9O DEL ,CAMPO1 BUILD] & S*OOL TEA*]'S SON2 ,RUIZ1 SON ( A /ATIONMA/]2 & ,ALBADETRECU1 :O HAD SEP>AT$ FROM HIS B\RGEOISIE FAMILY 9 ,BILBAO BECAUSE ( HIS AN>*I/ CONVICTIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO BECOM+ FRI5DS1 !SE Y\NG M5 ALSO =M$ AN AN>*I/ GR\P CALL$ ,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS1 :I* OP]AT$ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 ,Z>AGOZA & ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 

,:5 !Y CREAT$ ?IS GR\P1 !RE WAS 9T5SE DISCONT5T AMONG ! M9]S & METALWORK]S2 !RE W]E 5DLESS /RIKES & GRASSROOTS PRESSURE WAS OV]:ELM+ ! UNION LEAD]%IP4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! GR[+ TURBUL5CE1 ! GOV]NM5T 9/ALL$ SOLDI]S 9 ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5TS & MADE ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,JOSE ,REGU]AL ! GOV]NOR ( ,VIZCAYA1 :O W\LD DO NO?+ TO DIFF]5TIATE HIMSELF FROM ,G5]AL ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO OR ,>LEGUI1 LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,HIS FIR/ (FICIAL ACT WAS TO DECL>E AT A PRESS CONF]5CE ?AT HE 9T5D$ TO 0GET ! WORK]S TO TOE ! L9E40 ,AS IF TO CORROBORATE ! CLAIM1 HE IMM$IATELY ORD]$ NUM]\S GOV]NM5TAL DET5TIONS & P]SONALLY BEAT 9MATES4 .<#d#e.> 

,?+S W]E EV5 WORSE 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! SY/EMATIC GOV]NM5T REPRESSION WAS TRANS=M+ ! LABOR /RUGGLE 9TO A SOCIAL W>4 ,PROM95T WORK]S W]E LIT]ATELY HUNT$ 9 ! /REETS BY GR\PS ( PI/OL]OS HIR$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! POLICE REGUL>LY APPLI$ ! 9FAM\S 0 LEY DE FUGAS40 .<#d#f.> ,! BE/ ,CATALAN ACTIVI/S 5D$ UP BEH9D B>S4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! Y\NG MILITANTS--/ILL UNKN[N TO ! POLICE & PI/OL]OS--:O C\LD SURVIVE ! BITT] CONFLICT4 ,BU5ACASA EXPLA9S3 

,! ,C,N,T ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS UND]GR\ND & OV]:ELM$4 ,IT ASK$ MILITANTS ?R\<\T ,SPA9 TO HELP !M FI<T ! B\RGEOIS & POLICE (F5SIVE TAK+ PLACE 9 ,B>CELONA1 BUT ITS EF=TS W]E 9 VA94 ,AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 VICI\S1 & P]PETUAL CLAMPD[N COMPLEM5T$ ! /REET ASSASS9ATIONS4 ,\R MO/ TAL5T$ MILITANTS HAD TO MAKE A H>R[+ *OICE3 KILL1 RUN1 OR GO TO PRISON4 ,! VIOL5T ONES DEF5D$ !MSELVES & KILL$2 ! /OIC & BRAVE W]E %OT D[N FROM BEH9D2 ! C[>DS FL$ OR HID2 & ! MO/ ACTIVE & IMPRUD5T W5T TO PRISON4.<#d#g.> 

,?IS GOV]NM5T & EMPLOY] T]ROR WAS ONE ( ! WEAPONS--! MO/ EXTREME & DESP]ATE--?AT ! DOM9ANT CLASSES US$ AGA9/ ! RISE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA & ! PROLET>IAT'S GR[+ MATURITY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD LOCK$ \T #b1 WORK]S 9 LATE #aiai & YET ULTIMATELY HAD TO GIVE 94 ,TO AVOID A REPETITION ( SU* A DEFEAT1 !Y C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BETT] ?AN %AMELESS AGGRESSION4 

,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS WANT$ TO RESPOND TO ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S CALL = HELP4 ,!Y ?\<T ?AT ! 0BE/ WAY TO HELP ! COMRADES WAS BY TURN+ ALL ( ,SPA9 9TO AN IMM5SE ,B>CELONA20 BUT ?AT 0REQUIR$ A /RATEGIC PLAN ?AT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO C>RY TO \T AT ! MOM5T40 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y CONSID]$ GO+ TO ,B>CELONA 0TO OCCUPY PO/S LEFT VACANT 9 ! /RUGGLE40.<#d#h.> ,BU5ACASA HAD TO 9T]C$E TO 0RE/RA9 !IR JUV5ILE IMPULSES ) HIS MORAL AU?ORITY1 URG+ !M TO /AY 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 :]E ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE WAS JU/ AS IMPORTANT AS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ONLY LESS SPECTACUL>40.<#d#i.> 

,SOME?+ OCCURR$ 9 ,VAL5CIA ON ,AUGU/ #d1 #aib ?AT W\LD HAVE A P[]FUL IMPACT ON ! ,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*I/ ASSASS9ATION ( ,B>CELONA'S EX-GOV]NOR ,JOSE ,MAE/RE DE ,LABORDE1 ,C\NT ( ,SALVATI]RA4 ,DUR+ HIS T]M 9 (FICE1 HE P]MITT$ ! APPLICATION ( ! 0LEY DE FUGAS0 TO ?IRTY-?REE MILITANT WORK]S4 ,9 RESPONSE1 AN>*I/S 9 ,VAL5CIA DECID$ TO EXECUTE HIM4 ,! ACT %OOK ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AL?\< IT HAD TRI$ TO RE/RA9 ,B>CELONA AU?ORITIES1 IT HAD FAIL$ TO SO & WAT*$ IMPOT5TLY AS !IR SAVAG]Y 9CREAS$ DAILY4 ,N[ IT WAS PAY+ ! PRICE4 ,= ,LOS ,JU/ICI]OS1 ! ASSASS9ATION WAS EXEMPL>Y & !Y SOON BEGAN TO PLAN ONE ( !IR [N4 ,!IR T>GET WAS ,JOSE ,REGU]AL1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ,BILBAO1 :O BORE RESPONSIBILITY = VA/ ACTS ( BRUTALITY AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE !Y W]E BUSY MAK+ !IR PREP>ATIONS1 !Y LE>N$ ?AT ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I WAS PLANN+ TO ATT5D ! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,GRAN ,KURSAAL CAS9O4 ,!Y RUL$ \T ! ,REGU]AL ACTION3 0,KILL+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I W\LD BE MO/ POSITIVE = ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE10 !Y ?\<T4.<#e.> 0,! BE/ WAY TO DO IT WAS BY CON/RUCT+ AN UND]GR\ND TUNNEL ?AT W\LD TAKE !M DIRECTLY TO ! P>LOR :]E ! GUE/ RECEPTION WAS GO+ TO OCCUR4 ,UND] ,SUB]VIELA'S DIRECTION1 !Y BEGAN DIGG+ ! PASSAGEWAY 9 A NE>BY H\SE4 ,DURRUTI WAS 5TRU/$ ) ACQUIR+ & /OR+ ! EXPLOSIVES40.<#e#a.> 

,! WORK WAS GRUEL+ & !IR PROGRESS SL[$ CONSID]ABLY :5 !Y REA*$ ! BUILD+'S F\NDATIONS4 ,! DWELL+ FROM :I* ! TUNNEL BEGAN HAD BE5 DISGUIS$ AS A COAL Y>D1 BUT ! L>GE NUMB] ( BAGS ( DIRT BE+ REMOV$ FROM IT MU/ HAVE MADE ! POLICE SUSPICI\S4 ,! POLICE EXECUT$ A SE>* & ! TEAM WORK+ !N ESCAP$ AFT] A QUICK GUN BATTLE4 ,DURRUTI1 :O WAS 9 ,GIJON AT ! TIME1 RECEIV$ SOME UNPLEASANT NEWS :5 HE RETURN$3 ! NEWS M$IA & POLICE HAD DECID$ ?AT HE1 ,GREGORIO ,SUB]VIELA1 & ,M>CEL9O DEL ,CAMPO W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! PLOT4 0,UND] !SE CONDITIONS10 ,BU5ACASA TOLD !M1 0Y\ CAN'T REMA9 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 ,I'VE GOT EV]Y?+ >RANG$ SO ?AT Y\ CAN GO TO ,B>CELONA40.<#e#b.> ,BUT GETT+ \T ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN W\LD NOT BE EASY4 ,! POLICE W]E SE>*+ AGGRESSIVELY = ! 0?REE DANG]\S AN>*I/S40.<#e#c.> ,=TUNATELY1 SOME RAILROAD WORK]S ) :OM ,BU5ACASA HAD BE5 9 CONTACT HELP$ ! ?REE FUGITIVES ESCAPE ON A FREI<T TRA9 HEAD+ TO ,Z>AGOZA4.<#e#d.> 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 

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