,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #bb 
,! ,FALL ( ,PRIMO ,DE ,RIV]A 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,X,I,I4 ,! FALL ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 

  

,! ONLY ?+ REVEAL$ BY ,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI'S 9T]ROGATION & ,CAMILO ,B]N]I'S >RE/ WAS ,MUSSOL9I'S OBSESSION ) 9V5T+ CONSPIRACIES & ASSASS9ATION PLOTS4 ,P]HAPS ! ,ITALIAN DICTATOR WAS YE>N+ = ?OSE ?AT HE C\LDN'T C>RY \T :5 HE WAS ACTIVE 9 ,SOCIALI/ RANKS & TRI$ TO PASS = A 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y0 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 

,AU?ORITIES V]IFI$ ! L9KS BETWE5 ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO1 & ,B]N]I & !N DEPORT$ ! LATT] = 5T]+ ! C\NTRY ) A FALSE PASSPORT4 ,H[EV]1 !Y DID NOT EXPEL ,ASCASO OR ,DURRUTI1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ,BELGIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD MADE EF=TS ON !IR BEHALF OR ?AT ! GOV]NM5T SIMPLY DISMISS$ ! MATT] AS AN ,ITALIAN CONC]N4 ,BO? ?+S W]E PROBABLY TRUE1 AL?\< :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT POLICE DIDN'T BO!R ,ASCASO OR ,DURRUTI ANY FUR!R & ?AT \R FRI5DS W]E ABLE TO CONT9UE !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ,BRUSSELS4 

,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI W]E ALWAYS AT ! C5T] ( SUBV]SIVE CAMPAIGNS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,BRUSSELS1 !Y & EXIL$ ,CATALANI/ ,COLONEL ,FRANCESC ,MACIA P>TICIPAT$ 9 SOME ( ! PREP>ATIONS = ! PLOT ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,SPANI% POLITICIAN ,JOSE ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#i4 ,?AT CONSPIRACY1 LIKE ALL ?OSE ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 5D$ 9 FAILURE4 

,! ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA AFFAIR WAS IMPORTANT = ! MOBILIZATION ( ,C,N,T & AN>*I/ =CES4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#b#i1 %ORTLY AFT] ! FAIL$ UPRIS+1 !RE WAS AN IMPORTANT MEET+ ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,P>IS4 ,! C5TRAL TOPIC ( DISCUSSION WAS 0,! ROLE ( ! AN>*I/S 9 LI<T ( PRES5T EV5TS 9 ,SPA940 ,P>TICIPANTS DECID$ ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*I/S LIV+ 9 ,FRANCE %\LD BE PREP>$ TO CROSS ! BORD] & 9T]V5E DIRECTLY 9 ANY REBELLION ?AT MI<T BREAK \T4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE TO BE >M$ TO DO SO & !Y 5TRU/$ AN>*I/ ,]GUIDO ,BLANCO ) GETT+ !M WEAPONS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ,BLANCO CONTACT$ ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 AMONG O!RS1 TO DISCUSS MILIT>Y QUE/IONS4 ,:ILE NO S\RCES 9DICATE ?AT ,BLANCO W5T TO ,BRUSSELS1 ! COMRADES !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 9=M$ AB\T ! MATT]4 ,! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! MILITANTS 9 ! TWO CITIES W]E SIMPLY TOO /RONG = ?AT NOT TO HAPP54 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN>*I/S 9 ,P>IS HAD TURN$ ,LA ,VOZ ,LIB]T>IA OV] TO !IR COMRADES 9 ,BRUSSELS DUE TO POLICE H>ASSM5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,?OSE COMRADES--,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS1 ,ASCASO1 & O!RS--PUBLI%$ A S+LE ISSUE1 ! MAGAZ9E'S ?IRD1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#i#b#i4 

,HEM ,DAY'S 0,MONT DES ,>TS0 BOOK/ORE RECEIV$ AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS FROM >\ND ! WORLD4 ,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI VISIT$ ! %OP REGUL>LY & ( C\RSE !Y PAID SPECIAL ATT5TION TO LIT]ATURE FROM ,SPA94 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E H[ />TL$ !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 TO READ ! FOLL[+ 9 ,VIGO'S ,DESP]T> 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#i3 0,! ,DEA? ,C]TIFICATE ,( ,! ,C,N,T40 ,?IS WAS ! NAME ( A REPORT FROM ! ,C,N,T ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 SIGN$ BY ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA & ,JUAN ,LOPEZ4 ,IT WAS A PESSIMI/IC /ATEM5T ?AT RAIS$ ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 ,:Y %\LD A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE EXI/ IF ! ,C,N,T'S REGIONAL COMMITTEES >E SO 9ACTIVE8 ,MILITANTS 9 ,SPA9 IMM$IATELY S5T LETT]S CONDEMN+ ! NEWSPAP] = PUBLI%+ ?AT 0VILE DOCUM5T40 ,! DEBATE1 :I* ULTIMATELY S]V$ TO REVIVE ! MILITANTS1 HAD NO S\RCE O!R ?AN ,PE/ANA'S T5D5CY TO />T DEBILITAT+ CONTROV]SIES4 ,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI PROBABLY WROTE ,RIC>DO ,SANZ 9 ,B>CELONA1 ASK+ HIM = 9=MATION AB\T ! MATT] & TO MOBILIZE ! ,&ALUSIAN IMMIGRANTS LIV+ !RE4 ,MO/ ( !SE W]E WORK+ ON ! CON/RUCTION ( ! SUBWAY & ! FACT ?AT ! ,CON/RUCTION ,UNION MADE ,SANZ ITS PRESID5T SUGGE/S ?AT ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS CONT9U$ TO HAVE AN IMPACT 9 ,CATALONIA'S LABOR & ACTIVI/ CIRCLES1 EV5 IF MANY W]E 9 EXILE OR IMPRISON$4 

,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#b#i1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP'S FALL WAS IMM95T4 ,IT W\LD FALL NOT BECAUSE ( POPUL> PRESSURE1 BUT DUE TO 9T]NAL DIS9TEGRATION & BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS ?AT ONCE SUPPORT$ IT4 ,9DE$1 ! MON>*Y ITSELF 5T]$ 9TO T]M9AL CRISIS & ! REM$IES PRESCRIB$ BY ! WISE/ 0DOCTORS 9 POLITICS0 ONLY ACCEL]AT$ ITS DEMISE4 ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S RIDICUL\S ACTIVITIES1 HIS CONTRADICTORY POLICIES1 & ESPECIALLY HIS BELIEF 9 HIS [N POPUL>ITY PRECIPITAT$ HIS FALL4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#c1 ! DICTATOR GAMBL$ HIS FUTURE & LO/4 ,! ,K+ REPLAC$ HIM ) ANO!R (FIC]1 ,G5]AL ,B]5GU]1 & ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A FL$ TO ,P>IS4 

,EV]YONE ?\<T ?AT ?IS P]SONNEL %AKEUP WAS EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT1 BUT LITTLE HAD *ANG$3 ! DICTATOR%IP /ILL EXI/$1 ! /ATE'S REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS CONT9U$ TO OP]ATE1 & ALL ! SUFFOCAT+ LAWS REMA9$ 9 =CE4 ,SPA9 IS A P>ADOXICAL C\NTRY & ITS COMPLEX HI/ORY HAS CONFUS$ MORE ?AN A FEW HI/ORIANS1 :O >E (T5 UNABLE TO APPRECIATE ! DEEP] CONTEXT ( ITS POLITICAL TRANS=MATIONS4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ,SPANI% DEVELOPM5TS BY APPLY+ ! RULES ?AT GOV]N O!R C\NTRIES2 !Y >E 9APPLICABLE BECAUSE ! L[] CLASS'S ]UPTION 9TO HI/ORY ALWAYS PU%ES EV5TS 9 UNANTICIPAT$ DIRECTIONS4 ,?AT CON/ANT P>TICUL> TO ,SPA9 REPEAT$ ITSELF :5 ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S P[]S W]E TRANSF]R$ TO ,DAMASO ,B]5GU]4 ,:AT DID ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I TELL HIS NEW ,PRIME ,M9I/]8 ,( C\RSE HE ORD]$ HIM TO SAVE ! MON>*Y &1 :5 NECESS>Y1 APPLY ! HEAVY H& ( ! /ATE4 ,ANY?+ ELSE1 P>TICUL>LY AN ORI5TATION ?AT SUGGE/$ TOL]ANCE1 W\LD CONTRADICT ! DOM9ANT REGIME4 ,& YET ?AT IS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5$4 ,ALL ! PASSIONS ?AT ! MON>*Y HAD SUPPRESS$ = DECADES SUDD5LY P\R$ \T ONTO ! ,HISPANIC HOMEL&4 

,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I SUSP5D$ ! #ahgf CON/ITUTION :5 HE H&$ P[] TO ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,DUR+ ! SEV5 YE>S ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 ! GOV]NM5T CRU%$ ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION1 ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 & NUM]\S 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS4 ,C\LD ,DAMASO ,B]5GU] ABRUPTLY RECON/RUCT ,SPANI% SOCIETY ON LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC BASES8 ,SURPRIS+LY1 ?AT IS :AT HE ATTEMPT$ TO DO3 ,G5]AL ,B]5GU] WANT$ ! C\NTRY TO SL[LY RETURN TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL NORMS ?AT HAD GOV]N$ IT BE=E #a#i#b#c4 ,BUT1 :ILE PU%+ ! C\NTRY 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 HE LO/ CONTROL ( EV5TS & ! RE9S ( P[] W]E RUNG FROM HIS H&S4 ,! FE> PREVI\SLY FELT BY ! WORK+ MASSES N[ BEGAN TO HAUNT GOV]NM5T LEAD]S4 

,WE WILL ANALYZE ! EFFECT ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( FE> ON ! SOCIAL SCALE HAD ON ! ,C,N,T 9 ORD] TO EXAM9E ITS CONSEQU5CES = ,DURRUTI'S LIFE4 ,! ,B>CELONA ,C,N,T'S FIR/ /EP AFT] ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A FELL FROM P[] WAS TO PUBLI% A NEWSPAP] TO E/ABLI% DIRECT CONTACT ) ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! WEEKLY ,ACCION APPE>$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#i#c4 ,! ,C,N,T ALSO HELD A NATIONAL MEET+1 :I* GR\PS FROM ,A/URIAS1 ,LEON1 ,PAL5CIA1 ,>AGON1 ,RIOJA1 ,NAV>RE1 ,CATALONIA1 & ,LEVANTE ATT5D$4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE IMPORTANT ISSUE ON ! AG5DA3 0,! REORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T & REOP5+ ITS UNIONS40 ,P>TICIPANTS KNEW ?AT IT WAS URG5T TO REBUILD ! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 WELL-ADVIS$ TO ADDRESS SOME ( ! ,CONF$]ATION'S IMPORTANT 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES BE=E ?R[+ !MSELVES BL9DLY 9TO ! TASK4 ,9DE$1 P>ALLEL TO ! REORGANIZATION EF=TS1 !RE WAS A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T'S BASE & ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE PROMPT$ ?IS CLA% :5 IT E/ABLI%$ ! ,C,N,T'S POSITION 9 ?AT HI<LY POLITICIZ$ MOM5T4 ,IT DECL>$3  
  

,! ,C,N,T WILL SUPPORT3 

#a4 ,ALL EF=TS T5D+ T[>D ! CONVOCATION ( A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

#b4 ,! REE/ABLI%M5T ( CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES & ALL CITIZ5S' RI<TS4 

#c4 ,ABSOLUTE & RIGOR\S UNION FRE$OM4 

#d4 ,RESPECT = ! EI<T-H\R WORKDAY & ALL PRIOR LABOR VICTORIES4 

#e4 ,FRE$OM = ALL SOCIAL POLITICAL PRISON]S & REVIEW ( !IR TRIALS4.<#b#f.>  
  

,! ,C,N,T1 AS AN ORGANIZATION1 HAD NOT DET]M9$ ITS POSITION ON !SE FIVE ISSUES & YET ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ALREADY DEF9+ ! BODY'S /ANCE4 ,PE/ANA'S H& WAS PRES5T !RE4 

,ACTIVI/S PROMPTLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE = ABUS+ ITS P[]4 ,AL?\< ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ITSELF1 IT WAS UNABLE TO ]ASE ! IMPRESSION ( BAD-FAI? MANEUV]+4 ,?IS L$ TO YET ANO!R S]IES ( WRITT5 DEBATES1 :I* NATURALLY WEAK5$ ! ,C,N,T AT A TIME :5 IT NE$$ ALL ITS /R5G? = ! 5ORM\S TASKS ( REORGANIZATION4 ,! POLITICIANS ALSO W5T 9TO ACTION & ,REPUBLICANS ) TRULY MON>*ICAL S\LS ROSE TO ! SURFACE4 ,MIGUEL ,MAURA & ,NICETO ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA W]E ! TWO PR9CIPLE MON>*I/S :O PASS$ SEAMLESSLY TO ! ,REPUBLICAN CAMP4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! CELEBRAT$ POLITICIAN ,JOSE ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA DECL>$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I4 ,! LIB]AL ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICANS !N PROCLAIM$ !IR SUPPORT = A ,REPUBLIC4 

,IT WAS A *AOTIC POLITICAL MOM5T4 ,POLITICIANS ADDRESS$ ! WORLD & MADE PROMISES AS IF !Y REALLY REPRES5T$ A POPUL> =CE4 ,! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL MADNESS EV5 9FECT$ SOME ( ! ,C,N,T'S LEAD+ M51 LIKE ,JUAN ,PEIRO & ,P]E ,FOIX 7,DELAVILLE74 ,!Y SIGN$ ! 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,CATALAN ,9TELLIG5TSIA10 A DOCUM5T 9 :I* LEAD]S ( ALMO/ ALL ! ,CATALAN POLITICAL P>TIES /AT$ ?AT !Y WANT$ ,SPA9 TO BECOME A ,REPUBLIC4 

,! SECOND ISSUE ( ! AN>*I/ WEEKLY ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD APPE>$ ON ,APRIL #a#i1 #a#i#c4 ,IT DEPICT$ ! POLITICAL SC5E ) A SATIRE TITL$ 0,!RE >E ?IRTY-SIX P>TIES 9 ,SPA940 ,AFT] LI/+ !M1 IT SAID3 0,?IRTY-SIX P>TIES & NOT ONE LESS4 ,WE HAVE MADE A LI/ & SEE ?AT WE PRES5TLY HAVE ?IRTY- SIX PROGRAMS1 DRAFT$ BY FIGURES FROM ! ,LEFT1 ,RI<T1 & ,C5T]4 ,ONE NE$S APPROXIMATELY F\R & A HALF H\RS DAILY TO READ ! MANIFE/OS & PROCLAMATIONS FROM !SE POLITICAL GR\P+S1 ) ! AGGRAVAT+ CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT WE H>DLY LE>N ANY?+4 ,ALL ! APPEALS & H>ANGUES NEGLECT TO M5TION ! PR9CIPAL ISSUE3 ?AT !IR AU?ORS WANT TO RULE US40 .<#b#g.> ,EI<T DAYS AFT] ?IS >TICLE APPE>$1 ! ,C,N,T HELD A RALLY 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,TEATRO ,NUEVO ON ! ,P>ALELO 9 :I* TWO ( ! ORATORS--,JUAN ,PEIRO & ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA--HAD BE5 /RIPP$ ( !IR RI<T TO SPEAK 9 ! ,C,N,T'S NAME4 ,PEIRO RESPOND$ TO ! SANCTION QUICKLY4 ,HE S5T AN OP5 LETT] TO ,ACCION RESIGN+ FROM ALL ,C,N,T POSITIONS &1 %ORTLY !REAFT]1 )DREW HIS SIGNATURE FROM ! MANIFE/O4 ,PE/ANA'S CASE WAS MORE COMPLEX1 GIV5 HIS HABIT ( SAY+ ONE ?+ & DO+ ANO!R4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE DECID$ TO COME TO ! RALLY4 ,! AUDI5CE WAS V]Y L>GE1 CAPABLE ( FILL+ ! !AT] TWO TIMES OV]1 & ATT5DEES AFFIRM$ !IR COMMITM5T TO COMPLET+ ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,C,N,T BEGUN 9 ,FEBRU>Y4 ,SEBA/IAN ,CL>A & ,P$RO ,MASSONI SPOKE4 ,! CR[D HE>D ,CL>A & ,MASSONI 5?USIA/ICALLY1 ,PE/ANA ) LESS 5?USIASM1 & !RE W]E MURMURS ( OPPOSITION TO ,JUAN ,PEIRO'S ADDRESS4 ,! LATT] PR(ESS$ HIS FAI? 9 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM FROM ! PODIUM & ANN\NC$ ?AT HE HAD RETRACT$ HIS SIGNATURE FROM ! MANIFE/O4 ,SWEPT UP BY ! EXCITEM5T ( ! MOM5T1 ! AUDI5CE *E]$ ,PEIRO1 AS IF WANT+ TO =GIVE HIS BLUND] 9 ORD] TO FOCUS :OLEHE>T$LY ON REBUILD+ ! ,CONF$]ATION4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #bb -- ,UPDAT$4 

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