,DUAL ,P[] 9 ! ,SELVA ,LAC&ON 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,DAY 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#i#h1 ,SEV5TY-N9E YE>S TO ! DAY AFT] ! TREA*]\S MURD] ( ,G5]AL ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA1 ! COMMUNITY ( ,TANIP]LAS HO/$ A CELEBRATION ( ! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY ( ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON4 ,AT #d3 ,A,M ! NEXT MORN+1 R\<LY N9E-HUNDR$ SOLDI]S & POLICE 9VAD$ ,TANIP]LAS1 >RE/+ SIX MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 ?REE O!R ,MEXICANS1 & TWELVE =EIGN]S4 ,!Y ALSO DE/ROY$ ! AUDITORIUM CON/RUCT$ AS A SITE = DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES & DEFAC$ A BEAUTIFUL FRE%LY-PA9T$ MURAL4 

,! RAID ON ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON HAS FOCUS$ ATT5TION ON A LITTLE APPRECIAT$ ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/A HAVE BE5 C>RY+ \T 9 ! >EAS 9 :I* !Y HAVE A SIGNIFICANT BASE ( POPUL> SUPPORT3 ! CON/RUCTION ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[]4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#i#d1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS BROKE ?R\< !IR MILIT>Y 5CIRCLEM5T BY ! ,MEXICAN ,>MY & DECL>$ ! CREATION ( ?IRTY-TWO 0AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES03 DEMOCRATICALLY-*OS51 9DEP5D5T GOV]NM5TS BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ?AT W\LD EXI/ P>ALLEL TO ! 0(FICIAL0 MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS ( ,*IAPAS1 :I* >E LITTLE MORE ?AN AN EXT5SION ( ! ONE-P>TY RULE ( ! ,P,R,I4 ,EA* AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY 9CLUD$ A NUMB] ( COMMUNITIES & !IR SURR\ND+ T]RITORY1 & LIKE ! 0(FICIAL0 MUNICIPALITIES1 CORRESPOND+ R\<LY ) ! C\NTY /RUCTURE ?AT EXI/S 9 ! ,U,S4 ,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS W]E TO TAKE ON ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NANCE1 9CLUD+ MANY ?AT HAD BE5 L>GELY NEGLECT$ BY ! 0(FICIAL0 ,P,R,I-DOM9AT$ MUNICIPALITIES3 PUBLIC HEAL?1 SETTL+ L& DISPUTES1 $UCATION & SO ON4 

,! S]I\SNESS ( ?IS *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,MEXICAN /ATE WAS MADE EVID5T BY ! MILIT>Y (F5SIVE LAUN*$ BY ! ,MEXICAN ,>MY AGA9/ ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#i#e4 ,! ATTACKS AGA9/ ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON 9 ,APRIL #aiih IS ONLY FUR!R EVID5CE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T REG>DS !SE C\NT]-/RUCTURES AS A DANG]\S EXAMPLE ?AT MU/ BE CRU%$4 

,9 ! WEEKS S9CE ! ATTACK ON ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON1 ! ,NATIONAL ,9DIG5\S ,CONGRESS 7,C,N,I7 HAS CALL$ = ! =MATION ( TW5TY1 NEW AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES 9 ! /ATES ( ,OAXACA1 ,V]ACRUZ1 & ,GU]R]O2 ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,PURHEPE*A ,NATION 7,O,N,P7 HAS CALL$ = ! CREATION ( AUTONOM\S REGIONS 9 ! /ATE ( ,MI*OACAN4 ,! COMMUNITIES ?AT CON/ITUT$ ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON HAVE ALSO DECL>$ !IR DET]M9ATION TO REE/ABLI% !IR AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY 9 SPITE ( ITS CURR5T OCCUPATION BY MILIT>Y & P>AMILIT>Y =CES4 

,:AT IS ,DUAL ,P[]8 

  

,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 CON/RUCT+ DUAL P[] 9 ,*IAPAS IS RI* ) LESSONS = REVOLUTION>IES EV]Y:]E4 ,BE=E GO+ ANY FUR!R 9 DISCUSS+ ! P>TICUL> EXP]I5CES ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO SAY A FEW ?+S AB\T :AT DUAL P[] IS & ISN'T4 

,! T]M 0DUAL P[]0 HAS BE5 US$ SOME:AT 9DISCRIM9ATELY TO DESCRIBE ANY?+ FROM ! ,GRE5SBORO1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,WOOLWOR?'S SIT-9 TO ,COP ,WAT* PROGRAMS TO OP5+ A COLLECTIVELY RUN BOOK/ORE OR FOOD COOP]ATIVE TO ! CREATION ( WORK]S C\NCILS 7OR SOVIETS7 DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE !RE IS A ?READ ?AT CAN BE SAID TO RUN ?R\< !SE V>I\S EXP]I5CES1 ! UNQUALIFI$ USE ( ! T]M 0DUAL P[]0 TO DESCRIBE SU* DIFF]5T PH5OM5A ROBS ! T]M ( ANY PRECISE MEAN+4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO SEE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 !SE DIFF]5T PH5OM5A IF WE >E TO UND]/& ! PROCESS BY :I* G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] CAN BE BUILT4 

,A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] CAN BE SAID TO *>ACT]IZE ALL G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL SITUATIONS4 ,! CLASSIC DEF9ITION ( DUAL P[] IS F\ND 9 ,L59'S BRIEF >TICLE ON ! SUBJECT WRITT5 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT ! PH5OM5A ITSELF HAS APPE>$ REPEAT$LY 9 DIFF]5T GUISES AT LEA/ AS F> BACK AS M$IEVAL ,EUROPEAN PEASANT REVOLTS4 ,9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 DUAL P[] REF]S TO SITUATIONS 9 :I* A7 P>ALLEL /RUCTURES ( GOV]NANCE HAVE BE5 CREAT$ ?AT EXI/ SIDE-BY-SIDE ) OLD (FICIAL /ATE /RUCTURES & ?AT B7 !SE ALT]NATIVE /RUCTURES COMPETE ) ! /ATE /RUCTURES = P[] & = ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! PEOPLE & ?AT C7 ! OLD /ATE IS UNABLE TO CRU% !SE ALT]NATIVE /RUCTURES1 AT LEA/ = A P]IOD ( TIME4 

,TWO QUALIFY+ COMM5TS %\LD BE MADE H]E4 ,! FIR/ IS TO DI/+UI% ON ! ONE H& BETWE5 9/ITUTIONS ( DUAL P[] ?AT HAVE REVOLUTION>Y AIMS OR >E AT LEA/ P]CEIV$ AS HAV+ REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 7?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y MI<T POT5TIALLY REPLACE ! EXI/+ /ATE & CON/ITUTE !MSELVES AS ! GOV]N+ /RUCTURE ( A NEW REORGANIZ$ SOCIETY71 & ON ! O!R H&1 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* OR ! ,MAFIA ?AT1 :ILE RETA9+ A C]TA9 AUTONOMY FROM ! /ATE1 DO NOT SEEK TO DISPLACE IT4 

,! SECOND DI/9CTION ?AT NE$S TO BE MADE IS BETWE5 G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( DUAL P[] 9 :I* ! MASSES HAVE REAL P[] & MORE >TIFICIAL ONES 9 :I* ! =MAL APPE>ANCES MASK ! EFFECTIVE DOM9ATION ( A NEW EM]G+ ELITE4 ,?IS SECOND DI/9CTION IS NOT AS TIDY AS SOME PEOPLE LIKE TO SUGGE/1 AS !RE EXI/S A CONT9UUM BETWE5 ! TWO1 & A GIV5 EXPRESSION ( DUAL P[] IS LIKELY TO MOVE 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ANO!R ALONG ?AT CONT9UUM 9 RESPONSE TO DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,EXI/+ /RUCTURES ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY %[N RELATIVELY LITTLE DEMOCRATIC VITALITY CAN1 UND] REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS1 SOMETIMES BE 9FUS$ ) MORE DEMOCRATIC CONT5T BY ! DET]M9$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,OLD COMMUNAL VILLAGE /RUCTURES HAVE REPEAT$LY UND]GONE SU* TRANS=MATIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( PEASANT REVOLUTIONS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES ( DUAL P[]1 LIKE ! SOVIETS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 CAN COME UND] ! DOM9ATION ( AN ANTI-DEMOCRATIC M9ORITY LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIKS & BE PROGRESSIVELY DRA9$ ( !IR DEMOCRATIC CONT5T4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 ?AT MOVEM5TS AWAY FROM DEMOCRACY TAK5 9 ! NAME ( EM]G5CY CONDITIONS IS NOT REV]S$ :5 ?OSE CONDITIONS *ANGE 7:5 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL ?REATS TO REVOLUTION SUBSIDE74 

,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ! SUPPOS$ /RUCTURES ( DUAL P[] ?AT >E UND] ! DOM9ATION ( AN ASPIR+ ELITE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ & ?AT NEV] MANIFE/ ! K9D ( OP5 DISCUSSION & CONT5TION ?AT *>ACT]IZE G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,AGA91 IT %\LD NOT BE AUTOMATICALLY ASSUM$ 9 !SE CASES ?AT !SE /RUCTURES DON'T NONE!LESS REPRES5T SOME SORT ( RADICAL BREAK ) ! OLD ORD]4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY PREVI\SLY EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS1 !SE SORTS ( MANIPULAT$ ]SATZ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES MAY ACTUALLY CON/ITUTE A DRAMATIC /EP =W>D 9 ! DEGREE ( POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 GOV]NANCE4 ,!Y REPRES5T A GRUDG+ ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE AS A LEGITIMATE =CE = ! NEW /ATE4 ,NEI!R %\LD IT BE ASSUM$ ?AT ! RANK & FILE P>TICIPATION 9 SU* /RUCTURES MEANS ?AT ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 DUP$4 ,SU* A VIEW NEGATES !IR AG5CY & FLATT5S \T :AT IS ALWAYS A MORE COMPLICAT$ SITUATION4 ,:ILE CONSCI\SNESS 9 SU* SITUATIONS IS ALWAYS UNEV51 MANY P>TICIPANTS UND\BT$LY SEE !SE /RUCTURES AS A MEANS TO C]TA9 SPECIFIC 5DS 7L& RE=M1 EXPULSION ( =EIGN OCCUPY+ >MIES1 AN 5D TO C]TA9 P>TICUL>LY ON]\S SOCIAL PRACTICES LIKE FOOT B9D+1 ETC47 & HAVE FEW ILLUSIONS AB\T ! MORE GR&IOSE PROMISES TO /ORM HEAV5 OR TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N4 ,!Y >E 5GAG$ 9 A SORT ( REALPOLITK ( ! OPPRESS$3 KN[+ !IR [N /R5G? & WEAKNESSES1 !Y ?R[ !IR LOT 9 ) A NEW GANG ( BOSSES TO ?R[ \T ! OLD 9 ! HOPES ( EXTRACT+ C]TA9 CONCESSIONS 9 ! PROCESS4 

,KEEP+ ALL !SE QUALIFY+ CONSID]ATIONS 9 M9D1 IT IS /ILL POSSIBLE TO TALK AB\T A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] & TO F9D MANY EXAMPLES ( IT1 ALBEIT G5]ALLY %ORT LIV$1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,!SE 9/ANCES %>E A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT FEATURES4 ,! FIR/ IS ! PRIMACY ( POPUL> & DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES 9 :I* PEOPLE HAVE ! REAL FRE$OM TO SPEAK !IR M9DS AS ! ULTIMATE S\RCE ( GOV]N+ AU?ORITY4 ,P>TICUL> RESPONSIBILITIES MAY BE DELEGAT$ TO COMMITTEES SUBORD9AT$ TO ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,O!RS MAY BE DELEGAT$ UPW>DS ?R\< CONF$]AL REGIONAL &_/OR NATIONAL DELEGATE BODIES4 ,BUT ! F\NDATION ( P[] IS ! PEOPLE !MSELVES MEET+ 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLY4 ,! ASSEMBLIES MI<T BE BAS$ 9 ! WORKPLACE1 ! NEI<BORHOOD OR ! VILLAGE4 ,ELECT$ DELEGATES1 (FICIALS1 & LEAD]S >E G5]ALLY IMM$IATELY RECALLABLE & (T5 SUBJECT TO ROTATION TO PREV5T !IR OSSIFICATION 9TO A NEW RUL+ ELITE4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT NONE ( ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] HAVE RESULT$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LONG-T]M DEMOCRATIC OR SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! HI/ORICALLY OPPRESS$ CLASSES G5U9ELY WIELD P[]4 ,ALL HAVE EI!R BE5 CRU%$ BY A RESURG5T OLD ORD] OR ULTIMATELY DRA9$ ( ANY DEMOCRATIC CONT5T BY A NEW REVOLUTION>Y ELITE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !SE FLEET+ EXP]I5CES /ILL REPRES5T ! CLOSE/ HUMANITY HAS COME TO REALIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y VISION ( A TRULY FREE SOCIETY4 ,EV5 :5 !SE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE F9ALLY GONE D[N TO DEFEAT1 MANY ( !IR GA9S HAVE BE5 SU/A9$3 L& RE=M1 LEGAL SEXUAL EQUALITY1 C]TA9 GU>ANTE$ SOCIAL S]VICES1 ETC4 >E ! CONCESSIONS GRANT$ 9 ! PROCESS ( CRU%+ G5U9E PEOPLE'S P[]4 ,! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( DUAL P[] >E IMPORTANT TO /UDY1 NOT JU/ BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T A GLIMPSE ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! /ORY ( !IR RISE & FALL REVEALS SOME ( ! S]I\S OB/ACLES ?AT WILL CONFRONT ANY ATTEMPT AT ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 

,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,ZAPATI/AS REPRES5T 9 MANY RESPECTS ONLY ! LATE/ *APT] 9 A LONG HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[]4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT !Y (F] A CONTEMPOR>Y EXAMPLE FROM :I* C]TA9 G5]AL LESSONS CAN BE EXTRACT$1 MU* AS LESSONS MI<T BE TAK5 FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! WORK]S C\NCILS ?AT SPRUNG UP ACROSS ,EUROPE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 OR DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 OR ! ,%AN<AI ,COMMUNE DUR+ ! ,*9ESE ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS REPRES5T 9 IMPORTANT WAYS A DEP>TURE FROM SOME ( ! DOM9ANT FEATURES ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 & AS SU* (F] A />T+ PO9T = DISCUSSIONS ( H[ TO AVOID ! FATE ( PREVI\S DUAL P[] EXP]I5CES4 ,! V]DICT IS NOT YET 9 ON ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES MAY V]Y WELL BE CRU%$ BY ! ,MEXICAN /ATE4 ,IF !Y SUCCE$ & BECOME ! G]M ( SOCIALLY REORGANIZ$ ,MEXICO1 ?AT DOES NOT MEAN !Y WILL NOT REPEAT ! EXP]I5CES ( BECOM+ HOLL[$ \T VEHICLES = ! RULE ( A NEW ELITE4 ,BUT !RE >E IMPORTANT ELEM5TS 9 ! POLITICS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS ?AT W\LD SEEM TO GU>D AGA9/ ?IS LATT] FATE4 

,SPECULATION ON ! FUTURE IS A DANG]\S GAME1 H[EV]1 SO ,I WILL CONF9E MYSELF TO A DISCUSSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( DUAL P[] 9 ,*IAPAS SO F>4 ,MY 9T5TION IS TO DESCRIBE 9 FAIRLY G5]AL T]MS H[ ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS ABLE TO MOVE FROM BE+ A T9Y ORGANIZATION ( A HALF-DOZ5 PEOPLE ISOLAT$ 9 ! ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE TO A MASS MOVEM5T & REVOLUTION>Y >MY ABLE TO E/ABLI% AN EFFECTIVE DUAL P[]1 = AT LEA/ SEV]AL YE>S1 9 A FAIRLY L>GE GEOGRAPHICAL >EA & DIRECTLY 5COMPASS+ AS MANY AS #b1 PEOPLE4 

,FROM ,DUAL ,P[] TO ,DUAL ,CONSCI\SNESS 

  

,(T5 DUAL P[] IS DISCUSS$ 9 A WAY ?AT DISCONNECTS IT FROM ! LONG YE>S ( ?ANKLESS MASS ORGANIZ+ WORK ?AT PREC$ES IT4 ,IT IS TREAT$ AS IF IT SPR+S SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! PEOPLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T1 )\T RESPECT = ! PATI5T NURTURANCE ( ! =CES ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE4 ,TO AVOID ?IS ]ROR1 ,I AM GO+ TO DESCRIBE ! CREATION ( DUAL P[] 9 ,*IAPAS 9 T]MS ( F\R DI/9CT PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T3 ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS2 DIRECT ACTION2 ! CREATION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS2 & F9ALLY1 ! CON/RUCTION ( ORGANS ( G5U9E DUAL P[]4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS DO NOT PROCE$ 9 A /RICTLY L9E> FA%ION4 ,!Y >E (T5 HAPP5+ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,BUT !RE IS A C]TA9 LOGIC TO ORD]+ !M 9 A *RONOLOGICAL FA%ION4 ,EA* PHASE CREAT$ IMPORTANT CONDITIONS = ! SUCCESS ( SUBSEQU5T PHASES EV5 IF WE CAN SEE ASPECTS ( DIFF]5T PHASES UNFOLD+ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,!RE IS A DIALECTICAL 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ?AT MAKES ! CREATION ( DUAL P[] POSSIBLE4 ,BY CONCEPTUALLY BREAK+-UP ! PROCESS 9TO DI/9CT /AGES1 WE CAN CRUDELY UND]/& H[ ! SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATION ( REVOLUTION>IES TO C>RY \T C]TA9 WORK BECOMES AN OBJECTIVE CONDITION ( ! /RUGGLE ) SUCCESS ( ?AT WORK3 ! CREATION ( A C(FEE-SELL+ COOP]ATIVE1 = EXAMPLE1 GIVES ! MOVEM5T RES\RCES IT CAN !N DIRECT 9TO TAK+ ! /RUGGLE TO A NEW LEVEL BY BUY+ GUNS4 ,! CREATION ( ! COOP]ATIVE IS A SUBJECTIVE UND]TAK+4 ,IT TRANS=MS ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS UND] :I* NEW SUBJECTIVE TASKS >E UND]TAK5 & 9 ?IS MANN] CREATES NEW POSSIBILITIES4 ,ALL POLITICS1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 IS ! >T ( ! POSSIBLE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS ! COMMITM5T TO EXP&+ ! REALM ( ! POSSIBLE TO 9CLUDE G5U9E P[] TO ! PEOPLE4 

,CREAT+ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CONSCI\SNESS 

  

,:5 A HALF-DOZ5 PEOPLE MOV$ 9 ! ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE & F\ND$ ! ,ZAPATI/A ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,>MY 7,E,Z,L,N7 ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#h#c1 !Y BR\<T ) !M A C]TA9 CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y MISSION4 ,!Y ALSO /EPP$ 9TO AN EXI/+ WORLD ) ITS [N HI/ORY ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES & PREVI\S ATTEMPTS TO BUILD A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! F\ND+ NUCLEUS UND]W5T PR(\ND *ANGES OV] ! FOLL[+ DECADE1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUGGLES >\ND !M & !IR [N GR[? HAD AN EQUALLY PR(\ND IMPACT ON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ?AT W]E TO BE ! ,E,Z,L,N'S BASE ( SUPPORT4 ,:ILE ! PROCESSES ( TRANS=MATION W]E CRUCIAL 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( :AT WAS DI/9CT AB\T ,ZAPATISMO1 IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT ! SPECIFIC REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLE 9 ,*IAPAS ?AT EXPLOD$ 9TO \R WORLD ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #aiid DID NOT SPR+ 9TO EXI/5CE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,IT WAS ! DET]M9$ EF=TS ( A H&FUL ( CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>IES TO BUILD A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT CRY/ALLIZ$ ! SCATT]$ & CONTRADICTORY IDEAS ( PEOPLE AB\T !IR [N RESI/ANCE 9TO A COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 

,)9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE !RE IS A CON/ANT BATTLE BETWE5 TWO K9DS ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE HAVE ALL BE5 SOCIALIZ$ BY ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MA9TA9 \R OPPRESSION3 FAMILY1 S*OOL1 RELIGION1 ! M$IA1 & ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ?AT EXPLOIT \R LABOR4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS FILL US UP ) !IR IDEOLOGY1 ) ! IDEAS ?AT JU/IFY !IR P[] OV] US4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE IS ! ACTUAL FACT ( \R OPPRESSION1 \R BASIC HUMAN DESIRE TO BE FREE & TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] \R [N LIVES1 & \R P]IODIC EXP]I5CES ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE ?AT GIVE RISE TO C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS IS A CON/ANT BATTLE ?AT ONE CAN NEV] ESCAPE SO LONG AS !RE >E OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL !SE TWO K9DS ( CONSCI\SNESS EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE4 ,! BALANCE DIFF]S1 ! DEGREE TO :I* ! C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS IS >TICULAT$ OR COH]5T V>IES1 BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL FACT ( ?IS DUAL CONSCI\SNESS IS CON/ANT4 

,C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT NECESS>ILY REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! S5SE ( TAK+ ! =M ( A COH]5T GRASP ( ! TOTALITY ( OPPRESSION & :AT MU/ BE DONE TO DE/ROY ! OPPRESSIVE ORD] & REPLACE IT ) A NEW JU/ & FREE SOCIETY4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS IS ALLOY$ ) ELEM5TS ( ! DOM9ANT OPPRESSIVE IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS 0CONTAM9ATION0 ON ! LEVEL ( IDEAS CORRESPONDS ) ! ACTUAL *>ACT] ( PEOPLES' /RUGGLES TO BE FREE 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,SOCIAL /RUGGLES >E R>ELY PURE EXPRESSIONS ( ! FI<T BETWE5 ! OPPRESS$ & !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,ASPIR+ ELITES & MIDDLE =CES (F] !IR ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS & RES\RCES TO ! OPPRESS$ 9 ! CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S HOPE ( RID+ ! /RUGGLE TO P[]4 ,! OPPRESS$ ACCEPT ?IS ALLIANCE1 P]HAPS GRUDG+LY1 9 ! HOPES ( IMPROV+ !IR LOT BUT USUALLY SWALL[ SOME ( ! IDEOLOGY ( !IR ALLIES 9 ! PROCESS4 

,TO SPEAK ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS !N1 9VOLVES AN UND]/&+ ?AT IS NOT NECESS>ILY SOME?+ PURE4 ,REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS REF]S TO ! PO9T AT :I* ! C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! OPPRESS$ BECOMES >TICULAT$ AS A COH]5T CRITIQUE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY & A PLAN TO TRANS=M IT ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,! ,ZAPATISMO ( ! ,E,Z,L,N IS1 9 ,SUBCOMM&ANTE ,M>CO'S WORDS1 0A PROVOCATIVE COCKTAIL0 ( ,GUEV>ISM1 ,MAOISM1 LONG/&+ TRADITIONS ( 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE1 & ! LEGACY ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 7) ! DECID$LY LIB]T>IAN T+E ( ,ZAPATA & ,MAGON74 ,! F\ND+ NUCLEUS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N W]E MEMB]S ( AN OLD] GU]RILLA ORGANIZATION1 ! ,=CES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 7,F,L,N71 ?AT WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! 9DIG5\S CADRE ?AT !Y W]E ABLE TO ATTRACT HAD RECEIV$ !IR POLITICAL TRA9+ 9 ! ,MAOI/-L$ CAMPES9O ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,RURAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,COLLECTIVE ,9T]E/S 7,>,I,C7 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,*IAPAS 9 ! #a#i#gS BY ! BRIGADI/AS ( ! ,PEOPLES ,P[]_/,PROLET>IAN ,L9E 7,P,P_/,L,P7-VET]ANS ( ,MEXICO'S ,NEW ,LEFT /UD5T MOVEM5T4 ,! ,MAOI/S HAD BE5 9VIT$ D[N TO ,*IAPAS BY ,BI%OP ,SAMUEL ,RUIZ & WORK$ SIDE-BY-SIDE ) ! ,LIB]ATION ,!OLOGY CATE*I/S ( ! ,DIOCESE ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 

,ALL ( !SE 0\TSIDE0 =CES OP]AT$ )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,MAYAN ,9DIANS 9 !IR [N LONG HI/ORY ( RESI/ANCE TO CONQUE/ & COLONIZATION4 ,IT WAS !IR CAPACITY TO S]I\SLY 9TEGRATE ?AT CONSCI\SNESS ROOT$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! PEOPLE ?AT 5ABL$ ! CADRES ( ! ,F,L,N TO SUCCE$ 9 COMPLETELY 9TEGRAT+ !MSELVES 9TO ! LIVES ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES 9 A WAY ?AT ! ,MAOI/S1 & EV5 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! ,*UR*1 C\LDN'T4 ,! ,MAOI/S S\<T TO SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIG5\S COMPON5T ( ! L& /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CAMPES9OS & ! L&LORDS4 ,! ,*UR*1 :ILE ACCEPT+ C]TA9 9DIG5\S 9NOVATIONS1 REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ! TRIUMPH ( AN ESS5TIALLY ,EUROPEAN WORLDVIEW OV] ! P]SI/5T PRE-,*RI/IAN BELIEFS ( ! ,MAYA4 ,:ILE !SE WEAKNESSES HELP EXPLA9 :Y ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS ABLE TO S9K DEEP ROOTS & GR[1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ! IMPORTANT WAYS 9 :I* ! ,*UR* & ! ,MAOI/S PREP>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT PO9T H]E IS ?AT REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS COLLECTIVE4 ,9DIVIDUALS CAN COME TO REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSIONS1 BUT IT IS ONLY :5 !Y />T TO TALK TO EA* O!R AB\T ?OSE CONCLUSIONS & ATTEMPT TO DRAW \T L>G] MORE G5]AL TRU?S BY LOOK+ AT ALL ( !IR EXP]I5CES & DRAW+ ON ALL ( !IR KN[L$GE ?AT WE CAN TALK MEAN+FULLY ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 

,DIRECT ,ACTION 

  

,! CREATION ( A NUCLEUS ( PEOPLE ) A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS WAS ! FIR/ /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( DUAL P[] 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! PROCESS ( BR++ PEOPLE TO ?AT CONSCI\SNESS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 A CONT9U\S ONE4 ,BUT ONCE A C]TA9 CRITICAL MASS EXI/$1 !Y W]E ABLE TO MOVE TO A NEW LEVEL--TO BEG9 TO PUT !IR IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE4 

,EV]YBODY DREAMS ( PUN*+ \T !IR BOSS1 !IR L&LORD OR A COP4 ,& EV]Y SO (T5 PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO IT4 ,!SE L>GELY SPONTANE\S ACTS ( 9DIVIDUAL RESI/ANCE >E SELF-LIMIT+ BECAUSE !Y CAN NEV] SUCCE$ 9 REALLY /RIK+ EFFECTIVELY AT ! ROOT ( ! FRU/RATION ?AT GIVES RISE TO !M4 ,BUT AS SOON AS A GR\P ( PEOPLE BEG9S TO COME TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 ! QUE/ION ( COLLECTIVE DIRECT ACTION IMM$IATELY COMES TO ! =E3 H[ DO WE /RIKE \R 5EMIES8 

,! ,E,Z,L,N DID NOT 9TRODUCE DIRECT ACTION TO ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ( ,*IAPAS4 ,?OSE COMMUNITIES HAD BE5 5GAG$ 9 ONGO+ PRACTICES ( RESI/ANCE = #e YE>S4 ,L& OCCUPATIONS HAD BE5 GO+ ON = DECADES BE=E ! ,F,L,N APPE>$ 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,:AT ! ,E,Z,L,N DID WAS C\PLE ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT ACTION ) A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS & DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 

,! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ) DIRECT ACTION UND\BT$LY CONTRIBUT$ TO !IR RECEPTIVITY TO EXPLICITLY REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 BUT AGA9 WE %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT ! LEAP TO REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS WAS NOT A SPONTANE\S ONE4 ,DIRECT ACTION ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R HAD BE5 GO+ ON = C5TURIES & !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LDN'T HAVE CONT9U$ IF ! ,E,Z,L,N HADN'T APPE>$4 ,BUT AS AN EXPLICITLY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS ABLE TO PUT ?AT HI/ORICAL PRACTICE 9TO A /RATEGIC CONTEXT & TO FI<T = AN APPROA* ?AT TOOK A LONG] VIEW ( ! /RUGGLE ?AN JU/ SECUR+ ?IS OR ?AT PIECE ( L& OR EXTRACT+ ?IS OR ?AT CONCESSION FROM ! P[] /RUCTURE4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES BEGAN AS AN ALMO/ PURELY PRACTICAL ONE4 ,! COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,SELVA 7:]E ! ,ZAPATI/AS FIR/ E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES7 W]E FAC+ A RIS+ TIDE ( /ATE REPRESSION & VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( ! 0,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS0 ORGANIZ$ BY ! L&LORDS :O W]E SEEK+ TO PU% !M (F !IR L&S4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N (F]$ TO TRA9 ! COMMUNITIES 9 ! USE ( FIRE>MS & 9 ORGANIZATION ( VILLAGE DEF5SES4 ,! COMMUNITIES ACCEPT$ ?IS >RANGEM5T & S5T !IR SONS & DAU<T]S TO ! ,E,Z,L,N'S CAMPS TO TRA9 ) ! GU]RILLAS4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! TRA9+ !Y RECEIV$ W5T BEYOND ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS ( COMMUNITY DEF5SE4 ,IT ALSO 9VOLV$ POLITICAL TRA9+ ?AT 5ABL$ ! SONS & DAU<T]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO SEE !IR /RUGGLE = L& 9 A L>G] GLOBAL CONTEXT4 ,) ?IS NEW UND]/&+ !Y CAME TO SEE ?AT A PURELY DEF5SIVE APPROA* TO !IR PROBLEMS WAS A LOS+ PROPOSITION4 ,BEH9D ! :ITE GU>DS W]E ! POLICE & BEH9D ! POLICE W]E ! >MY4 ,IF !Y WANT$ TO W91 !Y NE$$ TO BE PREP>$ TO FI<T ! >MY & NOT JU/ ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( DECID+ TO FI<T BACK W]E ALWAYS !RE1 BUT IT TOOK A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION TO DRAW !M \T & >TICULATE !M 9 A COH]5T WAY ?AT C\LD CONV9CE PEOPLE AT ! MOM5T !Y W]E READY TO BE CONV9C$4 

,:ILE ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS A CLOSELY GU>D$ SECRET UND] ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0SL[ ACCUMULATION ( =CES0 ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N PROBABLY PICK$ UP FROM ! ,GUATEMALAN GU]RILLAS1 !IR CADRES W]E ACTIVE 9 ! ONGO+ POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#hS4 ,!Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 DEMON/RATIONS & L& OCCUPATIONS4 ,:5 ! ,MAOI/-9ITIAT$ CAMPES9O ORGANIZATION1 ,>,I,C1 SPLIT OV] :E!R TO FOCUS ON BUILD+ A COOP]ATIVE BANK OR C>RY+ \T MORE L& OCCUPATIONS1 ! ,E,Z,L,N CADRES W5T ) ! MORE MILITANT FACTION & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! >M$ DEF5SE ( OCCUPI$ L&S ?R\< ?IS P]IOD4 ,!Y ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 MASS MOBILIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ A ,M>* ON ,MEXICO ,CITY & ! FAM\S ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #aiib ,M>* ON ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL 7:]E ! /ATUE ( ! CITY F\ND]-CONQUI/ADOR ,DIEGO DE ,MAZ>IEGOS WAS TOPPL$ :ILE >M$ ,ZAPATI/A UNITS WAIT$ TO DEF5D ! M>* IF IT WAS ATTACK$47 

,ALL !SE =MS ( DIRECT ACTION GAVE ?\S&S ( PEOPLE DIRECT EXP]I5CE 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 A S5SE ( !IR [N CAPACITY = 9DEP5D5T ACTION1 & KN[L$GE ?AT ! 5EMY WAS NOT 9VULN]ABLE4 ,!SE ?+S >E ALL CRUCIAL BUILD+ BLOCKS 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( DUAL P[]4 ,)\T ! EXP]I5CE ( !IR [N P[] 9 MORE LIMIT$ CONTE/S1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE TO ACQUIRE ! CONFID5CE NECESS>Y TO SET AB\T BUILD+ 9/ITUTIONS P>ALLEL TO ! EXIT+ P[] /RUCTURE4 

,BUILD+ ,C\NT]-,9/ITUTIONS 

  

,9 ! PROCESS ( MOV+ FROM REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS TO REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[]1 DIRECT ACTION IS ONLY P>T ( ! EQUATION4 ,( EQUAL IMPORTANCE IS ! CON/RUCTION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS MEANS AN UND]/&+ ( ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! OPPRESS$ NOT ONLY TO /RIKE BACK AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS BUT ALSO TO CREATE A NEW1 NON-OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORD]4 ,JU/ AS DIRECT ACTION PREFIGURES 9SURRECTION1 ! CREATION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS PREFIGURES SOCIAL REORGANIZATION4 

,:5 ! ,E,Z,L,N E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ! ,SELVA !RE WAS ALREADY A BROAD >RAY ( :AT C\LD BE CALL$ C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS 9 ,*IAPAS1 9 P>TICUL>1 V>I\S PRODUC]-COOP]ATIVES = ! TRANSPORT1 PROCESS+ & SALE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,SU* /RUCTURES PLAY TWO DI/9CT BUT V]Y IMPORTANT ROLES4 

,! FIR/ IS TO TRA9 !IR P>TICIPANTS 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS1 & PUTT+ DEMOCRATIC IDEALS 9TO PRACTICE ON ! GR\ND4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS REPRES5T PRE-FIGURATIVE =MS ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ AUTOMATIC OR EASY AB\T BUILD+ DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE4 ,IT IS A LONG1 H>D FI<T TO OV]COME ! MANY OB/ACLES1 />T+ ) \R [N SOCIALIZATION ?AT ?IS SOCIETY PUTS 9 ! WAY ( SU* PROJECTS4 ,BUILD+ SU* /RUCTURES 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SORT ( SOCIETAL COLLAPSE 9 :I* REVOLUTIONS ACTUALLY TAKE PLACE IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT4 ,EV]Y BIT ( PREVI\S EXP]I5CE BECOMES EXTREMELY VALUABLE 9 SU* SITUATIONS4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE >E NOT PREP>$ = SU* TASKS1 !SE TASKS WILL T5D TO FALL TO ! M9ORITY :O HAVE ORGANIZATIONAL EXP]TIZE1 & 9 ?IS MOM5T WE SEE ! BEG9N+ ( ! NEW ELITE4 ,! CREATION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+S WE CAN DO TO PREP>E = ! CON/RUCTION ( G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[]4 

,A SECOND FUNCTION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS IS TO PROVIDE A MORE OR LESS 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC BASE = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! MONEY ?AT 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES E>N$ BY COOP]ATIVELY SELL+ !IR PRODUCE RA!R ?AN H&+ !M OV] TO A MIDDLE-MAN1 BECAME MONEY ?AT C\LD BUY RADIOS1 UNI=MS1 GUNS1 TRUCKS1 M$IC9ES1 & :ATEV] ELSE ! COMMUNITIES & ! ,E,Z,L,N W\LD NE$ TO TAKE ! /RUGGLE TO NEW LEVELS4 ,( C\RSE1 NOT ALL C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS >E PR(IT-MAK+ CONC]NS4 ,MANY1 SU* AS ALT]NATIVE M$IA PROJECTS OR COMMUNITY C5T]S1 CONSUME ! MOVEM5T'S RES\RCES BUT BROAD5 ! BASE ( SUPPORT = ! MOVEM5T & !REBY GIVE IT MORE ACCESS TO RES\RCES4 ,NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN SUCCE$ )\T E/ABLI%+ SOME SORT ( ECONOMIC BASIS TO SUPPORT ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,JU/ AS !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY REVOLUTION>Y 9 TAK+ MILITANT DIRECT ACTION1 !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY REVOLUTION>Y AB\T BUILD+ C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT %\LD NEV] BE IMAG9$ ?AT BY E/ABLI%+ A COLLECTIVE OR A COOP]ATIVE ONE IS ACTUALLY BREAK+ \T ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONE IS 9 A S5SE BECOM+ AN EFFECTIVE CAPITALI/4 ,SUCCESSFUL C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS ?AT REALLY MEET ! NE$S ( A COMMUNITY CAN (T5 BE EASILY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 & !REBY EV5 BECOME AN EXAMPLE ( ! VIABILITY ( ! SY/EM4 ,?IS RE=MI/ POT5TIAL EXI/S 9 ALL 0,S]VE ! ,PEOPLE0 PROJECTS4 ,DIRECT ACTION (T5 SEEMS MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN BUILD+ C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! LATT] (T5 ATTRACTS PEOPLE :O >E /ILL HOLD+ ON TO HOPES = RE=MI/ SOLUTIONS OR :O HAVE C>E]I/S ASPIRATIONS = !IR [N 9TEGRATION 9TO ! EXI/+ P[] /RUCTURE4 

,! ONLY ?+ ?AT MAKES A C\NT]-9/ITUTION REVOLUTION>Y IS ! DET]M9ATION ( ITS ORGANIZ]S TO USE IT TO BUILD ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BY TRA9+ NEW CADRES & *ANNEL+ RES\RCES 9TO ! /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS :AT EXI/$ ) ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,NONE!LESS1 ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,E,Z,L,N !RE HAS BE5 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RE=MI/ LOGIC ?AT >ISES FROM SU* PROJECTS1 AGA9/ ! ?9K+ ( ?OSE :O CONFUSE ! F9ANCIAL SUCCESS ( ! C(FEE COOP]ATIVE ) ! F9ANCIAL SUCCESS ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,?IS WAS ! *>ACT] ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,>,I,C OV] :AT SORT ( PRIORITY TO GIVE TO BUILD+ A CR$IT UNION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 A C(FEE COOP]ATIVE IS MORE LIKELY TO SUCCE$ IF IT IS *ANNEL+ ALL ( ITS PR(ITS 9TO MOD]NIZ+ PRODUCTION & PROCESS+ 9/EAD ( BUY+ GUNS = ! FOCOS 9 ! JUNGLE4 

,) ALL ( !SE CAUTIONS 9 M9D1 IT CAN NOT OV]EMPHASIZ$ H[ IMPORTANT C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ BY ! ,ZAPATI/AS & ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES W]E 9 PREP>+ !M ORGANIZATIONALLY1 IDEOLOGICALLY1 & MAT]IALLY = ! CREATION ( AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,DUAL ,P[] 

  

,! CREATION ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES WAS ?US ! CULM9ATION ( A PROLONG$ PROCESS ?AT 9VOLV$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 FIR/ AMONG A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE & !N MORE BROADLY1 A CONSI/5T PRACTICE ( DIRECT ACTION1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS4 ,!SE W]E NECESS>Y PREP>ATORY /EPS = LAUN*+ ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 ! ORGANS ( G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] 9 ,*IAPAS4 

,A SITUATION ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] IS 9H]5TLY UN/ABLE4 ,IT CAN NOT LA/ =EV]4 ,DUAL P[] IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A NECESS>Y /AGE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT IS CONFRONT$ AS SOON AS DUAL P[] /RUCTURES >E BR\<T 9TO BE+ IS :E!R OR NOT !Y WILL BE ABLE TO SURVIVE4 ,!RE >E TWO ?REATS TO SU* SURVIVAL4 ,! FIR/ IS EXT]NAL3 ! REPRESSIVE P[] ( ! /ILL-EXI/+ /ATE4 ,! SECOND IS 9T]NAL3 ! PROCESS BY :I* ! DEMOCRATIC CONT5T ( SU* /RUCTURES >E HOLL[$ \T BY V>I\S 0EM]G5CY MEASURES0 ADVANC$ CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY BY ASPIR+ NEW ELITES4 

,AN ORI5TATION T[>DS ! CREATION ( DUAL P[] !RE=E DOES NOT GO F> 5\<4 ,ANY S]I\S /RATEGY MU/ BE ABLE TO ANSW] H[ IT 9T5DS TO /AVE (F BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL ?REATS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y GA9S DUAL P[] REPRES5TS1 & !N H[ IT PROPOSES TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY ONCE !SE ?REATS HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVELY DEFEAT$4 

,! ,CAPACITY TO ,FI<T 

  

,! QUE/ION ( H[ TO DEFEAT BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL ?REATS TO ! ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] IS 9TIMATELY TI$ UP ) ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! NECESSITY ( DEF5D+ ! GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ EXT]NAL 5EMIES DEM&S ! REPRESSION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES & SOME DEGREE ( MILIT>Y C5TRALIZATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS PRECISELY ?OSE REPRESSIVE MEASURES & ?AT MILIT>Y C5TRALIZATION ?AT CON/ITUTE ! 9T]NAL ?REAT TO ! DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 

,!RE IS NO EASY WAY \T ( ?IS DILEMMA4 ,! AN>*I/ FAI? ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$ MILIT>Y /RUCTURES LIKE MILITIAS >E SUFFICI5T = DEFEAT+ ! C5TRALIZ$ MILIT>Y CAPACITY ( ! /ATE IS NAIVE4 ,SO TOO IS ! ,L59I/ FAI? ?AT E/ABLI%+ A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY-/ATE IS 9 ANY WAY CONSI/5T ) ! G5U9E DEMOCRACY ?AT IS A PRECONDITION = ANY SOCIALISM WOR?Y ( ! NAME4 

,! CREATION ( ?IRTY-EI<T AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES 9 ,*IAPAS W\LD SIMPLY NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T ! CAPACITY = HI<LY COORD9AT$ MILIT>Y ACTION REPRES5T$ BY ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,& IF ?OSE MUNICIPALITIES >E CRU%$ IT WILL 9 P>T BE A CONSEQU5CE ( ! MILIT>Y WEAKNESS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,! ATT5TION ( ! ,E,Z,L,N TO ! MILIT>Y ASPECT ( ! /RUGGLE IS CRUCIAL = UND]/&+ !IR SUCCESS SO F>4 

,! =MATION ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS DRIV5 BY C]TA9 LESSONS DRAWN FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,!RE W]E AB\T TWO-DOZ5 SU* ORGANIZATIONS 9 ?OSE YE>S1 & DESPITE DIFF]5T DEGREES ( 9ITIAL SUCCESS1 !Y W]E ALL EFFECTIVELY CRU%$ OR DEFEAT$ BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS4 ,ONE ( ! FEW GR\PS TO EV5 SURVIVE1 ! ,F,L,N GRASP$ ! FUNDAM5TAL WEAKNESSES ( ! GU]RILLA GR\PS3 !IR SEP>ATION FROM ! /RUGGLES ( PEOPLE1 !IR EXCESSIVE FAI? 9 P[] ( EXEMPL>Y ACTION BY A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE1 & !IR ADV5TURI/ PROP5SITY TO /RIKE BE=E !Y HAD ACCUMULAT$ ! /R5G? TO REALLY FI<T4 ,9 ?IS S5SE !Y BROKE ) ! ,GUEV>I/ CONCEPTION ( ! FOCO AS A SMALL GR\P ?AT ?R\< EXEMPL>Y MILIT>Y ACTION1 EXPOSES ! VULN]ABILITY ( ! /ATE4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N BEGAN AS A FOCO 9 SO F> AS IT WAS A SMALL & ISOLAT$ GR\P ( PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! /RATEGY ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS ! OPPOSITE ( ! TRADITIONAL FOCO4 ,= T5 YE>S !Y BUILT UP AN >MY 9 SECRET4 ,!Y TRA9$ ) WEAPONS & E/ABLI%$ AN EFFECTIVE MILIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE BUT !Y ACQUIR$ NO MILIT>Y COMBAT EXP]I5CE4 ,9/EAD1 !Y S5T !IR CADRES 9TO ! COMMUNITIES & ! CAMPES9O ORGANIZATIONS TO P>TICIPATE 9 !IR /RUGGLES & RECRUIT NEW MEMB]S TO !IR >MY4 ,!Y ALSO BUILT UP A MILITIA /RUCTURE BAS$ 9 ! VILLAGES !MSELVES & COMPOS$ ( ?OSE :O C\LDN'T OR W\LDN'T GO 9TO ! M\NTA9S TO JO9 ! >MY BUT :O W]E WILL+ TO FI<T 9 ! DEF5SE ( !IR VILLAGES4 

,! CREATION ( MILITIAS IS AN IMPORTANT C\NT]BALANCE AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y C5TRALISM ( A REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,IT CREATES A SORT ( C\NT]-P[] )9 ! C\NT]-P[] ?AT CAN POT5TIALLY /& UP TO ABUSES BY ANY NEW ELITE BAS$ 9 ! >MY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO MAKE TOO MU* ( ! AUTONOMY ( !SE MILITIAS4 ,MANY AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTIONS HAVE MILITIAS AS ONE COMPON5T 9 AN OV]ALL MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ! ,*9ESE & ,VIETNAMESE REVOLUTIONS1 BUT !RE IS LITTLE 9DICATION 9 ?OSE CASES ?AT ! MILITIAS DID ANY?+ AT ALL TO *ECK ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( ! P>TIES !Y HELP$ BR+ TO P[] & TO :I* !Y W]E ULTIMATELY SUBORD9ATE4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,F,L,N'S CON CEPTION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MILITIAS & ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS ALL ?AT DIFF]5T FROM EI!R ! ,*9ESE OR ,VIETNAMESE COMMUNI/S4 ,BUT ! RESULTS W]E CLE>LY DIFF]5T4 

,! ,E,Z,L,N MILITIAS >E COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S ( ! SAME COMMUNITIES ?AT ALSO *OOSE ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,E,Z,L,N1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9DIG5\S ,CL&E/9E ,COMMITTEE 7,C,C,R,I71 ?AT COMM&S ! >MY4 ,?IS REV]SAL ( TRADITIONAL RELATION%IP ( ! COMMUNITY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY %ORT CIRCUITS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL ANTI-DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES ?AT EXI/S 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION3 ! T5D5CY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >M$ =CES TO BECOME A P[] OV] & SEP>ATE FROM ! PEOPLE4 

,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT !RE W]E SEV]AL FACTORS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( A V]Y DIFF]5T RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! COMMUNITIES1 ! >MY1 & ! MILITIAS 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! FIR/ IS ! LEGACIES ( #e YE>S ( COMMUNITY BAS$ 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE & ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 :I* LOCAL IRREGUL> =CES PLAY$ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ROLE4 ,! SECOND FACTOR WAS ! ,F,L,N'S MODE/ CONCEPTION ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT ! CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION 9 ,MEXICO W\LD RIP5 SOON] OR LAT] & ?AT !IR PROJECT WAS TO BUILD AN EFFECTIVE MILIT>Y CAPACITY ?AT W\LD COME TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( SU* AN UPSURGE4 ,!Y DID NOT CONCEIVE ( !M SELVES AS LEAD+ ! UPSURGE4 ,?IS C\LD BE CALL$ !IR FIR/ BREAK ) ! VANGU>DISM ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ TRADITION FROM :I* !Y CAME4 ,ANO!R FACTOR WAS ! L>GELY DEF5SIVE VIEW 9ITIALLY TAK5 BY ! VILLAGES4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS CAME TOGE!R 9 ! F9AL MON?S ( #aiib & ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#i#c1 :5 ! COMMUNITIES VOT$ 9 ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES TO LAUN* ! W> & :5 ! COMM& ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS TRANSF]R$ =M ! ,F,L,N TO ! ,C,C,R,I1 COMPOS$ ( ! DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! COMMUNITIES4 

,MAOI/ MILIT>Y /RATEGY HAS ALWAYS >GU$ = 0PUTT+ POLITICS 9 COMM&10 :I* HAS MEANT ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! MILIT>Y /RUCTURE 79 ,*9A ! ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,>MY7 TO ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE 7! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY74 ,?IS CON EPTION IS >GUABLY PREF]ABLE TO ! ,GUEV>I/ CONCEPTION ( ! POLITICO-MILIT>Y /RUCTURE 9 :I* ! P>TY & ! >MY >E EFFECTIVELY FUZ$ & ! MILIT>Y & POLITICAL LEAD]%IP >E ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! CONSEQU5CES 9 PRACTICE HAVE BE5 V]Y SIMIL>--! CREATION ( ! MILIT>IZ$ P>TY-/ATE4 ,! ,F,L,N'S PRACTICE /OOD SOME:]E BETWE5 ! ,GUEV>I/ & ,MAOI/ MODEL4 ,! DECISION TO BUILD ! ,E,Z,L,N AS A DI/9CT >M$ ORGANIZATION UND] ! COMM& ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION WAS A /EP T[>D ! ,MAOI/ MODEL4 ,BUT ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! TWO /RUCTURES WAS 9 MANY S5SES ACADEMIC4 ,! ,F,L,N RETA9$ A FEW SKELETAL /RUCTURES 9 A FEW CITIES 9 ,MEXICO1 BUT :AT MADE ! ORGANIZATION AN ON-GO+ CONC]N WAS ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! URBAN /RUCTURE W]E L>GELY DEVOT$ TO SUPPORT+ ! >MY 9 ! JUNGLE4 ,! DECISION TO TRANSF] COMM& ( ! ,E,Z,L,N FROM ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,F,L,N TO ! ,C,C,R,I BROKE ) ALL EXI/+ MODELS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y >MY WAS PLAC$ UND] ! COMM& NOT ( A POLITICAL P>TY CLAIM+ 7BY VIRTUE ( ITS PROGRAM7 TO REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE BUT ( ! DIRECTLY & DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! COMMUNITIES !MSELVES4 

,! ABILITY ( ! ,E,Z,L,N TO TRANSF] COMM& TO A REPRES5TATIVE BODY ELECT$ 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES UND] CL&E/9E CONDITIONS IS A REFLECTION ( ! P>TICUL> COHESION ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES AMONG :I* ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAD BAS$ !MSELVES4 ,IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R SU* A TRANSITION C\LD BE 5G9E]$ 9 A SOCIALLY ATOMIZ$1 ADVANC$-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY OR EV5 9 MO/ NON-9DIG5\S PEASANT SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS EV5 MORE D\BTFUL ?AT A MILIT>Y /RUCTURE AS L>GE AS ! ,E,Z,L,N C\LD BE BUILT UP 9 ! FIR/ PLACE IF IT ATTEMPT$ TO E/ABLI% ?AT K9D ( POPUL> ACC\NTABILITY FROM ! />T4 ,! TRANSF] ( COMM& WAS MADE POSSIBLE NOT ONLY BY ! CAPACITY ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES TO KEEP A SECRET BUT ALSO BY ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD ALREADY BE5 L>GELY WON OV] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! SECRET WAS IMP]FECTLY KEPT AS IT WAS1 & IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! BY E>LY #a#i#i#c1 IF NOT SEV]AL YE>S E>LI]1 ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T WAS AW>E ?AT A GU]RILLA ?REAT EXI/$ 9 ,*IAPAS EV5 IF IT DIDN'T GRASP ITS SCALE4 

,DUAL ,P[] & ! ,/ATE 

  

,NO S]I\S DISCUSSION ( DUAL P[] CAN AVOID ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE4 ,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT ATTRACTS MANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS IS !IR DECL>$ REFUSAL TO TAKE /ATE P[]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS >E WILL+ TO LEAVE ANY FUR!R DISCUSSION ( ! /ATE ALONE & JU/ TAKE ! ,ZAPATI/AS AT !IR WORD1 AS IF GOOD 9T5TIONS W]E ALL ?AT MATT]$4 

,! /ATE IS TRADITIONALLY DEF9$ AS ! MONOPOLY ON LEGITIMATE VIOL5CE--AS ! COLLECTION ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* >E RECOGNIZ$ AS ! F9AL >BIT]S ( SOCIAL CON FLICT3 ! POLICE1 ! >MY1 ! C\RTS1 ! PRISONS1 ! LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 & ADM9IS TRATIVE BUREAUCRACIES4 ,BUT ?IS DEF9ITION MISSES ! MO/ CRUCIAL FEATURE ( ! /ATE3 ?AT IT EXI/S AS A BODY OV] & ALI5AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! EXI/+ SOCIETY FROM \R VISION ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY IS NOT :E!R ! 9/ITUTIONS ( GOV]NANCE HAVE A MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE BUT :E!R ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS >E G5U9ELY CONTROLL$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE >E ABLE TO E/ABLI% POLITICAL /RUCTURES ?AT >E G5U9ELY BEHOLD5 TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 SU* /RUCTURES %\LD HAVE A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO >GUE AGA9/ ! IMPORTANCE ( CREAT+ *ECKS & BALANCES )9 GOV]N+ /RUCTURES OR ( POPUL> MILITIAS AS ! F9AL EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT RA!R TO CL>IFY ?AT \R VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY IS NOT ONE ( COMPET+ >M$ GANGS4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS' DECL>$ 9T5TION NOT TO SEIZE /ATE P[] IS A RECOGNITION ?AT !Y DO NOT REPRES5T ! ,MEXICAN PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,?IS IS NOT MODE/Y ON !IR P>T BUT RA!R A REFLECTION ( !IR G5U9E DEMOCRATIC COMMITM5TS4 ,!Y HAVE DESCRIB$ !IR OBJECTIVES AS CREAT+ AN 0ANTE*AMB]0 TO ! NEW DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 ( CREAT+ A POLITICAL SPACE 9 :I* DIFF]5T POLITICAL VISIONS CAN CONT5D & 9 :I* ! ,MEXICAN PEOPLE CAN BEG9 TO EXPRESS !IR G5U9E WILL4 ,:E!R ! ,MEXICAN PEOPLE WILL RISE TO ?IS TASK REMA9S TO BE SE54 

,IF ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE R5\NC$ ! PURSUIT ( /ATE P[] ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 ! QUE/ION IS A LITTLE MORE COMPLICAT$ 9 ! >EAS :]E !Y HAVE REAL POLITICAL P[]4 ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES HAVE JAILS4 ,!Y HAVE RESPONSABLES *>G$ ) 5=C+ ,ZAPATI/A LAWS4 ,!Y HAVE LEGISLATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES4 ,!Y HAVE MILITIAS & !Y HAVE AN >MY4 ,DOES ?IS COLLECTION ( 9/ITUTIONS CON/ITUTE AN EMBRYONIC /ATE8 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION IS NOT A SIMPLE ONE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE /RUGGL$ TO CREATE G5U9E ORGANS ( POPUL> P[] ON ! VILLAGE & MUNICIPAL LEVEL4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE A LIE TO SAY ?AT !RE IS NO SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! /RUCTURES !Y HAVE CREAT$ & ! PEOPLE4 ,LOOK+ AT ! P>TICUL> EXPRESSIONS ( ?IS SEP>ATION CAN HELP US APPRECIATE ! DIFFICULTIES 9 E/ABLI%+ A G5U9ELY /ATELESS SOCIETY4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 SUPPORT = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNICI ALITIES IS H>DLY UNANIM\S4 ,!RE >E MANY PURELY ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES & !RE >E MANY MORE 9 :I* ! ,ZAPATI/AS CON/ITUTE A CLE> MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT !RE >E ALSO MANY COMMUNITIES ) SIGNIFICANT M9ORITIES ?AT >E POLITICALLY ALIGN$ ) ! ,P,R,I OR ) SOME O!R ORGANIZATION ?AT IS HO/ILE TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS & TO ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! B\ND>IES ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNIC PALITIES DO NOT CORRESPOND ) ! B\ND>IES ( ! (FICIAL MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS R$I/RICT+ IS 9 P>T A RESPONSE TO ! PR(\ND 9EQUALITIES BUILT 9TO ! (FICIAL /RUCTURE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO A SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y G]RYM&]+ 9 RESPONSE TO ! POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY ( ,*IAPAS4 ,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E DEF9$ PRECISELY BY ?OSE >EAS 9 :I* ! ,ZAPATI/AS & !IR SYMPA?IZ]S CAN CLAIM TO HAVE A MAJORITY4 ,!RE ISN'T ANY?+ NECESS>ILY WRONG ) ?IS1 BUT AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS ATTEMPT TO SPREAD ?IS MODEL FUR!R & FUR!R1 PROBLEMS NECESS>ILY >ISE4 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO E/ABLI% AN AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY 9 >EAS :]E #i.0 ( ! PEOPLE SUP PORT SU* A MOVE & ANO!R ?+ :]E ONLY #f.0 DO4 ,& H[ PRECISELY >E ! ,ZAPATI/AS ABLE TO DET]M9E ! DEGREE ( SUPPORT ?AT EXI/S = !IR PROJECT8 

,!N !RE IS ! PROBLEM ( ! >MY4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N IS ORGANIZ$1 LIKE ANY >MY1 9 A TOP-D[N FA%ION4 ,?IS HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION CANNOT HELP BUT 9FLU5CE DECISIONS MADE AT ! COMMUNITY OR MUNICIPAL LEVEL4 ,!RE >E UND\BT$LY QUE/IONS ( SECURITY ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ FULLY OR 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES ON :I* ! COMMUNITIES & MUNICIPALITIES MU/ SIMPLY DEF] TO ! >MY4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ! DEM& ( MILIT>Y SECRECY MEANS ?AT ANY DETAIL$ 9=MATION AB\T ! ,E,Z,L,N'S PLANS1 OR EV5 G5]AL 9=MATION LIKE :E!R ! ,E,Z,L,N PLANS TO %OOT BACK OR RETREAT1 CANNOT BE %>$ ) ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 ,BAS$ ON LONG/&+ RELATIONS ( TRU/1 ! COMMUNITIES HAVE SO F> *OS5 TO DEF] TO ! ,E,Z,L,N ON !SE QUE/IONS4 ,BUT 9 ! DEF]5CE WE CAN F9D ! G]M ( NEW OPPRESSIVE RELATION%IPS & SEE ! PROCESS BY :I* REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP BECOMES A NEW ELITE4 ,!RE IS AN 9H]5T 9EQUALITY ( P[] BETWE5 ! >MY & ! RE/ ( ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITIES & ! 9EQUALITY REPRODUCES ITSELF AS AN 9EQUALITY ( KN[L$GE & ORGANIZATIONAL EXP]TIZE4 

,IF ! SITUATION 9 ,MEXICO TURNS 9TO ONE ( MORE DIRECT CONTE/ATION ) ! /ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY REVOLUTION>Y W> ?IS T5D5CY WILL ONLY BE %>P5$4 ,! ,P,RLI/A M9ORITIES 9 ! COMMUNITIES WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPRESS$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,MATT]S LIKE TRANSPORTATION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD & M$IC9ES1 ?AT >E CURR5TLY UND] ! CONTROL ( CIVILIAN /RUCTURES LIKE AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 WILL COME 9CREAS+LY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! MILIT>Y /RUCTURE4 ,!SE REPRESSIVE & C5TRALIZ+ ACTIONS CAN ONLY %>P5 ! SEP>ATION ?AT EXI/S1 AT LEA/ TO A SMALL EXT5T1 BETWE5 ! ORGANS ( DUAL P[] & ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 

,SO F> ,I'VE ONLY LOOK$ AT H[ ! P>TICUL> LOGIC ( ! POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,*IAPAS CONTRIBUTES TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( POPUL> P[] BECOM+ ALI5AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE & MORE /ATE-LIKE4 ,I HAV5'T EV5 T\*$ ON ! MORE G5]AL PROBLEM ( DECL9+ POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION MAK+4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ CONSI/5T FEATURES ( ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( DUAL P[] IS ! PROCESS ( DECL9+ P>TICIPATION4 ,9 ! HEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T1 HUGE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DISCUSSIONS & DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ( A WORK]S C\NCIL OR AN AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY4 ,BUT PEOPLE HAVE DIFF]5T DEGREES ( TOL]ANCE = M>A?ON MEET+S & DIFF]5T DEGREES ( PATI5CE ) ! CON/ANT POLITICAL BATTLES ?AT SEEM TO *>ACT]IZE ! LIFE ( SU* BODIES4 ,OV] TIME1 !RE IS A T5D5CY = PEOPLE TO )DRAW FROM P>TICIPATION1 TO /OP GO+ TO MEET+S1 & TO GET ON ) O!R ?+S 9 !IR LIVES ?AT MATT] TO !M4 ,?IS PROCESS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY CON/ITUTE A CONSCI\S )DRAWAL ( SUPPORT = ! /RUCTURES OR PROCESSES4 ,& IF !RE IS ANO!R CRISIS1 MANY PEOPLE :O DROPP$ \T REAPPE> & ?R[ !MSELVES 9TO ! DISCUSSIONS & ! WORK ) GU/O4 ,BUT ?IS PROCESS REVEALS ! EXI/5CE ( A C]TA9 9EQUALITY & E/ABLI%ES ! EXI/5CE ( A MORE P]MAN5TLY POLITICIZ$ LAY] ( PEOPLE FROM :I* NEW ELITES HAVE HI/ORICALLY EM]G$4 ,! M9ORITY ?AT KEEPS ! MEET+S GO+ :5 NOBODY ELSE IS WILL+ TO BECOMES ! REPOSITORY ( EXP]I5CE & EXPRESSION ( CONT9UITY4 ,:5 ! NEW CRISIS >RIVES & PEOPLE FLOCK BACK TO MEET+S1 ! M9ORITY HAS A K9D ( P[] ?AT IT DIDN'T HAVE :5 PEOPLE W]E DRIFT+ AWAY4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS OBTA9$ A POLITICAL MAJORITY 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SOVIET AS P>TICIPATION 9 ! MASS MEET+S ?AT W]E ! F\NDATION ( ! SOVIETS WAS DECL9+4 ,BY ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 P>TICIPATION WAS AT AN ALL-TIME L[4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION WAS JU/ TAK+ (F 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW 9 ?IS SIT UATION AN OPPORTUNITY TO OV]?R[ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & REPLACE IT ) A GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON ! SOVIETS4 ,BUT ! GOV]NM5T ?AT RESULT$ WAS ONE 9 :I* ! SOVIETS BECAME LITTLE MORE ?AN A VEHICLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC ASPECTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS' POLITICS DIDN'T DET]M9E !IR ULTIMATE C\RSE BUT TO NOTE H[ ! ACTUAL DILEMMAS ( DUAL P[] FAVOR$ !IR TRIUMPH4 

,A RELAT$ PROBLEM IS ! MORE P]MAN5T ALI5ATION ( PEOPLE FROM ! /RUCTURES ( DUAL P[] ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( REPRESSIVE ACTS1 9JU/ICES1 & /UPID MI/AKES4 ,TO SAY ?AT AN 9/RUM5T ( POPUL> P[] IS NOT ALI5AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE IS NOT TO CLAIM ?AT IT HAS ! SUPPORT ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,! T[N DRUNK OR BULLY MAY RI<TLY VIEW ! ORGANS ( POPUL> P[] AS ALI5AT$ FROM HIMSELF4 ,! CONDITIONS = HIS FULL P>TICIPATION1 NAMELY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! OBNOXI\S ASPECTS ( HIS P]SONALITY1 >E UNACCEPTABLE TO HIM4 ,OV] TIME1 EV5 A P]FECTLY FUNCTION+ & ALL-WISE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY WILL ANTAGONIZE1 ONE BY ONE1 V>I\S MEMB]S ( !IR COMMUNITY ?R\< JU/ ACTS & DECISIONS ?AT >E P]CEIV$ AS UNJU/ BY ! LOS+ P>TIES4 ,& NOT ALL PROBLEMS HAVE 0JU/0 SOLUTIONS4 ,:]E A BRIDGE OR A ROAD OR A WAT] MA9 GETS BUILT WILL B5EFIT SOME MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( O!RS4 ,9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 NO ASSEMBLY IS COMPLETELY DEMOCRATIC1 P]FECTLY-FUNCTION+1 OR ALL-WISE4 ,! NE$ TO MAKE ! DECISIONS QUICKLY & ) 9COMPLETE 9=MATION WILL MEAN ?AT MI/AKES WILL SOMETIMES BE MADE1 & SOMETIMES ?OSE MI/AKES WILL ALI5ATE PEOPLE4 ,! MORE PEOPLE ?AT >E ALI5AT$ ! MORE LIKELY ?AT MI/AKES WILL BE MADE4 ,AT :AT PO9T DOES ONE SAY ?AT ! /RUCTURES HAVE BECOME ALI5AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE & HAVE BECOME 9 EFFECT A NEW OPPRESSIVE /ATE APP>ATUS8 

,! NE$ = A C]TA9 DEGREE ( REPRESSION & C5TRALIZATION UND] CONDITIONS ( W>1 ! UPS & D[NS 9 POPUL> P>TICIPATION1 & ! PROCESS ( 9CREM5TAL ALI5ATION 9H]5T 9 ! WORK+S ( ANY DECISION MAK+ BODY3 ALL ( !SE ?+S ADD UP TO A P[]FUL T5D5CY ( ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] TO BECOME ! BASIS = A NEW /ATE4 

,SO :AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,DO WE JU/ RESIGN \RSELVES TO ! SEEM+LY 9EVITABLE & AB&ON ! COMMITM5T TO A /ATELESS SOCIETY8 ,I W\LD >GUE NO4 ,! VISION ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY IS NEI!R AN IDLE DREAM NOR A HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY AWAIT+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 ,IT IS ! ONLY VISION CONSI/5T ) REAL P[] TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE >E NO READY-MADE ANSW]S = H[ TO OV]COME ! V>I\S OB/ACLES ,I'VE T\*$ ON ABOVE4 ,BUT WE /ILL KN[ ?AT ! /ATE IS ! 5EMY ( HUMAN LIB]ATION1 & ! /RUGGLE TO SMA% IT & REPLACE IT ) G5U9E DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES ( SELF-GOV]NANCE MU/ REMA9 AT ! HE>T ( \R POLITICS4 

,NEI!R CAN WE PRET5D ?AT ! DYNAMICS DESCRIB$ H]E >E NOT REAL & ?AT ) PURE HE>TS OR ! CORRECT PROGRAM WE CAN AVOID !SE DILEMMAS4 ,?AT POSITION IS JU/ AS IRRESPONSIBLE & ULTIMATELY JU/ AS DEFEATI/1 = BY FAIL+ TO ANTICIPATE ! REAL DIFFICULTIES1 IMP]FECT *OICES & CONTRADICTORY T5D5CIES 9VOLV$ 9 REAL REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 ?IS POSITION 5SURES ?AT ?OSE MO/ COMMITT$ TO ANTI-/ATI/ POLITICS WILL ALSO BE ! LEA/ PREP>$ TO PUT IT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,WE NE$ TO SY/EMATICALLY /UDY ! EXP]I5CES ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ?IS C5TURY1 EXAM9E ! PROBLEMS !Y 5C\NT]$ & ANSW] = \RSELVES H[ WE W\LD HAVE H&L$ ?OSE PROBLEMS1 NOT BY TRY+ TO /UFF !M 9TO SOME PREEXI/+ =MULA BUT BY REALLY UND]/&+ ! G5]AL & P>TICUL> CONDITIONS !Y FAC$4 ,& WE MU/ FIGURE \T H[ ! LESSONS ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES CAN BE APPLI$ H]E & N[4 

,NOR CAN SOME SORT ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PURISM BE ALL[$ TO BECOME A JU/IFICATION = NOT GETT+ \R H&S DIRTY 9 ! MESSY WORLD ( REAL-LIFE /RUGGLES4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E FI<T+ 9 ! REAL WORLD TO C>VE \T REAL LIB]AT$ SPACE 9 :I* ! PROJECT ( A NEW SOCIETY CAN BE ADVANC$4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ G5U9E ORGANS ( DUAL P[] & MU/ N[ FI<T = !IR SURVIVAL4 ,!IR EXP]I5CES SO F> HAVE MU* TO TEA* US4 ,WILL ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 VICTORY BE ABLE TO CREATE A /ATELESS1 CLASSLESS SOCIETY 9 ,MEXICO8 ,I D\BT IT1 & ?AT IS :Y ,I WILL NOT CONDEMN !M IF !Y SETTLE = SOME ?+ LESS4 ,!Y APPE> TO HAVE ABSORB$ SOME ( ! RI<T LESSONS FROM ! FAILURES ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES OV] ! C\RSE ( ! #b? C5TURY & = ?IS ,I HAVE SOME FAI? ?AT !Y MAY BE ABLE TO TAKE ?+S A FEW /EPS CLOS]1 :I* IS BETT] ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ,I SEE >\ND4 

,CONCLUSION 

  

,AN ORI5TATION T[>DS DUAL P[] MU/ BE AT ! HE>T ( ANY /RATEGY = REVOLUTION4 ,BUT DUAL P[] IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT SPR+S UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,IT IS SOME?+ ?AT REQUIRES YE>S OR DECADES ( PATI5T PREP>ATION4 ,& DUAL P[] IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,IT IS A MEANS TO AN 5D1 A PHASE 9 ! RE OLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT PREC$ES ! TOTAL REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,AN ORI5TATION T[>DS DUAL P[] CANNOT NEGATE ! P[]FUL /RATIFY+ T5D5CIES ?AT WILL EXI/ 9 ANY REAL REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,!SE T5D5CIES >E NOT SIMPLY EXPRESSIONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES 7?\< !Y >E ?AT AS WELL7 BUT ( DEEPLY ROOT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT CANNOT BE SMA%$ OV]NI<T & ?AT HAVE !IR [N LOGIC4 ,WE HAVE IMM5SE P[]S TO REMAKE SOCIETY1 BUT WE >E LIMIT$ BY ! MAT]IALS WE HAVE AT H&4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E CURR5TLY 5GAG$ 9 ! MO/ VITAL EXP]IM5T 9 REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[] 9 AT LEA/ A G5]ATION1 & WILL HOPEFULLY GIVE US A FULL] APPRECIATION ( :AT IT WILL MEAN TO MAKE REVOLUTION 9 ! NEXT C5TURY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FROM ,A ,NEW ,WORLD 9 ,\R ,HE>TS3 ,EI<T ,YE>S ( ,WRIT+S FROM ! ,LOVE & ,RAGE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION $IT$ BY ,ROY ,SAN ,FILIPPO447 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,DUAL ,P[] 9 ! ,SELVA ,LAC&ON -- ,ADD$4 

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