,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,P>T #d7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 
0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1  ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#i1 #i ,AUGU/1 P4 #b#e#c2 ! F\R? ( FIVE P>TS4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 

,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN 

,TO !SE AB\T ! ELEV5? C5TURY W]E SUP]ADD$ ANO!R SET ( GUILDS1 :OSE MA9 OBJECT WAS ! PROTECTION ( TRADE1 & :I* SOON BECAME P[]FUL1 & E/ABLI%+ !MSELVES 9 ! T[NS1 DREW TOGE!R ) ! CORPORATIONS1 ! FREEM5 ( ! T[NS1 & W]E FUZ$ ) !M4 ,!Y %>$ 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACIES1 :I* REA*$ ITS HEI<T 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 & ) !M W]E ATTACK$ BY ! ?IRD & LA/ SET ( GUILDS1 :OSE (FICE WAS ! ORGANIZATION & PROTECTION ( ! H&ICRAFTS4 ,!SE ( C\RSE HAD BE5 GR[+ UP ) ! GR[? ( ! T[NS1 & ! 9CREAS+ CAPACITY = PRODUCTION1 & AT ! TIME ,I M5TION W]E ORGANIZ$ PRETTY COMPLETELY1 & EMBRAC$1 ,I ?9K1 ! :OLE ( ! H&ICRAFTS4 

,! GREAT] P>T ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY WAS TAK5 UP BY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE NEW & QUITE DEMOCRATIC GUILDS1 :I* W]E 5TIRELY COMPOS$ ( WORKM52 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS P>TLY A PEACEABLE ONE4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES C\LD NOT QUITE KEEP ! GUILDS FROM ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! T[NS2 !IR (FIC]S GRADUALLY CREPT 9TO ! CORPORATIONS1 & !Y BEGAN TO 9FLU5CE ! ADM9I/RATION2 BUT ?IS PEACEFUL REVOLUTION WAS SUPPLEM5T$ BY V]Y H>D FI<T+1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NOR? ( ,G]MANY4 ,! UP%OT ( ?IS D\BLE /RUGGLE WAS ! COMPLETE VICTORY ( ! WORKM5 OV] ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACIES1 & BY ! 5D ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ! CRAFT GUILDS1 :O NO D\BT HAD BE5 FO/]$ ALL ALONG BY ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 HAD ! T[NS 5TIRELY 9 !IR P[]2 BUT1 AL?\< ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACY HAD LO/ ITS PRIVILEG$ (FICIAL POSITION1 ! OLD FAMILIES HAD NOT LO/ ALL !IR 9FLU5CE1 & /ILL =M$ A K9D ( MIDDLE-CLASS NOBILITY2 ?IS IS EXEMPLIFI$ CLE>LY 5\< BY ! 9CID5TS 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! GREAT T[N ( ,<5T & ITS FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 ! ,E>L ( ,FL&]S1 9 :I* M5 LIKE ,JAMES ,VAN ,>TAVELDE & HIS SONS CLE>LY HAD A POSITION AK9 TO ?AT ( P[]FUL RI* M5 AT ! PRES5T DAY4 ,! OLD /RUGGLE ALSO WAS NOT =GOTT52 ?R\<\T ! M5 ( ! MEAN CRAFTS >E ON ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE2 :ILE ! GREAT CRAFTS1 L$ BY ! M>9]S1 I4E41 ! %IPP]S1 M]*ANTS1 & SO ON1 >E LOYALI/S4 

,?IS VICTORY ( ! H&ICRAFTSM5 BR+S US TO ! APEX ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,LET US !RE=E /OP A LITTLE TO CONTRA/ ! CONDITION ( LABOR AT ?AT P]IOD ) ITS CONDITION UND] ! HEI<T ( ! CLASSICAL P]IOD1 & SEE :AT IT HAS GA9$4 ,! CLASSICAL P]IOD GIVES US A CLASS ( PRIVILEG$ P]SONS ACTUALLY IDLE AS F> AS ANY GOOD PURPOSE GOES1 SUPPORT+ A HUGE CLASS ( P>ASITES1 & AN 5ORM\S PAUP] POPULATION F$ ON *>ITY1 & ALL ?IS F\ND$ ON ! LABOR ( M]E *ATTEL SLAVES1 :O W]E F$1 CLO!D & H\S$ ACCORD+ TO ! CONV5I5CE ( !IR [N]S1 JU/ AS BEA/S ( BURD5 W]E1 BUT :OM !Y HAD TO BUY ) H>D CA% JU/ AS !Y HAD !IR HORSES & MULES4 ,!RE WAS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( LABOR DONE BY FREEM51 OR NON-SLAVES RA!R1 BUT ?AT DID NOT COME TO MU*1 & ,I ?9K WE MAY CLASS !SE FEW FREEM5 AMONG ! P>ASITES ( ! RI*4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ALL ?IS WAS >I/OCRATIC AT FIR/ 7TEMP]$ BY ! MONEY-BAG >I/OCRACY71 & AT LA/ M]E ABSOLUTISM F\ND$ ON TAX-GA!R+4 

,9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE A PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( L&-HOLD]S D$UC$ FROM ! FREEM5 ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE1 ABSOLUTELY IDLE1 SUPPORT$ BY !IR S]FS1 :O = !IR P>T >E SOME:AT SPE$ILY TURN+ 9TO T5ANTS1 & SO LAY+ P>T ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ! LAT] MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES1 :I* 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E ! ESS5TIAL CON/ITU5TS ( SOCIETY1 LIES ! GREAT BODY ( ! CRAFTSM51 N[ GA!R$ 9TO T[NS ADM9I/]$ BY !MSELVES1 OPPRESS$ ALWAYS1 NO D\BT1 LEGALLY BY TAXES1 & (T5 ILLEGALLY BY W> ON ! P>T ( ! NOBLES1 BUT FREE 9 !IR WORK EXCEPT = SU* REGULATIONS AS !Y HAVE IMPOS$ ON !MSELVES1 & ! OBJECT ( :I* 9 ! MA9 WAS ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( EMPLOYM5T1 & ! REW>D ( EMPLOYM5T ?R\<\T !IR :OLE BODY4 ,CAPITALISM DOES NOT EXI/ AT ?IS TIME2 !RE IS NO GREAT ALL-EMBRAC+ WORLD-M>KET2 PRODUCTION IS = ! SUPPLY ( ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & ONLY ! SURPLUS ( IT EV] GOES A DOZ5 MILES FROM ! DOOR ( ! WORK]4 ,IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT EV]Y FREEMAN HAS ! USE ( L& TO SUPPORT HIMSELF ON1 SO ?AT HE DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! CAPRICE ( ! M>KET = HIS B>E NECESSITIES1 & :E!R EMPLOY] OR EMPLOY$1 HE NEI!R SELLS HIMSELF1 NOR BUYS O!RS1 9 ! LABOR M>KET UND] ! RULE ( COMPETITION1 BUT EX*ANGES LABOR = LABOR DIRECTLY ) HIS NEI<BOR1 MAN TO MAN & H& TO H&4 

,N[1 Y\ WILL PROBABLY AGREE ) ME 9 ?9K+ ?AT ?IS WAS A MU* BETT] /ATE ( ?+S = ! WORK] ?AN HIS CONDITION UND] :AT HAVE BE5 CALL$ ! 0FREE PEOPLES ( ANTIQUITY10 BUT :OSE FRE$OM WAS CONF9$ TO ! RI* & P[]FUL4 ,ONE O!R ?+ ,I NOTE 9 ?IS CONTRA/1 ?AT :]EAS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! HI< M5TAL QUALITIES1 :I* HAVE MADE ! ANCI5T DAYS SO FAM\S1 CAME FROM ! IDLE CLASSES1 :O W]E 9 GOOD SOO? AN >I/OCRACY ( 9TELLECT AS WELL AS ( POSITION1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! 9TELLIG5CE LAY ) ! GREAT CRAFTSM5 CLASS1--& ?AT AGA91 ,I ?9K1 WAS A DECID$ ADVANTAGE1 BO? = !M & = US2 S9CE IT HAS GIV5 US1 AMONG O!R TREASURES NOT SO FAM\S1 BUT SC>CELY LESS GLORI\S1 ! POEMS ( ,%AKESPE>E4 

,N[1 ON ?IS HI< TIDE ( M$IEVAL LIFE SUP]V5$ TWO ?+S3 ! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 & ! GRADUAL DECAY ( ! GUILDS1 BO? ( :I* GOT ! TIMES READY = ! NEXT GREAT *ANGE 9 ! CONDITION ( LABOR4 ,I WILL SAY LITTLE AB\T ! FIR/1 SPACE NOT S]V+ = IT4 ,I WILL ONLY REM>K FIR/1 ?AT ! ,/ATUTE ( ,LABOR]S ( ,$W>D ,I,I,I1 :I* WAS ONE CONSEQU5CE ( IT1 & :I* HAS BE5 SO USEFUL TO 5QUIR]S 9TO ! CONDITION ( LABOR AT ?AT TIME1 REPRES5TS 9 ! ACC\NT ( WAGES & LABOR-H\RS TO BE DRAWN FROM IT1 ! /ATE ( ?+S BE=E ! T]RIBLE PLAGUE1 NOT AFT] IT1 S9CE IT WAS AV[$LY 5ACT$ AGA9/ ! LABOR]S 9 ORD] TO L[] !IR WAGES TO ! /&>D ( REW>D BE=E ! ,BLACK ,DEA?4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ALL ANTIQU>IANS MU/ BE FULLY CONSCI\S ( ! DECL9E 9 >T ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 & 9 ,5GL& ESPECIALLY1 AFT] ! REIGN ( ,$W>D ,I,I,I4 ,BE=E ! MIDDLE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ! ,5GLI% W]E 9 !SE MATT]S ABREA/ )1 & 9 SOME MATT]S AHEAD (1 ! ,ITALIANS1 & 9 ! >T ( >*ITECTURE ESPECIALLY1 PRODUC$ WORKS :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 SURPASS$1 & SELDOM EQUAL$4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY \R >TS HAD = ! MO/ P>T BECOME RUDE1 UNF9I%$ & B>B>\S1 & LACK+ ALTOGE!R 9 ?AT SELF-RESPECT & CONFID5CE :I* ! >TS >E ALWAYS FULL ( 9 !IR F9E P]IODS4 

,LOOK+ C>EFULLY AT ! GRADUAL *ANGE1 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,BLACK ,DEA? WAS ANSW]ABLE = SOME ( ?IS DEGRADATION1 BUT ?AT ! MA9 P>T ( IT WAS ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! GREAT *ANGE :I* WAS COM+ OV] SOCIETY4 ,= DUR+ ! NEXT C5TURY1 A NEW PLAGUE 9VAD$ ,EUROPE1 COMP>$ ) :I* ! SLAU<T] ( ! ,BLACK ,DEA? WAS BUT A TRIFLE4 ,?AT PLAGUE WAS ! PE/ ( ,COMM]CIALISM2 CAPITALISM AID$ BY BUREAUCRACY & NATIONALISM1 BEGAN TO %[ ITSELF1 & TOOK AWAY FROM LABOR ! HOPE ( A HAPPY LIFE ON ! E>?4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 !RE W]E NO J\RNEYM5 9 ! GUILDS2 EV]Y WORK] 9 !M WAS C]TA9 TO BECOME A MA/] IF HE ONLY DID HIS DUTY FAIRLY2 & ! MA/] WAS NOT ! MA/] 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 HE WAS ! MAN :O HAD LE>N$ HIS CRAFT ?OR\<LY1 & C\LD TEA* ! APPR5TICES !IR BUS9ESS1 & ALL SORTS ( RE/RICTIONS W]E LAID ON HIM TO PREV5T HIM BECOM+ A CAPITALI/1 I4E41 =C+ M5 AS GOOD AS HIMSELF TO PAY HIM = HIS PRIVILEGE ( PROVID+ !M ) WORK4 ,BUT 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ! J\RNEYMAN BEGAN TO APPE>2 !RE W]E M5 9 ! WORK%OPS :O W]E KN[N AS 0S]VANTS10 &1 :O ?\< NECESS>ILY AFFILIAT$ TO ! GUILD1 & WORK+ UND] ITS REGULATIONS1 W\LD NEV] BECOME CRAFTS-MA/]S4 ,!Y W]E FEW & UNIMPORTANT 5\<1 BUT !Y GREW 9 NUMB]S1 TILL1 E4G41 AB\T #adh ! NON-GUILDSM5 ( ! M]*ANT-TAILORS 9 ,LONDON ATTEMPT$ TO =M A GUILD UND] ! OLD CRAFT GUILD1 JU/ AS ?OSE LATT] HAD =M$ !IR GUILDS UND] ! TRADES GUILDS4 ,9 ?IS ATTEMPT !Y FAIL$1 %[+ !REBY H[ ! TIMES W]E *ANG+1 & H[ EMPLOYM5T = PR(IT WAS RAIS+ ITS HIDE\S HEAD4 ,?IS FALL+ ( ! CRAFTS GUILDS FROM !IR OLD SIMPLICITY ( EQUALITY1 WAS D\BTLESS A TOK5 RA!R ?AN A CAUSE ( ! *ANGE4 ,CAPITALISM WAS ADVANC+ FROM O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR WAS 9CREAS+1 ?\< SL[LY2 MORE WEAL? WAS BE+ PRODUC$1 & M5'S GRE$Y DESIRES GREW ) IT4 ,! L&$ NOBILITY BEGAN TO SEE H[ !Y MI<T RECOV] !IR LOSSES 9 W>1 & BECOME AS RI* 9 RELATION TO O!R PEOPLE AS !Y HAD BE5 :5 ! LATT] W]E SO POOR2 & !Y W]E NO LONG] CONT5T$1 AS !Y ONCE W]E OBLIG$ TO BE1 TO LIVE ON ! R5TS ( !IR L&1 :E!R ?OSE R5TS W]E ! 5=C$ S]VICE ( S]FS1 OR ! MONEY R5T ( T5ANTS1 BO? LIMIT$ BY ! CU/OM ( ! MANOR4 ,! ,PEASANTS ,REBELLION 9 ,5GL& HAD FOIL$ !M 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO RACK-R5T !IR T5ANTS1 GR[+ PROSP]\S1 BY =C+ !M TO PAY S]FS' S]VICES ON VILLE9AGE T5URES AS WELL AS T5ANT'S R5T4 ,BUT NO MATT]2 9 SPITE ( ! HI< WAGES & COM=T ( ! CRAFTSM5 & YEOM51 !Y W]E ! P[]FUL PEOPLE1 S9CE !Y W]E ! MAK]S & 9T]PRET]S ( ! LAWS1 & S9CE ! MEET+S R\ND ! ,%IRE ,OAK & ! FOLKMOTES ( ! FREEM5 ( ! ,HUNDR$1 & O!R SU* DIRECT LOCAL ASSEMBLIES1 HAD BE5 SWALL[$ UP 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLY1 ! C5TRAL P>LIAM5T1 ! ,K+'S TAX+ MA*9E4 ,SO !Y SET TO WORK TO /EAL1 NOT A PURSE H]E1 OR A BALE ( GOODS !RE1 OR ! TOLLS ( A M>KET 9 ANO!R PLACE2 BUT ! V]Y LIFE & S\L ( ! COMMUNITY1 ! L& ( ! C\NTRY1 :I* WAS ( ! MORE IMPORTANCE1 AS 9 ?OSE DAYS NO DIRECT R5T C\LD BE GOT \T ( ANY?+ SAVE ! L&4 ,!Y GOT ! YEOM5 & T5ANTS (F ! L& BY ONE MEANS OR ANO!R2 LEGAL QUIBBL+1 DIRECT *EAT+1 D[N-RI<T VIOL5CE2 & SO GOT HOLD ( ! L&S & US$ !IR PRODUCE1 NOT = ! LIVELIHOOD ( !MSELVES & !IR RETA9]S1 BUT = PR(IT4 ,! L& ( ,5GL&1 SU* ( IT AS WAS US$ = CULTIVATION1 HAD BE5 MO/LY TILLAGE :]E TILLAGE WAS PR(ITABLE2 IT WAS ! BUS9ESS ( ! L& ?IEVES TO TURN ?IS TILLAGE 9TO PA/URE = ! SAKE ( ! %EEP1 I4E41 ! WOOL = EXPORTATION4 ,?IS GAME NOT ONLY DROVE ! YEOMAN & T5ANT (F ! L&1 BUT ! LABOR] ALSO1 S9CE1 AS ,MORE SAYS 0,MANY %EEP & ONE %EPH]D N[ TAKE ! PLACE ( MANY FAMILIES40 ,AS A RESULT1 NOT ONLY WAS A PAUP] POPULATION CREAT$1 BUT ! T[NS W]E FLOOD$ BY CR[DS ( ! NEW FREE LABOR]S1 :OM ! GUILDS1 GR[N CORRUPT1 W]E READY TO RECEIVE AS J\RNEYM54 ,! HUCK/]+ L&LORD & ! CAPITALI/ F>M] DROVE ! WORKMAN 9TO ! H&S ( ! NEW MANUFACTUR+ CAPITALI/1 & A MIDDLE-CLASS ( EMPLOY]S ( LABOR WAS CREAT$1 ! *IEF BUS9ESS ( :OSE FA!RS WAS TO RESI/ ! RI*1 & ! BUS9ESS ( :OSE SONS WAS TO OPPRESS ! POOR4 

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