,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION #abg ,WORDS2 #ie ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a #b1#b#a#f ,WORDS2 #a#c1#b#h#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b #a1#f#b#g ,WORDS2 #i1#e#b#d ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c #a1#c#d ,WORDS2 #g1#g#d#h ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #d #b1#e ,WORDS2 #a#a1#i#a#a ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #e #b1#b#f ,WORDS2 #a#a1#d#i#a ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY IS A GREATLY EXP&$ V]SION ( ! FIR/ SECTIONS ( ,SOCIALISM FROM ! ,ROOT ,UP4 ,IT WAS FIR/ DELIV]$ AS A LECTURE = ! ,LIV]POOL ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY ON #ac ,APRIL #a#h#i1 & !N S]IALIZ$ 9 FIVE SECTIONS 9 ,COMMONWEAL DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#h#i4 ,MORRIS SEEMS TO HAVE AB&ON$ IT AS A LECTURE1 & IT WAS NOT PUBLI%$ AGA9 UNTIL ,NI*OLAS ,SALMON'S $ITION ( ',WILLIAM ,MORRIS ON ,HI/ORY' 9 #a#i#i#f4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS ONE ( ! BE/ & MO/ READABLE EXAMPLES ( ,MORRIS'S FUSION ( ! IDEAS ( ,RUSK91 ,MORGAN & ,M>X ) HIS [N DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( M$IEVAL HI/ORY4 ,?IS V]SION IS TAK5 FROM ! ORIG9AL ,COMMONWEAL1 SCANN$ & PRO(READ BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D ) M>KUP BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN4 ,9TRODUCTION BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN1 #be ,AUGU/ #ba O ,P>T #a 0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY01 ,P>T #a ,AU?OR3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ,S\RCE3 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#f1 PP4#b#b#e-#f #ai ,JULY #ahi 7! FIR/ ( FIVE P>TS47 ,TRANSCRIB$ BY3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D ,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN ,A,L,L ! PROGRESSIVE RACES ( MAN HAVE GONE ?R\< A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T DUR+ :I* SOCIETY HAS BE5 V]Y DIFF]5T TO :AT IT IS N[4 ,AT PRES5T !RE IS A V]Y DEF9ITE L9E ( DI/9CTION DRAWN BETWE5 ! P]SONAL LIFE ( A MAN & HIS LIFE AS A MEMB] ( SOCIETY4 ,AS A RULE1 ! ONLY DIRECTION 9 :I* ?IS SOCIAL LIFE IS FELT IS 9 ?AT ( HIS NE>E/ K9DR$--HIS WIFE1 *ILDR51 P>5TS1 BRO!RS & SI/]S4 ,?IS IS SO MU* ! CASE ?AT WE TO-DAY HAVE GIV5 TO ! WORD RELATIONS 7:I* %\LD MEAN ALL ?OSE ) :OM A MAN HAS S]I\S & CONT9U\S DEAL+S7 A FRE% MEAN+1 & MADE IT SIGNIFY ONLY ?OSE NE> MEMB]S ( K9%IP A=ESAID4 ,= ! RE/ MO/ CIVILIZ$ M5 ACKN[L$GE NO RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?\< ! WORD ,/ATE IS 9 EV]YBODY'S M\?1 MO/ PEOPLE HAVE BUT ! VAGUE/ IDEA AS TO :AT IT MEANS2 IT IS EV5 G5]ALLY CONSID]$ AS A SYNONYM TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* ALSO 9DICATES EI!R ! HEADS ( ONE ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 OR ! VAGUE 5TITY CALL$ BY ,C>LYLE ! P>I% CON/ABLE--9 O!R WORDS1 ! EXECUTIVE P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,SO LITTLE DO WE FEEL ANY RESPONSIBILITIES TO ?IS H>DLY CONCEIVABLE ?+1 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT :ILE FEW 9DE$ FEEL ANY LOYALTY T[>DS IT1 MO/ M5 DO NOT REALIZE IT SUFFICI5TLY EV5 TO FEEL ANY 5MITY AGA9/ IT--EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 :5 ! TAX-GA!R]'S H& IS ON ! KNOCK]4 ,N[ ALL ?IS IS SO F> ! RESULT ( A LONG S]IES ( HI/ORY1 :I* ,I MU/ JU/ H9T AT BE=E ONE COMES TO ! CONDITION ( ! WORKMAN DUR+ ITS DIFF]5T /AGES1--A S]IES ( EV5TS :I* T5D$ TO GIVE TO ! WORD PROP]TY ! MEAN+ :I* IT N[ HAS2 A S]IES ( EV5TS :I* T5D$ MORE & MORE TO CONSID] ?+S AS ! IMPORTANT MATT] ( CONSID]ATION RA!R ?AN P]SONS2 :I* ,I MAY ILLU/RATE BY ! FACT ?AT N[ADAYS ! LAW LOOKS UPON ! E/ATE AS ( MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN ! US] ( IT1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ! CASE ( ! E/ATE ( A LUNATIC1 :I* IT WILL DEF5D TO ! UTMO/ AGA9/ ALL ATTACKS1 & TREAT AS IF IT HAD A G5U9E LIFE & S\L CAPABLE ( FEEL+ ALL 9JURIES & PA9S1 :ILE ALL ! TIME ! LUNATIC IS UND] RE/RA9T4 ,I WILL N[ CONTRA/ ?IS 5TIRE IGNOR+ ( ! COMMUNITY 7= ?AT WILL BE A BETT] WORD ?AN ,/ATE TO USE AT PRES5T7 ) ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* M5 LIV$ 9 E>LI] AGES ( ! WORLD1 & ?R\< :I*1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ALL ! PROGRESSIVE RACES HAVE PASS$1 SOME ( !M SO E>LY ?AT :5 WE FIR/ MEET !M 9 HI/ORY !Y >E ALREADY PASS+ \T ( IT 9TO ! NEXT DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SO F> FROM FEEL+ NO RESPONSIBILITY TO ! COMMUNITY1 ?AT ALL HIS RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE RELATION TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 ?IS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT] ON1 HAS ONLY BE5 COMPLETELY EXT+UI%$ S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL SY/EM--S9CE ! DEA? ( FEUDALITY1 9 %ORT3 BUT 9 ! P]IOD ,I AM ?9K+ AB\T IT WAS A QUITE UNQUE/ION$ HABIT4 ,! UNIT ( SOCIETY1 ! FIR/1 & 9 ! BEG9N+ ! ONLY BOND1 WAS ! N>R[E/ =M ( CLAN1 CALL$ ! G5S4 ,?IS WAS AN ASSOCIATION ( P]SONS :O W]E TRACEABLY ( ONE BLOOD OR K9%IP4 ,9T]M>RIAGE BETWE5 ITS MEMB]S WAS =BIDD51 OR RA!R WAS NOT EV5 DREAM$ (3 A MAN ( ! ,EAGLE G5S C\LD HAVE NO SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE ) AN ,EAGLE WOMAN1 NOR ?\5T ( ! *ILD4 ,:ATEV] COMPETITION 7W>1 Y\ MAY CALL IT1 = COMPETITION WAS SIMPLE 9 ?OSE DAYS71 WAS \TSIDE ! GR\P ( BLOOD RELATIONS1 EA* ( :I* FELT NO RESPONSIBILITY = O!R GR\PS ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT 9T]M>RIAGE WAS IMPOSSIBLE )9 !SE GR\PS BR\G] ASSOCIATION4 ,S9CE AN ,EAGLE C\LD NOT M>RY AN ,EAGLE1 ! ,EAGLES MU/ EI!R GET !IR WIVES BY VIOL5T ROBB]Y 9 A HAPHAZ>D FA%ION FROM \TSID]S1 OR HAVE SOME O!R SOCIETY AT H& 9TO :I* !Y C\LD M>RY1 & :O C\LD M>RY 9TO !IR SOCIETY4 ,IT US$ TO BE ?\ 9 BLOOD TO MAKE M>RIAGE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BETWE5 !SE GR\PS !RE WAS AFF9ITY1 !RE=E2 ! ,EAGLES C\LD 9T]M>RY ) ! ,[LS1 ! ,SP>R[S1 ! ,CATS1 OR :AT NOT1 ACCORD+ TO A SOME:AT 9TRICATE SY/EM1 & ?IS QUITE )\T VIOL5CE4 ,& ALSO BETWE5 ! CLANS OR G5TES :O COMPOS$ !SE TRIBES !RE W\LD BE NO W>1 & ! USE ( :ATEV] L& !Y F$ !IR /OCK UPON OR CULTIVAT$ 7= 9 SOME PLACES OR AGES ?IS G5TILE-TRIBAL SY/EM LA/$ WELL 9TO ! AGRICULTURAL P]IOD7 WAS >RANG$ PEACEABLY 9 A COMMUNAL ME?OD4 ,N[ ! TRIBE 9 :I* A COMMON ANCE/OR 7WOR%IP$ AS A GOD7 WAS ALWAYS ASSUM$1 & WAS G5]ALLY A FACT1 T5D$ TO F$]ATE ) O!R TRIBES :O /ILL FELT ?AT !Y BELONG$ TO A COMMON /OCK1 :O ?US =M$ AN ASSOCIATION CALL$ BY \R ANCE/ORS ! ?IOD1 OR PEOPLE2 AN ASSOCIATION MU* LOOS]1 ( C\RSE1 ?AN ?AT ( ! G5S OR TRIBE1 BUT LIKE ?OSE1 F\ND$ ON AN IDEA ( COMMON K9DR$2 F\ND$ ON ! P]SONAL K9%IP ( ALL ITS MEMB]S TO ! GOD-ANCE/OR1 & NOT ON LOCALITY OR ! HOLD+ ( C]TA9 PROP]TY OR POSITION4 ,! (FICES ( ! BODY1 UND] :ATEV] NAMES !Y W5T1 W]E APPO9T$ BY ! TRIBESM5 = !IR P]SONAL QUALITIES TO P]=M DEF9ITE DUTIES4 ,!RE WAS NO C5TRAL EXECUTIVE BODY2 EV]Y FREEMAN HAD C]TA9 NECESS>Y DUTIES TO P]=M1 A %AD[ ( :I* /ILL EXI/S 9 \R JURY1 :O W]E ORIG9ALLY ! NEI SO MU* 9 ! E>LY LIT]ATURE ( ! ,NOR?1 & ( ! ,CELTIC CLANS1 & A SURVIVAL ( :I* /ILL EXI/S AMONG \T-(-!-WAY FOLKS4 ,! PRACTICE ( ! V5DETTA 9 ,CORSICA1 E4G41 DOES NOT 9DICATE ?AT ! ,CORSICANS >E A SPECIALLY V9DICTIVE PEOPLE2 IT IS A SURVIVAL ( ! TRIBAL CU/OM>Y LAW3 ITS S5TIM5TALIZ+ BY NOVELI/S & POETS IS A MATT] ( IGNORANCE--NATURALLY 5\<1 ,I ADMIT4 0,GOV]NM5T0 OR ADM9I/RATION1 OR :ATEV] ELSE Y\ MAY CALL IT1 WAS 9 ?IS CONDITION ( SOCIETY AS DIRECT AS IT EV] CAN BE2 NOR HAD GOV]NM5T BY MAJORITY BE5 9V5T$--E4G41 IF ! CLANS C\LD NOT AGREE TO UNITE 9 W>1 ! W> C\LD NOT GO ON1 UNLESS ANY CLAN *OSE TO GO TO W> BY ITSELF4 ,I AM CONSCI\S ( NOT EXPLA9+ FULLY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SU* A /ATE ( SOCIETY & \RS2 BUT IT IS 9DE$ DIFFICULT TO DO SO N[1 :5 ALL \R IDEAS & ! LANGUAGE :I* EXPRESSES !M HAVE BE5 = SO MANY AGES MOLD$ BY SU* A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY4 ,BUT ,I MU/1 AT LEA/1 TRY TO MAKE Y\ UND]/& ?AT ! :OLE ( ! DUTIES ( A FREEMAN 9 ?IS SOCIETY HAD REF]5CE TO ! COMMUNITY ( :I* HE =M$ A P>T1 & ?AT HE HAD NO 9T]E/S BUT ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY2 ! ASS]TION ( ANY SU* PRIVATE 9T]E/S W\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ UPON AS A CRIME1 OR RA!R A MON/ROSITY1 H>DLY POSSIBLE TO UND]/&4 ,?IS FEUDAL UNION ( ! TRIBES IS ! LA/ /ATE ( SOCIETY UND] B>B>ISM2 BUT BE=E ,I GO ON TO ! NEXT /AGE1 ,I MU/ CONNECT IT ) \R SPECIAL SUBJECT1 ! CONDITION ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLANS 9TO F$]AT$ TRIBES CAME A CONDITION ( ORGANIZ$ AGGRESSIVE W>1 S9CE ALL W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS 5EMIES \TSIDE ( ! TRIBE OR F$]ATION2 & ) ?IS CAME ! QUE/ION :AT WAS TO BE DONE ) ! PRISON]S TAK5 9 BATTLE1 &1 FUR!RMORE1 :AT WAS TO BE DONE ) ! TRIBE CONQU]$ SO 5TIRELY AS NOT TO BE ABLE TO DEF5D ITS POSSESSIONS1 ! L&1 :I* IT US$4 ,*ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS ! ANSW] TO ! ONE QUE/ION1 S]FDOM TO ! SECOND4 ,Y\ SEE ?IS QUE/ION WAS B\ND TO COME UP 9 SOME =M1 AS SOON AS ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN HAD GR[N TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,9 ! V]Y E>LY /AGES ( SOCIETY SLAVES >E ( NO USE1 BECAUSE Y\R SLAVE WILL DIE UNLESS Y\ ALL[ HIM TO CONSUME ALL ?AT HE PRODUCES2 IT IS ONLY :5 BY MEANS ( TOOLS & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ?AT HE CAN PRODUCE MORE ?AN IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = HIS LIVELIHOOD1 ?AT Y\ CAN TAKE ANY?+ FROM HIM4 ,ROBB]Y ONLY BEG9S :5 PROP]TY BEG9S2 SO ?AT SLAV]Y DOESN'T BEG9 TILL TRIBES >E PA/ ! M]E HUNT] P]IOD4 ,:5 !Y GO TO W> !Y ONLY SAVE !IR PRISON]S TO HAVE SOME FUN \T ( !M BY TORTUR+ !M1 AS ! R$SK9S DID1 UNLESS1 P]HAPS1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5$1 !Y ADOPT !M 9TO ! TRIBE1 :I* ALSO ! R$SK9S DID AT TIMES4 ,BUT 9 ! PA/ORAL /AGE SLAVES BECOME POSSIBLE1 & :5 Y\ COME TO ! AGRICULTURAL /AGE 7TO SAY NO?+ ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS7 !Y BECOME NECESS>Y TILL ! TIME :5 PRIVILEGE IS DE/ROY$ & ALL M5 >E EQUAL4 ,!RE >E1 !N1 ?REE CONDITIONS ( MANK9D1 M]E GREG>I\S ORGANIZ$ SAVAG]Y1 SLAV]Y1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,:5 Y\ ONCE HAVE COME TO ?AT CONCLUSION Y\ MU/ ALSO COME TO ?IS D$UCTION FROM IT1 ?AT IF Y\ %R9K FROM ANY SACRIFICE TO ! ,CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM IT MU/ BE BECAUSE WE >E EI!R WEAK OR CRIM9AL1 EI!R C[>DS OR TYRANTS--P]HAPS BO?4 ,WELL1 ?IS LA/ /AGE ( B>B>ISM1 ?AT ( ! F$]AT$ TRIBES1 GAVE WAY 9 ANCI5T HI/ORY1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS1 9TO ! FIR/ /AGE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! LIFE ( ! CITY.<,A.>1 & 9 M$IEVAL HI/ORY 9TO FEUDALISM2 IT IS UND] ! LATT] ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! TREATM5T ( ! CONQU]$ TRIBE AS S]FS IS ! MO/ OBVI\S2 S]FDOM BE+ ! ESS5CE ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY PROP]1 & ITS DECAY BEG9N+ ) ! DECL9E ( S]FDOM4 ,BUT1 UND\BT$LY1 !RE W]E S]FS 9 ! CLASSICAL P]IOD2 ?AT IS TO SAY AN 9F]IOR CLASS TO ! FREEM51 :O W]E ALL[$ TO GET !IR [N LIVELIHOOD ON ! CONDITION ( !IR P]=M+ C]TA9 S]VICES = !M1 & ) A C]TA9 /ATUS1 ?\< A L[ ONE1 :I* RAIS$ !M ABOVE ! CONDITION ( ! *ATTEL-SLAVE1 :OSE POSITION WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ AT ALL MORE ?AN ?AT ( HIS FELL[ LABOR]1 ! HORSE OR ! ASS4 ,! ,HELOTS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E ! S]FS RA!R ?AN ! SLAVES ( ! ,SP>TANS1 & !RE W]E O!R 9/ANCES BO? AMONG ! ,GREEKS & ! ,ROMANS ( LABOR]S 9 A SIMIL> POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 *ATTEL SLAV]Y AS OPPOS$ TO S]FDOM IS ! *>ACT]I/IC =M ( S]VITUDE 9 ! ANCI5T CITY LIFE4 ,9 ?AT LIFE Y\ MU/ UND]/& ! IDEA ( ! M]G+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO ! COMMUNITY WAS /ILL /RONG1 AL?\< PROP]TY HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 & HAD CREAT$ A POLITICAL CONDITION ( SOCIETY UND] :I* ?+S W]E GR[+ TO BE ( MORE MOM5T ?AN P]SONS4 ,BUT ! COMMUNITY HAD GOT TO BE AN AB/RACTION1 & IT WAS TO ?AT AB/RACTION1 & NOT TO ! REAL VISIBLE BODY ( P]SONS ?AT 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S W]E TO BE SACRIFIC$4 ,?IS IS MORE OBVI\S AMONG ! ,ROMANS ?AN ! ,GREEKS1 :OSE M5TAL 9DIVIDUALITY WAS SO /RONG & SO V>I\S1 ?AT NO SY/EM C\LD RE/RA9 IT2 SO ?AT :5 ?AT SY/EM BEGAN TO PRESS HEAVILY UPON !M !Y C\LD NOT BE> IT1 & 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE FROM ITS CONSEQU5CES FELL 9TO ! M]E CORRUPTION ( COMPETITIVE TYRANNY AT AN E>LY P]IOD4 ,! ,ROMANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 )\T >T OR LIT]ATURE1 A H>D & N>R[-M9D$ RACE1 CULTIVAT$ ?IS WOR%IP ( ! CITY 9TO AN OV]-MA/]+ PASSION1 SO FI]CE & SO IRRATIONAL ?AT !IR HI/ORY BE=E !IR P]IOD ( CORRUPTION READS MORE LIKE ?AT ( A SET ( LOGICAL DEMONS B5T ON TORTUR+ !MSELVES & EV]YBODY ELSE1 ?AN A HI/ORY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y MU/ BE CR$IT$ ) ! PRES]VATION ( ! >T & LIT]ATURE ( ,GREECE 7?\< ) ITS CORRUPTIONS & /ULTIFICATION AS WELL71 & = ! RE/ ,I ?9K ! WORLD [ES !M LITTLE BUT ITS CURSE1 UNLESS 9DE$ WE MU/ ACCEPT !M AS A T]RIBLE EXAMPLE ( OV]-ORGANIZATION4 ,( !IR /ATE ONE MAY SAY :AT ONE ( !IR POETS SAID ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S1 :5 !Y W]E SUNK 9 !IR WELL-E>N$ DEGRADATION1 ?AT = ! SAKE ( LIFE !Y CA/ AWAY ! REASONS = LIV+4 ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 O ,P>T #b ,S\RCE3 0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#g1 #bf ,JULY1 P4 #b#c#g2 ! SECOND ( FIVE P>TS4 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 ,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN ,B,U,T FUR!R1 Y\ MU/ NOT FAIL TO REMEMB] ?AT ! ASPIRATIONS & NOBILITY ( SACRIFICE ( ! ANCI5T CITY LIFE W]E = . LIMIT$ CLASS ONLY4 ,9 ! OLD TRIBAL LIFE ! SLAVES W]E NOT AN IMPORTANT CLASS1 & ALSO HAD EASEM5TS1 & EV5 A K9D ( POSITION :I* WE DO NOT ASSOCIATE ) SLAVE LIFE1 SC>CELY EV5 ) S]FDOM2 AS ONE MAY SEE 9 ,HOM]1 :O1 WRIT+ AT A TIME :5 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY WAS RAPIDLY M]G+ 9TO CITY-LIFE1 GIVES US1 = EXAMPLE1 SU* A PICTURE ( A SLAVE AS ,EUMOEUS.<,A.>1 :O HAD AT ANY RATE PL5TY ( PIGS TO EAT1 & ALSO HAD A SLAVE ( HIS [N 0B\IAN1 A S*OOLMA/]1 AN A/RONOM]1 OR :AT NOT1 HIS POSITION WAS NOT 9TOL]ABLE2 YET ! G5]AL CONDITION ( SLAVES IS BE/ 9DICAT$ BY SU* FACTS AS ?AT !Y C\LD NOT CONTRACT M>RIAGE1 !IR EVID5CE 9 A LAW CASE C\LD ONLY BE TAK5 UND] TORTURE1 & SO =?4 ,AMONG ! ,ROMANS ! IDEA ( SLAV]Y WAS UND]/OOD ACCORD+ TO ! PITILESS LOGIC *>ACT]I/IC ( ?AT PEOPLE1 E4G41 ! DEBTOR :5 DELIV]$ OV] TO HIS CR$ITORS AS A SLAVE1 C\LD BE DIVID$ AMONG !M 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL MANN]2 !Y C\LD CUT HIM UP 9 PIECES & C>RY AWAY EA* HIS DIVID5D TO DO :AT !Y PLEAS$ )4 ,! EQUALITY1 !RE=E1 ( ! CLASSICAL P]IOD1 ?AT SPL5DID IDEAL ( EQUALITY ( DUTIES & RILI] TIMES2 BUT1 AS A=ESAID1 ?OSE \TSIDE ! PALE ( ?AT EQUALITY W]E ( MU* MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN !Y HAD BE54 ,AT FIR/1 BO? 9 ,GREECE & ,ROME1 A GREAT DEAL ( ! FIELD-WORK WAS DONE BY ! FREEM52 ! FAMILY W]E ONLY HELP$ 9 IT BY ! SLAVES4 ,ALSO A GREAT DEAL ( ! H&ICRAFT WAS DONE EI!R BY POOR FREE CITIZ5S1 :O C\LD NOT AF=D TO POSSESS SLAVES1 OR BY ! /RANG]S 7METOECI71 :O HAD NO POLITICAL RIKET1 9 :I* ! SELL+ ( A HUMAN BE+ WAS MORE OBVI\S ?AN IT IS AT PRES5T4 ,BUT AS SOCIETY 9 G5]AL GREW RI*]1 & ! OCCUPATIONS FELL MORE & MORE UND] ! DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM1 SLAVE LABOR 9CREAS$ V]Y MU*1 TILL 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC ! PROPORTIONS ( SLAVE TO FREE LABOR RELATIVELY TO ! H&ICRAFTS & AGRICULTURE HAD QUITE *ANG$4 ,! L&1 ! [N]%IP ( :I* HAD BE5 COMMON 9 ! E>LY DAYS1 & ! USE DIVID$ AMONG ! CITIZ5S1 HAD N[ GOT 9TO ! H&S ( BIG & V]Y BIG L&LORDS1 :O CULTIVAT$ !M :OLLY BY SLAVE-LABOR1 SUP]9T5D5CE & ALL1 ! LIVELIHOOD BE+ DOL$ \T TO !SE POOR DEVILS ON /RICT COMM]CIAL PR9CIPLES1 SU* AS REGULATE ! FE$ ( A HORSE OR C[1 OR AN ,5GLI% LABOR+ MAN4 ,! DESPAIR ( M5 SO TREAT$ %OOK ! ,ROMAN ,/ATE 9 ONE TREM5D\S SLAVE-MUT9Y1 ?AT ( ,SP>TACUS1 & TORM5T$ SOCIETY = C5TURIES 9 C\NTLESS M9OR MUT9IES BY SEA & L&1 TILL 9 ! NOVELS ( ! LAT] ,GRAECO-,ROMAN CIVILIZATION 7:I* >E D\BTLESS M]E IMITATIONS ( E>LI] WORKS71 ADV5TURES ) ORGANIZ$ B&S ( BRIG&S & PIRATES =M ! /OCK 9CID5TS ( ! TALE4 ,ALL ?IS HAD BE5 DEVELOP+ FROM ! HEY-DAY ( ,GREEK CIVILIZATION1 BUT IT DID NOT BLOSSOM FULLY TILL ! RISE & GR[? ( A MONEY$ MIDDLE-CLASS 9 ,ROME HAD EXAGG]AT$ & CONFIRM$ ALL ! EVILS ?AT W]E SURE TO BE BORN \T ( A SY/EM ( PRIVILEG$ FREEM51 :O AS !Y GOT RI*] GOT IDL] & MORE CORRUPT1 & *ATTEL-SLAVES1 :O AS !IR MA/]S GOT MORE CORRUPT1 LO/ MORE & MORE ( ! ALLEVIATIONS ( !IR LOT :I* !Y HAD 9 E>LI] TIMES2 PROBABLY BECAUSE !IR MA/]S WORK$ ) !M & LIV$ PRETTY H>DLY LIKE !MSELVES1 & C\LD FEEL ?AT 9/9CTIVE SYMPA?Y :I* FELL[%IP 9 LABOR 9/ILLS 9TO A MAN4 ,9DE$1 ?AT LOOSE EASY-GO+ G5]OSITY1 ?AT GOOD-NATURE1 9 A WORD1 ( :I* !RE >E 9DICATIONS 9 ! ,HOM]IC POEMS1 & :I* IS F\ND 9 FULL] MEASURE ?\< 9 A MORE BRUTAL =M 9 ! OLD ,5GLI% ,TORY SQUIRE IDEAL1 Y\ MU/ NOT EXPECT TO F9D 9 ! HI1 POLITICS & PLEASURE2 & MONEY-MAK+ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( !SE 5JOYM5TS2 ( !IR HANG]S-ON =M+ A VA/ P>ASITICAL >MY2 ( A HUGE POPULATION ( MIS]ABLE SLAVES2 & ( ANO!R POPULATION ( FREE M5 7SO-CALL$7 KEPT ALIVE BY DOLES ( FOOD1 & CONT5T$ ) PEOPLES PALACES 9 ! =M ( !ATRICAL & GLADIATORIAL %[S4 ,?AT IS1 ! FREE CITIZ5 HAD BECOME AN IDL]1 EI!R A RI* LUXURI\S ONE1 OR A PAUP]1 & ! WORK WAS DONE BY M5 UND] ! MO/ OBVI\S =M ( COMPULSION4 ,?US WAS CLASSICAL SOCIETY1 F\ND$ ON ! CORRUPTION ( ! SOCIETY ( ! TRIBES BY ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BR\Y PAGE ( ! WORLD'S /ORY4 ,>T & LIT]ATURE >E NOT =GOTT51 NOT BURI$1 BUT = WANT ( C\RAGE & 9V5TION >E ALL[$ TO WALK AB\T LIKE GALVANIZ$ CORPSES ( :AT WAS ONCE SO GLORI\SLY ALIVE4 ,VIRTUE8 ,DOES IT EXI/ AT ALL8 ,9 HI< PLACES !RE IS NONE ( IT1 NAY1 NOT EV5 A S5SE ( ! LACK ( IT4 ,VIRTUE IS TO BE F\ND ONLY 9 SU* PLACES AS ! RANKS ( WILD SECT>IES1 \TCA/S FROM SOCIETY4 ,W>LIKE H]OISM8 ,TIME WAS :5 ,HANNIBAL A CONQU]OR BESET ! CITY1 & ! /\!>T$ CITIZ5S COOLLY B\+ = ITS /ORM1 & HIS E/IMATE ( ! VALOR ( ! ,ROMAN CITIZ5S :5 ! 5VOYS APPEAL$ TO HIS PRUD5CE & ASK$ HIM NOT TO DRIVE SU* A HUGE POPULATION TO DESPAIR1 WAS GIV5 9 ! WORDS 0,! ?ICK] ! HAY1 ! EASI] TO M[40 ,9 %ORT1 VIRTUE HAD BE5 US$ = ACQUIR+ P[] & RI*ES2 ! B>GA9 HAD BE5 MADE1 ! RI*ES SP5T1 & ! VIRTUE GONE2 NO?+ WAS LEFT4 ,SO IT HAS BE51 SO IT WILL BE1 :ILE VIOL5CE & GRE$ >E ! F\NDATIONS ( PROSP]ITY4 ,SU* WAS ! RESULT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ,ROME4 ,IF ! ANCI5T CIVILIZATION HAD BE5 ALONE 9 ! WORLD !N1 IF !RE HAD BE5 NO?+ /RONG & PROGRESSIVE \TSIDE ! WORLD ( CIVILIZATION1 AS IS N[ ! CASE1 :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$8 ,:O CAN SAY8 ,PROBABLY A MORE COMPLETE BREAK UP ?AN ?AT :I* FOLL[$ ON ! D[NFALL ( ,ROME4 ,AS IT WAS ! WORLD WAS DELIV]$ FROM ITS DEADLOCK BY ! ADV5T ( ! TRIBES ( ! ,NOR? & ! ,EA/1 :O W]E1 :5 ! ,ROMANS FIR/ %[$ CONSCI\SNESS ( !M O!R ?AN BY MEET+ !M 9 BATTLE1 AS SPECIALLY 9 ! PAGES ( ,TACITUS1 9 A CONDITION NOT DIFF]+ MU* FROM ?AT ( ! ,LAT9S !MSELVES :5 !Y FIR/ BEGAN TO WALL R\ND ! HILLS BESIDE ! ,TIB]4 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 9 !IR LAT] DAYS ( TRIBAL SOCIETY4 ,! /ORY ( ! WAY 9 :I* !Y OV]-RAN ! EMPIRE & FURNI%$ FRE% BLOOD TO ITS WORN-\T POPULATION IS WELL KN[N 5\<4 ,I CAN ONLY WI% ?AT WE HAD ! /ORY AS TOLD BY ! CONQU]ORS TO SET BESIDE ! NATURALLY QU]UL\S ONE ( ! CONQU]$1 :O1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT LIKE ! PROCESS ( !IR BE+ IMPROV$ \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,! /ORY W\LD !N HAVE BE5 LESS EMPTY ( LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/ ?AN IT IS N[4 ,9 ANY CASE1 H[EV]1 ! BROAD FACTS REMA91 :I* RESOLVE !MSELVES AT LA/ 9 ! F\NDATION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM2 :I* WAS1 9 ! MA91 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CU/OMS ( ! ,CELTIC1 ,TEUTONIC1 & ,GO?IC TRIBES1 CU/OMS :I* DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM EA* O!R1 & NOT MU* FROM ?OSE ( ! CLASSICAL PEOPLES BE=E !IR DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY & ITS LIFE4 ,9 ALL P>TS ( ,EUROPE REMOTE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ,ROME ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS SIMPLE & TRACEABLE 5\<1 BUT :]E ! ,G]MANIC & ,CELTIC RACES TOOK ! PLACE ( ! ,ROMAN DOM9ION & COLONIES1 IT WAS NATURAL 5\< ?AT !Y %\LD WE> ! DRESS1 SO TO SAY1 ( ! OLD] 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* 9 MANY CASES !Y NEV] QUITE %OOK (F1 ?\< 9 ESS5CE !Y W]E EV]Y:]E ! SAME4 ,! ,TEUTONIC & ,GO?IC 9VAD]S ( ! EMPIRE HAD NOT GOT TO ! /AGE ( CITY LIFE1 & DID 9 FACT MISS ?AT /AGE ALTOGE!R4 ,! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS BAS$ NOT ON ! CITY & ITS W>DS1 URBAN & RURAL1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ANCI5T SOCIETY1 BUT ON ! C\NTRY DI/RICT1 ! MANOR & ITS T[N%IPS4 ,:5 \R ,ANGLO-,SAXON =EFA!RS FIR/ CONQU]$ ,ROMANIZ$ ,BRITA91 !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ! CITIES !Y WON2 !Y LET !M LIE 9 RU9S1 & W5T TO LIVE D[N ! DALES ON ! BORD]S ( ! /REAMS 9 !IR HOME/EADS1 JU/ AS !IR ANCE/ORS HAD DONE 9 ! CLE>+S ( ! GREAT C5TRAL =E/ ( ,EUROPE4 ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 O ,P>T #c ,S\RCE3 0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#h1 #b ,AUGU/1 P4 #b#d#d2 ! ?IRD ( FIVE P>TS4 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 ,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN ,9 !SE C\NTRY DI/RICTS1 BO? 9 ,5GL& & ELSE:]E1 !Y HELD = A LONG TIME TO MANY ( !IR OLD TRIBAL CU/OMS2 ! JURY ( NEIM$ 9 TOK5 ( !IR FRE$OM4 ,OV] ALL ?IS1 :I* /ILL EXI/$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( FEUDALISM1 & NEV] QUITE DISAPPE>$ UNTIL ITS WANE1 ! REGUL> FEUDAL SY/EM WAS SUP]-IMPOS$4 ,S]FDOM TOOK ! PLACE ( ?RALLDOM2 ! ,K+ & HIS H\SE-C>LES1 OR PRIVATE BODYGU>D1 GAVE WAY TO ! ,K+ ! HEAD ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE1 :O WAS ! VICEG]5T ( ,GOD1 & GRANT$ ! HOLD+ ( L&S TO HIS TRIBESM5 ON CONDITION ( S]VICE FROM !M1 MANY ( :OM 9 !IR TURN GRANT$ L&S TO O!RS ON SIMIL> T]MS2 ! P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 DUTIES OR S]VICE 9 RETURN = ! UNDI/URB$ HOLD+ ( L&1 & HAV+ 9 CONSEQU5CE A DEF9ITE RECOGNIZ$ POSITION1 BE+ ! ESS5CE ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY4 ,I MAY REM>K 9 PASS+ ?AT ! !ORY ( PROP]TY IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( \R [N DAYS1 9 :I* ! HOLD+ ( PROP]TY HAS BE5 *ANG$ 9TO A DEF9ITE [N]%IP :I* HAS NO DUTIES ATTA*$ TO IT4 ,N[1 ,I ASK Y\ TO UND]/& ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( POSITION OR /ATUS1 WAS ! ONE ASPIRATION ( ?OSE :O W]E 9 AN 9F]IOR POSITION DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,EV5 ! S]FS1 MANY ( :OM AT FIR/ W]E NOT V]Y DI/+UI%ABLE FROM M]E *ATTEL-SLAVES1 GA9$ /ATUS BY BECOM+ ADSCRIPTI GLEBE1 M5 ATTA*$ TO ! MANOR ON :I* !Y LIV$1 & UND] ! PROTECTION ( ITS LORD1 TO :OM !Y HAD TO R5D] C]TA9 DEF9ITE S]VICES 9 RETURN2 & !RE WAS A T5D5CY FROM QUITE E>LY DAYS = !SE S]FS TO RAISE !IR POSITION BY BECOM+ T5ANTS ( ! LORD ( ! MANOR1 & ALSO BY !IR 9DIVIDUALLY GETT+ !MSELVES RECEIV$ 9TO A FREE T[N1 & SO EMANCIPAT+ !MSELVES FROM 9DIVIDUAL S]VICE4 ,! M5TION ( ?IS LA/ 9CID5T CALLS MY ATT5TION TO ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! M$IEVAL HI]>*Y1 ! ,FREE ,T[NS & ! ,GUILDS1 :O LAY BETWE5 ! TWO POLES ( ! L&$ NOBILITY & !IR S]FS4 ,& Y\ MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ?\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE TOOK PLACE SOME:AT LATE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y W]E BO? ( !M 9 EXI/5CE FROM ITS V]Y FIR/ DAYS1 :5 ! TRIBES FIR/ RECON/ITUT$ SOCIETY AFT] ! BREAKUP ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9DE$1 ! GR[? ( ! FREE T[NS RESEMBL$ 9 MANY RESPECTS ! GR[? ( ,ROME 9 H] FIR/ DAYS4 ,! G]MS ( !M W]E ALWAYS ! AGRICULTURAL DI/RICT1 9HABIT$ BY SU* & SU* A CLAN OR TRIBE1 :OSE MEMB]S 9 E>LY DAYS W]E1 OR PR(ESS$ TO BE1 AK9 TO EA* O!R BY BLOOD1 & HELD AT LEA/ !IR L& 9 COMMON4 ,N[ 9 SU* & SU* A CASE ?IS CLAN ( FREEM5 W\LD GA!R TO SOME MORE CONV5I5T P>T ( !IR HUNDR$1 OR DI/RICT1 & W\LD F5CE IT TO PROTECT !IR H\SES & CRAFTS1 & SO POPULATION W\LD GR[ ?ICK] !RE2 & !Y W\LD HOLD A M>KET !RE1 & ATTRACT TO !M TRAD]S & M5 :O NE$$ PROTECTION = !IR H&ICRAFTS1 ?\< !SE W\LD MO/LY BE PEOPLE \TSIDE ! CLAN1 UNFREE M51 TAK+ NO P>T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! PLACE4 ,?US !RE GREW UP GRADUALLY CLASSES ( PRIVILEG$ & UNPRIVILEG$ )9 ! T[NS1 ! =M] BE+ ! CORPORATIONS ( !M1 :O1 AS ! FEUDAL SY/EM GREW1 GOT !IR /ATUS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! K+ OR OV]-LORD1 & :O LITTLE BY LITTLE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! S]VICES1 TOLLS1 & RE/RICTIONS :I* ! NEIY *IEF HAD MANAG$ TO 5ME% !M 9 AS !Y PASS$ \T ( !IR TRIBAL FRE$OM 9TO ! FEUDAL P[]4 ,?IS FRE$OM !Y PR9CIPALLY B\I/OCRACY1 V]Y EXCLUSIVE & MA9LY H]$IT>Y4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T !SE W]E MET BY ! O!R ASSOCIATIONS ,I HAVE NAM$1 ! ,GUILDS1 :I* HAD BE5 GR[+ UP UND] !M ALL ?IS :ILE4 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! GUILDS EXI/$ FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,I MILY DAYS ( ,ROME1 & BE=E ! LABOR ( ! FREE >TISAN WAS SWAMP$ BY ! 5ORM\S FLOOD ( SLAVE-LABOR1 IT FL\RI%$ 9 ?AT CITY4 ,9 FACT1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !SE GUILDS >E AN ANSW] TO ! IMP]ATIVE CLAIM = USEFUL ASSOCIATION :I* HUMAN NATURE MAKES2 AS ONE =M ( SOCIETY :I* ONCE S]V$ ITS PURPOSE DULY FAILS M51 !Y >E =C$ TO =M O!RS1 EV5 :ILE ! OLD =M EXI/S & HAS BECOME M]E AU?ORITY & AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION4 ,! OLD K9%IP CLAN C]TA9LY GREW TOGE!R = MUTUAL PROTECTION & HELP ( A B& ( EQUALS2 AS ?AT DEG5]AT$ 9TO A M]E PRIVILEG$ CA/E ( NOBLES1 & BECAME WORSE ?AN USELESS = ITS ORIG9AL PURPOSE1 M5 =M$ O!R ASSOCIATIONS ?AT HAD NO BOND ( K9DR$1 BUT A BOND ( MUTUAL 9T]E/ AMID ! DISORD] ( A R\< P]IOD ( TRANSITION4 ,& ONCE MORE WE COME ACROSS ! GUILDS 9 QUITE E>LY DAYS ( ! NEW ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 & IT IS REM>KABLE H[ MU* ! PURPOSES ( !SE E>LY GUILDS ANSW] TO ?OSE ( ! PRIMITIVE K9DR$ CLAN4 ,TO A GREAT EXT5T !Y W]E :AT WE %\LD N[ CALL B5EFIT SOCIETIES3 !Y 5GAG$ TO R$EEM !IR MEMB]S FROM CAPTIVITY2 TO SET !M UP 9 BUS9ESS AGA9 IF !Y W]E RU9$2 TO PAY !IR F9ES IF !Y CAME 9TO ! CLUT* ( ! LAW4 ,!Y W]E ALSO CLUBS = GOOD FELL[%IP1 & ALSO 7:I* AGA9 MAKES !IR ANALOGY TO ! OLD CLANS ! CLOS]7 DREW !IR MEMB]S TOGE!R BY ! BOND ( RELIGION1 PROVID+ ! SACRIFICIAL FEA/ :ILE \R =E-FA!RS W]E /ILL HEA!N1 & PAY+ = MASSES = ! S\LS ( !IR MEMB]S :5 ,*RI/IANITY HAD BECOME ! POPUL> RELIGION2 & !RE >E 9/ANCES ( ! *IEF WORK BE+ DEF5SE BY ! /RONG H&1 AS 9 ! CASE ( PROTECTION AGA9/ ! ,NORSE PIRATES 9 ! T5? C5TURY4 ,9 %ORT1 IT MAY WELL BE SAID ?AT FROM ! FIR/ ! HI/ORY ( ! GUILDS IS ! TRUE HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,& WE WILL REMEMB]1 TOO1 ?AT !Y W]E 9 !IR E>LY DAYS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! P]IOD1 :I* SAW 9 !M1 AS IT WAS WELL W>RANT$ 9 DO+1 A ?REAT ( REBELLI\S PROGRESS AGA9/ ! ROBB]Y ( ! POOR & 9DU/RI\S BY ! RI* & IDLE4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AP>T FROM ?OSE OLD ,ROMAN GUILDS1 :I* W]E ( H&ICRAFTSM51 ?IS WAS ! FIR/ *>ACT] :I* ! GUILDS TOOK2 LEAGUES ( ! 9DIVIDUALLY P[]LESS FREEM5 AGA9/ ! ACCID5TS ( OPPRESSION1 LEGAL & ILLEGAL1 HELD TOGE!R BY A RELIGI\S BOND ACCORD+ TO ! CU/OM ( ! TIMES4 ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 O ,P>T #d ,S\RCE3 0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#i1 #i ,AUGU/1 P4 #b#e#c2 ! F\R? ( FIVE P>TS4 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 ,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN ,TO !SE AB\T ! ELEV5? C5TURY W]E SUP]ADD$ ANO!R SET ( GUILDS1 :OSE MA9 OBJECT WAS ! PROTECTION ( TRADE1 & :I* SOON BECAME P[]FUL1 & E/ABLI%+ !MSELVES 9 ! T[NS1 DREW TOGE!R ) ! CORPORATIONS1 ! FREEM5 ( ! T[NS1 & W]E FUZ$ ) !M4 ,!Y %>$ 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACIES1 :I* REA*$ ITS HEIT ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY WAS TAK5 UP BY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE NEW & QUITE DEMOCRATIC GUILDS1 :I* W]E 5TIRELY COMPOS$ ( WORKM52 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS P>TLY A PEACEABLE ONE4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES C\LD NOT QUITE KEEP ! GUILDS FROM ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! T[NS2 !IR (FIC]S GRADUALLY CREPT 9TO ! CORPORATIONS1 & !Y BEGAN TO 9FLU5CE ! ADM9I/RATION2 BUT ?IS PEACEFUL REVOLUTION WAS SUPPLEM5T$ BY V]Y H>D FII/OCRACIES1 & BY ! 5D ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ! CRAFT GUILDS1 :O NO D\BT HAD BE5 FO/]$ ALL ALONG BY ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 HAD ! T[NS 5TIRELY 9 !IR P[]2 BUT1 AL?\< ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACY HAD LO/ ITS PRIVILEG$ (FICIAL POSITION1 ! OLD FAMILIES HAD NOT LO/ ALL !IR 9FLU5CE1 & /ILL =M$ A K9D ( MIDDLE-CLASS NOBILITY2 ?IS IS EXEMPLIFI$ CLE>LY 5\< BY ! 9CID5TS 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! GREAT T[N ( ,<5T & ITS FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 ! ,E>L ( ,FL&]S1 9 :I* M5 LIKE ,JAMES ,VAN ,>TAVELDE & HIS SONS CLE>LY HAD A POSITION AK9 TO ?AT ( P[]FUL RI* M5 AT ! PRES5T DAY4 ,! OLD /RUGGLE ALSO WAS NOT =GOTT52 ?R\<\T ! M5 ( ! MEAN CRAFTS >E ON ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE2 :ILE ! GREAT CRAFTS1 L$ BY ! M>9]S1 I4E41 ! %IPP]S1 M]*ANTS1 & SO ON1 >E LOYALI/S4 ,?IS VICTORY ( ! H&ICRAFTSM5 BR+S US TO ! APEX ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,LET US !RE=E /OP A LITTLE TO CONTRA/ ! CONDITION ( LABOR AT ?AT P]IOD ) ITS CONDITION UND] ! HEI AS ANY GOOD PURPOSE GOES1 SUPPORT+ A HUGE CLASS ( P>ASITES1 & AN 5ORM\S PAUP] POPULATION F$ ON *>ITY1 & ALL ?IS F\ND$ ON ! LABOR ( M]E *ATTEL SLAVES1 :O W]E F$1 CLO!D & H\S$ ACCORD+ TO ! CONV5I5CE ( !IR [N]S1 JU/ AS BEA/S ( BURD5 W]E1 BUT :OM !Y HAD TO BUY ) H>D CA% JU/ AS !Y HAD !IR HORSES & MULES4 ,!RE WAS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( LABOR DONE BY FREEM51 OR NON-SLAVES RA!R1 BUT ?AT DID NOT COME TO MU*1 & ,I ?9K WE MAY CLASS !SE FEW FREEM5 AMONG ! P>ASITES ( ! RI*4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ALL ?IS WAS >I/OCRATIC AT FIR/ 7TEMP]$ BY ! MONEY-BAG >I/OCRACY71 & AT LA/ M]E ABSOLUTISM F\ND$ ON TAX-GA!R+4 ,9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE A PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( L&-HOLD]S D$UC$ FROM ! FREEM5 ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE1 ABSOLUTELY IDLE1 SUPPORT$ BY !IR S]FS1 :O = !IR P>T >E SOME:AT SPE$ILY TURN+ 9TO T5ANTS1 & SO LAY+ P>T ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ! LAT] MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES1 :I* 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E ! ESS5TIAL CON/ITU5TS ( SOCIETY1 LIES ! GREAT BODY ( ! CRAFTSM51 N[ GA!R$ 9TO T[NS ADM9I/]$ BY !MSELVES1 OPPRESS$ ALWAYS1 NO D\BT1 LEGALLY BY TAXES1 & (T5 ILLEGALLY BY W> ON ! P>T ( ! NOBLES1 BUT FREE 9 !IR WORK EXCEPT = SU* REGULATIONS AS !Y HAVE IMPOS$ ON !MSELVES1 & ! OBJECT ( :I* 9 ! MA9 WAS ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( EMPLOYM5T1 & ! REW>D ( EMPLOYM5T ?R\<\T !IR :OLE BODY4 ,CAPITALISM DOES NOT EXI/ AT ?IS TIME2 !RE IS NO GREAT ALL-EMBRAC+ WORLD-M>KET2 PRODUCTION IS = ! SUPPLY ( ! NEIKET = HIS B>E NECESSITIES1 & :E!R EMPLOY] OR EMPLOY$1 HE NEI!R SELLS HIMSELF1 NOR BUYS O!RS1 9 ! LABOR M>KET UND] ! RULE ( COMPETITION1 BUT EX*ANGES LABOR = LABOR DIRECTLY ) HIS NEII/OCRACY ( 9TELLECT AS WELL AS ( POSITION1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! 9TELLIG5CE LAY ) ! GREAT CRAFTSM5 CLASS1--& ?AT AGA91 ,I ?9K1 WAS A DECID$ ADVANTAGE1 BO? = !M & = US2 S9CE IT HAS GIV5 US1 AMONG O!R TREASURES NOT SO FAM\S1 BUT SC>CELY LESS GLORI\S1 ! POEMS ( ,%AKESPE>E4 ,N[1 ON ?IS HI< TIDE ( M$IEVAL LIFE SUP]V5$ TWO ?+S3 ! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 & ! GRADUAL DECAY ( ! GUILDS1 BO? ( :I* GOT ! TIMES READY = ! NEXT GREAT *ANGE 9 ! CONDITION ( LABOR4 ,I WILL SAY LITTLE AB\T ! FIR/1 SPACE NOT S]V+ = IT4 ,I WILL ONLY REM>K FIR/1 ?AT ! ,/ATUTE ( ,LABOR]S ( ,$W>D ,I,I,I1 :I* WAS ONE CONSEQU5CE ( IT1 & :I* HAS BE5 SO USEFUL TO 5QUIR]S 9TO ! CONDITION ( LABOR AT ?AT TIME1 REPRES5TS 9 ! ACC\NT ( WAGES & LABOR-H\RS TO BE DRAWN FROM IT1 ! /ATE ( ?+S BE=E ! T]RIBLE PLAGUE1 NOT AFT] IT1 S9CE IT WAS AV[$LY 5ACT$ AGA9/ ! LABOR]S 9 ORD] TO L[] !IR WAGES TO ! /&>D ( REW>D BE=E ! ,BLACK ,DEA?4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ALL ANTIQU>IANS MU/ BE FULLY CONSCI\S ( ! DECL9E 9 >T ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 & 9 ,5GL& ESPECIALLY1 AFT] ! REIGN ( ,$W>D ,I,I,I4 ,BE=E ! MIDDLE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ! ,5GLI% W]E 9 !SE MATT]S ABREA/ )1 & 9 SOME MATT]S AHEAD (1 ! ,ITALIANS1 & 9 ! >T ( >*ITECTURE ESPECIALLY1 PRODUC$ WORKS :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 SURPASS$1 & SELDOM EQUAL$4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY \R >TS HAD = ! MO/ P>T BECOME RUDE1 UNF9I%$ & B>B>\S1 & LACK+ ALTOGE!R 9 ?AT SELF-RESPECT & CONFID5CE :I* ! >TS >E ALWAYS FULL ( 9 !IR F9E P]IODS4 ,LOOK+ C>EFULLY AT ! GRADUAL *ANGE1 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,BLACK ,DEA? WAS ANSW]ABLE = SOME ( ?IS DEGRADATION1 BUT ?AT ! MA9 P>T ( IT WAS ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! GREAT *ANGE :I* WAS COM+ OV] SOCIETY4 ,= DUR+ ! NEXT C5TURY1 A NEW PLAGUE 9VAD$ ,EUROPE1 COMP>$ ) :I* ! SLAU?4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 !RE W]E NO J\RNEYM5 9 ! GUILDS2 EV]Y WORK] 9 !M WAS C]TA9 TO BECOME A MA/] IF HE ONLY DID HIS DUTY FAIRLY2 & ! MA/] WAS NOT ! MA/] 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 HE WAS ! MAN :O HAD LE>N$ HIS CRAFT ?OR\LY DAYS ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ! J\RNEYMAN BEGAN TO APPE>2 !RE W]E M5 9 ! WORK%OPS :O W]E KN[N AS 0S]VANTS10 &1 :O ?\< NECESS>ILY AFFILIAT$ TO ! GUILD1 & WORK+ UND] ITS REGULATIONS1 W\LD NEV] BECOME CRAFTS-MA/]S4 ,!Y W]E FEW & UNIMPORTANT 5\<1 BUT !Y GREW 9 NUMB]S1 TILL1 E4G41 AB\T #adh ! NON-GUILDSM5 ( ! M]*ANT-TAILORS 9 ,LONDON ATTEMPT$ TO =M A GUILD UND] ! OLD CRAFT GUILD1 JU/ AS ?OSE LATT] HAD =M$ !IR GUILDS UND] ! TRADES GUILDS4 ,9 ?IS ATTEMPT !Y FAIL$1 %[+ !REBY H[ ! TIMES W]E *ANG+1 & H[ EMPLOYM5T = PR(IT WAS RAIS+ ITS HIDE\S HEAD4 ,?IS FALL+ ( ! CRAFTS GUILDS FROM !IR OLD SIMPLICITY ( EQUALITY1 WAS D\BTLESS A TOK5 RA!R ?AN A CAUSE ( ! *ANGE4 ,CAPITALISM WAS ADVANC+ FROM O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR WAS 9CREAS+1 ?\< SL[LY2 MORE WEAL? WAS BE+ PRODUC$1 & M5'S GRE$Y DESIRES GREW ) IT4 ,! L&$ NOBILITY BEGAN TO SEE H[ !Y MI1 & BECOME AS RI* 9 RELATION TO O!R PEOPLE AS !Y HAD BE5 :5 ! LATT] W]E SO POOR2 & !Y W]E NO LONG] CONT5T$1 AS !Y ONCE W]E OBLIG$ TO BE1 TO LIVE ON ! R5TS ( !IR L&1 :E!R ?OSE R5TS W]E ! 5=C$ S]VICE ( S]FS1 OR ! MONEY R5T ( T5ANTS1 BO? LIMIT$ BY ! CU/OM ( ! MANOR4 ,! ,PEASANTS ,REBELLION 9 ,5GL& HAD FOIL$ !M 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO RACK-R5T !IR T5ANTS1 GR[+ PROSP]\S1 BY =C+ !M TO PAY S]FS' S]VICES ON VILLE9AGE T5URES AS WELL AS T5ANT'S R5T4 ,BUT NO MATT]2 9 SPITE ( ! HI< WAGES & COM=T ( ! CRAFTSM5 & YEOM51 !Y W]E ! P[]FUL PEOPLE1 S9CE !Y W]E ! MAK]S & 9T]PRET]S ( ! LAWS1 & S9CE ! MEET+S R\ND ! ,%IRE ,OAK & ! FOLKMOTES ( ! FREEM5 ( ! ,HUNDR$1 & O!R SU* DIRECT LOCAL ASSEMBLIES1 HAD BE5 SWALL[$ UP 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLY1 ! C5TRAL P>LIAM5T1 ! ,K+'S TAX+ MA*9E4 ,SO !Y SET TO WORK TO /EAL1 NOT A PURSE H]E1 OR A BALE ( GOODS !RE1 OR ! TOLLS ( A M>KET 9 ANO!R PLACE2 BUT ! V]Y LIFE & S\L ( ! COMMUNITY1 ! L& ( ! C\NTRY1 :I* WAS ( ! MORE IMPORTANCE1 AS 9 ?OSE DAYS NO DIRECT R5T C\LD BE GOT \T ( ANY?+ SAVE ! L&4 ,!Y GOT ! YEOM5 & T5ANTS (F ! L& BY ONE MEANS OR ANO!R2 LEGAL QUIBBL+1 DIRECT *EAT+1 D[N-RIM] DROVE ! WORKMAN 9TO ! H&S ( ! NEW MANUFACTUR+ CAPITALI/1 & A MIDDLE-CLASS ( EMPLOY]S ( LABOR WAS CREAT$1 ! *IEF BUS9ESS ( :OSE FA!RS WAS TO RESI/ ! RI*1 & ! BUS9ESS ( :OSE SONS WAS TO OPPRESS ! POOR4 ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 O ,P>T #e ,S\RCE3 0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#d1 #af ,AUGU/1 PP4 #b#f-#b#f#a2 ! LA/ ( FIVE P>TS4 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 ,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN ,?,U,S FELL ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BY ,CAPITALISM E/ABLI%+ ITSELF ON ! RU9S ( ,FEUDALITY1 & ! RISE ( A MIDDLE-CLASS :O W]E EI!R P>ASITES ( ! NOBILITY1 !MSELVES BECOME COMM]CIAL1 TRAD+ ON ! GROSSE/ MONOPOLIES1 & EXACT+ RACK-R5T1 & PRACTICALLY DO+ ! /ATE NO S]VICE--P>TLY P>ASITES ( ! NOBILITY1 OR P>TLY EMPLOY]S LIV+ ON ! PR(IT WRUNG \T ( WORKM5 EMPLOY$ AT A V]Y L[ RATE ( WAGES4 ,I HAVE BE5 GIV+ ! /ORY ( ! *ANGE AS IT HAPP5$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,ON ! ,CONT95T ! DIVORCE ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! L& WAS NOT SO SUDD5 OR COMPLETE1 ,I ?9K BECAUSE !RE WAS LESS RESI/ANCE POSSIBLE TO ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY H]E ?AN ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,!RE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RISE ( DEF9ITE NATIONS ) /IFF POLITICAL DEM>CATIONS GAVE RISE TO MO/ HORRIBLE W>S1 :I* R$UC$ ! PEASANTS TO ! LA/ /AGE ( MIS]Y1 HAMP]$ NEW-BORN COMM]CE1 & 9 ! LONG RUN RU9$ ! L&-[N+ >I/OCRACY1 & AT LA/ MADE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BO? POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y4 ,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ,G]MANY IS ONLY N[ )9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S RECOV]+ FROM ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S ,W> :I* W5T ON AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURIES4 ,BUT ) ! BIR? ( CAPITALISM & ! WORLD-M>KET1 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( AGRICULTURE & MANUFACTURE BEGAN TO ALT]2 & ?AT AGA9 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL&1 A C\NTRY SO RI* 9 COAL & M9]ALS1 & SO WELL FURNI%$ ) H>BORS ON ALL SIDES4 ,! NEW-BORN P[] ( MAK+ PR(IT \T ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( H&ICRAFTSM5 HAD TO BE EX]CIS$ & DEVELOP$4 ,! CRAFTSM5 W]E 9 A *ANG$ POSITION2 !Y HAD BE5 COMPLETELY MA/]S ( !IR [N WORK ) O!R RES\RCES1 :I* =BADE ! WORK MA/]+ !M2 !Y W]E SO NO LONG]2 !Y W]E WORK+ = O!R PEOPLE1 DRIV5 BY COMPETITION TO SELL !MSELVES AT A POOR PRICE 9 ! M>KET4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y HAD BECOME WAGE-SLAVES2 BUT !Y W]E /ILL H&ICRAFTSM5 WORK+ 9 AN ISOLAT$ WAY4 ,!Y W]E NOT BE+ MADE ! MO/ (1 & C\LD ONLY BE ! 9/RUM5TS ( A TIMID SCANTY COMM]CE4 ,IF !Y C\LD HAVE REMA9$ ?US ,I ?9K ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS DEGRAD$ !N !Y BECAME AFT]W>DS1 & >E N[2 BUT !N ! LA/ WORD ( PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 SAID1 ! HOPE ( REVOLUTION W\LD NEV] HAVE >IS54 ,:AT HAPP5$ WAS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,CAPITALISM WAS NO SOON] BORN ?AN %E WAS =C$ TO S[ ! SE$ ( H] DECAY & F9AL DE/RUCTION2 %E WAS =C$ TO DEVELOPE . ! P[] ( ,LABOR TO ! UTMO/2 ?AT WAS 9DE$ H] WORK4 ,! ME*ANICAL 9V5TION ( MAN HAD LA9 DORMANT S9CE ! E>LY DAYS ?AT HAD 9V5T$ ! PL[1 ! C>T1 ! R[-BOAT1 & ! SIMPLE MA*9ES ?AT HELP MAN'S LABOR & DO NOT SUP]S$E IT1 SU* AS ! GRI/-MILL1 ! POTT]'S :EEL1 ! LA!1 ! SIMPLE LOOM1 ! CRANE1 ETC42 ?AT 9V5TION WAS N[ TO WAKE UP1 BUT NOT V]Y SUDD5LY2 ! FULL] ORGANIZATION ( H&ICRAFT WAS TO PREC$E ITS ABOLITION4 ,I SAY :5 ,CAPITALISM BEGAN TO GR[ T[>DS MANHOOD AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 PRODUCTION WAS :OLLY BY H&ICRAFT LITTLE ORGANIZ$4 ,! WORK ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS ?AT GRADUAL ORGANIZATION BY MEANS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 H&ICRAFT 7SUPPOS+ A MAN TO TAKE NO PLEASURE 9 HIS WORK1 TO BE NO >TI/7 ! S+LE WORK]'S :OLE 9TELLIG5CE IS WA/$ ON A PIECE ( COMMONPLACE GOODS2 A SMALL P>T ( ?AT 9TELLIG5CE WILL SUFFICE1 IF ! :OLE ( SOME ONE ELSE'S 9TELLIG5CE IS EMPLOY$ 9 ORGANIZ+4 ,!RE=E1 SET HIM1 ! S+LE MAN1 AT DO+ ONE SMALL PORTION ( ?AT WORK1 & Y\ CAN SOON DISP5SE ) ALMO/ ALL HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME Y\ WILL QUICK5 ! HABIT ( HIS H&1 HIS ME*ANICAL P[]1 PRODIGI\SLY2 9 %ORT1 Y\ WILL AT LA/ MAKE ( HIM A V]Y DELICATE MA*9E1 OR P>T ( A MA*9E1 = P]=M+ ! SMALL PIECE ( WORK Y\ APPORTION TO HIM2 BUT Y\ MU/ TAKE C>E ?AT ! :OLE MA*9E ( HIM & HIS FELL[S MU/ BE PROP]LY BUILT UP4 ,?IS WAS ! WORK ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ! EIVEL\S S]IES ( 9V5TIONS1 :I* ONE W\LD HAVE ?\T ( HIS LABOR1 BUT :I*1 AS IT IS1 HAS DONE1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 LITTLE MORE ?AN MAKE A NEW & 5ORM\SLY RI* MIDDLE-CLASS1 & MULTIPLY ! WORK+ POPULATION MANY TIMES OV] 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE !M ) DUE WAGE-SLAVES1 :O WORK NOT LESS1 BUT MORE ?AN !Y DID 9 ! DAYS BE=E ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 & GET NOT HI<] WAGES1 BUT L[] = !IR MORE BURD5SOME LABOR4 ,MY BRIEFLY TOLD TALE IS OV] N[1 = ,I NE$ NOT GO ?R\< ! (T5-TOLD /ORY ( ! FLY-%UTTLE1 ! SP9N+ J5NY1 ! /EAM-5G9E1 ! P[]-LOOM1 & ! RE/ ( IT4 ,I WILL ONLY REM>K ?AT ! LA/ DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y IS TO MAKE ! FACTORY ITSELF ! MA*9E1 ( :I* !SE WOND]FUL MA*9ES1 & ! M5 ?AT MANAGE !M 7! MO/ WOND]FUL ( ALL7 >E ONLY P>TS4 ,!RE REMA9S ONLY ON ?IS SIDE ( HUMAN LIFE1 PRODUCTION TO WIT1 ONE ?+ TO DO AS LONG AS MA*9E PRODUCTION LA/S 7:I* ,I PROPHECY WILL NOT BE = EV]74 ,?AT ONE ?+ IS ?IS3 ,! MA*9ES W]E 9V5T$ ?AT SOME M5 MID] & O!RS S(T] ?AN !Y US$ TO DO1 & !Y HAVE WELL FULFILL$ !IR PURPOSE2 BUT ?\< !Y HAVE 9 ?AT PROCESS SEIZ$ HOLD ( ! BODIES ( ! H>D-WORK+ ONES1 ! WAGE-SLAVES1 ?\< ! FACTORY HAS !IR BODIES 9 ITS GRIP1 IT HAS NOT GOT HOLD ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 & DOES NOT WANT IT1 NAY1 S$UL\SLY KEEPS IT \T4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT 9TELLIG5CE TO WAKE UP & TO SAY1 ,! H>D WORK & ! S(T WORK1 LET US NO LONG] KEEP !SE TWO SEP>ATE = TWO CLASSES ( M51 BUT ?R[ !M TOGE!R & DIVIDE !M EQUALLY AMONG ALL1 SO ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO CLASSES6 ,9 ?AT CASE W\LD NOT LIFE 9 G5]AL1 ! ONLY HOLY & SACR$ ?+ WE KN[1 BE PURIFI$ & MADE F> HOLI] BY TAK+ AWAY FROM IT ! SORR[ & MIS]Y ?AT COME ( ANXI\S SEEK+ = TOIL1 & ! NE$ = ACCEPT+ ! SICK5+ BURD54 ,SURELY ?AT IS SO4 ,SURELY !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! MA*9ES !MSELVES & ! 9V5TION ( MAN :I* CREAT$ !M1 ?AT !Y %\LD =BID ! TRUE USE ( !M1 ! LIE /RIV+ = AT PRES5T1 LEAV+ ! CONSID]ATION ( :AT IS TO BE DONE TO ! MA*9ES & FACTORIES TO FUTURE AGES1 :O WILL BE FREE TO CONSID] IT1 AS WE >E NOT4 ,FRE$OM FIR/ AT ANY PRICE1 & !N IF POSSIBLE HAPP9ESS1 :I* TO MY M9D W\LD BE ! C]TA9 RESULT ( FRE$OM4 ,OR >E WE FREE8 ,I HAVE TOLD Y\ :AT WAS ! CONDITION ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD 9 ! DAYS ( ! LATE ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC1 & ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,EMPIRE :I* FOLL[$ IT4 ,:AT IS ITS CONDITION N[ ?AT WE HAVE GONE ?R\< *ATTEL-SLAV]Y & S]FDOM TO WAGE-SLAV]Y8 ,IT CAN BE TOLD 9 NE>LY ! SAME WORDS4 ,A PRIVILEG$ CLASS P>TLY COMPOS$ ( A L&$ NOBILITY1 P>TLY ( A MONEY-BAG >I/OCRACY2 A P>ASITE CLASS1 M9I/]+ TO !IR PLEASURES & !IR CORRUPTION1 DR9K+ ( !IR CUP1 EAT+ ( !IR DI%1 FLATT]+ !M & FLATT]$ BY !M BUT DESPIS$ BY !M1 & 7WOE IS ME67 %>+ 9 !IR CRIME ( LIV+ ON ! MIS]Y ( ! POOR4 ,& ?OSE BY :OSE LABOR !Y LIVE8 ,A HUGE POPULATION ( MIS]ABLE & HOPELESS LABOR]S1 TO :OM >E SUP]ADD$ A CR[D ( PAUP]S1 F> LESS JOY\S ?AN ! OLD ,ROMAN ONES1 F$ BY ! FE>S1 ! REMORSE--! *>ITY WE CALL IT--( ! RI*2 & A FEW1 A V]Y FEW1 FREE WORKM51 :O AS !Y WORK NOT = ! WORK]S1 BUT ! IDLE1 MU/ BE TURN$ BACK AGA9 TO H]D ) ! CR[D ( P>ASITES A=ESAID4 ,:O CAN D>E TO SAY ?AT ?IS IS NOT TRUE ( \R SOCIETY8 ,& H[ DOES IT DIFF] FROM ?AT ( ,ROMAN CORRUPTION8 ,CAN ITS 5D BE O!RWISE !N--OR WORSE8 ,REMEMB] ?IS1 ?AT 9 ! DAYS ( ?AT ,ROMAN CORRUPTION !RE WAS VALIANCY \TSIDE IT :I* WAS READY TO HELP ! !N WORLD BY DE/RUCTION & NEW LIFE COMB9$2 ITS 5EMIES W]E ! FRI5DS ( ! WORLD1 & W]E AS GOOD 9 !IR WAY AS ! E>LY CLASSICAL PEOPLES HAD BE5 9 !IRS1 & ,I SAY !Y W]E \TSIDE ?AT SOCIETY1 BUT AT H& = ITS REG5]ATION4 ,ALL ?AT ! LA/ TWO ?\S& YE>S HAVE US$ UP2 !RE IS NO?+ \TSIDE CIVILIZATION ?AT WE CAN TURN TO = NEW BIR?2 :ATEV] !RE IS TO HELP US MU/ COME FROM )94 ,H[ >E WE TO GET AT ?AT8 Y\ WILL SAY4 ,! ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION IS ! FACT ?AT WE ADMIT ?AT ! WORK]S ( TO-DAY >E WAGE-SLAVES4 ,?OSE ?AT FEEL !MSELVES SLAVES MU/ HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO DESIRE FRE$OM4 ,BUT1 AGA91 :AT IS ! FRE$OM :I* WE DESIRE8 ,= ! WORD HAS BE5 US$ SO (T5 ?AT M5 HAVE =GOTT5 ITS MEAN+4 ,I ?9K ! ANSW] IS ! FRE$OM TO DEVELOPE \R CAPACITIES TO ! UTMO/ )\T 9JUR+ \R NEIE ( ! :OLE ( :I* WE EA* =M A P>T1 & FEEL+ SURE ?AT ONLY SO CAN WE EA* ( US F>E WELL4 ,%ALL WE NOT !N HAVE TO GIVE UP A GREAT DEAL 9 ORD] TO REA* ?IS PO9T8 ,YES1 WE :O >E TRY+ TO BR+ PEOPLE TO ?AT PO9T WILL HAVE TO1 BUT :5 PEOPLE HAVE REA*$ IT1 !Y1 :5 ,SOCIALISM IS REALIZ$1 WILL TURN R\ND & F9D ?AT !IR LOSS HAS ONLY BE5 IMAG9>Y4 ,! RI* MAN WILL HAVE LO/ RI*ES1 I4E41 DOM9ION OV] O!RS1 & F9D ?AT HE IS HAPPY2 ! 9TELLECTUAL MAN WILL HAVE GIV5 UP HIS CLAIM TO BE WOR%IP$ BY ! MASSES1 & WILL F9D ?AT HE IS UND]/OOD BY !M & LOV$ BY !M--& ! POOR MAN1 :AT HAS HE TO GIVE UP8 ,HE WILL HAVE TO GIVE UP HIS *ANCE ( BECOM+ RI*--A VALUABLE POSSESSION TRULY--& HE WILL F9D ?AT HE IS NOT RI*1 BUT WEAL?Y2 ?AT IS1 ?AT HE HAS :ATEV] A MAN HEAL?Y 9 M9D & BODY CAN WI% =1 & ?AT POV]TY HAS BECOME AN EVIL DREAM BUT HALF REMEMB]$4 ,9 %ORT1 EV5 N[1 :ILE ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM1 ?\< IT IS ALREADY GO+ ON1 IS NEI!R DESIR$ NOR UND]/OOD BY MO/ M51 ! M]E BREA? & RUMOR ( ITS COM+ CAN AT LEA/ HOLD \T TO TRUE M5 :O WILL JO9 \R RANKS ONE GIFT AT LEA/--?AT !Y %ALL BE GLAD TO LIVE & NOT AFRAID TO DIE4 ,& IS ?AT NOT A WOND]FUL CONTRA/ TO ! SPIRIT ( ! LIFE ( ?OSE :O >E /ILL LIV+ PLACIDLY1 BECAUSE IGNORANTLY1 AMID ! DI%ONE/Y ( \R PRES5T SOCIETY8 :]E9 H[ MANY !RE >E1 & ?OSE NOT ALWAYS ! POORE/ OR MO/ IGNORANT1 BUT M5 ( CULTURE1 M5 ( G5IUS1 :O DO AT ONCE HATE LIFE & FE> DEA?4 ,FRI5DS1 JO9 US 9 HELP+ TO ?R[ (F ?IS BUGBE>1 SO ?AT Y\ MAY BE NO LONG] WAGE-SLAVES OR !IR MA/]S1 OR !IR MA/]S' P>ASITES4 ,SO %ALL WE BE \R [N ,GO?S1 & AT :ATEV] CO/ BREAK UP AGA9 ! NEW TYRANN\S ,EMPIRE ( ,CAPITALISM4 ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 7,CONCLUD$7 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/