,P>T #e 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 
0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1  ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#d1 #af ,AUGU/1 PP4 #b#f-#b#f#a2 ! LA/ ( FIVE P>TS4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 

,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN 

,?,U,S FELL ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BY ,CAPITALISM E/ABLI%+ ITSELF ON ! RU9S ( ,FEUDALITY1 & ! RISE ( A MIDDLE-CLASS :O W]E EI!R P>ASITES ( ! NOBILITY1 !MSELVES BECOME COMM]CIAL1 TRAD+ ON ! GROSSE/ MONOPOLIES1 & EXACT+ RACK-R5T1 & PRACTICALLY DO+ ! /ATE NO S]VICE--P>TLY P>ASITES ( ! NOBILITY1 OR P>TLY EMPLOY]S LIV+ ON ! PR(IT WRUNG \T ( WORKM5 EMPLOY$ AT A V]Y L[ RATE ( WAGES4 ,I HAVE BE5 GIV+ ! /ORY ( ! *ANGE AS IT HAPP5$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,ON ! ,CONT95T ! DIVORCE ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! L& WAS NOT SO SUDD5 OR COMPLETE1 ,I ?9K BECAUSE !RE WAS LESS RESI/ANCE POSSIBLE TO ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY H]E ?AN ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,!RE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RISE ( DEF9ITE NATIONS ) /IFF POLITICAL DEM>CATIONS GAVE RISE TO MO/ HORRIBLE W>S1 :I* R$UC$ ! PEASANTS TO ! LA/ /AGE ( MIS]Y1 HAMP]$ NEW-BORN COMM]CE1 & 9 ! LONG RUN RU9$ ! L&-[N+ >I/OCRACY1 & AT LA/ MADE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BO? POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y4 ,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ,G]MANY IS ONLY N[ )9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S RECOV]+ FROM ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S ,W> :I* W5T ON AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURIES4 

,BUT ) ! BIR? ( CAPITALISM & ! WORLD-M>KET1 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( AGRICULTURE & MANUFACTURE BEGAN TO ALT]2 & ?AT AGA9 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL&1 A C\NTRY SO RI* 9 COAL & M9]ALS1 & SO WELL FURNI%$ ) H>BORS ON ALL SIDES4 ,! NEW-BORN P[] ( MAK+ PR(IT \T ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( H&ICRAFTSM5 HAD TO BE EX]CIS$ & DEVELOP$4 ,! CRAFTSM5 W]E 9 A *ANG$ POSITION2 !Y HAD BE5 COMPLETELY MA/]S ( !IR [N WORK ) O!R RES\RCES1 :I* =BADE ! WORK MA/]+ !M2 !Y W]E SO NO LONG]2 !Y W]E WORK+ = O!R PEOPLE1 DRIV5 BY COMPETITION TO SELL !MSELVES AT A POOR PRICE 9 ! M>KET4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y HAD BECOME WAGE-SLAVES2 BUT !Y W]E /ILL H&ICRAFTSM5 WORK+ 9 AN ISOLAT$ WAY4 ,!Y W]E NOT BE+ MADE ! MO/ (1 & C\LD ONLY BE ! 9/RUM5TS ( A TIMID SCANTY COMM]CE4 ,IF !Y C\LD HAVE REMA9$ ?US ,I ?9K ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS DEGRAD$ !N !Y BECAME AFT]W>DS1 & >E N[2 BUT !N ! LA/ WORD ( PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 SAID1 ! HOPE ( REVOLUTION W\LD NEV] HAVE >IS54 

,:AT HAPP5$ WAS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,CAPITALISM WAS NO SOON] BORN ?AN %E WAS =C$ TO S[ ! SE$ ( H] DECAY & F9AL DE/RUCTION2 %E WAS =C$ TO DEVELOPE .<SIC.> ! P[] ( ,LABOR TO ! UTMO/2 ?AT WAS 9DE$ H] WORK4 ,! ME*ANICAL 9V5TION ( MAN HAD LA9 DORMANT S9CE ! E>LY DAYS ?AT HAD 9V5T$ ! PL[1 ! C>T1 ! R[-BOAT1 & ! SIMPLE MA*9ES ?AT HELP MAN'S LABOR & DO NOT SUP]S$E IT1 SU* AS ! GRI/-MILL1 ! POTT]'S :EEL1 ! LA!1 ! SIMPLE LOOM1 ! CRANE1 ETC42 ?AT 9V5TION WAS N[ TO WAKE UP1 BUT NOT V]Y SUDD5LY2 ! FULL] ORGANIZATION ( H&ICRAFT WAS TO PREC$E ITS ABOLITION4 ,I SAY :5 ,CAPITALISM BEGAN TO GR[ T[>DS MANHOOD AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 PRODUCTION WAS :OLLY BY H&ICRAFT LITTLE ORGANIZ$4 

,! WORK ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS ?AT GRADUAL ORGANIZATION BY MEANS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 H&ICRAFT 7SUPPOS+ A MAN TO TAKE NO PLEASURE 9 HIS WORK1 TO BE NO >TI/7 ! S+LE WORK]'S :OLE 9TELLIG5CE IS WA/$ ON A PIECE ( COMMONPLACE GOODS2 A SMALL P>T ( ?AT 9TELLIG5CE WILL SUFFICE1 IF ! :OLE ( SOME ONE ELSE'S 9TELLIG5CE IS EMPLOY$ 9 ORGANIZ+4 ,!RE=E1 SET HIM1 ! S+LE MAN1 AT DO+ ONE SMALL PORTION ( ?AT WORK1 & Y\ CAN SOON DISP5SE ) ALMO/ ALL HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME Y\ WILL QUICK5 ! HABIT ( HIS H&1 HIS ME*ANICAL P[]1 PRODIGI\SLY2 9 %ORT1 Y\ WILL AT LA/ MAKE ( HIM A V]Y DELICATE MA*9E1 OR P>T ( A MA*9E1 = P]=M+ ! SMALL PIECE ( WORK Y\ APPORTION TO HIM2 BUT Y\ MU/ TAKE C>E ?AT ! :OLE MA*9E ( HIM & HIS FELL[S MU/ BE PROP]LY BUILT UP4 ,?IS WAS ! WORK ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? IT WAS COMPLETE1 & ! UNIT ( LABOR WAS NO LONG] A S+LE MAN BUT A GR\P ( M54 

,COMM]CE WAS N[1 ONE W\LD ?9K1 AS WELL PROVID$ AS %E NE$$ TO BE2 BUT HAPPILY %E C\LD NOT /OP !RE1 OR !RE W\LD /ILL HAVE BE5 NO REVOLUTION POSSIBLE = US4 ,N[1 9DE$1 %E /IRR$ UP ! SLEEP+ 9V5TION ( MAN1 & ) ! LATT] HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY BEGAN ?AT M>VEL\S S]IES ( 9V5TIONS1 :I* ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T %\LD HAVE SET MANK9D FREE FROM ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS LABOR1 BUT :I*1 AS IT IS1 HAS DONE1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 LITTLE MORE ?AN MAKE A NEW & 5ORM\SLY RI* MIDDLE-CLASS1 & MULTIPLY ! WORK+ POPULATION MANY TIMES OV] 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE !M ) DUE WAGE-SLAVES1 :O WORK NOT LESS1 BUT MORE ?AN !Y DID 9 ! DAYS BE=E ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 & GET NOT HI<] WAGES1 BUT L[] = !IR MORE BURD5SOME LABOR4 

,MY BRIEFLY TOLD TALE IS OV] N[1 = ,I NE$ NOT GO ?R\< ! (T5-TOLD /ORY ( ! FLY-%UTTLE1 ! SP9N+ J5NY1 ! /EAM-5G9E1 ! P[]-LOOM1 & ! RE/ ( IT4 ,I WILL ONLY REM>K ?AT ! LA/ DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y IS TO MAKE ! FACTORY ITSELF ! MA*9E1 ( :I* !SE WOND]FUL MA*9ES1 & ! M5 ?AT MANAGE !M 7! MO/ WOND]FUL ( ALL7 >E ONLY P>TS4 ,!RE REMA9S ONLY ON ?IS SIDE ( HUMAN LIFE1 PRODUCTION TO WIT1 ONE ?+ TO DO AS LONG AS MA*9E PRODUCTION LA/S 7:I* ,I PROPHECY WILL NOT BE = EV]74 ,?AT ONE ?+ IS ?IS3 ,! MA*9ES W]E 9V5T$ ?AT SOME M5 MI<T WORK H>D] & O!RS S(T] ?AN !Y US$ TO DO1 & !Y HAVE WELL FULFILL$ !IR PURPOSE2 BUT ?\< !Y HAVE 9 ?AT PROCESS SEIZ$ HOLD ( ! BODIES ( ! H>D-WORK+ ONES1 ! WAGE-SLAVES1 ?\< ! FACTORY HAS !IR BODIES 9 ITS GRIP1 IT HAS NOT GOT HOLD ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 & DOES NOT WANT IT1 NAY1 S$UL\SLY KEEPS IT \T4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT 9TELLIG5CE TO WAKE UP & TO SAY1 ,! H>D WORK & ! S(T WORK1 LET US NO LONG] KEEP !SE TWO SEP>ATE = TWO CLASSES ( M51 BUT ?R[ !M TOGE!R & DIVIDE !M EQUALLY AMONG ALL1 SO ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO CLASSES6 ,9 ?AT CASE W\LD NOT LIFE 9 G5]AL1 ! ONLY HOLY & SACR$ ?+ WE KN[1 BE PURIFI$ & MADE F> HOLI] BY TAK+ AWAY FROM IT ! SORR[ & MIS]Y ?AT COME ( ANXI\S SEEK+ = TOIL1 & ! NE$ = ACCEPT+ ! SICK5+ BURD54 ,SURELY ?AT IS SO4 ,SURELY !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! MA*9ES !MSELVES & ! 9V5TION ( MAN :I* CREAT$ !M1 ?AT !Y %\LD =BID ! TRUE USE ( !M1 ! LI<T5+ ! BURD5 ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,?AT IS :AT WE ,SOCIALI/S UND] ! MA*9E & FACTORY SY/EM >E /RIV+ = AT PRES5T1 LEAV+ ! CONSID]ATION ( :AT IS TO BE DONE TO ! MA*9ES & FACTORIES TO FUTURE AGES1 :O WILL BE FREE TO CONSID] IT1 AS WE >E NOT4 ,FRE$OM FIR/ AT ANY PRICE1 & !N IF POSSIBLE HAPP9ESS1 :I* TO MY M9D W\LD BE ! C]TA9 RESULT ( FRE$OM4 ,OR >E WE FREE8 ,I HAVE TOLD Y\ :AT WAS ! CONDITION ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD 9 ! DAYS ( ! LATE ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC1 & ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,EMPIRE :I* FOLL[$ IT4 ,:AT IS ITS CONDITION N[ ?AT WE HAVE GONE ?R\< *ATTEL-SLAV]Y & S]FDOM TO WAGE-SLAV]Y8 ,IT CAN BE TOLD 9 NE>LY ! SAME WORDS4 

,A PRIVILEG$ CLASS P>TLY COMPOS$ ( A L&$ NOBILITY1 P>TLY ( A MONEY-BAG >I/OCRACY2 A P>ASITE CLASS1 M9I/]+ TO !IR PLEASURES & !IR CORRUPTION1 DR9K+ ( !IR CUP1 EAT+ ( !IR DI%1 FLATT]+ !M & FLATT]$ BY !M BUT DESPIS$ BY !M1 & 7WOE IS ME67 %>+ 9 !IR CRIME ( LIV+ ON ! MIS]Y ( ! POOR4 ,& ?OSE BY :OSE LABOR !Y LIVE8 ,A HUGE POPULATION ( MIS]ABLE & HOPELESS LABOR]S1 TO :OM >E SUP]ADD$ A CR[D ( PAUP]S1 F> LESS JOY\S ?AN ! OLD ,ROMAN ONES1 F$ BY ! FE>S1 ! REMORSE--! *>ITY WE CALL IT--( ! RI*2 & A FEW1 A V]Y FEW1 FREE WORKM51 :O AS !Y WORK NOT = ! WORK]S1 BUT ! IDLE1 MU/ BE TURN$ BACK AGA9 TO H]D ) ! CR[D ( P>ASITES A=ESAID4 ,:O CAN D>E TO SAY ?AT ?IS IS NOT TRUE ( \R SOCIETY8 ,& H[ DOES IT DIFF] FROM ?AT ( ,ROMAN CORRUPTION8 ,CAN ITS 5D BE O!RWISE !N--OR WORSE8 

,REMEMB] ?IS1 ?AT 9 ! DAYS ( ?AT ,ROMAN CORRUPTION !RE WAS VALIANCY \TSIDE IT :I* WAS READY TO HELP ! !N WORLD BY DE/RUCTION & NEW LIFE COMB9$2 ITS 5EMIES W]E ! FRI5DS ( ! WORLD1 & W]E AS GOOD 9 !IR WAY AS ! E>LY CLASSICAL PEOPLES HAD BE5 9 !IRS1 & ,I SAY !Y W]E \TSIDE ?AT SOCIETY1 BUT AT H& = ITS REG5]ATION4 ,ALL ?AT ! LA/ TWO ?\S& YE>S HAVE US$ UP2 !RE IS NO?+ \TSIDE CIVILIZATION ?AT WE CAN TURN TO = NEW BIR?2 :ATEV] !RE IS TO HELP US MU/ COME FROM )94 

,H[ >E WE TO GET AT ?AT8 Y\ WILL SAY4 ,! ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION IS ! FACT ?AT WE ADMIT ?AT ! WORK]S ( TO-DAY >E WAGE-SLAVES4 ,?OSE ?AT FEEL !MSELVES SLAVES MU/ HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO DESIRE FRE$OM4 ,BUT1 AGA91 :AT IS ! FRE$OM :I* WE DESIRE8 ,= ! WORD HAS BE5 US$ SO (T5 ?AT M5 HAVE =GOTT5 ITS MEAN+4 ,I ?9K ! ANSW] IS ! FRE$OM TO DEVELOPE \R CAPACITIES TO ! UTMO/ )\T 9JUR+ \R NEI<BORS4 ,& H[ CAN ?AT BE DONE8 ,BY EA* ( US WORK+ = ! WELF>E ( ! :OLE ( :I* WE EA* =M A P>T1 & FEEL+ SURE ?AT ONLY SO CAN WE EA* ( US F>E WELL4 ,%ALL WE NOT !N HAVE TO GIVE UP A GREAT DEAL 9 ORD] TO REA* ?IS PO9T8 ,YES1 WE :O >E TRY+ TO BR+ PEOPLE TO ?AT PO9T WILL HAVE TO1 BUT :5 PEOPLE HAVE REA*$ IT1 !Y1 :5 ,SOCIALISM IS REALIZ$1 WILL TURN R\ND & F9D ?AT !IR LOSS HAS ONLY BE5 IMAG9>Y4 ,! RI* MAN WILL HAVE LO/ RI*ES1 I4E41 DOM9ION OV] O!RS1 & F9D ?AT HE IS HAPPY2 ! 9TELLECTUAL MAN WILL HAVE GIV5 UP HIS CLAIM TO BE WOR%IP$ BY ! MASSES1 & WILL F9D ?AT HE IS UND]/OOD BY !M & LOV$ BY !M--& ! POOR MAN1 :AT HAS HE TO GIVE UP8 ,HE WILL HAVE TO GIVE UP HIS *ANCE ( BECOM+ RI*--A VALUABLE POSSESSION TRULY--& HE WILL F9D ?AT HE IS NOT RI*1 BUT WEAL?Y2 ?AT IS1 ?AT HE HAS :ATEV] A MAN HEAL?Y 9 M9D & BODY CAN WI% =1 & ?AT POV]TY HAS BECOME AN EVIL DREAM BUT HALF REMEMB]$4 

,9 %ORT1 EV5 N[1 :ILE ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM1 ?\< IT IS ALREADY GO+ ON1 IS NEI!R DESIR$ NOR UND]/OOD BY MO/ M51 ! M]E BREA? & RUMOR ( ITS COM+ CAN AT LEA/ HOLD \T TO TRUE M5 :O WILL JO9 \R RANKS ONE GIFT AT LEA/--?AT !Y %ALL BE GLAD TO LIVE & NOT AFRAID TO DIE4 ,& IS ?AT NOT A WOND]FUL CONTRA/ TO ! SPIRIT ( ! LIFE ( ?OSE :O >E /ILL LIV+ PLACIDLY1 BECAUSE IGNORANTLY1 AMID ! DI%ONE/Y ( \R PRES5T SOCIETY8 :]E9 H[ MANY !RE >E1 & ?OSE NOT ALWAYS ! POORE/ OR MO/ IGNORANT1 BUT M5 ( CULTURE1 M5 ( G5IUS1 :O DO AT ONCE HATE LIFE & FE> DEA?4 ,FRI5DS1 JO9 US 9 HELP+ TO ?R[ (F ?IS BUGBE>1 SO ?AT Y\ MAY BE NO LONG] WAGE-SLAVES OR !IR MA/]S1 OR !IR MA/]S' P>ASITES4 ,SO %ALL WE BE \R [N ,GO?S1 & AT :ATEV] CO/ BREAK UP AGA9 ! NEW TYRANN\S ,EMPIRE ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 

     

7,CONCLUD$7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #e -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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