,P>T #c 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 
0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1  ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#h1 #b ,AUGU/1 P4 #b#d#d2 ! ?IRD ( FIVE P>TS4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 

,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN 

,9 !SE C\NTRY DI/RICTS1 BO? 9 ,5GL& & ELSE:]E1 !Y HELD = A LONG TIME TO MANY ( !IR OLD TRIBAL CU/OMS2 ! JURY ( NEI<BORS2 FRANK-PL$GE1 OR ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! DI/RICT = ! CONDUCT ( ITS DWELL]S2 ! OA? ( COMPURGATION2 ! C\RTS 9 ! OP5-AIR2 ! FOLK-MOTES ( ALL ! FREEM5 MEET+ DIRECTLY 7NOT BY DELEGATES7 & >M$ 9 TOK5 ( !IR FRE$OM4 ,OV] ALL ?IS1 :I* /ILL EXI/$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( FEUDALISM1 & NEV] QUITE DISAPPE>$ UNTIL ITS WANE1 ! REGUL> FEUDAL SY/EM WAS SUP]-IMPOS$4 ,S]FDOM TOOK ! PLACE ( ?RALLDOM2 ! ,K+ & HIS H\SE-C>LES1 OR PRIVATE BODYGU>D1 GAVE WAY TO ! ,K+ ! HEAD ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE1 :O WAS ! VICEG]5T ( ,GOD1 & GRANT$ ! HOLD+ ( L&S TO HIS TRIBESM5 ON CONDITION ( S]VICE FROM !M1 MANY ( :OM 9 !IR TURN GRANT$ L&S TO O!RS ON SIMIL> T]MS2 ! P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 DUTIES OR S]VICE 9 RETURN = ! UNDI/URB$ HOLD+ ( L&1 & HAV+ 9 CONSEQU5CE A DEF9ITE RECOGNIZ$ POSITION1 BE+ ! ESS5CE ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY4 ,I MAY REM>K 9 PASS+ ?AT ! !ORY ( PROP]TY IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( \R [N DAYS1 9 :I* ! HOLD+ ( PROP]TY HAS BE5 *ANG$ 9TO A DEF9ITE [N]%IP :I* HAS NO DUTIES ATTA*$ TO IT4 

,N[1 ,I ASK Y\ TO UND]/& ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( POSITION OR /ATUS1 WAS ! ONE ASPIRATION ( ?OSE :O W]E 9 AN 9F]IOR POSITION DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,EV5 ! S]FS1 MANY ( :OM AT FIR/ W]E NOT V]Y DI/+UI%ABLE FROM M]E *ATTEL-SLAVES1 GA9$ /ATUS BY BECOM+ ADSCRIPTI GLEBE1 M5 ATTA*$ TO ! MANOR ON :I* !Y LIV$1 & UND] ! PROTECTION ( ITS LORD1 TO :OM !Y HAD TO R5D] C]TA9 DEF9ITE S]VICES 9 RETURN2 & !RE WAS A T5D5CY FROM QUITE E>LY DAYS = !SE S]FS TO RAISE !IR POSITION BY BECOM+ T5ANTS ( ! LORD ( ! MANOR1 & ALSO BY !IR 9DIVIDUALLY GETT+ !MSELVES RECEIV$ 9TO A FREE T[N1 & SO EMANCIPAT+ !MSELVES FROM 9DIVIDUAL S]VICE4 ,! M5TION ( ?IS LA/ 9CID5T CALLS MY ATT5TION TO ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! M$IEVAL HI]>*Y1 ! ,FREE ,T[NS & ! ,GUILDS1 :O LAY BETWE5 ! TWO POLES ( ! L&$ NOBILITY & !IR S]FS4 ,& Y\ MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ?\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE TOOK PLACE SOME:AT LATE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y W]E BO? ( !M 9 EXI/5CE FROM ITS V]Y FIR/ DAYS1 :5 ! TRIBES FIR/ RECON/ITUT$ SOCIETY AFT] ! BREAKUP ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9DE$1 ! GR[? ( ! FREE T[NS RESEMBL$ 9 MANY RESPECTS ! GR[? ( ,ROME 9 H] FIR/ DAYS4 ,! G]MS ( !M W]E ALWAYS ! AGRICULTURAL DI/RICT1 9HABIT$ BY SU* & SU* A CLAN OR TRIBE1 :OSE MEMB]S 9 E>LY DAYS W]E1 OR PR(ESS$ TO BE1 AK9 TO EA* O!R BY BLOOD1 & HELD AT LEA/ !IR L& 9 COMMON4 ,N[ 9 SU* & SU* A CASE ?IS CLAN ( FREEM5 W\LD GA!R TO SOME MORE CONV5I5T P>T ( !IR HUNDR$1 OR DI/RICT1 & W\LD F5CE IT TO PROTECT !IR H\SES & CRAFTS1 & SO POPULATION W\LD GR[ ?ICK] !RE2 & !Y W\LD HOLD A M>KET !RE1 & ATTRACT TO !M TRAD]S & M5 :O NE$$ PROTECTION = !IR H&ICRAFTS1 ?\< !SE W\LD MO/LY BE PEOPLE \TSIDE ! CLAN1 UNFREE M51 TAK+ NO P>T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! PLACE4 

,?US !RE GREW UP GRADUALLY CLASSES ( PRIVILEG$ & UNPRIVILEG$ )9 ! T[NS1 ! =M] BE+ ! CORPORATIONS ( !M1 :O1 AS ! FEUDAL SY/EM GREW1 GOT !IR /ATUS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! K+ OR OV]-LORD1 & :O LITTLE BY LITTLE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! S]VICES1 TOLLS1 & RE/RICTIONS :I* ! NEI<BOR+ MILIT>Y *IEF HAD MANAG$ TO 5ME% !M 9 AS !Y PASS$ \T ( !IR TRIBAL FRE$OM 9TO ! FEUDAL P[]4 ,?IS FRE$OM !Y PR9CIPALLY B\<T FROM !IR FEUDAL LORD1 = !IR PRODUCTION WAS ALWAYS EXP&+1 S9CE !Y W]E 9 ! MA9 COMMUNITIES ( WORK]S2 :]EAS ! REV5UE ( ! LORD C\LD NOT EXP& MU*1 AS IT DEP5D$ ON ! S]VICES ( HIS S]FS1 :I* W]E LIMIT$ BY ! CU/OMS ( HIS MANORS4 ,REMEMB] ONCE = ALL1 ?AT CAPITALISM WAS UNKN[N 9 ?OSE DAYS1 & ! NOBLES C\LD NOT LIVE BY RACK-R5T & 9T]E/1 :I* 9 !SE DAYS PROCURE !M SU* 5ORM\S 9COMES4 ,SO ! T[NS1 AS !IR PRODUCTION EXP&$1 B\<T !IR PRIVILEGES ) MONEY D[N1 & BEGAN TO GR[ WEAL?Y & P[]FUL1 & !RE)AL ! RUL+ BODIES 9 !M1 ! CORPORATIONS1 :O N[ REPRES5T$ ! FREEM5 ( ! CLAN1 BEGAN TO BE CORRUPT & OPPRESSIVE4 ,!Y W]E NO LONG] WORKM51 BUT W]E GR[N 9TO A MUNICIPAL >I/OCRACY1 V]Y EXCLUSIVE & MA9LY H]$IT>Y4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T !SE W]E MET BY ! O!R ASSOCIATIONS ,I HAVE NAM$1 ! ,GUILDS1 :I* HAD BE5 GR[+ UP UND] !M ALL ?IS :ILE4 

,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! GUILDS EXI/$ FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,I MI<T HAVE GONE FUR!R1 & PO9T$ \T !IR ANALOGY TO ! FREE T[NS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT !Y W]E NOT UNKN[N TO CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ,ROME1 & BE=E ! LABOR ( ! FREE >TISAN WAS SWAMP$ BY ! 5ORM\S FLOOD ( SLAVE-LABOR1 IT FL\RI%$ 9 ?AT CITY4 ,9 FACT1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !SE GUILDS >E AN ANSW] TO ! IMP]ATIVE CLAIM = USEFUL ASSOCIATION :I* HUMAN NATURE MAKES2 AS ONE =M ( SOCIETY :I* ONCE S]V$ ITS PURPOSE DULY FAILS M51 !Y >E =C$ TO =M O!RS1 EV5 :ILE ! OLD =M EXI/S & HAS BECOME M]E AU?ORITY & AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION4 ,! OLD K9%IP CLAN C]TA9LY GREW TOGE!R = MUTUAL PROTECTION & HELP ( A B& ( EQUALS2 AS ?AT DEG5]AT$ 9TO A M]E PRIVILEG$ CA/E ( NOBLES1 & BECAME WORSE ?AN USELESS = ITS ORIG9AL PURPOSE1 M5 =M$ O!R ASSOCIATIONS ?AT HAD NO BOND ( K9DR$1 BUT A BOND ( MUTUAL 9T]E/ AMID ! DISORD] ( A R\< P]IOD ( TRANSITION4 ,& ONCE MORE WE COME ACROSS ! GUILDS 9 QUITE E>LY DAYS ( ! NEW ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 & IT IS REM>KABLE H[ MU* ! PURPOSES ( !SE E>LY GUILDS ANSW] TO ?OSE ( ! PRIMITIVE K9DR$ CLAN4 ,TO A GREAT EXT5T !Y W]E :AT WE %\LD N[ CALL B5EFIT SOCIETIES3 !Y 5GAG$ TO R$EEM !IR MEMB]S FROM CAPTIVITY2 TO SET !M UP 9 BUS9ESS AGA9 IF !Y W]E RU9$2 TO PAY !IR F9ES IF !Y CAME 9TO ! CLUT* ( ! LAW4 ,!Y W]E ALSO CLUBS = GOOD FELL[%IP1 & ALSO 7:I* AGA9 MAKES !IR ANALOGY TO ! OLD CLANS ! CLOS]7 DREW !IR MEMB]S TOGE!R BY ! BOND ( RELIGION1 PROVID+ ! SACRIFICIAL FEA/ :ILE \R =E-FA!RS W]E /ILL HEA!N1 & PAY+ = MASSES = ! S\LS ( !IR MEMB]S :5 ,*RI/IANITY HAD BECOME ! POPUL> RELIGION2 & !RE >E 9/ANCES ( ! *IEF WORK BE+ DEF5SE BY ! /RONG H&1 AS 9 ! CASE ( PROTECTION AGA9/ ! ,NORSE PIRATES 9 ! T5? C5TURY4 ,9 %ORT1 IT MAY WELL BE SAID ?AT FROM ! FIR/ ! HI/ORY ( ! GUILDS IS ! TRUE HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,& WE WILL REMEMB]1 TOO1 ?AT !Y W]E 9 !IR E>LY DAYS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! P]IOD1 :I* SAW 9 !M1 AS IT WAS WELL W>RANT$ 9 DO+1 A ?REAT ( REBELLI\S PROGRESS AGA9/ ! ROBB]Y ( ! POOR & 9DU/RI\S BY ! RI* & IDLE4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AP>T FROM ?OSE OLD ,ROMAN GUILDS1 :I* W]E ( H&ICRAFTSM51 ?IS WAS ! FIR/ *>ACT] :I* ! GUILDS TOOK2 LEAGUES ( ! 9DIVIDUALLY P[]LESS FREEM5 AGA9/ ! ACCID5TS ( OPPRESSION1 LEGAL & ILLEGAL1 HELD TOGE!R BY A RELIGI\S BOND ACCORD+ TO ! CU/OM ( ! TIMES4 
,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 

     

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