,P>T #a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY01 
    ,P>T #a 
,AU?OR3 
    ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 
,S\RCE3 
        ,COMMONWEAL1 
        ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#f1 PP4#b#b#e-#f  
        #ai ,JULY #ahi  
        7! FIR/ ( FIVE P>TS47 
,TRANSCRIB$ BY3  
        ,T$ ,CRAW=D 
,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN 

,A,L,L ! PROGRESSIVE RACES ( MAN HAVE GONE ?R\< A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T 
DUR+ :I* SOCIETY HAS BE5 V]Y DIFF]5T TO :AT IT IS N[4 ,AT PRES5T 
!RE IS A V]Y DEF9ITE L9E ( DI/9CTION DRAWN BETWE5 ! P]SONAL LIFE 
( A MAN & HIS LIFE AS A MEMB] ( SOCIETY4 ,AS A RULE1 ! ONLY DIRECTION 9 
:I* ?IS SOCIAL LIFE IS FELT IS 9 ?AT ( HIS NE>E/ K9DR$--HIS WIFE1 
*ILDR51 P>5TS1 BRO!RS & SI/]S4 ,?IS IS SO MU* ! CASE ?AT WE 
TO-DAY HAVE GIV5 TO ! WORD RELATIONS 7:I* %\LD MEAN ALL ?OSE  
) :OM 
A MAN HAS S]I\S & CONT9U\S DEAL+S7 A FRE% MEAN+1 & MADE IT 
SIGNIFY ONLY ?OSE NE> MEMB]S ( K9%IP A=ESAID4 ,= ! RE/ MO/ 
CIVILIZ$ M5 ACKN[L$GE NO RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?\< ! WORD ,/ATE IS 9 
EV]YBODY'S M\?1 MO/ PEOPLE HAVE BUT ! VAGUE/ IDEA AS TO :AT IT MEANS2 
IT IS EV5 G5]ALLY CONSID]$ AS A SYNONYM TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* ALSO 
9DICATES EI!R ! HEADS ( ONE ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 OR ! VAGUE 
5TITY CALL$ BY ,C>LYLE ! P>I% CON/ABLE--9 O!R WORDS1 ! EXECUTIVE 
P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,SO LITTLE DO WE FEEL ANY 
RESPONSIBILITIES TO ?IS H>DLY CONCEIVABLE ?+1 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT :ILE FEW 
9DE$ FEEL ANY LOYALTY T[>DS IT1 MO/ M5 DO NOT REALIZE IT SUFFICI5TLY 
EV5 TO FEEL ANY 5MITY AGA9/ IT--EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 :5 ! TAX-GA!R]'S 
H& IS ON ! KNOCK]4 

,N[ ALL ?IS IS SO F> ! RESULT ( A LONG S]IES ( HI/ORY1 :I* ,I MU/ 
JU/ H9T AT BE=E ONE COMES TO ! CONDITION ( ! WORKMAN DUR+ ITS 
DIFF]5T /AGES1--A S]IES ( EV5TS :I* T5D$ TO GIVE TO ! WORD 
PROP]TY ! MEAN+ :I* IT N[ HAS2 A S]IES ( EV5TS :I* T5D$ MORE 
& MORE TO CONSID] ?+S AS ! IMPORTANT MATT] ( CONSID]ATION RA!R 
?AN P]SONS2 :I* ,I MAY ILLU/RATE BY ! FACT ?AT N[ADAYS ! LAW LOOKS 
UPON ! E/ATE AS ( MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN ! US] ( IT1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 
! CASE ( ! E/ATE ( A LUNATIC1 :I* IT WILL DEF5D TO ! UTMO/ 
AGA9/ ALL ATTACKS1 & TREAT AS IF IT HAD A G5U9E LIFE & S\L CAPABLE ( 
FEEL+ ALL 9JURIES & PA9S1 :ILE ALL ! TIME ! LUNATIC IS UND] 
RE/RA9T4 

,I WILL N[ CONTRA/ ?IS 5TIRE IGNOR+ ( ! COMMUNITY 7= ?AT WILL BE 
A BETT] WORD ?AN ,/ATE TO USE AT PRES5T7 ) ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* 
M5 LIV$ 9 E>LI] AGES ( ! WORLD1 & ?R\< :I*1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ALL 
! PROGRESSIVE RACES HAVE PASS$1 SOME ( !M SO E>LY ?AT :5 WE FIR/ 
MEET !M 9 HI/ORY !Y >E ALREADY PASS+ \T ( IT 9TO ! NEXT 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SO F> FROM FEEL+ NO 
RESPONSIBILITY TO ! COMMUNITY1 ?AT ALL HIS RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE RELATION 
TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 ?IS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT] 
ON1 HAS ONLY BE5 COMPLETELY EXT+UI%$ S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! 
PRES5T ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL SY/EM--S9CE ! DEA? ( FEUDALITY1 9 
%ORT3 BUT 9 ! P]IOD ,I AM ?9K+ AB\T IT WAS A QUITE UNQUE/ION$ 
HABIT4 ,! UNIT ( SOCIETY1 ! FIR/1 & 9 ! BEG9N+ ! ONLY BOND1 WAS 
! N>R[E/ =M ( CLAN1 CALL$ ! G5S4 ,?IS WAS AN ASSOCIATION ( 
P]SONS :O W]E TRACEABLY ( ONE BLOOD OR K9%IP4 ,9T]M>RIAGE BETWE5 ITS 
MEMB]S WAS =BIDD51 OR RA!R WAS NOT EV5 DREAM$ (3 A MAN ( ! ,EAGLE 
G5S C\LD HAVE NO SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE ) AN ,EAGLE WOMAN1 NOR ?\<T ( IT4 
,ALL PROP]TY WAS 9 COMMON )9 ! G5S1 & DESC5T WAS TRAC$1 NOT 
?R\< ! FA!R1 BUT ?R\< ! MO!R1 :O WAS ! OBVI\S P>5T ( ! 
*ILD4 ,:ATEV] COMPETITION 7W>1 Y\ MAY CALL IT1 = COMPETITION WAS SIMPLE 
9 ?OSE DAYS71 WAS \TSIDE ! GR\P ( BLOOD RELATIONS1 EA* ( :I* FELT 
NO RESPONSIBILITY = O!R GR\PS ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT 
9T]M>RIAGE WAS IMPOSSIBLE )9 !SE GR\PS BR\<T AB\T A L>G] 
ASSOCIATION4 ,S9CE AN ,EAGLE C\LD NOT M>RY AN ,EAGLE1 ! ,EAGLES MU/ EI!R 
GET !IR WIVES BY VIOL5T ROBB]Y 9 A HAPHAZ>D FA%ION FROM \TSID]S1 OR 
HAVE SOME O!R SOCIETY AT H& 9TO :I* !Y C\LD M>RY1 & :O C\LD 
M>RY 9TO !IR SOCIETY4 ,IT US$ TO BE ?\<T ?AT ! VIOL5T ROBB]Y WAS 
! ME?OD1 BUT ,I BELIEVE ! SECOND ME?OD WAS ! ONE US$4 ,!RE W]E 
GR\PS ( NEI<BORS AT H& :O W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS BELONG+ TO ! SAME 
/OCK1 BUT :O W]E NOT TOO NE> 9 BLOOD TO MAKE M>RIAGE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BETWE5 
!SE GR\PS !RE WAS AFF9ITY1 !RE=E2 ! ,EAGLES C\LD 9T]M>RY ) 
! ,[LS1 ! ,SP>R[S1 ! ,CATS1 OR :AT NOT1 ACCORD+ TO A SOME:AT 
9TRICATE SY/EM1 & ?IS QUITE )\T VIOL5CE4 ,& ALSO BETWE5 ! CLANS 
OR G5TES :O COMPOS$ !SE TRIBES !RE W\LD BE NO W>1 & ! USE ( 
:ATEV] L& !Y F$ !IR /OCK UPON OR CULTIVAT$ 7= 9 SOME PLACES OR 
AGES ?IS G5TILE-TRIBAL SY/EM LA/$ WELL 9TO ! AGRICULTURAL P]IOD7 WAS 
>RANG$ PEACEABLY 9 A COMMUNAL ME?OD4 

,N[ ! TRIBE 9 :I* A COMMON ANCE/OR 7WOR%IP$ AS A GOD7 WAS ALWAYS 
ASSUM$1 & WAS G5]ALLY A FACT1 T5D$ TO F$]ATE ) O!R TRIBES :O 
/ILL FELT ?AT !Y BELONG$ TO A COMMON /OCK1 :O ?US =M$ AN 
ASSOCIATION CALL$ BY \R ANCE/ORS ! ?IOD1 OR PEOPLE2 AN ASSOCIATION MU* 
LOOS]1 ( C\RSE1 ?AN ?AT ( ! G5S OR TRIBE1 BUT LIKE ?OSE1 F\ND$ ON 
AN IDEA ( COMMON K9DR$2 F\ND$ ON ! P]SONAL K9%IP ( ALL ITS MEMB]S 
TO ! GOD-ANCE/OR1 & NOT ON LOCALITY OR ! HOLD+ ( C]TA9 PROP]TY OR 
POSITION4 ,! (FICES ( ! BODY1 UND] :ATEV] NAMES !Y W5T1 W]E 
APPO9T$ BY ! TRIBESM5 = !IR P]SONAL QUALITIES TO P]=M DEF9ITE 
DUTIES4 ,!RE WAS NO C5TRAL EXECUTIVE BODY2 EV]Y FREEMAN HAD C]TA9 
NECESS>Y DUTIES TO P]=M1 A %AD[ ( :I* /ILL EXI/S 9 \R JURY1 :O 
W]E ORIG9ALLY ! NEI<BORS CALL$ TOGE!R TO UTT] !IR F9D+ 7)\T 
DIRECTION FROM A JUDGE7 AS TO H[ SU* A ONE HAD COME BY HIS DEA?1 :AT WAS 
TO DO BETWE5 TWO NEI<BORS :O C\LD NOT AGREE1 & SO =?4 ,IF A MAN WAS 
9JUR$1 IT WAS ! DUTY ( ! MEMB]S ( HIS G5S OR CLAN TO TAKE UP ! 
9JURY AS AN 9JURY TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! BLOOD-FEUD ( 
:I* WE HE> SO MU* 9 ! E>LY LIT]ATURE ( ! ,NOR?1 & ( ! ,CELTIC 
CLANS1 & A SURVIVAL ( :I* /ILL EXI/S AMONG \T-(-!-WAY FOLKS4 ,! 
PRACTICE ( ! V5DETTA 9 ,CORSICA1 E4G41 DOES NOT 9DICATE ?AT ! 
,CORSICANS >E A SPECIALLY V9DICTIVE PEOPLE2 IT IS A SURVIVAL ( ! TRIBAL 
CU/OM>Y LAW3 ITS S5TIM5TALIZ+ BY NOVELI/S & POETS IS A MATT] ( 
IGNORANCE--NATURALLY 5\<1 ,I ADMIT4 0,GOV]NM5T0 OR ADM9I/RATION1 OR 
:ATEV] ELSE Y\ MAY CALL IT1 WAS 9 ?IS CONDITION ( SOCIETY AS DIRECT AS 
IT EV] CAN BE2 NOR HAD GOV]NM5T BY MAJORITY BE5 9V5T$--E4G41 IF ! 
CLANS C\LD NOT AGREE TO UNITE 9 W>1 ! W> C\LD NOT GO ON1 UNLESS ANY 
CLAN *OSE TO GO TO W> BY ITSELF4 

,I AM CONSCI\S ( NOT EXPLA9+ FULLY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SU* A /ATE 
( SOCIETY & \RS2 BUT IT IS 9DE$ DIFFICULT TO DO SO N[1 :5 ALL \R 
IDEAS & ! LANGUAGE :I* EXPRESSES !M HAVE BE5 = SO MANY AGES MOLD$ 
BY SU* A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY4 ,BUT ,I MU/1 AT LEA/1 TRY TO MAKE Y\ 
UND]/& ?AT ! :OLE ( ! DUTIES ( A FREEMAN 9 ?IS SOCIETY HAD 
REF]5CE TO ! COMMUNITY ( :I* HE =M$ A P>T1 & ?AT HE HAD NO 
9T]E/S BUT ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY2 ! ASS]TION ( ANY SU* PRIVATE 
9T]E/S W\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ UPON AS A CRIME1 OR RA!R A MON/ROSITY1 
H>DLY POSSIBLE TO UND]/&4 ,?IS FEUDAL UNION ( ! TRIBES IS ! LA/ 
/ATE ( SOCIETY UND] B>B>ISM2 BUT BE=E ,I GO ON TO ! NEXT /AGE1 ,I MU/ 
CONNECT IT ) \R SPECIAL SUBJECT1 ! CONDITION ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLANS 9TO F$]AT$ TRIBES CAME A CONDITION ( 
ORGANIZ$ AGGRESSIVE W>1 S9CE ALL W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS 5EMIES \TSIDE ( ! 
TRIBE OR F$]ATION2 & ) ?IS CAME ! QUE/ION :AT WAS TO BE DONE ) 
! PRISON]S TAK5 9 BATTLE1 &1 FUR!RMORE1 :AT WAS TO BE DONE ) ! 
TRIBE CONQU]$ SO 5TIRELY AS NOT TO BE ABLE TO DEF5D ITS POSSESSIONS1 ! 
L&1 :I* IT US$4 ,*ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS ! ANSW] TO ! ONE QUE/ION1 
S]FDOM TO ! SECOND4 ,Y\ SEE ?IS QUE/ION WAS B\ND TO COME UP 9 SOME 
=M1 AS SOON AS ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN HAD GR[N TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,9 
! V]Y E>LY /AGES ( SOCIETY SLAVES >E ( NO USE1 BECAUSE Y\R SLAVE WILL 
DIE UNLESS Y\ ALL[ HIM TO CONSUME ALL ?AT HE PRODUCES2 IT IS ONLY :5 BY 
MEANS ( TOOLS & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ?AT HE CAN PRODUCE MORE ?AN IS 
ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = HIS LIVELIHOOD1 ?AT Y\ CAN TAKE ANY?+ FROM HIM4 
,ROBB]Y ONLY BEG9S :5 PROP]TY BEG9S2 SO ?AT SLAV]Y DOESN'T BEG9 TILL 
TRIBES >E PA/ ! M]E HUNT] P]IOD4 ,:5 !Y GO TO W> !Y ONLY SAVE 
!IR PRISON]S TO HAVE SOME FUN \T ( !M BY TORTUR+ !M1 AS ! 
R$SK9S DID1 UNLESS1 P]HAPS1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5$1 !Y ADOPT !M 9TO ! 
TRIBE1 :I* ALSO ! R$SK9S DID AT TIMES4 ,BUT 9 ! PA/ORAL /AGE SLAVES 
BECOME POSSIBLE1 & :5 Y\ COME TO ! AGRICULTURAL /AGE 7TO SAY NO?+ 
( FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS7 !Y BECOME NECESS>Y TILL ! TIME :5 PRIVILEGE IS 
DE/ROY$ & ALL M5 >E EQUAL4 ,!RE >E1 !N1 ?REE CONDITIONS ( MANK9D1 
M]E GREG>I\S ORGANIZ$ SAVAG]Y1 SLAV]Y1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,:5 Y\ 
ONCE HAVE COME TO ?AT CONCLUSION Y\ MU/ ALSO COME TO ?IS D$UCTION FROM 
IT1 ?AT IF Y\ %R9K FROM ANY SACRIFICE TO ! ,CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM IT MU/ BE 
BECAUSE WE >E EI!R WEAK OR CRIM9AL1 EI!R C[>DS OR TYRANTS--P]HAPS 
BO?4 

,WELL1 ?IS LA/ /AGE ( B>B>ISM1 ?AT ( ! F$]AT$ TRIBES1 GAVE WAY 
9 ANCI5T HI/ORY1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS1 9TO ! FIR/ /AGE 
( CIVILIZATION4 ,! LIFE ( ! CITY.<,A.>1 & 9 M$IEVAL HI/ORY 9TO 
FEUDALISM2 IT IS UND] ! LATT] ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! TREATM5T ( ! 
CONQU]$ TRIBE AS S]FS IS ! MO/ OBVI\S2 S]FDOM BE+ ! ESS5CE ( 
M$IEVAL SOCIETY PROP]1 & ITS DECAY BEG9N+ ) ! DECL9E ( S]FDOM4 
,BUT1 UND\BT$LY1 !RE W]E S]FS 9 ! CLASSICAL P]IOD2 ?AT IS TO SAY AN 
9F]IOR CLASS TO ! FREEM51 :O W]E ALL[$ TO GET !IR [N LIVELIHOOD ON 
! CONDITION ( !IR P]=M+ C]TA9 S]VICES = !M1 & ) A 
C]TA9 /ATUS1 ?\< A L[ ONE1 :I* RAIS$ !M ABOVE ! CONDITION ( ! 
*ATTEL-SLAVE1 :OSE POSITION WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ AT ALL MORE ?AN ?AT ( HIS 
FELL[ LABOR]1 ! HORSE OR ! ASS4 ,! ,HELOTS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E ! S]FS 
RA!R ?AN ! SLAVES ( ! ,SP>TANS1 & !RE W]E O!R 9/ANCES BO? 
AMONG ! ,GREEKS & ! ,ROMANS ( LABOR]S 9 A SIMIL> POSITION4 

,H[EV]1 *ATTEL SLAV]Y AS OPPOS$ TO S]FDOM IS ! *>ACT]I/IC =M 
( S]VITUDE 9 ! ANCI5T CITY LIFE4 ,9 ?AT LIFE Y\ MU/ UND]/& ! 
IDEA ( ! M]G+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO ! COMMUNITY WAS /ILL /RONG1 
AL?\< PROP]TY HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 & HAD CREAT$ A POLITICAL 
CONDITION ( SOCIETY UND] :I* ?+S W]E GR[+ TO BE ( MORE MOM5T ?AN 
P]SONS4 ,BUT ! COMMUNITY HAD GOT TO BE AN AB/RACTION1 & IT WAS TO ?AT 
AB/RACTION1 & NOT TO ! REAL VISIBLE BODY ( P]SONS ?AT 9DIVIDUAL 
9T]E/S W]E TO BE SACRIFIC$4 ,?IS IS MORE OBVI\S AMONG ! ,ROMANS ?AN 
! ,GREEKS1 :OSE M5TAL 9DIVIDUALITY WAS SO /RONG & SO V>I\S1 ?AT NO 
SY/EM C\LD RE/RA9 IT2 SO ?AT :5 ?AT SY/EM BEGAN TO PRESS HEAVILY UPON 
!M !Y C\LD NOT BE> IT1 & 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE FROM ITS 
CONSEQU5CES FELL 9TO ! M]E CORRUPTION ( COMPETITIVE TYRANNY AT AN E>LY 
P]IOD4 ,! ,ROMANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 )\T >T OR LIT]ATURE1 A H>D & 
N>R[-M9D$ RACE1 CULTIVAT$ ?IS WOR%IP ( ! CITY 9TO AN OV]-MA/]+ 
PASSION1 SO FI]CE & SO IRRATIONAL ?AT !IR HI/ORY BE=E !IR P]IOD ( 
CORRUPTION READS MORE LIKE ?AT ( A SET ( LOGICAL DEMONS B5T ON TORTUR+ 
!MSELVES & EV]YBODY ELSE1 ?AN A HI/ORY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y MU/ BE 
CR$IT$ ) ! PRES]VATION ( ! >T & LIT]ATURE ( ,GREECE 7?\< 
) ITS CORRUPTIONS & /ULTIFICATION AS WELL71 & = ! RE/ ,I ?9K ! 
WORLD [ES !M LITTLE BUT ITS CURSE1 UNLESS 9DE$ WE MU/ ACCEPT !M AS A 
T]RIBLE EXAMPLE ( OV]-ORGANIZATION4 ,( !IR /ATE ONE MAY SAY :AT ONE ( 
!IR POETS SAID ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S1 :5 !Y W]E SUNK 9 !IR 
WELL-E>N$ DEGRADATION1 ?AT = ! SAKE ( LIFE !Y CA/ AWAY ! REASONS 
= LIV+4 

,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 

     

7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 

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