,DEF5D+ ! ,E>?3 ,A ,DEBATE 

#aiia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MAURE5 ,B>L91,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,=EWORD3 ,TURN+ ,DEBATE ,9TO ,DIALOGUE 
BY ,DAVID ,LEV9E1 ,F\ND] & ,DIRECTOR1 ,! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE 

,?IS SMALL BUT IMPORTANT BOOK GR[S \T ( 0,! ,GREAT ,DEBATE40 ,?AT'S :AT -- = MON?S 9 ADVANCE -- MANY 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S >\ND ! C\NTRY CALL$ ! FIR/ PUBLIC MEET+ BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY !ORI/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & DEEP ECOLOGY ACTIVI/ ,DAVE ,=EMAN4 ,MO/ EXPECT$ POLITICAL FIREWORKS AT ! JO9T TALK ORGANIZ$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aihi BY ! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE1 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ALT]NATIVE $UCATION & ACTION ORGANIZATION4 

,GIV5 ! CONFRONTATIONAL RHETORIC & ! ALL-TOO-FREQU5T NAME-CALL+ ?AT HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! VOLATILE POLITICAL DEBATE BETWE5 V>I\S ADVOCATES ( 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY0 & 0DEEP ECOLOGY10 ! EXPECTATION ( SP>KS FLY+ WAS QUITE UND]/&ABLE4 ,OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS BE5 TORN BY BITT] IDEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S DIVISIONS1 & C]TA9LY ! ONE :I* HAS RECEIV$ ! MO/ PLAY 9 ! M$IA1 HAS BE5 BETWE5 0DEEP0 & 0SOCIAL0 ECOLOGY -- BETWE5 A 0BIOC5TRIC0 PHILOSOPHY :I* MAKES PROTECT+ ! WELF>E ( ! WILD]NESS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL HUMAN PROJECT & A LEFT-LIB]T>IAN 0ECOLOGICAL HUMANI/0 PHILOSOPHY :I* SEES RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION AS ! MA9 KEY TO DEF5D+ ! ,E>?4 

,9 RECOGNITION ( ! S]I\SNESS ( ?IS ONGO+ & (T5 HEAT$ DEBATE1 ! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE SET UP A FACE-TO-FACE MEET+ BETWE5 ,BOOK*91 A F\ND] ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & AN 9FLU5TIAL PHILOSOPH] )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL GRE5 MOVEM5T1 & ,=EMAN1 A F\ND] (1 &1 AT ! TIME1 AN IMPORTANT SPOKESP]SON = ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,BO? ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN HAD BE5 AMONG ! MO/ VOCAL CONT5D]S 9 ! DEBATE BETWE5 DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHIES OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 

,! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE1 H[EV]1 NEV] 9T5D$ ?IS EV5T TO BE A 0DEBATE0 9 ANY CONV5TIONAL S5SE4 ,IT WAS MEANT1 9/EAD1 TO BE A CON/RUCTIVE DIALOGUE BETWE5 TWO >TICULATE SPOKESPEOPLE FROM DIFF]5T W+S ( ! RELATIVELY SMALL1 BUT POT5TIALLY P[]FUL1 RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,WE S\<T A DIALOGUE ?AT ID5TIFI$ COMMON GR\ND & COMPLEM5T>Y DIFF]5CES1 AS WELL AS ONE ?AT C>EFULLY PROB$ >EAS ( S]I\S DISAGREEM5T4 ,WE W]E LOOK+ = A R5EW$ S5SE ( UNITY-9-DIV]SITY & A HI<] LEVEL ( POLITICAL DISCUSSION )9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,AT ! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE1 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CANNOT AF=D TO EXP5D ITS TIME & 5]GY 9 UNPRODUCTIVE & DIVISIVE 9FI<T+1 P>TICUL>LY 9 LI<T ( ! CONT9U+ H>ASSM5T ( ! MOVEM5T BY ! ,F$]AL ,BUREAU ( ,9VE/IGATION4 ,:ILE WE AGREE ?AT IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES 9 PHILOSOPHY1 ANALYSIS1 VISION1 & /RATEGY %\LD BE VIGOR\SLY ADDRESS$1 WE FEEL ?IS IS BE/ DONE 9 RESPECTFUL & COOP]ATIVE SITUATIONS :5EV] & :]EV] POSSIBLE4 ,:ILE A FEW ( \R DIFF]5CES MAY ACTUALLY BE CONTRADICTORY1 MANY O!RS >E COMPLEM5T>Y & CAN ACTUALLY /R5G!N \R MOVEM5T IF RECOGNIZ$ & APPRECIAT$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AT LEA/ SOME ( \R DIFF]5CES CAN BE RESOLV$ RA!R ?AN 5DLESSLY >GU$4 ,\R GOAL = ?IS EV5T WAS TO CREATE A COOP]ATIVE =UM = JU/ SU* GR\ND-BREAK+ DISCUSSIONS4 

,?ANKS TO ! G5]\S SPIRIT EVID5C$ BY BO? ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN1 ! EV5T WAS A SUCCESS4 ,BOOK*91 :O SPOKE FIR/1 SET ! TONE ( RECONCILIATION & MUTUAL RESPECT BY DECL>+ ?AT HE /&S 0%\LD] TO %\LD] ) EV]YONE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 :O IS TRY+ TO SAVE ! WILD]NESS40 ,=EMAN REPLI$ BY ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ! GRE$ ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS & ! P[] ( COMPETITIVE NATION-/ATES ?REAT5S HUMAN DIGNITY & SOCIAL JU/ICE AS WELL AS ! EVOLUTION>Y 9TEGRITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,E*O+ ,BOOK*91 HE ASS]T$ ?AT \R V>I\S MOVEM5TS1 :ATEV] !IR PRIM>Y EMPHASES1 NE$ TO ADDRESS1 OR AT LEA/ RESPECT1 BO? ! /RUGGLE = ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMANITY & ! /RUGGLE = ! SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+ ( ALL O!R SPECIES4 0,WE FACE ! SAME 5EMY NO MATT] :AT WE EMPHASIZE10 >GU$ ,=EMAN4 

,9DE$1 BO? ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN AGRE$ ?AT AS LONG AS HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS >E ! F\NDATION = \R SOCIETIES1 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE HOPE = CREAT+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT WILL NOT SEEK TO DOM9ATE OR EXPLOIT ! ,E>?4 ,SIMIL>LY1 BO? AGRE$ ?AT PROTECT+ WILD]NESS >EAS & FO/]+ A NEW ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY & A DIRECT MORAL CONC]N = O!R SPECIES WAS AN URG5T TASK ?AT C\LD NO LONG] BE IGNOR$ OR PO/PON$4 

,?IS FRAGILE BUT REAL UNITY BETWE5 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN & !IR CLE>LY /AT$ RESPECT = DIV]SITY )9 ! MOVEM5T REPRES5T AN IMPORTANT A*IEVEM5T4 ,SU* PR9CIPL$ UNITY IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE ?\S&S ( PEOPLE >E N[ BECOM+ ACTIVE 9 SEEK+ A SU/A9ABLE & ECOLOGICALLY S\ND FUTURE -- :E!R BY ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ TOXIC WA/ES1 SETT+ UP RECYCL+ C5T]S1 PUR*AS+ 0GRE5 PRODUCTS10 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ,E>? ,DAY EV5TS1 CONTRIBUT+ TO 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS1 OR PROTE/+ CORPORATE 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION4 ,:ILE !SE 9ITIAL EF=TS (T5 FALL %ORT ( ! LEVEL ( UND]/&+ & ACTIVISM ?AT IS NECESS>Y1 !Y DO REPRES5T AN IMPORTANT /EP =W>D4 ,!Y >E A F\NDATION UPON :I* A BROAD-BAS$1 RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CAN ULTIMATELY BE BUILT4 

,TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL1 H[EV]1 TODAY'S RADICAL ECOLOGI/S NE$ TO FOCUS !IR /RONGE/ CRITICISMS NOT AGA9/ EA* O!R1 BUT AGA9/ ?OSE 9/ITUTIONAL =CES :I* >E ! S\RCE ( SO MU* ( TODAY'S 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION & :I* >E N[ TRY+ TO CO-OPT & CONTA9 ! GR[+ GRASSROOTS RE=M MOVEM5T ?AT IS EM]G+ 9 ?IS C\NTRY & ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,:ILE !RE IS C]TA9LY ROOM = DIV]SE PHILOSOPHICAL & /RATEGIC APPROA*ES )9 AN EFFECTIVE MOVEM5T TO DEF5D ! ,E>?1 !RE IS C]TA9LY NO ROOM )9 \R MOVEM5T = MAJOR TIMB] COMPANIES :O CLAIM ?AT 0,EV]Y DAY IS ,E>? ,DAY0 :ILE !Y CONT9UE TO CLE>CUT MAJOR SECTIONS ( ! ,NOR?WE/4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM = *EMICAL COMPANIES :O >E PRODUC+ HAZ>D\S MAT]IALS &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 CLAIM ?AT !Y >E PRODUC+ 5VIRONM5TALLY SAFE PRODUCTS N[ ?AT !Y >E REPACKAG+ !M 9 A GRE5 BOTTLE4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM = ! MANY O!R CORPORATE & POLITICAL 9T]E/S :O CLAIM !IR EXPLOITATIVE POLICIES >E HEAL?Y = EI!R ! ,E>? OR ITS PEOPLE4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T NE$S TO MEAN MORE ?AN ?AT4 

,! NEGATIVE EFFECTS ( !SE CORPORATE & GOV]NM5T 05VIRONM5TALI/S0 >E ALREADY BE+ FELT4 ,A NUMB] ( BIG 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE CORPORATE & POLITICALLY CONS]VATIVE VOICES AMONG !IR EXECUTIVE /AFF1 !IR BO>DS1 & !IR H9D]S4 ,! RESULT1 ( C\RSE1 IS MORE & MORE COMPROMIS$ POSITIONS1 MORE & MORE TIMID /RATEGIES1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 A MORE & MORE 9EFFECTIVE ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,! EXAMPLES >E1 UN=TUNATELY1 ALL TOO PL5TIFUL3 FROM 0MA9/REAM0 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS :I* ALL[ DE/RUCTIVE DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS TO MOVE =W>D AT ! REQUE/ ( BUS9ESS =CES )9 !IR ORGANIZATION TO GR\PS :I* ADVOCATE 0RESPONSIBLE0 LEGISLATION TO PROTECT ONE OR TWO 5DANG]$ SPECIES :ILE !Y ALL[ ! RA9 =E/S & LIFEWAYS ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLE TO BE ECONOMICALLY PLUND]$ & DRA/ICALLY ALT]$ )\T PROTE/4 

,=TUNATELY1 AS ! DISCUSSION BETWE5 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & ,DAVE ,=EMAN %[S1 A POT5TIAL C\NT]=CE TO ?IS CORPORATE 05VIRONM5TALISM0 HAS BE5 GR[+ = SOME TIME4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS A DIV]SE PROLIF]ATION ( MORE RADICAL ECOLOGICAL S*OOLS ( ?\<T & ACTION 9CLUD+ DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 ECO-FEM9I/S1 BIOREGIONALI/S1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN TRADITIONALI/S1 ECO-SOCIALI/S1 & GRE5S4 ,!SE SMALL GR\PS HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO REA* \T TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC & ! GR[+ GRASSROOTS 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T 9 $UCATIONAL & EMP[]+ WAYS ?AT CAN TRANS=M TODAY'S RE=MI/ 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T 9TO A BROAD-BAS$ MOVEM5T SEEK+ FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! FUTURE ( ! PLANET MAY WELL DEP5D ON H[ EFFECTIVELY TODAY'S RADICAL ECOLOGI/S CAN WORK TOGE!R & BUILD SU* A MOVEM5T4 

,IT W\LD BE A CRIME1 ,I ?9K1 IF TODAY'S PIONE]+ RADICAL ECOLOGI/S ALL[$ PR9CIPL$ POLITICAL DEBATE & DIALOGUE AMONG !MSELVES TO DEG5]ATE 9TO SECT>IAN SQUABBLES & EGO-BA%+4 ,SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E NOT BUILT ?IS WAY4 ,IF RADICAL ECOLOGI/S CONT9UE TO APPROA* !IR DIFF]5CES 9 SU* DE/RUCTIVE1 COMBATIVE WAYS1 !Y WILL LIKELY ONLY 5D UP ALI5AT+ RA!R ?AN $UCAT+ ! EXP&+ SEGM5T ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO FACE UP TO ! REALITY ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,LUCKILY1 AS ! DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN RECREAT$ & EXP&$ 9 ?IS BOOK SO CLE>LY ATTE/S1 BUILD+ A PR9CIPL$ UNITY-9-DIV]SITY IS POSSIBLE4 

,9 ,*APT] #a1 AS 9 ! ORIG9AL DIALOGUE1 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN BEG9 TO COOP]ATIVELY EXPLORE !IR DIFF]+1 BUT (T5 OV]LAPP+1 P]SPECTIVES ON A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES3 NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS1 SOCIAL !ORY1 & SOCIAL *ANGE /RATEGY4 ,9 ,*APT] #b1 PROMPT$ BY COMM5TS & QUE/IONS FROM ,PAUL ,MC,ISAAC1 A LONGTIME ACTIVI/ & A REPORT] = ,NATIONAL ,PUBLIC ,RADIO1 BO? ,=EMAN & ,BOOK*9 DISCUSS !IR VIEWS ON :AT ! RADICAL LEFT TRADITION (F]S OR DOESN'T (F] TO ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,*APT] #c1 ,L9DA ,DAVID(F1 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,P>K ,C\NCIL1 *ALL5GES BO? ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN ON !IR NEGATIVE VIEWS ( RE=MI/ SOCIAL *ANGE /RATEGIES & SP>KS EA* ( !M TO SPELL \T H[ !Y EA* ?9K !IR MORE RADICAL VISIONS & /RATEGIES CAN BE REALI/IC & EFFECTIVE 9 ! LESS-?AN-P]FECT POLITICAL WORLD H]E & N[4 ,9 ,*APT] #d1 ,JIM ,HAU<TON1 A LEAD] ( ! BLACK COMMUNITY GR\P ,H>LEM ,FI<T ,BACK1 SP>KS AN IMPORTANT DISCUSSION BETWE5 ,=EMAN & ,BOOK*9 BY RAIS+ ! P>TICUL>LY ?ORNY ISSUE ( RACISM 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T & H[ ?IS AFFECTS ! FUTURE ( ! PLANET4 

,! RESULT ( !SE DISCUSSIONS IS A SURPRIS+ AM\NT ( AGREEM5T EV5 ?\< SOME IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES /ILL EXI/ 7SOME ( :I* >E TAK5 UP 9 ,*APT]S #e & #f ( ?IS BOOK :I* W]E WRITT5 ESPECIALLY = ?IS BOOK BY ,=EMAN & ,BOOK*9 A YE> AFT] ! ORIG9AL DIALOGUE TOOK PLACE74 ,!SE DIFF]5CES1 ALONG ) SEV]AL O!RS1 NE$ TO BE EXPLOR$ EV5 FUR!R &1 IF POSSIBLE1 RESOLV$4 ,TO ITS CR$IT1 ?IS BOOK PO9TS ! WAY =W>D4 ,BESIDES BE+ PACK$ ) PROVOCATIVE IDEAS & 9SI<TS1 ?IS BOOK IS A MODEL ( H[ BE/ TO RAISE DIFFICULT POLITICAL DIFF]5CES )9 A MOVEM5T4 ,IF ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN CAN DO IT1 !N SO CAN ! RE/ ( US4 

,?IS BOOK PROVES ?AT !RE >E CREATIVE OPPORTUNITIES )9 ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T = BUILD+ ALLIANCES & CONNECTIONS ACROSS COMMUNITY1 ISSUE1 RACE1 G5D]1 CLASS1 & POLITICAL L9ES4 ,IF NATURE ITSELF %[S ! NE$ = DIV]SE SPECIES TO CO-EXI/ )9 ANY P>TICUL> 5VIRONM5T1 !N WE HUMANS %\LD ALSO UND]/& ! IMP]ATIVE ( UNITY ?R\< DIV]SITY4 ,! /RUGGLE ACROSS ?IS C\NTRY & ! WORLD = MORE MEAN+FUL COMMUNITIES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & WAYS ( LIFE IS NOT AN EASY TASK4 ,IT WILL REQUIRE ! COOP]ATION ( ?OSE :O *OOSE TO /OP BULLDOZ]S 9 WILD]NESS >EAS1 :O WORK TO C\NT] RACISM )9 ! URBAN ECOLOGY ( \R CITIES1 :O DEVELOP ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES1 :O DIRECTLY *ALL5GE MAJOR 5VIRONM5TAL PLUND]]S1 :O TRY TO REVIVE & /R5G!N ! EMP[]+ 9/ITUTIONS & PROCESSES ( GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY1 & :O 5C\RAGE A DEEP] SPIRITUAL UND]/&+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD & ! HUMAN COMMUNITY4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ?IS BOOK ITSELF REPRES5TS ! COOP]ATIVE WORK ( SEV]AL PEOPLE4 ,MY ?ANKS1 ( C\RSE1 GO \T ESPECIALLY TO ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & ,DAVE ,=EMAN4 ,?ANKS ALSO GO TO ,PAUL ,MC,ISAAC1 ,L9DA ,DAVID(F1 & ,JIM ,HAU<TON :O ADD$ SO MU* TO ! DISCUSSION & TO ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS = MAK+ ?IS IMPORTANT & HI/ORIC DIALOGUE AVAILABLE 9 BOOK =M4 ,I P>TICUL>LY WANT TO ?ANK ,GREG ,BATES FROM ,S\? ,5D1 :O CAME UP ) ! ORIG9AL IDEA = PUBLI%+ ?IS DIALOGUE AS A BOOK1 & ,/EVE ,*ASE1 ! ,S\? ,5D $ITOR :O WAS ABLE TO 0TRANSLATE0 & EXP& A TAP$ CONV]SATION 9TO AN ACCESSIBLE1 READABLE BOOK AS WELL AS WRITE AN 9SI<TFUL 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS DIALOGUE4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE READ & COMM5T$ ON V>I\S P>TS ( ?IS MANUSCRIPT4 ,!SE PEOPLE 9CLUDE ,JANET ,BIEHL1 ,JOHN ,DAVIS1 ,BILL ,LYNN1 ,PATRICK ,MC,NAM>A1 ,ROXANNE ,PA*ECO1 ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE1 & ,BILL ,W]NBURG4 ,! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE IS PR\D TO HAVE BE5 A P>TN] 9 ?IS IMPORTANT PROJECT4 

,9TRODUCTION3 ,:I!R ! ,RADICAL ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T8 
BY ,/EVE ,*ASE 

,S9CE AT LEA/ AS F> BACK AS #a#h#f#f1 :5 ! ,G]MAN BIOLOGI/ ,]NE/ ,HAECKEL CO9$ ! T]M 0ECOLOGY10 SCI5TIFIC ECOLOGI/S HAVE REPEAT$LY SPLIT 9TO DIFF]5T CAMPS 9 H[ !Y VIEW ! QUE/ION ( HUMANITY'S PROP] PLACE & ROLE )9 NATURE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HI/ORIAN ,DONALD ,WOR/]1 0ONE MI<T V]Y WELL CA/ ! HI/ORY ( ECOLOGY AS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 RIVAL VIEWS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE3 ONE VIEW DEVOT$ TO ! DISCOV]Y ( 9TR9SIC VALUE & ITS PRES]VATION1 ! O!R TO ! CREATION ( AN 9/RUM5TALIZ$ WORLD & ITS EXPLOITATION40 .<#a.> 

,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT ?IS SAME PHILOSOPHICAL CONFLICT SPLITS ! RANKS ( TODAY'S POLITICAL ACTIVI/S :O SEEK TO RE%APE \R SOCIETY'S RELATIONS ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD ALONG MORE ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,9 HIS REC5T BOOK1 ,GRE5 ,POLITICAL ,?\<T1 ,5GLI% AU?OR ,&REW ,DOBSON DRAWS AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION BETWE5 0LI<T GRE50 RE=M 5VIRONM5TALISM & 0D>K GRE50 RADICAL ECOLOGISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DOBSON1 CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TALISM REPRES5TS AN 9/RUM5TAL1 IMP]IAL APPROA* TO NATURE ?AT >GUES ?AT \R 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 H[EV] S]I\S1 0CAN BE SOLV$ )\T FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 PRES5T VALUES OR PATT]NS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION40 ,RADICAL ECOLOGISM1 9 CONTRA/1 RAISES ! E?ICAL IDEAL ( A BELOV$ ECO-COMMUNITY & 0>GUES ?AT C>E = ! 5VIRONM5T444 PRESUPPOSES RADICAL *ANGES 9 \R RELATION%IP ) IT1 & 9 \R MODE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE40 .<#b.> 

,?IS DIFF]5CE 9 POLITICAL ORI5TATION1 :ILE P]HAPS NOT YET OBVI\S TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 IS NOT NEWS TO MO/ PEOPLE :O >E ACTIVELY CONC]N$ ) ECOLOGICAL POLITICS TODAY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 RE=M 5VIRONM5TALISM & RADICAL POLITICAL ECOLOGISM WAS FIR/ MADE OV] #be YE>S AGO4 ,?IS BOOK'S COAU?OR1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 WAS AMONG ! FIR/ TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ?IS DI/9CTION 9 SEV]AL PIONE]+ ESSAYS DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 HAS NOT$1 ECOLOGISM 0REF]S TO A BROAD1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 ALMO/ SPIRITUAL1 \TLOOK T[>D HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 NOT TO 5VIRONM5TALISM .<:I* IS.> A =M ( NATURAL 5G9E]+ ?AT SEEKS TO MANIPULATE NATURE AS M]E 'NATURAL RES\RCES' ) M9IMAL POLLUTION & PUBLIC \TCRY40 .<#c.> 

,9 /RIK+LY SIMIL> T]MS1 ! R5[N$ ,NORWEGIAN ECO-PHILOSOPH] & ACTIVI/ ,>NE ,NAESS MADE ! SAME BASIC DI/9CTION 9 A #aigc ESSAY CONTRA/+ ! 0%ALL[0 RE=M 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T ) ! EM]G+ 0DEEP1 LONG-RANGE ECOLOGY MOVEM5T40 .<#d.> ,:ILE ?IS ESSAY DID NOT RECEIVE SIGNIFICANT ATT5TION 9 ! ,U4,S4 UNTIL #a#i#h1 IT IS N[ QUITE COMMON 9 BO? ACTIVI/ & ACADEMIC CIRCLES TO *>ACT]IZE ! C5TRAL POLITICAL FAULT L9E )9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS ! IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION BETWE5 0%ALL[0 & 0DEEP0 ECOLOGI/S4 ,= MANY1 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 HAS BECOME A G5]IC RUBRIC TO DESCRIBE ALL POLITICAL ECOLOGI/S :O A7 BELIEVE ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD HAS AN 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ITS [N1 B7 SEEK TO 5D 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY'S ATTEMPT$ DOM9ATION ( ! BIOSPH]E1 & C7 WORK TO RADICALLY RECON/RUCT HUMAN SOCIETY ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,9 ?IS V]Y BROAD S5SE1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 ECO-FEM9I/S1 BIOREGIONALI/S1 RADICAL GRE5S1 ,E>? ,FIR/6]S1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN TRADITIONALI/S1 MANY ACADEMIC ECO-PHILOSOPH]S1 & SOME ANIMAL LIB]ATIONI/S CAN ALL FAIRLY BE CALL$ 0DEEP ECOLOGI/S40 

,IT ?US CAME AS A SURPRISE TO MANY ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S :5 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 /RONGLY *ALL5G$ ! POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ( DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ! SUMM] ( #aihg AT ! SECOND ,NATIONAL ,GRE5 ,GA!R+ AT ,AMH]/1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,9 HIS KEYNOTE ADDRESS TO ! CONF]5CE1 ,BOOK*9 W>N$ ?AT ! ACADEMIC PHILOSOPH]S ( DEEP ECOLOGY AS WELL AS SEV]AL LEAD+ SPOKESPEOPLE = ,E>? ,FIR/61 ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ 0ACTION W+ ( DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T10 W]E GUILTY ( PROPAGAT+ A DEEPLY FLAW$ & POT5TIALLY DANG]\S ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,9 ?AT SPEE*1 & 9 SEV]AL LAT] >TICLES1 ,BOOK*9 DECL>$ ?AT ! GR[+ POPUL>ITY ( DEEP ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT A 0MAJOR CRISIS ( PURPOSE1 CONSCI5CE1 & DIRECTION EXI/S 9 ! ,U4,S4 ECOLOGY MOVEM5T40 .<#e.> 

,WAS ,BOOK*9 REJECT+ HIS LONG /&+ COMMITM5T TO RADICAL ECOLOGISM8 ,ACCU/OM$ TO ! G5]IC USAGE ( ! T]M DEEP ECOLOGY TO DESCRIBE ! :OLE RADICAL W+ ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 MANY ACTIVI/S 9T]PRET$ ! 5SU+ SOCIAL VS4 DEEP ECOLOGY DEBATE AS ! LATE/ VOLLEY BETWE5 %ALL[ 5VIRONM5TALISM 7ADMITT$LY COMB9$ ?IS TIME ) A RADICAL SOCIAL POLITICS7 & A DEEP]1 MORE RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY1 ANALYSIS1 VISION1 & /RATEGY4 ,?IS 9T]PRETATION1 H[EV]1 IGNORES ! IMPORTANT %IFT 9 ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT OCCURR$ BETWE5 ! TIME ,NAESS FIR/ US$ ! T]M 9 #aigc & :5 ,BOOK*9 F9ALLY *ALL5G$ ! DEEP ECOLOGY P]SPECTIVE4 

,BY ! MID-#a#i#hS1 ! T]M DEEP ECOLOGY HAD 9CREAS+LY COME TO MEAN ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY -- A V]Y P>TICUL>1 ?\< ECLECTIC1 BODY ( IDEAS DEVELOP$ BY ACADEMICS SU* AS ,NAESS1 ,W>WICK ,FOX1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 & ,BILL ,DEVALL ON ! ONE H& & BY MILITANT WILD]NESS ACTIVI/S 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 SU* AS ,$ ,ABBEY1 ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 & ,DAVE ,=EMAN ON ! O!R4 ,AS ,W>WICK ,FOX NOTES1 0,! T]M DEEP ECOLOGY CAN !RE=E BE SE5 AS ONE ?AT DOES D\BLE DUTY1 REF]R+ ON ! ONE H& TO A :OLE CLASS ( APPROA*ES 7I4E41 ALL NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC APPROA*ES7 & ON ! O!R H& TO A P>TICUL> K9D ( APPROA* )9 ?IS CLASS444 A DI/9CTIVE K9D ( APPROA* TO NONAN?ROPOC5TRISM40 .<#f.> ,?IS DI/9CTIVE APPROA* IS ! DEEP ECOLOGY P]SPECTIVE CRITICIZ$ SO /R5U\SLY BY ,BOOK*94 

,! DEEP VS4 SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEBATE IS ?US NOT A HEAT$ REHA% ( ! OLD 5VIRONM5TALISM_/ECOLOGISM DEBATE4 ,IT IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS AN 9T5SE DIALOGUE ACROSS A NEW PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL FAULT F9E ?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM )9 RADICAL ECOLOGISM ITSELF4 ,AT ITS HE>T1 ! DEBATE BETWE5 SOCIAL & DEEP ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ! EXI/5CE ( DIFF]+ ANSW]S TO ! QUE/ION1 0,:I!R ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T80 

,YET1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE ACTIVI/S :O RECOGNIZE ! NOVEL NATURE ( ! DEBATE1 MANY W]E /ILL SURPRIS$ AT ! %>PNESS ( ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,W]E SOCIAL & DEEP ECOLOGY REALLY SO F> AP>T8 ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF HAD LONG ADVOCAT$1 9DE$ PIONE]$1 SEV]AL ( ! KEY 9SI<TS *AMPION$ BY DEEP ECOLOGI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO 

,ROD]ICK ,NA%1 A HI/ORIAN ( ,AM]ICAN 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS1 ,BOOK*9'S !ORETICAL WORK 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :I* BEGAN 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4 .<#g.> ,9DE$1 ONE ( ,BOOK*9'S ESSAYS ON NATURE PHILOSOPHY WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ! FIR/ AN?OLOGY ON DEEP ECOLOGY PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & HE WAS PROM95TLY QUOT$ AS A DEEP ECOLOGY PIONE] 9 ! POPUL> ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY MANIFE/O WRITT5 BY ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS & ,BILL ,DEVALL A YE> LAT] 9 #a#i#h#e4 .<#h.> ,AS ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES HAS NOT$1 0UP UNTIL .<! ,U4,S4 GRE5 GA!R+ 9.> #a#i#h#g1 ,BOOK*9'S WORKS (T5 RECEIV$ HI< PRAISE 9 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY LIT]ATURE40 .<#i.> 

,FEW ACTIVI/S FAMILI> ) ! LIT]ATURE ON RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY W\LD DISAGREE ?AT !RE >E SOME SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL ORIG9S1 /RATEGIC FOCUSES1 & PRIM>Y CONC]NS ( SOCIAL & DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,YET MO/ -- AT LEA/ UP UNTIL ! ,GRE5 ,GA!R+ 9 ,AMH]/ -- FELT ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES W]E NOT A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM4 ,UNITY-9-DIV]SITY IS A BASIC ATTRIBUTE ( HEAL?Y ECO-COMMUNITIES4 ,:Y %\LDN'T IT BE A HEAL?Y *>ACT]I/IC = ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T8 

,9 HIS ,AMH]/ SPEE*1 ,BOOK*9 POS$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R !SE DIFF]5CES W]E1 OR C\LD BECOME1 COMPLEM5T>Y OR :E!R ! TWO S*OOLS ( ?\<T W]E FUNDAM5TALLY1 & 9EVITABLY1 ANTAGONI/IC4 ,AFT] REFLECT+ ON ! WORK ( SEV]AL ACADEMIC DEEP ECOLOGI/S & ON ! PUBLI%$ /ATEM5TS ( A FEW ,E>? ,FIR/6 ACTIVI/S1 ,BOOK*9 DECID$ ?AT DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGY W]E FUNDAM5TALLY ANTAGONI/IC AFT] ALL4 ,HIS ASSESSM5T1 PUT 9 ITS SIMPLE/ T]MS1 WAS ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY WAS NOT JU/ A RADICAL PRO-NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 BUT ?AT IT WAS POT5TIALLY -- &1 9 SOME CASES1 EXPLICITLY -- ANTI-SOCIAL & ANTI-HUMAN4 

,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE WAS SOON ANSW]$ BY SEV]AL PEOPLE 9 ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T & ! RESULT+ DEBATE1 AS WELL AS BACK & =? *>GES ( 0MISAN?ROPY0 & 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM10 QUICKLY SPILL$ OV] 9TO ! PAGES (  ,E>? ,FIR/61 ,! ,NATION1 ,UTNE ,READ]1 ,Z ,MAGAZ9E1 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,E?ICS1 ,MO!R ,JONES1 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 ,\R ,G5]ATION1 ,:OLE ,E>? ,REVIEW1 ,GRE5 ,LETT]1 ,OMNI1 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES  & POPUL> BOOKS LIKE ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES' ,GRE5 ,RAGE4 ,OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 ! DEBATE HAS 9CREAS+LY BECOME A LIVELY TOPIC ( DISCUSSION 9 MOVEM5T CIRCLES4 ,P]HAPS NEV] BE=E HAS !RE BE5 SU* A WIDESPREAD POLITICAL DEBATE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON ! 9T]RELATION%IP BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS1 NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 & RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 UNTIL ! FACE-TO-FACE MEET+ BETWE5 ,DAVE ,=EMAN & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ?AT PROVIDES ! CORE ( ?IS BOOK1 ! DEBATE FREQU5TLY T5D$ TO G5]ATE MORE HEAT ?AN LI<T4 ,A NUMB] ( GRASSROOTS ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S HAVE BE5 DISMAY$ BY ! HO/ILE1 ALMO/ SECT>IAN1 NATURE ( ! DEBATE4 ,SOME BLAME ,BOOK*9 & ! SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S :O HAVE ADMITT$LY (F]$ FI]CE & SWEEP+ CRITICISMS4 ,BOOK*91 = 9/ANCE1 *>ACT]IZ$ SOME ( ! LEAD+ LI<TS ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 AS 0B>ELY DISGUIS$ RACI/S1 SURVIVALI/S1 MA*O ,DANIEL ,BOONES1 & \TRI<T SOCIAL REACTION>IES40 ,=EMAN WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ FREQU5T T>GET ( ,BOOK*9'S WRA?4 ,9 HIS SPEE* AT ,AMH]/1 ,BOOK*9 CALL$ ,=EMAN 0A PAT5TLY ANTI-HUMANI/ & MA*O M\NTA9 MAN0 GUILTY ( 0A CRUDE ECO-BRUTALISM40 .<#a.> 

,O!RS BLAME DEEP ECOLOGI/S = ! RANCOR\S1 ALL-OR-NO?+1 TONE ( ! DEBATE4 ,:ILE ,DAVE ,=EMAN L>GELY AVOID$ CRITICAL \TBUR/S & NAME-CALL+1 NATURALI/ WRIT] ,$ ,ABBEY1 ! LIT]>Y 9SPIRATION ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 PUBLICLY CALL$ ,BOOK*9 A 0FAT OLD LADY0 & DECL>$ ?AT HE DIDN'T C>E IF ?AT 0S\ND$ SEXI/40 .<#a#a.> ,9 A SOME:AT MORE CIVIL RESPONSE1 ,BILL ,DEVALL PUBLICLY REV]S$ HIS E>LI] OP9ION ( ,BOOK*9'S WORK & />T$ *>ACT]IZ+ SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS JU/ ANO!R 0OLD P>ADIGM0 LEFTI/ IDEOLOGY ?AT FALLS F> %ORT ( A G5U9ELY ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY4 .<#a#b.> ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES W5T SO F> AS TO *>GE ,BOOK*9 ) A 0,FAU/IAN AMBITION TO SEIZE CONTROL ( EVOLUTION0 & DOM9ATE NATURE4 .<#a#c.> 

,SEV]AL RANK & FILE ACTIVI/S RESPOND$ TO ! 9T5SE & (T5 ANGRY TONE ( ?IS DEBATE ) A 0PLAGUE-ON-BO?-Y\R-H\SES0 WE>9ESS & TREAT$ IT AS LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 9TELLECTUAL 0COCK-FI<T0 )\T S]I\S POLITICAL SUB/ANCE4 ,YET MO/ ACTIVI/S REALIZE ?AT1 REG>DLESS ( ! RELATIVE M]IT ( ! RHETORICAL FIREWORKS1 SOME V]Y REAL & IMPORTANT ISSUES >E AT /AKE H]E1 ISSUES ?AT NE$ TO BE EXPLOR$ & RESOLV$ ONE WAY OR ANO!R IF ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS GO+ TO PLAY A CREATIVE & 9FLU5TIAL ROLE )9 \R SOCIETY 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 

,BACK 9 #a#i#h#b1 ,ROD]ICK ,NA% OBS]V$ ?AT TWO DIFF]5T VISIONS HAVE EM]G$ )9 ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T OV] ! LA/ TWO OR ?REE DECADES4 ,NA% CALLS !SE DIFF]5T RADICAL ECOLOGICAL SC5>IOS ! 0WILD]NESS0 VISION & ! 0G>D50 VISION4 .<#a#d.> ,IF HE W]E TO WRITE AB\T !SE DIFF]+ VISIONS TODAY1 HE MI<T WELL CONNECT !SE DIFF]5T VISION>Y ALT]NATIVES TO DEEP ECOLOGY & SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,:ILE !SE DIFF]5T VISIONS >E NOT NECESS>ILY MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 !Y HAVE1 UP TO N[1 R>ELY BE5 WELL 9TEGRAT$ & !Y HAVE FREQU5TLY BE5 =MULAT$ 9 EXTREME1 NE> EXCLUSIVE WAYS4 ,?IS EXTREMISM MAY WELL BE ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 PROPON5TS ( DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,NA%1 = EXAMPLE1 BELIEVES ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY WILD]NESS LOV]S HAVE MU* TO FE> FROM ! ADVOCATES ( ! G>D5 VISION4 ,AS HE PUTS IT1 

,!RE >E TWO WAYS ( ?9K+ AB\T ! 5D ( WILD]NESS ON E>?4 ,ONE MI<T BE T]M$ ! WA/EL& SC5>IO4 ,IT ANTICIPATES A RAVAG$ PLANET2 ONE :I* IS PAV$ & POISON$ TO ! PO9T ?AT ! WORLD DIES ) ,T4,S4 ,ELIOT'S CELEBRAT$ :IMP]4 ,?IS NI<TM>E ( CREEP+ URBANIZATION TRADITIONALLY FIR$ ! PROTE/S ( NATURE LOV]S1 CONS]VATIONI/S1 & PRES]VATIONI/S4 ,IT C\LD /ILL OCCUR1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 ! 9CREASE ( TE*NOLOGICAL CAPABILITY1 BUT ! GREATE/ LONG-T]M ?REAT TO ! 9T]E/S ( PEOPLE :O COVET ! WILD MAY RESIDE 9 ! G>D5 SC5>IO4 ,IT TOO 5DS WILD]NESS1 BUT B5EFIC5TLY RA!R ?AN DE/RUCTIVELY4 ,]NE ,DUBOS PO9TS ! WAY ) HIS VISION ( A B\NTE\S1 /ABLE &1 TO MANY TA/ES1 BEAUTIFUL E>? ?AT IS TOTALLY MODIFI$4 ,9 A G>D5-E>? ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL IS NOT ONLY MA9TA9$ BUT 5HANC$4 ,FRUIT TREES SUPPORT SONGBIRDS4 ,C>EFULLY MANAG$ /REAMS RUN CLE> & PURE4 ,! AIR IS UNPOLLUT$4 ,=E/S PROVIDE AN 5DLESS SUPPLY ( WOOD4 ,L>GE CITIES >E R>E AS PEOPLE DEC5TRALIZE 9TO ! H9T]L&4 ,MANY LIVE ON SELF-SUFFICI5T FAMILY F>MS4 ,! ANIMALS P]MITT$ TO EXI/ >E SAFE & USEFUL4 ,A S(T] V>IETY ( TE*NOLOGY 5ABLES .<PEOPLE.> TO LIVE GRACEFULLY & GRATEFULLY AS P>T ( ! NATURAL COMMUNITY4 ,!RE IS A M9IMUM ( PAVEM5T1 C[S DOT ! MEAD[S1 DEMOCRACY ?RIVES1 & ! KIDS HAVE .<HEAL?Y FACES4.> ,IT IS AN APPEAL+ VISION :OSE ROOTS RUN BACK ?R\< ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON'S DEIFICATION ( ! YEOMAN F>M] TO ! ,G>D5 ( ,$54 .<#a#e.> 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 AT LEA/1 ! G>D5 SC5>IO DESCRIB$ BY ,NA% BE>S MORE ?AN A PASS+ RESEMBLANCE TO ! ,UTOPIAN VISION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 AFT] ALL1 DESCRIB$ MICROBIOLOGI/ ,]NE ,DUBOS 9 #aigd AS AN IMPORTANT E>LY SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?9K]4 .<#a#f.> ,:ILE ,BOOK*9'S & ,DUBOS' VIEWS W]E F> FROM ID5TICAL EV5 !N1 !IR VISIONS = ! HUMANLY 9HABIT$ PORTIONS ( ! ,E>? DID OV]LAP SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,BOOK*91 H[EV]1 EXPRESS$ HIMSELF 9 MU* MORE RADICAL T]MS4 ,FOLL[+ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! VISION>Y N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH]1 ,BOOK*9 HAS >GU$ ?AT WE NE$ TO TRANS=M \R OPPRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO 0AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BAS$ ON NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 DEC5TRALIZ$ DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES1 & ECO-TE*NOLOGIES LIKE SOL> P[]1 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 & HUMANLY SCAL$ 9DU/RIES40 .<#a#g.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 DEC5TRALIZ$ =MS ( PRODUCTION & FOOD CULTIVATION TAILOR$ TO ! C>RY+ CAPACITIES ( P>TICUL> BIOREGIONS >E NOT ONLY MORE EFFICI5T & ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE1 !Y ALSO RE/ORE HUMANITY'S 9TIMATE CONTACT ) SOIL1 PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 SUN1 & W9D4 ,?IS1 HE BELIEVES1 IS ! ONLY WAY TO FULLY AN*OR & SU/A9 A WIDESPREAD ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY )9 \R CULTURE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE MA9TA9S ?AT ONLY BY *ALL5G+ ! PR(ITSEEK+1 0GR[ OR DIE0 DYNAMIC ( ! CORPORATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & CREAT+ AN ALT]NATIVE ECONOMY ORI5T$ TO ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE PRODUCTION TO MEET VITAL HUMAN NE$S CAN WE G5U9ELY PROTECT ! PLANET FROM ! RAVAGES ( ACID RA91 GLOBAL W>M+1 & OZONE DE/RUCTION4 

,BOOK*91 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT ! ONLY MOD]N RADICAL ECOLOGICAL ?9K] TO DRAW ON ,KROPOTK94 ,SEV]AL WRIT]S1 9CLUD+ SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 HAVE E*O$ ,KROPOTK9'S ECO-AN>*I/ IDEAS ( COMMUNIT>IAN DEMOCRACY1 DEURBANIZATION1 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY1 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 LIMITS TO GR[?1 & A R5EW$ NATURALI/ S5SIBILITY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 H[EV]1 IS ! BODY ( IDEAS ?AT HAS MO/ SELF-CONSCI\SLY BUILT ON ?IS ECO-AN>*I/ F\NDATION & FUR!R DEVELOP$ & ELABORAT$ A WORKABLE VISION ( 0AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY40 ,9 DO+ SO1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MAKES AN 5ORM\S CONTRIBUTION TO ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 ONE :I* IS NEGLECT$ AT \R P]IL4 ,E>? ,FIR/6 ACTIVI/ ,JUDI ,B>I IS SADLY ILL-9=M$ :5 %E MA9TA9S ?AT ! CONT\RS ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY >E 0NOT SPOK5 TO 9 ANY LEFTI/ !ORY40 .<#a#h.> 

,IMPORTANT QUE/IONS REMA91 H[EV]3 ,:AT DO SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S HAVE TO SAY AB\T ! REMA9+ WILD]NESS >EAS ( ! PLANET ?AT >E 9CREAS+LY 5CROA*$ ON & DE/ROY$ BY \R EXPANSION>Y 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY8 ,WILL WILD]NESS BE VALU$ & ALL[$ TO FL\RI% 9 ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY VISION ( ! FUTURE8 ,>E SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S FULLY S5SITIVE TO ! CALL ( 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS BEYOND ! MORAL IMP]ATIVE TO PROVIDE A SU/A9ABLE1 HEAL?Y1 BEAUTIFUL1 & PRODUCTIVE NATURAL 5VIRONM5T = ALL MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY8 

,IF WE TAKE ,DUBOS AS ! DEF9ITIVE SOCIAL ECOLOGI/1 ! ANSW] IS CLE>LY NO4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,DUBOS ADOPT$ A V]Y EXCLUSIVE & TOTALI/IC V]SION ( ! G>D5 VISION & ADVOCAT$ 0HUMANIZ+0 & 0MANAG+0 ! 5TIRE SURFACE ( ! PLANET4 ,HIS VISION1 AS ,NA% PO9TS \T1 WAS ( A PLANET 0TOTALLY MODIFI$10 ALBEIT PRUD5TLY & C>EFULLY1 BY HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 ,DUBOS WAS1 9 FACT1 QUITE OP5 AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ( HIS P]SPECTIVE4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 0! HUMANIZATION ( ,E>? 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 DE/RUCTION ( WILD]NESS & ( MANY LIV+ SPECIES ?AT DEP5D ON IT40 .<#a#i.> ,?IS IS SE5 BY ,DUBOS AS AN ACCEPTABLE PRICE TO PAY AS WE MOVE ! PLANET T[>D A NEW /AGE ( HUMANLY-MANAG$ NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S >E QUITE RI<T TO CRITICIZE ?IS EXTREMI/ V]SION ( ! G>D5 VISION4 ,IT DOES REPRES5T A =M ( AN?ROPOC5TRIC1 ALBEIT SU/A9ABLE1 HUBRIS4 

,9 %>P CONTRA/1 H[EV]1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS NEV] EMBRAC$ SU* A ONE-SID$ G>D5 VISION4 ,:ILE SOME ( ,BOOK*9'S DEEP ECOLOGY CRITICS HAVE REPEAT$LY TRI$ TO PA9T ,BOOK*9'S VIEWS AS IF !Y W]E ID5TICAL TO ?OSE ( ,DUBOS1 SU* *>GES >E V]Y WIDE ( ! M>K4 .<#b.> ,9 HIS MO/ IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHICAL WORK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,BOOK*9 ADAMANTLY REJECTS ! VISION ( A COMPLETELY 0DOME/ICAT$0 & 0PACIFI$0 PLANET1 CALL+ 9/EAD = AN APPRECIATION ( 0A HI< DEGREE ( NATURAL SPONTANEITY0 & URG+ 0CAUTION 9 DI/URB+ NATURAL PROCESSES40 .<#b#a.> ,FUR!RMORE1 S9CE AS F> BACK AS ! #a#i#fS1 ,BOOK*9 HAS REPEAT$LY ASS]T$ ?AT ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL GOALS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS TO 0GU>D & EXP& WILD]NESS >EAS & DOMA9S = WILDLIFE40 .<#b#b.> 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,BOOK*9 BASES HIS VIEWS ON E?ICAL AS WELL AS PRACTICAL GR\NDS4 ,UNLIKE RE=M 5VIRONM5TALISM1 SAYS ,BOOK*91 SOCIAL ECOLOGY 0SEES ! BALANCE & 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF40 .<#b#c.> 0,NATURAL DIV]SITY10 HE SAYS1 0IS TO BE CULTIVAT$ NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ ! COMPON5TS ?AT MAKE UP AN ECOSY/EM1 ! MORE /ABLE ! ECOSY/EM2 DIV]SITY IS ALSO DESIRABLE = ITS [N SAKE1 A VALUE TO BE *]I%$ AS P>T ( A SPIRITIZ$ NOTION ( ! LIV+ UNIV]SE40 .<#b#d.> ,O!R SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 SU* AS ,JOHN ,CL>K1 HAVE E*O$ ,BOOK*9'S NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC APPROA* TO 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS & >GU$ ! NE$ = 0HUMANITY TO SITUATE ITS GOOD )9 ! L>G] CONTEXT ( ! PLANET>Y GOOD40 .<#b#e.> 

,BOOK*9'S & ,CL>K'S VIEWS ON WILD]NESS & 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ,DUBOS'4 ,PHILOSOPH] ,?OMAS ,B]RY HAS >GU$ ?AT IT IS BE/ TO CALL ,DUBOS' APPROA* 0HUMANI/ ECOLOGY0 & TO CLE>LY DI/+UI% IT FROM SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 .<#b#f.> ,BOOK*9 W\LD NO D\BT AGREE4 ,HE HAS C]TA9LY NEV] DRAWN ANO!R CONNECTION BETWE5 ,DUBOS & SOCIAL ECOLOGY S9CE HIS COMM5T 9 #a#i#g#d4 ,DUBOS1 HIMSELF1 LIKELY DI/+UI%$ HIS POSITION FROM ,BOOK*9'S4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 HE NEV] ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF AS A SOCIAL ECOLOGI/ 9 ANY ( HIS BOOKS4 

,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT V]Y FEW SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S ACTIVELY EMBRACE ,DUBOS' EXTREME ANTI-WILD]NESS G>D5 VISION4 ,YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT MANY SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S DO NOT FULLY APPRECIATE OR %>E ,BOOK*9'S LONG-/&+ COMMITM5T TO A NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC E?IC & NATURE PHILOSOPHY4 ,BOOK*9'S POSITION ON !SE QUE/IONS IS V]Y 9FLU5TIAL 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY CIRCLES1 BUT IT IS F> FROM A MOVEM5T-WIDE NORM4 ,9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 MANY SOCIAL ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S FALL SOME:]E BETWE5 ,BOOK*9'S MORE RADICAL PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVE & ! MORE CONV5TIONAL & AN?ROPOC5TRIC APPROA* ( ! LAT] ,DUBOS4 .<#b#g.> 

,LIKE ,BOOK*9 & ! E>LY ,DUBOS1 NE>LY ALL SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S BELIEVE ?AT 0BO? ! HUMANIZ$ L&SCAPE & ! WILD]NESS HAVE A PLACE0 9 ANY DESIR$ ECOLOGICAL FUTURE4 .<#b#h.> ,H[EV]1 LIKE ! LAT] ,DUBOS1 MANY SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S (T5 EXP]I5CE 0AMBIVAL5T ATTITUDES REG>D+ ! COMP>ATIVE M]ITS & RI<TS ( ! WILD]NESS & HUMANIZ$ 5VIRONM5TS40 .<#b#i.> ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ! /RONG AN?ROPOC5TRIC BIAS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE AS WELL AS ( CONV5TIONAL ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ !ORY1 MANY SOCIAL ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S UNCONSCI\SLY RESOLVE ?IS AMBIVAL5CE BY EXCESSIVELY PRIVILEG+ ! NE$S & DESIRES ( HUMAN SOCIETIES OV] ! 9T]E/S ( O!R LIFE-=MS 9 0MIX$0 & WILD]NESS COMMUNITIES4 ,:ILE P]HAPS NOT AS EXTREME AS ,DUBOS1 !RE IS AN ID5TIFIABLE EXTREMI/ G>D5 T5D5CY )9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY CIRCLES4 ,?IS T5D5CY HAS 9HIBIT$ ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS A :OLE FROM DEVELOP+ A NORMATIVE P]SPECTIVE ?AT HOLI/ICALLY 9TEGRATES RADICAL G>D5 & WILD]NESS VISIONS4 

,?IS SITUATION CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ,JOHN ,CL>K'S CLAIM ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY REPRES5TS A HI<LY 0DEVELOP$ APPROA* TO ALL ! C5TRAL ISSUES ( !ORY & PRACTICE0 9 ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS4 .<#c.> ,= ALL ( HIS COMMITM5T AT ! PHILOSOPHICAL LEVEL TO 9TEGRAT+ A WILD]NESS VISION ) HIS HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIAL VISION ( A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 EV5 ,BOOK*9 HAS NEV] PROVID$ A SU/A9$ & SE>*+ EXPLORATION ( H[ & :Y TO PRACTICALLY RE/ORE ! BALANCE BETWE5 T[N1 C\NTRY1 & WILD]NESS4 ,HIS PRIM>Y 9TELLECTUAL FOCUS1 LIKE ?AT ( O!R SOCIALLY-ORI5T$ ECOLOGICAL ?9K]S ( HIS G5]ATION SU* AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,E4,F4 ,S*UMA*]1 ,E4,A4 ,GUTK9D1 & ,W5DELL ,B]RY1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ON RE/OR+ ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY -- ! HUMANLY-9HABIT$ PORTIONS ( ! PLANET4 

,BOOK*9 IS NOT ALONE 9 LEAV+ ?IS ELEM5T ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY !ORY RELATIVELY UNDEVELOP$4 ,ELABORAT+ A DETAIL$ & RADICAL VISION & /RATEGY = WILD]NESS PRES]VATION HAS1 TO DATE1 NEV] TAK5 C5T] /AGE 9 ANY WORK 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9 ,JOHN ,CL>K'S REC5T AN?OLOGY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY WRIT+S1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE IS NOT A S+LE >TICLE ON WILD]NESS PRES]VATION4 .<#c#a.> ,NOR HAS CONS]VATION BIOLOGY & ! PRES]VATION & RE/ORATION ( WILD]NESS EV] BE5 A P>T ( ! CURRICULUM AT ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,IT W\LD APPE> !N1 ?AT = ALL ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S WISDOM AB\T CREAT+ A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 & = ALL ( ,BOOK*9'S COMMITM5T TO A NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S PRACTICAL DAY TO DAY COMMITM5T TO WILD]NESS PRES]VATION HAS NEV] BE5 FULLY DEVELOP$ & IT'S VISION HAS ONLY R>ELY EXCE$$ ! LIMIT$ WILD]NESS VISION ( ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T4 

,:ATEV] ELSE CAN BE SAID AB\T HIM1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 ! O!R COAU?OR ( ?IS BOOK1 HAS CLE>LY ?\<T LONG & H>D AB\T WILD]NESS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 HE REPRES5TS A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! RELATIVELY UNDEVELOP$ WILD]NESS VISION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9DE$1 S9CE ! F\ND+ ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 BY ,=EMAN & F\R O!R DISGRUNTL$ WILD]NESS ACTIVI/S 9 #a#i#h1 ,=EMAN & ! O!RS HAVE LAUN*$ A P[]FUL PHILOSOPHICAL ATTACK ON ! IMPOV]I%$ WILD]NESS VISION ( ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T4 ,9 T]MS AS %>P & /++ AS ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE ( DEEP ECOLOGY1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 CO-F\ND] ,H[IE ,WOLKE PUBLICLY *>G$ ?AT ! RE=MI/ CONS]VATION MOVEM5T WAS GUILTY ( 0RAG+ MOD]ATION1 IRRESPONSIBLE COMPROMISE1 KNEE-J]K ,SI]RA ,CLUB DOGMA1 & UNKN[+ 7OK1 SOMETIMES KN[+7 DUPLICITY 9 ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION0 ( WILD]NESS4 .<#c#b.> ,=EMAN W5T SO F> AS TO >GUE ?AT ! 0WORLDVIEW ( ! .<!N.> EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ( ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB IS CLOS] TO ?AT ( ,JAMES ,WATT OR ,RONALD ,REAGAN ?AN TO ,E>? ,FIR/6'S40 .<#c#c.> 

,TO !SE DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ! TEPID WILD]NESS VISION PROJECT$ BY ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T 7AS WELL AS BY SEV]AL SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S7 AM\NTS TO LITTLE MORE ?AN PRES]V+ A FEW M9OR ECOLOGICAL MUSEUMS 9 H>D TO DEVELOP PLACES1 MA9TA9+ NUM]\S SMALL WILDLIFE SANCTU>IES1 & PROTECT+ SOME RUGG$ \TDOOR RECREATIONAL RESORTS4 ,9 %>P CONTRA/1 ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T EMBRACES ! MORE RADICAL WILD]NESS COMMITM5TS ( ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 ,JOHN ,MUIR1 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD1 & ,BOB ,M>%ALL4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#h#c1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN & TWO O!R ,E>? ,FIR/6 F\ND]S UNVEIL$ ! VISION>Y C5T]PIECE ( !IR 5VIRONM5TAL DEF5SE PROGRAM1 A PROPOSAL CALL$ ! ,WILD]NESS ,PRES]VE ,SY/EM :I* SEEKS TO DECL>E OV] FIFTY L>GE WILD]NESS >EAS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 0(F-LIMITS TO 9DU/RIAL HUMAN CIVILIZATION AS PRES]VES = ! FREEFL[ ( NATURAL PROCESSES40 .<#c#d.> ,?IS DETAIL$ PLAN1 COV]+ OV] #gaf MILLION ACRES1 WAS CONCEIV$ AS ONE COMPON5T ( A L>G] VISION TO RE/ORE AN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE BETWE5 T[N1 C\NTRY1 & WILD]NESS BY PROTECT+ ALL REMA9+ ROADLESS PUBLIC L&S OV] A FEW ?\S& ACRES4 ,AS ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES REPORTS1 !SE L>GE PRES]VES W\LD ALL[3 

NO HUMAN HABITATION 7EXCEPT1 9 SOME CASES1 9DIG5\S PEOPLES ) TRADITIONAL LIFE-/YLES72 NO USE ( ME*ANIZ$ EQUIPM5T OR VEHICLES2 NO ROADS2 NO LOGG+1 M9+1 WAT] DIV]SION1 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY1 AGRICULTURE1 OR GRAZ+2 NO USE ( >TIFICIAL *EMICAL SUB/ANCES2 NO SUPPRESSION ( WILDFIRES2 NO OV]FLI<TS BY AIRCRAFT2 & NO PRIORITY GIV5 TO ! SAFETY & CONV5I5CE ( HUMAN VISITORS OV] ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ECO-SY/EM4 .<#c#e.> 

,?IS /R+5T PLAN1 ALREADY A RE=M CONS]VATIONI/'S NI<TM>E1 DOES NOT LIMIT ITSELF TO PROTECT+ ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES )9 EXI/+ NATIONAL P>KS & =E/S1 H[EV]4 ,! PLAN BOLDLY GOES ON TO CALL = ! 9CLUSION ( L>GE >EAS ( PRIVATELY [N$ & EV5 ALREADY 0DEVELOP$0 L& :I* C\LD BE C>EFULLY RE/OR$ BY CONS]VATION BIOLOGI/S 9TO A MORE WILD /ATE SUITABLE = 9CLUSION UND] ! ,PRES]VE ,SY/EM4 

,:ILE NEV] BELIEV+ ?AT !IR PROPOSAL WAS AN ACCEPTABLE LEGISLATIVE 9ITIATIVE )9 ! CURR5T POLITICAL CONTEXT1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 PU%$ ! ,PRES]VE PLAN TO CLE>LY DI/+UI% ITSELF FROM RE=MI/ 5VIRONM5TALI/S & TO =CE PEOPLE TO COME TO T]MS ) ITS RADICAL ECOLOGICAL VISION4 ,9DE$1 NO GR\P 9 HI/ORY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS :O RESI/$ ! ,EUROPEAN 9VASION ( ?IS CONT95T1 HAS EV] PROJECT$ SU* A SWEEP+ VISION = PRES]V+ WILD]NESS &1 AS A DIRECT RESULT1 CONTA9+ & ROLL+ BACK AN 5VIRONM5TALLY DE/RUCTIVE 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION4 

,PHILOSOPHICALLY1 ,=EMAN'S VISION ( 0,BIG ,WILD]NESS0 GR[S DIRECTLY \T ( ONE ( ! MO/ BASIC PR9CIPLES ( DEEP ECOLOGY1 :I*1 AS >TICULAT$ BY ,NAESS & ,SESSIONS1 AFFIRMS ?AT 0! WELL-BE+ & FL\RI%+0 ( NON-HUMAN LIFE & ITS HABITAT HAS 09TR9SIC VALUE0 & %\LD BE RESPECT$ BY HUMAN BE+S 09DEP5D5T ( ! USEFULNESS ( ! NON-HUMAN WORLD = HUMAN PURPOSES40 .<#c#f.> ,9DE$1 MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S SEE A COMMITM5T TO ,BIG ,WILD]NESS AS A LITMUS TE/ ( :E!R SOMEONE HAS FIRMLY ADOPT$ A NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC ECOLOGICAL E?IC ?AT TRANSC5DS M]E 5VIRONM5TAL PRAGMATISM & 5LI<T5$ HUMAN SELF-9T]E/4 

,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE1 H[EV]1 TO ?9K ?AT MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S >E NOT ALSO M9DFUL ( ! ECOLOGICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 ES!TIC1 & SPIRITUAL B5EFITS ( WILD]NESS TO HUMAN BE+S & TO HUMAN CIVILIZATION4 ,A CONSI/5T !ME ?R\<\T MU* ( ! LIT]ATURE1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ! CULTURAL VALUE ( 9TIMATE & RESPECTFUL HUMAN 9T]ACTION & ID5TIFICATION ) ! WILD & ITS CREATURES4 ,FOLL[+ ! LEAD ( RESPECT$ HUMAN ECOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,%EP>D1 MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S PO9T TO ! GR[+ EVID5CE ?AT PSY*OLOGICAL & CULTURAL MATURITY IS 5HANC$ & DEEP5$1 GIV5 \R [N EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 BY RI* WILD]NESS EXP]I5CES4 .<#c#g.> ,AS DEEP ECOLOGY POET & ESSAYI/ ,G>Y ,SNYD] W>NS1 0A CULTURE ?AT ALI5ATES ITSELF FROM !444 WILD]NESS \TSIDE444 & FROM ?AT O!R WILD]NESS1 ! WILD]NESS )91 IS DOOM$ TO A V]Y DE/RUCTIVE BEHAVIOR1 ULTIMATELY P]HAPS SELF-DE/RUCTIVE BEHAVIOR40 .<#c#h.> 

,:ILE DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHY DOES T5D TO FOCUS PRIM>ILY ON WILD]NESS1 IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY UNAW>E OR UNCONC]N$ ) ! ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL CONC]NS ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION1 A FACT ?AT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 LO/ 9 ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE4 ,SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 9 FACT1 >E AS CONC]N$ AS SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S ) RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & CREAT+ DEC5TRALIZ$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & DEMOCRATIC BIOREGIONAL HUMAN COMMUNITIES ) A DYNAMIC /EADY-/ATE ECONOMY BAS$ ON ECO-TE*NOLOGIES & ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION PRACTICES4 ,AS ,G>Y ,SNYD] PUTS IT1 0IF .<HUMANITY.> IS TO REMA9 ON E>? .<IT.> MU/ TRANS=M ! FIVE-MILL5NIA LONG URBANIZ+ CIVILIZATION TRADITION 9TO A NEW ECOLOGICALLY-S5SITIVE H>MONY-ORI5T$ WILD-M9D$ SCI5TIFIC_/SPIRITUAL CULTURE444 NO?+ %ORT ( TOTAL TRANS=MATION WILL DO MU* GOOD40 .<#c#i.> 

,H[EV]1 ?IS 9TEGRATION ( WILD]NESS & G>D5 VISIONS IS NOT NECESS>ILY ! NORM4 ,JU/ LIKE !IR NEMESIS ,]NE ,DUBOS1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S (T5 EXP]I5CE V]Y 0AMBIVAL5T ATTITUDES REG>D+ ! COMP>ATIVE M]ITS & RI<TS ( ! WILD]NESS & ( HUMANIZ$ 5VIRONM5TS40 ,IT IS TELL+ ?AT SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE *ANT$ 0,D[N ,) ,HUMAN ,BE+S60 >\ND CAMPFIRES AT ,E>? ,FIR/6 GA!R+S4 ,?IS IS1 AS ,DAVE ,=EMAN HAS PUT IT1 0AN HONE/ EXPRESSION0 ( SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S' P]SPECTIVE4 .<#d.> 

,! WILD]NESS VISION CAN CLE>LY BE /RET*$ TO EXCLUSIVE1 ANTI-HUMAN1 ANTI-SOCIAL EXTREMES4 ,9DE$1 :AT FIR/ SP>K$ ,BOOK*9'S AL>M AB\T DEEP ECOLOGY WAS ! PUBLICATION ( REM>KS BY A H&FUL ( 9FLU5TIAL DEEP ECOLOGY WILD]NESS ACTIVI/S :I* %[$ A CALL\S DISREG>D = HUMAN LIFE & A S]I\S IGNORANCE ( ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL ROOTS ( ! GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 HAS NOT$1 ! WILD]NESS VISION1 TAK5 TO EXTREMES1 0HAS A LESS 9NOC5T SIDE40 

,IT CAN LEAD TO A REJECTION ( HUMAN NATURE1 AN 9TROV]T$ D5IAL ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 A NE$LESS OPPOSITION BETWE5 WILD]NESS & CIVILIZATION444.<&.> A REVOLT AGA9/ ONE'S [N K9D2 9DE$1 A DISCLAIM+ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS IT IS EMBODI$ 9 HUMAN BE+S4 ,?IS PITT+ ( A SEEM+LY WILD 0FIR/ NATURE0 AGA9/ SOCIAL 0SECOND NATURE0 REFLECTS A BL9D & TORTUR$ 9ABILITY TO DI/+UI% :AT IS IRRATIONAL & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY FROM :AT C\LD BE RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 .<#d#a.> 

,9 CONTRA/ TO SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 :O TRACE ! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO ! RISE ( HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE HUMAN SOCIETIES1 MANY DEEP ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S TALK ( ! HUMAN SPECIES ITSELF AS A BLI<T ON ! PLANET4 ,AS ,DAVE ,=EMAN HAS PUT IT1 0,IT IS TIME = A W>RIOR SOCIETY TO RISE UP \T ( ! ,E>? & ?R[ ITSELF 9 FRONT ( ! JUGG]NAUT ( DE/RUCTION1 TO BE ANTIBODIES AGA9/ ! HUMAN POX ?AT'S RAVAG+ ?IS PRECI\S BEAUTIFUL PLANET40 .<#d#b.> ,GIV5 ?IS ANALYSIS1 ! PRIM>Y LONG-T]M GOAL ( MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S IS NOT TRANS=M+ SOCIETY BUT RA!R DRA/ICALLY DEPOPULAT+ ! ,E>? AS IF HUMAN NUMB]S W]E ALL ?AT MATT]$ & ! V>I\S K9DS ( SOCIETIES ?AT PEOPLE CAN CREATE >E ( LITTLE OR NO RELEVANCE TO ! ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION4 

,:ILE NEV] ADVOCAT+ ACTIVE G5OCIDE1 MORE ?AN A FEW DEEP ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S HAVE S]I\SLY TALK$ ( 0LETT+ NATURE TAKE ITS C\RSE0 9 DEPOPULAT+ ! ,E>? & HAVE OP5LY C\NSEL$ PEOPLE TO DO NO?+ TO AV]T SU* 0NATURAL0 DISA/]S AS FAM9E OR EPIDEMIC DISEASE4 ,MORE ?AN ONE PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGI/ HAS EV5 ADVOCAT$ ACTIVE MEASURES SU* AS MILIT>ILY CLOS+ ! ,U4,S4-,MEXICAN BORD] TO /EM ! TIDE ( IMMIGRANTS FROM ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :OM ,$ ,ABBEY ONCE DESCRIB$ AS 0MORALLY-CULTURALLY-G5]ICALLY0 9F]IOR PEOPLE4 .<#d#c.> ,ALL ( ?IS HAS L$ TO A NUMB] ( FEM9I/ & ANTI-RACI/ CRITIQUES ( SU* POSITIONS )9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T BY SU* ECOLOGICAL WRIT]S AS ,M>TI ,KHEEL1 ,YNE/RA ,K+1 ,JANET ,BIEHL1 ,C>L ,AN?ONY1 & ! MANY AU?ORS ( ,WE ,SPEAK ,= ,\RSELVES3 ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE1 ,RACE1 & ,5VIRONM5T .<#d#d.> 

,:ILE NOT NECESS>ILY ! NORM1 !RE IS CLE>LY A MISAN?ROPIC /RA9 )9 ! MORE EXTREME WILD]NESS VISIONS >TICULAT$ BY SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S4 ,?IS BLUNTS ! SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE & E?IC ( ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T & ITS MEMB]S4 ,9DE$1 ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS A :OLE LACKS A CONSI/5T OR CLE> SOCIAL ANALYSIS ( ! ECOLOGY CRISIS OR EV5 A CONSI/5T COMMITM5T TO HUMANE SOCIAL E?ICS4 ,AN>*I/IC ECOTOPIAN VISIONS COEXI/ ) POT5TIALLY *ILL+ & AU?ORIT>IAN P]SPECTIVES AS WELL AS CALLS TO COMPLETELY 0UNMAKE CIVILIZATION0 & RETURN TO HUNT] & GA!R] SOCIETIES EV]Y:]E ON ! PLANET4 

,DAVE ,=EMAN IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! BE/ 9DIVIDUAL EXAMPLES ( ?IS WIDE RANGE ( DEEP ECOLOGY SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,CONTR>Y TO C\NTLESS CRITICISMS ( HIM1 H[EV]1 ,=EMAN HAS MO/ (T5 EMBRAC$ A RADICAL BIOREGIONAL SOCIAL VISION AS HIS *OS5 GOAL = ! HUMANLY 9HABIT$ PORTIONS ( ! ,E>?4 .<#d#e.> ,AT O!R TIMES1 H[EV]1 HIS SOCIAL ?9K+ HAS BE5 MU* MORE ACCOMMODAT+ TO ! /ATUS QUO1 AS IF HE ACTUALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,E>?'S REMA9+ WILD]NESS >EAS C\LD BE SUCCESSFULLY PROTECT$ LONG-T]M )\T REPLAC+ ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,ECODEF5SE3 ,A ,FIELD ,GUIDE TO ,MONKEYWR5*+1 = EXAMPLE1 ,=EMAN EMPHATICALLY ASS]TS ?AT DIRECT-ACTION EF=TS SU* AS ,E>? ,FIR/6'S 0DO NOT AIM TO OV]?R[ ANY SOCIAL1 POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC SY/EM40 .<#d#f.> ,EV5 MORE TR\BL+ >E A FEW ( ,=EMAN'S PA/ COMM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ON IMMIGRATION & FAM9E1 :I* SUGGE/ AN ICY 9DIFF]5CE TO HUMAN SUFF]+ SIMIL> TO ! OPPRESSIVE S5SIBILITIES ( ! V]Y P[] ELITES ?AT ,=EMAN HAS1 AT O!R TIMES1 CALL$ 0! ?UGS :O RUN MOD]N CIVILIZATION40 .<#d#g.> ,=EMAN'S OCCASIONAL CALLS = A 0RETURN TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E0 ALSO SUGGE/ A :OLESALE & UNCRITICAL REJECTION ( AGRICULTURE1 TE*NOLOGY1 NATURAL SCI5CE1 & HUMANI/ SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 

,=EMAN'S P]SONAL CONFUSION OV] !SE SOCIAL QUE/IONS & HIS OCCASIONAL FLIRTATION ) A REACTION>Y & EXTREMI/ WILD]NESS VISION 9 ! NAME ( DEEP ECOLOGY C\LD P]HAPS BE DISMISS$ AS AN AB]RATION BUT SU* POSITIONS HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ OR ALL[$ TO GO UN*ALL5G$ BY MANY O!R DEEP ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S & ?9K]S4 ,GIV5 ?IS SITUATION1 IT IS LITTLE WOND] ?AT SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S ADOPT AN EV5 MORE PR(\NDLY ANTI-HUMAN1 EXCLUSIVE V]SION ( ! WILD]NESS VISION & R\T9ELY SACRIFICE FRAGILE SOCIAL E?ICS 9 ! NAME ( 5HANC+ \R 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S (F] AN IMPORTANT & NE$$ ALT]NATIVE TO !SE ANTI-HUMAN EXTREMES )9 DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,= ONE ?+1 ALL SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN ASPIRATIONS = CREAT+ HEAL?Y & DEMOCRATIC HUMAN COMMUNITIES >E LEGITIMATE MORAL CONC]NS 9 & ( !MSELVES1 & A VITAL 9T]E/ ( \R SPECIES4 ,9 CONTRA/1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE V]Y MIX$ VIEWS ON ! MORAL LEGITIMACY ( !SE HUMAN-C5T]$ CONC]NS4 ,:ILE KEY PHILOSOPH]S 9 BO? RADICAL T5D5CIES AGREE ON ! LIMITS ( AN EXCLUSIVE1 AN?ROPOC5TRIC CONC]N = HUMAN BE+S1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S TAKE ! HUMANI/IC ASPECT ( !IR POLITICS V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,MO/ BELIEVE ?AT ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T \<T TO >TICULATE & RESOLUTELY SUPPORT A NONAN?ROPOC5TRIC1 ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM AS ONE ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( ITS L>G] MORAL VISION4 

,! O!R KEY 9SI<T ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY (F]S TO ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS ITS EMPHASIS ON ! HI/ORIC & ORGANIC CONNECTION BETWE5 SOCIAL HI]>*Y & ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ BASIC PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY TODAY IS ?AT ! SOCIAL FACTOR MO/ UND]LY+ ! DE/RUCTIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN SOCIETIES & ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD IS ! HI/ORIC BREAKD[N ( COMMUNITY SOLID>ITY )9 E>LY HUMAN SOCIETIES & ! RESULT+ EXPANSION ( HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION )9 ! GLOBAL HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,?IS SOCIAL HI/ORY1 >GUES ,BOOK*91 HAS PR(\NDLY CONDITION$ 0! WAY WE EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A :OLE1 9CLUD+ NATURE & NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS40 .<#d#h.> ,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS CONDITION+ FO/]S AN?ROPOC5TRISM & 5C\RAGES ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 

,GIV5 ?IS ANALYSIS1 IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE TO SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S ?AT ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S CAN EFFECTIVELY DEF5D ! ,E>?1 9 ANY LONG-T]M FA%ION1 IF !Y LEAVE ! TAPEWORM ( HUMAN OPPRESSION FIRMLY EMB$D$ )9 ! V]Y GUTS ( \R SOCIETY4 ,= ,BOOK*9 & O!R SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 WILD]NESS PRES]VATION1 EV5 ON ! SCALE PROPOS$ BY ,E>? ,FIR/61 IS NOT NE>LY RADICAL 5\<4 ,!Y >GUE 9/EAD ?AT ! ESS5TIAL TASK1 IF WE >E TO DEF5D ! ,E>? SUCCESSFULLY1 IS NOT SIMPLY TO TRY TO CONTA9 ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE SOCIETIES BUT TO ULTIMATELY & FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M !M4 

,CAN COMMON GR\ND BE F\ND BETWE5 !SE TWO W+S ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T8 ,:5 ! ,F$]AL ,BUREAU ( ,9VE/IGATION >RE/$ ,DAVE ,=EMAN ON TRUMP$-UP *>GES ( 0T]RORISM0 9 #a#i#h#i1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS N[ UND] HEAVY (FICIAL ATTACK4 ,! NE$ = A PR9CIPL$ UNITY AMONG ALL ! W+S ( ! MOVEM5T1 REG>DLESS ( !IR CONT9U+ DIFF]5CES1 BECAME 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S4 ,9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! TRADITIONAL DIVIDE-&-CONQU] TACTICS ( ! ,F,B,I1 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN ACCEPT$ ! ,LE>N+ ,ALLIANCE'S LONG-/&+ 9VITATION = A JO9T PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ORD] TO %[ !IR SOLID>ITY1 ACKN[L$GE ! COMMON GR\ND ?AT C\LD BE F\ND BETWE5 !M1 & EXPLORE !IR PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL DIFF]5CES 9 A WAY ?AT %[$ ?AT DEEP ECOLOGI/S & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S CAN LI/5 TO & LE>N FROM EA* O!R4 

,! RESULT1 AS REVEAL$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 IS A REM>KABLE & ?\<T-PROVOK+ REJECTION ( ! EXTREMES ( BO? ! WILD]NESS & G>D5 VISIONS & A MOVE T[>D A G5U9ELY 9TEGRAT$ RADICAL VISION4 ,NOT ALL !IR DIFF]5CES W]E RESOLV$1 ( C\RSE4 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN HAD TO AGREE TO DISAGREE ON A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT TOPICS RAIS$4 ,YET1 ! %>$ CONT\RS ( AN EXCIT+ RADICAL ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ?AT 9TEGRATES ! BE/ ( ! G>D5 & WILD]NESS VISIONS WAS CLE> = ALL TO SEE4 

,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT VICTORY = ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,IT REFLECTS ! SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ONE-SID$ PROGRAMS & /RATEGIES ON ! P>T ( MANY DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS HE>T5+1 = EXAMPLE1 TO HE> A PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGI/ LIKE ,BILL ,DEVALL F9ALLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT 0,M>XI/1 SOCIALI/1 & AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVES CAN HELP DEEP ECOLOGI/S EXPLORE & UND]/& ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL FACTORS -- 9CLUD+ ! ROLE ( CAPITALISM & MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS -- 9VOLV$ 9 ! DEGRADATION ( \R PLANET40 .<#d#i.> ,IT IS ALSO 5C\RAG+ TO SEE NEW1 MORE SOCIALLY-ORI5T$1 LEAD]S EM]GE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 & TO SEE !IR EF=TS TO BUILD AN 5VIRONM5TAL ALLIANCE ) TIMB] WORK]S TO SAVE OLD-GR[? =E/S & REPLACE ! CORPORATE TIMB] COMPANIES ) 5VIRONM5TALLY RESPONSIBLE WORK]-[N$ COOP]ATIVES4 

,IT IS EQUALLY HE>T5+ TO SEE SOCIAL ECOLOGY GR\PS SU* AS ! ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,NETWORK ASS]T+ MORE =CEFULLY ?AN EV] ?AT !Y 0/& ) EV]Y /RUGGLE = ! PROTECTION ( NONHUMAN LIFE444! CONS]VATION ( SPECIES DIV]SITY1 HABITATS1 & ECOSY/EMS1 & ! EXPANSION ( WILD]NESS >EAS40 .<#e.> ,! LONG /&+ SOCIAL ECOLOGY COMMITM5T TO WILD]NESS IS N[ CLE>LY MORE ?AN RHETORICAL4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY GR\PS SU* AS ! ,E>? ,ACTION ,NETWORK NOT ONLY CALL$ = 0VA/LY EXP&+ PUBLIC P>KS1 WILD]NESS >EAS & WILDLIFE HABITAT10 !Y ACTIVELY HELP$ ORGANIZE ,R$WOOD ,SUMM] & >E N[ ORGANIZ+ O!R 0SU/A9$ 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIONS 9VOLV+ CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 DIRECT ACTION1 & CREATIVE RESI/ANCE40 .<#e#a.> ,9 ,V]MONT1 ! ,BURL+TON ,GRE5S HAVE ACTIVELY PU%$ A VOT] 9ITIATIVE DRIVE = A MORATORIUM ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 9CLUD+ DEVELOPM5T ( LUCRATIVE LAKEFRONT PROP]TY & SKI RESORTS4 ,!Y ALSO REC5TLY LAUN*$ A MAJOR DIRECT-ACTION CAMPAIGN AGA9/ A L>GE BIOTE*NOLOGY RESE>* FIRM OP]AT+ )9 !IR CITY4 

,A MORE UNIFI$1 MORE HOLI/IC1 MORE 9TEGRAT$ RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T MAY WELL BE EM]G+4 ,IF SO1 ?IS MOVEM5T WILL BE NEI!R AN?ROPOC5TRIC NOR MISAN?ROPIC4 ,IT WILL SEEK BO? TO EXP& WILD]NESS & CREATE A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,ITS VISION WILL BALANCE CREATIVE HUMAN 9T]V5TION 9 NATURE ) BUMBLE & C>+ RE/RA9T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS MOVEM5T WILL UND]/& & ACCEPT ECOLOGICAL & E?ICAL LIMITS TO GLOBAL ECONOMIC & POPULATION GR[? :ILE SEEK+ SU/A9ABLE & JU/ DEVELOPM5T ( ALL SOCIETIES4 ,IT WILL ALSO SEEK TO BREAK UP ! MOD]N IMP]IALI/ SY/EM ?AT RAVAGES ONE HUMAN COMMUNITY TO ADVANCE ! 9T]E/S ( ANO!R &1 ON A MORE P]SONAL LEVEL1 IT WILL FO/] ! 7RE7EM]G5CE ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT CAN GR\ND \R LIVES 9 A HE>TFELT S5SE ( CONNECTION & COMMUNION ) ! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE4 

,?IS BOOK PO9TS ! WAY T[>DS SU* AN 9SPIR+ MOVEM5T4 ,HAPPILY1 IT DOES SO 9 A WAY ?AT BO? DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S CAN CLE>LY UND]/&4 ,! 9TEGRATIVE P]SPECTIVE EVID5C$ H]E BUILDS ON ! /R5G?S ( BO? S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 ,?IS BOOK1 ( C\RSE1 REPRES5TS ONLY A BEG9N+1 NOT AN 5D+4 ,IT IS JU/ ONE NE$$ /EP BY TWO 9FLU5TIAL ACTIVI/S & ?9K]S4 ,O!R VOICES NE$ TO BE S]I\SLY CONSID]$ AS WELL4 ,! L>G] MOVEM5T1 = EXAMPLE1 NE$S TO LI/5 WELL TO ECO-FEM9I/S1 BLACK 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 SYMPA!TIC UNION ORGANIZ]S1 & ,?IRD ,WORLD ACTIVI/S4 

,IT W\LD BE H>D TO OV]E/IMATE ! VALUE ( ?IS DIALOGUE1 H[EV]4 ,TOGE!R1 9 ?IS BOOK1 ,BOOK*9 & ,=EMAN (F] PROVOCATIVE & 9SI<TFUL ANSW]S TO ?AT 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 0,:I!R ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T80 

,P>T ,I3 ,! ,DIALOGUE -- ,W9T] #aihi 

,*APT] #a3 ,LOOK+ = ,COMMON ,GR\ND 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 

,I HAVE BE5 A SOCIAL ACTIVI/ = OV] #ee YE>S4 ,I WAS A RADICAL LABOR UNION ORGANIZ] 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS1 & ,I WAS DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 & ! C\NT]CULTURAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,I HAVE ALSO BE5 A LONGTIME ACTIVI/ 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,I AM PLEAS$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ,ROD]ICK ,NA% SET ! RECORD /RAI<T 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,RI<TS ( ,NATURE BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ,I WAS ON ! ECOLOGICAL BATTLEFRONT A LONG TIME AGO1 WELL BE=E ! WORD 0ECOLOGY0 WAS EV5 WIDELY US$4 

,MO/ PEOPLE DO NOT KN[ ?AT ,I WAS ON ! ECOLOGICAL FRONTL9ES AS F> BACK AS #a#i#e#b4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ,I OPPOS$ ! USE ( PE/ICIDES & ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,9 #a#i#e#d1 ,I CAMPAIGN$ AGA9/ NUCLE> TE/+ & FALL\T4 ,I PROTE/$ ! RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION PROBLEMS ( ! 0PEACEFUL ATOM0 ?AT BECAME PUBLIC ) ! ,W9DSCALE NUCLE> REACTOR 9CID5T 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 #aief & !N LAT] :5 ,CON ,$ISON ATTEMPT$ TO CON/RUCT ! WORLD'S L>GE/ NUCLE> REACTOR 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9 #a#i#f#c4 ,S9CE !N1 ,I HAVE BE5 ACTIVE 9 ANTI-NUKE ALLIANCES SU* AS ,CLAM%ELL & ,%AD & !IR PR$ECESSORS SU* AS ,ECOLOGY ,ACTION ,EA/4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ,I'VE DONE :AT ,I CAN AS A MEMB] ( ! ,BURL+TON ,GRE5S 9 ,V]MONT & ,I HAVE HELP$ />T A CONT95TAL ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,NETWORK ?AT WORKS )9 ! ,GRE5 ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,MY GOAL HAS LONG BE5 TO HELP BUILD A G5U9ELY RADICAL ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN GRE5 MOVEM5T ?AT WILL H>MONIZE ! RELATION%IPS AMONG HUMAN BE+S & BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! BIOSPH]E4 

,H[EV]1 ,I HAVE NEV] LIMIT$ MY EF=TS TO ACTIVISM & ORGANIZ+4 ,I HAVE HAD A LONG & VITAL CONC]N ) ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL !ORY4 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT IS POSSIBLE TO OV]E/IMATE ! VALUE ( ?9K+ 9SI<TFULLY & CREATIVELY AB\T DEF5D+ ! ,E>?4 ,WE NE$ IDEAS1 GOOD IDEAS1 TO GUIDE \R ACTIVI/ WORK4 ,?AT IS :AT WE HAVE ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ AT ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY :I* ,I CO-F\ND$ 9 #aigd ) ,DAN ,*ODORK(F1 & :I* IS /ILL GO+ /RONG TODAY4 

,9 ! BOOK BY ,ROD]ICK ,NA% ,I JU/ M5TION$1 ,NA% MA9TA9S ?AT ,I HAVE 0FEW EQUALS0 :5 IT COMES TO 0TIME SP5T LABOR+ 9 ! TR5*ES ( RADICAL 5VIRONM5TAL !ORY40 .<#e#b.> ,I LIKE TO ?9K ?AT ?IS IS TRUE4 ,)\T S\ND+ TOO IMMODE/1 ,I HAVE BE5 ON ! 0FRONTL9E0 ( GRE5 POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,S9CE #a#i#e#b1 ,I HAVE WRITT5 OV] ?IRTE5 BOOKS ON SOCIAL_/ECOLOGICAL !ORY1 9CLUD+ ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 :I* CAME \T SIX MON?S BE=E ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+1 ,T[>D ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 &1 MO/ REC5TLY1 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY3 ,PA?WAYS TO A ,GRE5 ,FUTURE4 ,I HAVE ALSO TAU<T OV] #b1 /UD5TS AT ! ,9/ITUTE & HAVE TRAVEL$ & LECTUR$ WIDELY4 

,SO ,I URGE PEOPLE3 :5 Y\ FEEL ?AT Y\ WANT TO BE CRITICAL ( MY IDEAS1 & ,I ?9K ?AT Y\ %\LD1 PLEASE BE GOOD 5\< TO READ MY WRIT+S & LI/5 TO :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY4 ,I'M GETT+ A LOT ( CRITICAL /UFF RI<T N[ FROM ! ACADEMIC PR(ESSORIAL CR[D 9 :I* PEOPLE >E CRITICIZ+ ME ON ! BASIS ( ONLY ONE OR TWO >TICLES & SOMETIMES EV5 HE>SAY4 ,I AM NOT ASK+ ASK Y\ TO READ ALL ( MY /UFF1 JU/ 5\< TO MAKE A RESPONSIBLE ASSESSM5T & CRITICISM4 

,IF PEOPLE DO READ MY WORK1 !Y WILL DISCOV] ?AT BESIDES HAV+ BE5 A LABOR ORGANIZ] 9 F\NDRIES & AUTO PLANTS 9 A NUMB] ( BIG 9DU/RIAL CITIES1 BESIDES HAV+ BE5 A REVOLUTION>Y LEFTI/ = OV] #ee YE>S1 ,I %>E A GOOD DEAL ( ! ECOLOGICAL /ATE ( M9D ( MY CONS]VATION FRI5DS 9 ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,DOES ?AT SURPRISE PEOPLE8 ,FRANKLY1 ,I SEE EYE TO EYE ) ! ACTIVI/S ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 ON A L>GE NUMB] ( ?+S4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 ,I ?9K !Y & ,DAVE ,=EMAN >E DO+ A WOND]FUL JOB4 ,I FEEL A V]Y KE5 SYMPA?Y = !IR MANY DIRECT-ACTION CAMPAIGNS TO PROTECT WILD]NESS4 ,!Y >E NOT T]RORI/S AS ! ,F,B,I W\LD HAVE Y\ BELIEVE4 ,!Y >E DO+ IMPORTANT WORK1 WORK ,I /RONGLY SUPPORT4 

,:ILE SUPPORT = WILD]NESS PRES]VATION IS PEPP]$ ?R\<\T MY WRIT+S1 PEOPLE MAY NOT REALIZE ?AT ,I AM A 0WILD]NESS FREAK40 ,I HAVE NOT SP5T ALL MY TIME ON PICKET L9ES1 9 MEET+S1 9 MY (FICE1 OR 9 LIBR>IES4 ,MY PASSION = WILD]NESS >EAS1 = WILDLIFE1 IS A LIFELONG PASSION4 ,FROM MY *ILDHOOD ONW>D1 :5 ! ,BRONX /ILL HAD SOME /&S ( ORIG9AL =E/1 ,I LOV$ EXPLOR+ ! WILD WORLD4 ,I'VE BE5 TO ALMO/ EV]Y NATIONAL =E/ & EV]Y NATIONAL P>K 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & MANY 9 ,EUROPE1 FROM ! ,OLYMPICS & ! ,SMOKEYS TO ! ,BLACK ,=E/ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,I'VE PICK$ UP ! ,APPALA*IAN ,TRAIL AS F> NOR? AS ,V]MONT1 & AS F> S\? AS ,T5NESSEE4 ,I'VE HIK$ IT EV]Y:]E 9 BETWE54 ,I C\LDN'T /OP HEAD+ = ! ,RAMAPO ,M\NTA9S EV]Y S+LE WEEK5D = ! GREAT] P>T ( TWO YE>S :5 ,I TAU<T 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ,I LOVE ?OSE M\NTA9S DE>LY4 

,SOME ( ! GREATE/ MOM5TS 9 MY LIFE HAVE BE5 HIK+ DEEP 9TO =E/ >EAS 9 W9T] ALONE1 :]E IF ,I SO MU* AS SPRA9$ MY ANKLE ,I W\LD FREEZE TO DEA?4 ,MY GREATE/ REGRET N[ ?AT ,I AM #g & SUFF] FROM A SEV]E CASE ( O/EO>?RITIS IS ?AT ,I CAN NO LONG] HIKE 9 ! WILD]NESS4 ,TODAY1 ,I HAVE TO BE A MORE DI/ANT ADMIR]4 ,I W\LD PHYSICALLY /& %\LD] TO %\LD] ) EV]YONE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 TO DEF5D WILD >EAS IF ,I C\LD4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 !RE IS NO OPPOSITION BETWE5 ,DAVE ,=EMAN & MYSELF1 NONE :ATSOEV]6 

,\R SOCIETY HAS GOT TO LE>N TO LIVE 9 PEACE ) ! PLANET1 ) ! RE/ ( ! BIOSPH]E4 ,WE >E 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T ON ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PO9T4 ,WE N[ LIVE UND] ! CON/ANT ?REAT ?AT ! WORLD ( LIFE WILL BE IRREVOCABLY UND]M9$ BY A SOCIETY GONE MAD 9 ITS NE$ TO GR[ -- REPLAC+ ! ORGANIC BY ! 9ORGANIC1 SOIL BY CONCRETE1 =E/ BY B>R5 E>?1 & ! DIV]SITY ( LIFE-=MS BY SIMPLIFI$ ECOSY/EMS2 9 %ORT1 BY TURN+ BACK ! EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK TO AN E>LI]1 MORE 9ORGANIC1 M9]ALIZ$ WORLD ?AT IS 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ COMPLEX LIFE-=MS ( ANY K9D1 9CLUD+ ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE FEW BUT WOND]FUL WILD PLACES ?AT REMA91 MU/ BE PROTECT$4 ,9DE$1 WILD >EAS MU/ BE EXP&$4 ,DAVE & ,I HAVE NO DISAGREEM5T ON ?IS4 

,I ALSO AGREE ?AT WE NE$ TO PROMOTE A RATIONAL SOLUTION TO ! HUMAN POPULATION PROBLEM4 ,! WORLD'S HUMAN POPULATION NE$S TO BE BR\<T 9TO A WORKABLE EQUILIBRIUM ) ! 0C>RY+ CAPACITY0 ( ! PLANET4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 ! M9DLESS PROLIF]ATION ( HUMAN BE+S WILL HAVE TO BE DEALT )4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE FIR/ CLE>LY ID5TIFY :AT WE MEAN BY T]MS LIKE 0OV]POPULATION0 & 0C>RY+ CAPACITY40 

,?IS IS :]E ! ?9K+ ( SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S FRI<T5S ME4 ,WE NE$ AN UND]/&+ ( ! PROBLEM ?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) GAS *AMB]S & RACISM4 ,I KN[ :AT IT MEANS TO FACE ! BRUNT ( A 0POPULATION CONTROL0 PROGRAM4 ,ALL MY RELATIVES 9 ,EUROPE >E DEAD4 ,!Y W]E MURD]$ 9 ! ,NAZI ,HOLOCAU/4 ,!Y W]E SLAU<T]$ 9 ! NAME ( A 0POPULATION PROBLEM40 ,= ,HITL]1 ! WORLD W\LD BE OV]POPULAT$ IF JU/ ONE ,JEW WAS LEFT ALIVE4 

,I'VE NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT PEOPLE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 >E FASCI/S4 ,I AM AFRAID1 H[EV]1 ( C]TA9 POSITIONS & /ATEM5TS1 ! T5D5CY ( :I* REM9D ME ( ?+S ,I HE>D FIFTY YE>S AGO :5 !RE WAS A WORLD-WIDE FASCI/ MOVEM5T ?AT US$ 0NATURALI/IC0 ,MAL?USIAN >GUM5TS TO JU/IFY RACI/ POPULATION CONTROL POLICIES4 ,?IS ABUSE ( ! 0OV]POPULATION0 ISSUE IS NOT JU/ A DI/ANT HI/ORICAL ISSUE1 EI!R4 ,! ABUSE ( ! POPULATION ISSUE IS ONGO+4 ,JU/ LOOK AT :AT ! ,ROCKEFELL] CR[D IS TRY+ TO DO 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,IT IS A REM>KABLY DANG]\S QUE/ION :I* HAS TO BE C>EFULLY & RATIONALLY DISCUSS$ IF WE >E TO RESI/ RACISM1 SEXISM1 & G5OCIDE4 ,EV5 DEEP ECOLOGI/S LIKE ,W>WICK ,FOX AGREE ?AT IT IS 0MON/R\S0 TO TALK ( ,A,I,D,S AS A POPULATION CONTROL MEASURE OR1 9 ! NAME ( 0LETT+ NATURE SEEK ITS BALANCE10 REFUS+ TO AID />V+ *ILDR5 9 ,E?IOPIA4 .<#e#c.> 

,SO ,I ASK ALL ( Y\1 EV]YONE 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 TO PLEASE BE C>EFUL AB\T ! POPULATION PROBLEM4 ,?IS IS A HOT ISSUE2 A V]Y HOT ISSUE4 ,DON'T KID Y\RSELVES AB\T ! OBJECTIVES ( MANY ( ?OSE :O TALK ( POPULATION CONTROL4 ,I W5T ?R\< ! #a#i#cS4 ,WE PAID ! PRICE ( SIXTY MILLION LIVES BACK !N AS ! RESULT ( A RACI/1 IMP]IALI/ W> & MASS EXT]M9ATION POLICY4 ,?IS SORT ( ?+ IS NOT RADICAL ECOLOGY4 ,WE HAVE TO EXPLORE ?IS MATT] C>EFULLY & RESPECT ! V]Y REASONABLE FE>S ( WOM5 & PEOPLE ( COLOR :O HAVE BE5 VICTIMIZ$ BY POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAMS 9 ! PA/4 ,WE HAVE TO EXPLORE :AT A HUMANE & ECOLOGICALLY S\ND SOLUTION IS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT WE UNSCRAMBLE :AT CON/ITUTES ! SOCIAL ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM FROM ! PURELY BIOLOGICAL ONES & TO UND]/& H[ !SE TWO ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R4 ,PLEASE1 LET US BE C>EFUL4 ,CAN WE AGREE ON ?IS8 

,LET ME MOVE ON TO ANO!R CONC]N4 ,! ULTIMATE MORAL APPEAL ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 IS ?AT IT URGES US TO SAFEGU>D ! NATURAL WORLD FROM \R ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE SOCIETIES1 ?AT IS1 9 SOME S5SE1 FROM \RSELVES4 ,BUT1 ,I HAVE TO ASK1 :O IS ?IS 0US0 FROM :I* ! LIV+ WORLD HAS TO BE PROTECT$8 ,?IS1 TOO1 IS AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION4 ,IS IT 0HUMANITY80 ,IS IT ! HUMAN 0SPECIES0 P] SE8 ,IS IT PEOPLE1 AS SU*8 ,OR IS IT \R P>TICUL> SOCIETY1 \R P>TICUL> CIVILIZATION1 ) ITS HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* PIT M5 AGA9/ WOM51 PRIVILEG$ :ITES AGA9/ PEOPLE ( COLOR1 ELITES AGA9/ MASSES1 EMPLOY]S AGA9/ WORK]S1 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD AGA9/ ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 A CANC]LIKE1 0GR[ OR DIE0 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM AGA9/ ! NATURAL WORLD & O!R LIFE-=MS8 ,IS ?IS NOT ! SOCIAL ROOT ( ! POPUL> BELIEF ?AT NATURE IS A M]E OBJECT ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 VALUABLE ONLY AS A 0RES\RCE80 

,ALL TOO (T5 WE >E TOLD BY LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 & NOT A FEW DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ?AT IT IS 0WE0 AS A SPECIES OR1 AT LEA/1 0WE0 AS AN AMALGAM ( 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 9DIVIDUALS ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE = ! BREAKD[N ( ! WEB ( LIFE4 ,I REMEMB] AN 05VIRONM5TAL0 PRES5TATION /AG$ BY ! ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY 9 ,NEW ,YORK DUR+ ! #a#i#gS 9 :I* ! PUBLIC WAS EXPOS$ TO A LONG S]IES ( EXHIBITS1 EA* DEPICT+ EXAMPLES ( POLLUTION & ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION4 ,! EXHIBIT :I* CLOS$ ! PRES5TATION C>RI$ A />TL+ SIGN1 0,! ,MO/ ,DANG]\S ,ANIMAL ON ,E>?40 ,IT CONSI/$ SIMPLY ( A HUGE MIRROR :I* REFLECT$ BACK ! P]SON :O /OOD 9 FRONT ( IT4 ,I REMEMB] A BLACK *ILD /&+ 9 FRONT ( ?AT MIRROR :ILE A :ITE S*OOL TEA*] TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! MESSAGE :I* ?IS >ROGANT EXHIBIT TRI$ TO CONVEY4 ,M9D Y\1 !RE WAS NO EXHIBIT ( CORPORATE BO>DS ( DIRECTORS PLANN+ TO DE=E/ A M\NTA9SIDE OR ( GOV]NM5T (FICIALS ACT+ 9 COLLUSION ) !M4 

,ONE ( ! PROBLEMS ) ?IS ASOCIAL1 0SPECIES-C5T]$0 WAY ( ?9K+1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT IT BLAMES ! VICTIM4 ,LET'S FACE IT1 :5 Y\ SAY A BLACK KID 9 ,H>LEM IS AS MU* TO BLAME = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AS ! ,PRESID5T ( ,EXXON1 Y\ >E LETT+ ONE (F ! HOOK & SL&]+ ! O!R4 ,SU* TALK BY 5VIRONM5TALI/S MAKES GRASSROOTS COALITION-BUILD+ NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE4 ,OPPRESS$ PEOPLE KN[ ?AT HUMANITY IS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ >\ND COMPLICAT$ DIVISIONS ?AT >E IGNOR$ ONLY AT !IR P]IL4 ,BLACK PEOPLE KN[ ?IS WELL :5 !Y CONFRONT :ITES4 ,! POOR KN[ ?IS WELL :5 !Y CONFRONT ! WEAL?Y4 ,! ,?IRD ,WORLD KN[S IT WELL :5 IT CONFRONTS ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 ,WOM5 KN[ IT WELL :5 !Y CONFRONT PATRI>*AL MALES4 ,! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T NE$S TO KN[ IT TOO4 

,ALL ?IS LOOSE TALK ( 0WE0 MASKS ! REALITY ( SOCIAL P[] & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT MASKS ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIAL =CES ?AT >E TE>+ D[N ! PLANET >E ! SAME SOCIAL =CES :I* ?REAT5 TO DEGRADE WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 WORK]S1 & ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4 ,IT MASKS ! FACT ?AT !RE IS A HI/ORICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! WAY PEOPLE DEAL ) EA* O!R AS SOCIAL BE+S & ! WAY !Y TREAT ! RE/ ( NATURE4 ,IT MASKS ! FACT ?AT \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS >E FUNDAM5TALLY SOCIAL PROBLEMS REQUIR+ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?AT IS :AT ,I MEAN BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,IT MAKES A BIG DIFF]5CE 9 H[ SOCIETIES RELATE TO ! NATURAL WORLD :E!R PEOPLE LIVE 9 COOP]ATIVE1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES OR 9 HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS-RIDD51 & AU?ORIT>IAN MASS SOCIETIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ( HUMAN REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY DEP5DS 5ORM\SLY ON ! TYPE ( SOCIETY 9 :I* !SE =CES >E %AP$ & EMPLOY$4 

,P]HAPS ! BIGGE/ QUE/ION ?AT ALL W+S ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T MU/ SATISFACTORILY ANSW] IS JU/ :AT DO WE MEAN BY 0NATURE40 ,IF WE >E COMMITT$ TO DEF5D+ NATURE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO CLE>LY UND]/& :AT WE MEAN BY ?IS4 ,IS NATURE1 ! REAL WORLD1 ESS5TIALLY ! REMNANTS ( ! ,E>?'S PREHUMAN & PRI/9E BIOSPH]E ?AT HAS N[ BE5 VA/LY R$UC$ & POISON$ BY ! 0ALI50 PRES5CE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES8 ,IS NATURE :AT WE SEE :5 WE LOOK \T ON AN UNPEOPL$ VI/A FROM A M\NTA98 ,IS IT A COSMIC >RANGEM5T ( BE+S FROZ5 9 A MOM5T ( ET]NITY TO BE ABJECTLY REV]$1 ADOR$1 & UNT\*$ BY HUMAN 9T]V5TION8 ,OR IS NATURE MU* BROAD] 9 MEAN+8 ,IS NATURE AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I* IS CUMULATIVE & :I* 9CLUDES HUMAN BE+S8 

,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T WILL GET NO:]E UNLESS IT UND]/&S ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES IS NO LESS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AN BLUE-GRE5 ALGAE1 :ALES1 & BE>S4 ,TO CONCEPTUALLY SEP>ATE HUMAN BE+S & SOCIETY FROM NATURE BY VIEW+ HUMANITY AS AN 9H]5TLY UNNATURAL =CE 9 ! WORLD LEADS1 PHILOSOPHICALLY1 EI!R TO AN ANTI-NATURE 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 OR A MISAN?ROPIC AV]SION TO ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,LET'S FACE IT1 SU* MISAN?ROPY DOES SURFACE )9 C]TA9 ECOLOGICAL CIRCLES4 ,EV5 ,>NE ,NAESS ADMITS ?AT MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S 0TALK AS IF !Y LOOK UPON HUMANS AS 9TRUD]S 9 WOND]FUL NATURE40 .<#e#d.> 

,WE >E P>T ( NATURE1 A PRODUCT ( A LONG EVOLUTION>Y J\RNEY4 ,TO SOME DEGREE1 WE C>RY ! ANCI5T OCEANS 9 \R BLOOD4 ,TO A V]Y L>GE DEGREE WE GO ?R\< A K9D ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS FETUSES4 ,IT IS NOT ALI5 TO NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT A SPECIES CALL$ HUMAN BE+S HAS EM]G$ OV] BILLIONS ( YE>S :I* IS CAPABLE ( ?9K+ 9 SOPHI/ICAT$ WAYS4 ,\R BRA9S & N]V\S SY/EMS DID NOT SUDD5LY SPR+ 9TO EXI/5CE )\T LONG ANTEC$5TS 9 NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,?AT :I* WE MO/ PRIZE AS 9TEGRAL TO \R HUMANITY -- \R EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITY TO ?9K ON COMPLEX CONCEPTUAL LEVELS -- CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! N]VE NETWORK ( PRIMITIVE 9V]TEBRATES1 ! GANGLIA ( A MOLLUSK1 ! SP9AL CORD ( A FI%1 ! BRA9 ( AN AMPHIBIAN1 & ! C]EBRAL CORTEX ( A PRIMATE4 

,WE NE$ TO UND]/& ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES HAS EVOLV$ AS A REM>KABLY CREATIVE & SOCIAL LIFE-=M ?AT IS ORGANIZ$ TO CREATE A PLACE = ITSELF 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 NOT ONLY TO ADAPT TO ! RE/ ( NATURE4 ,! HUMAN SPECIES1 ITS DIFF]5T SOCIETIES1 & ITS 5ORM\S P[]S TO ALT] ! 5VIRONM5T W]E NOT 9V5T$ BY A GR\P ( IDEOLOGUES CALL$ 0HUMANI/S0 :O DECID$ ?AT NATURE WAS 0MADE0 TO S]VE HUMANITY & ITS NE$S4 ,HUMANITY'S DI/9CT P[]S HAVE EM]G$ \T ( EONS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & \T ( C5TURIES ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!SE REM>KABLE P[]S PRES5T US1 H[EV]1 ) AN 5ORM\S MORAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,WE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ! DIV]SITY1 FECUNDITY1 & RI*NESS ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- :AT ,I CALL 0FIR/ NATURE0 -- MORE CONSCI\SLY1 P]HAPS1 ?AN ANY O!R ANIMAL4 ,OR1 \R SOCIETIES -- 0SECOND NATURE0 -- CAN EXPLOIT ! :OLE WEB ( LIFE & TE> D[N ! PLANET 9 A RAPACI\S1 CANC]\S MANN]4 

,! FUTURE ?AT AWAITS ! WORLD ( LIFE ULTIMATELY DEP5DS UPON :AT K9D ( SOCIETY OR 0SECOND NATURE0 WE CREATE4 ,?IS PROBABLY AFFECTS1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R S+LE FACTOR1 H[ WE 9T]ACT ) & 9T]V5E 9 BIOLOGICAL OR 0FIR/ NATURE40 ,& MAKE NO MI/AKE AB\T IT1 ! FUTURE ( 0FIR/ NATURE10 ! PRIM>Y CONC]N ( CONS]VATIONI/S1 IS DEP5D5T ON ! RESULTS ( ?IS 9T]ACTION4 ,! C5TRAL PROBLEM WE FACE TODAY IS ?AT ! SOCIAL EVOLUTION ( 0SECOND NATURE0 HAS TAK5 A WRONG TURN4 ,SOCIETY IS POISON$4 ,IT HAS BE5 POISON$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 FROM BE=E ! ,BRONZE ,AGE4 ,IT HAS BE5 W>P$ BY RULE BY ELD]S1 BY PATRI>*Y1 BY W>RIORS1 BY HI]>*IES ( ALL SORTS :I* HAVE L$ N[ TO ! CURR5T SITUATION ( A WORLD ?REAT5$ BY COMPETITIVE1 NUCLE>->M$1 NATION-/ATES & A PH5OM5ALLY DE/RUCTIVE CORPORATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ! ,WE/ & AN EQUALLY ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE1 ?\< N[ CRUMBL+1 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ! ,EA/4 

,WE NE$ TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY \T ( ! PRES5T ANTI-ECOLOGICAL ONE4 ,IF WE CAN *ANGE ! DIRECTION ( \R CIVILIZATION'S SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 HUMAN BE+S CAN ASSI/ 9 ! CREATION ( A TRULY 0FREE NATURE10 :]E ALL ( \R HUMAN TRAITS -- 9TELLECTUAL1 COMMUNICATIVE1 & SOCIAL -- >E PLAC$ AT ! S]VICE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION TO CONSCI\SLY 9CREASE BIOTIC DIV]SITY1 DIM9I% SUFF]+1 FO/] ! FUR!R EVOLUTION ( NEW & ECOLOGICALLY VALUABLE LIFE-=MS1 & R$UCE ! IMPACT ( DISA/R\S ACCID5TS OR ! H>% EFFECTS ( H>MFUL *ANGE4 ,\R SPECIES1 GIFT$ BY ! CREATIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF1 C\LD PLAY ! ROLE ( NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 

,AUDI5CE ,MEMB]3 

,EXCUSE ME1 ,I WANT TO KN[ :AT Y\ HAVE TO SAY AB\T ! TE*NOLOGICAL FIX CALL$ G5ETIC 5G9E]+8 ,I'M HE>+ O!R SPECIES1 O!R ANIMALS1 BE+ SPOK5 AB\T BY Y\ AS SUBORD9ATE MOM5TS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS :I* Y\ CALL 0SECOND NATURE40 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IF WE *OOSE TO BELIEVE ?IS AB\T O!R ORGANISMS !N !RE IS NO REASON TO RESI/ G5ETICALLY 5G9E]+ O!R ORGANISMS TO SUIT \R WI%ES4 ,:AT K9D ( SPIRITUAL P]SPECTIVE DOES ?IS REPRES5T8  

,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 

,I HAVE SOME SURPRIS+ NEWS = Y\4 ,I DON'T BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E LORDS OV] NATURE & ?AT ANIMALS & O!R =MS ( LIFE >E SUBORD9ATES4 ,I BEG Y\ AGA91 PLEASE1 READ :AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 & LI/5 ) C>E TO :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY4 ,= YE>S1 ,I HAVE ADVOCAT$ AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,COMPLEM5T>ITY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM DOM9ATION1 PRESUPPOSES ANEW S5SIBILITY ?AT RESPECTS O!R =MS ( LIFE = !IR [N SAKE & ?AT RESPONDS ACTIVELY 9 ! =M ( A CREATIVE1 LOV+1 & SUPPORTIVE SYMBIOSIS4 

,LET ME MAKE IT V]Y PLA94 ,I DON'T TRU/ ! CURR5T SCI5TIFIC E/ABLI%M5T TO 9V5T A TOO?PICK1 LET ALONE T9K] ) BIO-5G9E]+4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE TO BR+ ALL ( ?IS G>BAGE TO AN 5D RI<T N[4 ,! CURR5T SOCIAL SETUP MEANS ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC E/ABLI%M5T IS NOT MORALLY CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) BIO-TE*NOLOGY4 ,! TRU? IS1 GIV5 ! CURR5T /RUCTURE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 IT WILL PUT ALMO/ ANY?+ IT CREATES TO SOME K9D ( MALICI\S & VICI\S PURPOSE4 

,I AM NOT ADVANC+ A VIEW ?AT APPROVES ( 0NATURAL 5G9E]+40 ,! NATURAL WORLD1 AS ,I HAVE /RESS$ REPEAT$LY 9 MY WRIT+S1 IS MU* TOO COMPLEX TO BE 0CONTROLL$0 BY HUMAN +5UITY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY4 ,MY [N AN>*I/ PROCLIVITIES HAVE FO/]$ 9 MY ?9K+ A LOVE ( SPONTANEITY1 BE IT 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR OR 9 NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,NATURAL EVOLUTION CANNOT BE D5I$ ITS [N SPONTANEITY & FECUNDITY4 ,?AT IS :Y ONE P>T ( \R /RUGGLE %\LD ALWAYS BE TO PROTECT & EXP& WILD]NESS >EAS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 LET'S COMPLETELY PUT AN 5D TO ! CLAIMS ?AT ,I APPROVE ( CRUELTY TO ANIMALS4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ,I'D LIKE TO SEE A CURE1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO CANC]1 TO DISEASES ?AT CAUSE PA9 & SO ON1 BUT BELIEVE ME1 TORTUR+ ANIMALS 9 ! NAME ( RESE>* IS MON/R\S4 ,IT HAS TO BE /OPP$4 ,I JU/ SAW A DOCUM5T>Y AB\T :AT !Y DO TO RESE>* ANIMALS4 ,IT IS UNSPEAKABLE :AT A MAN PREP>+ AN ,M,A !SIS WILL DO TO AN ANIMAL 9 ORD] TO M]ELY PROVE ?AT ! ANIMAL FEELS PA94 ,DO !Y HAVE TO 0DISCOV]0 ?AT8 ,!SE >E GREAT M9DS AT WORK 9DE$6 ,! P[] TO TORM5T LIV+ BE+S HAS TO BE TAK5 AWAY FROM RESE>*]S4 ,! CURR5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS HORRIBLE4 

,SO UND]/& ?AT AT ?IS MOM5T1 :]E ?+S /& RI<T N[1 ,I AM PRACTICALLY A ,LUDDITE4 ,I %\LD MAKE ?AT PLA94 ,\R SOCIETY IS SO IMMORAL ?AT IT CAN'T BE 5TRU/$ TO 9V5T ANY?+ UNTIL WE >E ABLE TO SIT D[N & DECIDE1 AS A SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE1 ECOLOGICALLY S5SITIVE COMMUNITY1 H[ WE'RE GO+ TO DESIGN & USE \R TE*NOLOGY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,I OPPOSE RESE>* OR TE*NOLOGY1 BUT ?IS SOCIETY IS NOT MORALLY FIT TO DECIDE :AT IS NECESS>Y OR NOT4 

,ANO!R WAY IS POSSIBLE1 ( C\RSE4 ,ECO-TE*NOLOGIES CAN & %\LD BE DEVELOP$4 ,!RE HAS BE5 SOME 9T]E/+ WORK 9 ?IS >EA DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,I HAVE P]SONALLY EXP]IM5T$ ) V>I\S ECO-TE*NOLOGIES S9CE #aigd AT ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,!RE WE PUT UP SOL> COLLECTORS1 W9DMILLS1 ECOLOGICALLY DESIGN$ BUILD+S2 WE WORK$ ) AQUACULTURE & ORGANIC AGRICULTURE ASSI/$ BY A V>IETY ( TOOLS & TE*NIQUES4 ,O!R GR\PS SU* AS ! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE HAVE BE5 WORK+ ON !SE ?+S EV5 MORE 9T5SELY ?AN WE HAVE4 ,I AM CONV9C$ A LIB]ATORY ECO-TE*NOLOGY IS POSSIBLE4 ,HOPEFULLY1 WE CAN ALL AGREE ON ?AT4 

,IF PEOPLE DO READ MY WORK1 WE CAN ALSO PUT TO RE/ ! SUPPOSITION ?AT MY \TLOOK IS ANTI-SPIRITUAL4 ,?IS CLAIM IS UTT] NONS5SE4 ,ANYONE :O READS ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM WILL F9D ?AT IT REPEAT$LY CALLS = A NEW ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 = A NEW SPIRITUALITY4 ,!RE IS FULL AGREEM5T ON ! NE$ = A SPIRITUAL CONNECTION TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,! ONLY POSSIBLE DISAGREEM5T IS :E!R OR NOT ?IS ECOLOGICAL SPIRITUAL S5SIBILITY WILL BE NATURALI/ OR SUP]NATURALI/ 9 ORI5TATION4 

,S9CE SPIRITUALITY CAN MEAN A DEC5T1 9DE$1 A :OLESOME S5SITIVITY TO NATURE & ITS SUBTLE 9T]CONNECTIONS1 IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE KEEP ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T FROM DEGRAD+ ?IS CONCEPT 9TO A REQUIR$ OR EXPECT$ BELIEF 9 AN ATAVI/IC1 SIMPLE-M9D$ =M ( NATURE WOR%IP PEOPL$ BY GODS1 GODDESSES1 & EV5TUALLY BY A NEW HI]>*Y ( PRIE/S & PRIE/ESSES4 ,PEOPLE :O BELIEVE ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS TO CREATE A NEW 0GRE5 RELIGION0 OR TO REVIVE BELIEFS 9 ANCI5T GODS1 GODDESSES1 OR WOOD-SPRITES >E MY/ICALLY OBSCUR+ ! NE$ = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! T5D5CY TO DO JU/ ?IS AMONG MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ECO-FEM9I/S1 & 0,NEW ,AGE0 GRE5S CONC]NS ME4 ,! DI/9CTION ,I MAKE BETWE5 A NE$$ NATURALI/IC SPIRITUALITY & AN UNNECESS>Y1 & POT5TIALLY H>MFUL1 SUP]NATURALI/IC 0GRE5 RELIGION0 IS A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION1 ,I ?9K4 

,LET ME CLOSE BY SAY+ ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS MU* COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 ,DAVE ,=EMAN & MYSELF4 ,AS ,I SAID BE=E1 WE %\LD GIVE \R SUPPORT TO ,E>? ,FIR/6 & !IR DIRECT-ACTION CAMPAIGNS TO PRES]VE :AT IS LEFT ( WILD NATURE4 ,DAVE IS ON ! FRONTL9E ON ?IS QUE/ION & DES]VES1 TOGE!R ) ! RE/ ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 \R FULL SUPPORT1 ESPECIALLY N[ :5 ,E>? ,FIR/6 IS UND] ATTACK BY ! ,F,B,I4 

,WE CANNOT LET ! ,F,B,I GET AWAY ) PA9T+ ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS 0T]RORI/40 ,I'VE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 RADICAL DIRECT-ACTION POLITICS ALL MY LIFE4 ,I KN[ :AT IT IS LIKE TO BE ATTACK$ BY ! ,F,B,I4 ,I KN[ :AT A BUN* ( LUNATICS !Y >E4 ,PEOPLE S]I\SLY WORK+ TO DEF5D ! ,E>? WILL SOON F9D !MSELVES GO+ UP AGA9/ P[]FUL UTILITIES1 L>GE CORPORATIONS1 PRIVATE DETECTIVE AG5CIES1 LOCAL POLICE DEP>TM5TS1 & ! ,F,B,I4 ,I ONLY WI% ,I /ILL HAD ! PHYSICAL ABILITY TO DIRECTLY TAKE P>T 9 D>+ NONVIOL5T DIRECT-ACTION CAMPAIGNS SU* AS ,R$WOOD ,SUMM]4 

,I ALSO WANT TO SAY ?AT ,I ?9K ?AT MANY ( ! POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,DAVE & MYSELF >E COMPLEM5T>Y4 ,DAVE & ,E>? ,FIR/6 WORK ON PRES]V+ ! WILD]NESS2 ,I & O!RS >E TRY+ TO CREATE A NEW GRASSROOTS MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 ANEW COOP]ATIVE ECONOMICS1 ANEW PATT]N ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY TO GO ALONG ) !IR DIRECT ACTION1 DEMON/RATIONS1 RALLIES1 & PROTE/S TO PROTECT WILD]NESS4 ,WE NE$ TO LE>N ?AT WE >E DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( A S+LE MOVEM5T4 ,WE ALSO NE$ TO TRY TO AMICABLY DEAL ) ?OSE PR9CIPL$ POLITICAL DIFF]5CES ?AT DO EXI/ BETWE5 US4 ,!RE >E PROBABLY /ILL SOME MAJOR PROBLEMS BETWE5 US ?AT HAVE TO BE EXPLOR$4 ,YET1 EV5 IF WE CAN'T /RAI<T5 !M ALL \T1 WE MU/ AT LEA/ LE>N H[ TO BETT] WORK TOGE!R ON :AT WE CAN AGREE ON4 ,\R FUTURE DEP5DS ON IT4 

,DAVE ,=EMAN3 

,I AGREE ) EV]Y?+ ,MURRAY JU/ SAID1 & ,I FEEL LIKE ,I %\LD JU/ SIT D[N4 ,I'M NOT SURE ,I HAVE A :OLE LOT MORE TO ADD4 ,AGREE+ ) ,MURRAY MI<T SEEM A LITTLE /RANGE = SOMEONE :O />T$ HIS POLITICAL C>E] AS A COLLEGE FRE%MAN CAMPAIGN+ = ,B>RY ,GOLDWAT] 9 #a#i#f#d4 ,YET1 ,I REALLY DO4 

,LET ME BEG9 MY REM>KS BY GIV+ Y\ A LITTLE BACKGR\ND ON MY [N WORK & P]SPECTIVE )9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,I'LL LEAVE \T1 = N[1 ! /ORY ( MY GETT+ OV] MY BRIEF 9FATUATION ) ,GOLDWAT]ISM4 ,ALL ,I CAN SAY 9 MY DEF5SE IS ?AT ,I DIDN'T KN[ AT ! TIME ?AT ,GOLDWAT] /OOD = P>ANOID ANTI-COMMUNISM & SUBS]VI5CE TO BIG BUS9ESS4 ,I ?\<T HE WAS TALK+ AB\T A RETURN TO LIB]T>IAN1 ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY4 

,ANYWAY1 BY ! E>LY #a#i#gS ,I WAS WORK+ AS A MULE-PACK] & HORSE-%] UP 9 NOR!RN ,NEW ,MEXICO & GETT+ MORE & MORE CONC]N$ AB\T :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO ! NATIONAL =E/S UP !RE4 ,F9ALLY1 ,I DECID$ TO GO BACK TO ,ALBUQU]QUE & TRY TO GET A GRADUATE DEGREE 9 BIOLOGY & GET 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T4 ,I IMM$IATELY GOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICES'S FIR/ ,ROADLESS ,>EA ,REVIEW & ,EVALUATION 7,R,>,E7 PROGRAM1 :I* TURN$ \T TO BE A HORRIBLE F>CE4 ,I WAS ALSO /UDY+ H]PETOLOGY AT ! TIME & WE W]E SUPPOS$ TO GO \T & PICKLE #e SNAKES & LIZ>DS BE=E ! 5D ( ! SEME/]4 ,WELL1 ,I WAS /UDY+ H]PETOLOGY BECAUSE ,I LIK$ SNAKES & LIZ>DS1 SO ,I 5D$ UP DROPP+ \T ( GRAD S*OOL BY ! MIDDLE ( ! FIR/ SEME/] & ,I HAVE BE5 A PR(ESSIONAL RABBLE-R\S+ CONS]VATIONI/ EV] S9CE4 

,I FIR/ W5T TO WORK = ,! ,WILD]NESS ,SOCIETY E>LY 9 #aigc = @s#b#e A MON? AS !IR ,NEW ,MEXICO REPRES5TATIVE & ,I SL[LY WORK$ MY WAY UP UNTIL ,I W5T TO ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS AS !IR *IEF LOBBYI/4 ,AFT] GO+ ?R\< ! ,C>T] ADM9I/RATION PROCESS1 :]E WE GOT LOBBI$ MORE ?AN WE LOBBI$ !M1 & :]E IT SEEM$ LIKE ! MORE 9FLU5CE & ACCESS WE HAD1 ! MORE WE COMPROMIS$1 A NUMB] ( US BEGAN TO ASK :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 NEWSPAP]S & ,T,V NEWS W]E REASSIGN+ ALL !IR 5VIRONM5TAL REPORT]S1 BECAUSE ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T WAS DULL4 ,WE W]E ALSO CONC]N$ ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS W]E BECOM+ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! CORPORATIONS !Y W]E SUPPOS$LY FI<T+4 ,I GUESS IF Y\ ORGANIZE Y\RSELF LIKE A CORPORATION1 Y\ BEG9 TO ?9K LIKE A CORPORATION4 ,PEOPLE :O HAD ONCE GOTT5 A JOB 9 ! MOVEM5T BY BE+ ACTIVE VOLUNTE]S N[ W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) IMPROV+ !IR 9DIVIDUAL C>E]S4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO ROCK ! BOAT BECAUSE !Y DIDN'T WANT TO SPOIL !IR *ANCES ( BE+ ADM9I/RATIVE AIDE TO A S5ATOR1 OR AN ASSI/ANT SECRET>Y ( ! 9T]IOR AT SOME PO9T 9 ! FUTURE4 

,GIV5 \R FRU/RATION ) ! CONV5TIONAL CONS]VATION MOVEM5T1 SEV]AL ( US :O WORK$ = ,! ,WILD]NESS ,SOCIETY1 ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB1 & ,FRI5DS ( ! ,E>? BEGAN TALK+ AB\T SP>K+ A FUNDAM5TALI/ REVIVAL )9 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,WE WANT$ TO GET BACK TO ! BASICS ( ,JOHN ,MUIR & ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD4 ,SO ON A CAMP+ TRIP 9 ! DES]T 9 ,MEXICO1 WE DECID$ IT WAS TIME TO QUIT TALK+ AB\T H[ BAD ?+S HAD GOTT5 & ACTUALLY DO SOME?+ AB\T IT4 

,WE />T$ ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,MAYBE WE W]E ALL JU/ GO+ ?R\< AN E>LY MID-LIFE CRISIS4 ,I DON'T KN[4 ,WE SURE HAD FUN L[]+ BANN]S D[N ! FRONT ( ! ,GL5 ,CANYON ,DAM1 MAK+ IT LOOK LIKE IT HAD CRACK$4 ,?AT WAS ONE ( \R FIR/ ACTIONS4 ,WE W]E KICK+ UP \R HEELS A BIT & PLAY+ ! ,COYOTE ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,WE TRI$ TO DO ?+S ) A S5SE ( HUMOR4 ,LORD KN[S MO/ ( ! SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY LACKS A S5SE ( HUMOR4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! ?+S WE V]Y MU* WANT$ TO BR+ TO \R WORK4 ,P]HAPS BECAUSE ( IT1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 CAU<T ON A LOT BETT] ?AN WE EV] DREAM$ IT W\LD4 

,AS WE DEVELOP$ ,E>? ,FIR/61 WE BEGAN TO EXPLORE SOME TE*NIQUES ( RADICAL ORGANIZ+4 ,E>? ,FIR/6 ORIG9ALLY CAME \T ( ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T1 & ?AT IS /ILL :]E MY ROOTS >E1 & ?AT IS /ILL ! AUDI5CE ?AT ,I FEEL MO/ COM=TABLE SPEAK+ TO & TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE4 ,I ?9K ! GREATE/ /R5G? & ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAS BE5 \R ABILITY TO R$EF9E ! P>AMET]S ( ! NATIONAL 5VIRONM5TAL DEBATE4 ,BACK AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REAGAN ADM9I/RATION1 ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB WAS BE+ CALL$ A BUN* ( 5VIRONM5TAL EXTREMI/S4 ,WELL1 WE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 PUT AN 5D TO ALL ?AT4 

,BACK 9 ?OSE DAYS1 !RE WAS A SPECTRUM ( DEBATE ) ! RAPE-!-L& >TI/S OV] AT ONE 5D & ! 0,BIG ,T50 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS OV] AT ! O!R4 ,YET1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO BE CR$IBLE1 PROP]1 & RESPECTABLE1 ! CONS]VATIONI/S KEPT MOV+ OV] T[>DS ! RAPE-!-L&->TI/S BE=E WE EV] EV5 OP5$ \R M\?S4 ,! EV5TUAL RESULT1 ( C\RSE1 WAS A N>R[+ ( ! SPECTRUM ( DEBATE1 A N>R[+ ?AT FAVOR$ ! BIG 9DU/RY DEVELOP]S4 ,SO1 WE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 TRI$ TO CREATE SOME SPACE ON ! F> 5D ( ! SPECTRUM = A RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,&1 AS A RESULT ( \R /AK+ \T ! POSITION ( UNAPOLOGETIC1 UNCOMPROMIS+ WILD]NESS LOV]S ) A B5T = MONKEYWR5*+ & DIRECT ACTION1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE ALL[$ ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB & O!R GR\PS TO ACTUALLY TAKE /RONG] POSITIONS ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE BE=E & YET APPE> TO BE MORE MOD]ATE ?AN EV]4 ,:AT'S DIFF]5T N[ IS ?AT !Y >E COMP>$ TO US4 

,I ?9K ?AT ! ROLE ( AN AVANT-G>DE GR\P IS TO ?R[ \T IDEAS ?AT >E OBJECT$ TO AS ABSURD OR RIDICUL\S AT FIR/1 BUT :I* 5D UP TRICKL+ 9TO ! MA9/REAM & BECOM+ MORE ACCEPT$ OV] TIME4 ,WE W]E ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO TALK AB\T ! PRES]VATION ( ALL OLD-GR[? =E/S4 ,BE=E US1 NO MA9/REAM CONS]VATION GR\PS W]E EV5 TALK+ AB\T OLD GR[?4 ,N[ WE'VE GOT ! ,AUDUBON ,SOCIETY & ,! ,WILDLIFE ,F$]ATION COM+ 9 ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,WE W]E ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO REALLY BR+ DIRECT ACTION TO RA9=E/ CAMPAIGNS4 ,& N[ ?AT'S BECOME V]Y MU* A MA9/REAM ACTIVITY4 

,WE W]E PRETTY CLE> FROM ! BEG9N+1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE W]E NOT ! RADICAL 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,WE ONLY SAW \RSELVES AS ONE SLICE ( ! RADICAL 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,I KN[ ,I HAVE NO ABSOLUTE1 TOTAL1 & COMPLETE ANSW] TO ! WORLDWIDE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS WE >E 94 ,MY PA? IS NOT ! RI<T PA?2 IT'S ! PA? ?AT WORKS = ME4 ,I ?9K !RE >E DOZ5S & DOZ5S ( O!R APPROA*ES & IDEAS ?AT WE WILL NE$ 9 ORD] TO SOLVE ! CRISIS WE'RE 9 RI<T N[4 ,WE NE$ ?AT K9D ( DIV]SITY )9 \R MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,E>? ,FIR/61 WE HAVE T5D$ TO SPECIALIZE 9 :AT WE'RE GOOD AT3 WILD]NESS PRES]VATION & 5DANG]$ SPECIES4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ! O!R ISSUES >5'T IMPORTANT2 IT JU/ MEANS ?AT WE MO/LY TALK AB\T :AT WE KN[ MO/ AB\T4 ,WE WORK ON :AT MOVES US MO/ P>TICUL>LY4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE'RE ! :OLE OP]ATION1 OR ?AT WE'RE COV]+ ALL ! BASES4 ,WE NE$ ALL ! APPROA*ES & ANGLES4 

,I NE$ TO EMPHASIZE1 TOO1 ?AT :ILE ,I WORK ON ?OSE ?+S ,I KN[ BE/1 ON ?OSE ISSUES :I* T\* ME ! MO/ DEEPLY1 IT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ,MURRAY M5TION$ >E IRRELEVANT1 OR ?AT ,I'M NOT SYMPA!TIC TO !M4 ,HELL1 ,I'VE BE5 >RE/$ SIX TIMES /&+ 9 FRONT ( BULLDOZ]S1 OR LOGG+ TRUCKS1 OR O!RWISE FI<T+ GIANT CORPORATIONS ?AT >E TRY+ TO DE/ROY \R NATIONAL P>KS & \R NATIONAL =E/S4 ,I ?9K MY BOOK ,ECODEF5SE3 ,A ,FIELD ,GUIDE TO ,MONKEYWR5*+ IS PROBABLY ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE LITTLE ANTI-CAPITALI/ TRACTS EV] WRITT54 ,I KN[ WE >E TALK+ RADICAL1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL *ANGE H]E4 

,ONE PROBLEM ,I'VE HAD 9 GETT+ ! FULLNESS ( MY MESSAGE \T COMES FROM MY IMPATI5CE AT SEE+ ECO-CATA/ROPHE GO+ ON ALL >\ND ME :ILE SO MANY ( ?OSE ON ! LEFT :O >E ALWAYS TALK+ AB\T SOCIAL JU/ICE DON'T SEEM TO EV5 SEE ! PROBLEM OR C>E AB\T O!R SPECIES4 ,LET'S FACE IT3 RI<T N[ WE'RE 9 ! GREATE/ EXT9CTION CRISIS 9 ! 5TIRE ?REE & ONE HALF BILLION YE> HI/ORY ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 ,RAYMOND ,DASMANN HAS SAID ?AT ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I,I HAS ALREADY BEGUN & ?AT IT IS BE+ WAG$ BY ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS AGA9/ ! ,E>?4 .<#e#e.> ,WE MAY LOSE ONE-?IRD ( ALL SPECIES 9 ! NEXT #b YE>S BECAUSE ( MULT9ATIONAL GRE$4 

,I AM DEEPLY CONC]N$ AB\T :AT IS HAPP5+ TO PEOPLE ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,YET1 UNLIKE MU* ( ! LEFT1 ,I'M ALSO V]Y CONC]N$ ) :AT'S HAPP5+ TO A MILLION O!R SPECIES ON ! PLANET :O HAV5'T ASK$ = ?IS ECO-CATA/ROPHE TO HAPP5 TO !M4 ,& ,I HAVE A CONNECTION ?AT IS V]Y FUNDAM5TAL & V]Y PASSIONATE ) ?OSE O!R SPECIES4 ,I FEEL A REAL K9%IP ) !M1 AS WELL AS ) MEMB]S ( MY [N SPECIES4 ,& ,I ?9K1 AS ,MURRAY PO9T$ \T1 IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO SEP>ATE ! TWO CONC]NS4 ,OR1 AT LEA/1 IT %\LD BE4 ,REG>DLESS ( :AT \R EMPHASIS IS1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R IT'S GOOSE MUSIC ?AT PLAYS A SYMPHONY TO US1 OR ! DIV]SITY ( PEOPLE 9 A VIBRANT PLACE LIKE ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ?AT PLAYS A SYMPHONY TO US1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT WE >E ON ! SAME SIDE4 

,UN=TUNATELY = ME1 :5 Y\ SEE ?IS K9D ( ECO-CRISIS ALL >\ND Y\ & Y\ REACT TO IT1 & Y\ BEG9 TO SUGGE/ SOME ( ! ?+S ?AT MAY HAPP5 IF WE DON'T WISE UP & *ANGE \R WAY ( LIV+ ON ?IS PLANET1 Y\R IDEAS MAY COME \T AS ?\< Y\'RE WELCOM+ SOME ( ?OSE ?+S4 ,IT MAY COME \T AS ?\< Y\'RE SAY+ 0\<T0 9/EAD ( 0IS40 ,I ?9K ! PROBLEM ( ! ,CASS&RA IS TO TRY TO MAKE IT V]Y CLE> ?AT Y\'RE PR$ICT+ C]TA9 ?+S BECAUSE Y\ DON'T WANT !M TO HAPP51 BECAUSE Y\ WANT PEOPLE TO WAKE UP4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT Y\'RE *ORTL+ OV] ANY SUFF]+4 ,Y\ >E COMPASSIONATE4 ,Y\ >E CONC]N$4 ,Y\'RE ON ! SIDE ( ALL ! PEOPLE :O >E ! VICTIMS ( MULT9ATIONAL IMP]IALISM >\ND ! WORLD4 ,?AT PROBABLY HASN'T COME \T AS CLE>LY AS IT %\LD HAVE 9 MY DISCUSSIONS TO DATE ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,BUT IT IS V]Y REAL TO ME1 & ,I'M V]Y CONC]N$ AB\T IT4 

,AUDI5CE ,MEMB]3 

,MR4 ,=EMAN1 IF Y\ HAVE ! SLI<TE/ COMMITM5T TO L9K+ ISSUES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE ) QUE/IONS ( ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION & TO TRY+ TO F9D COMMON GR\ND H]E1 H[ DO Y\ RECONCILE ?IS NEW TONE ) Y\R REPEAT$ /ATEM5TS 9 ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 J\RNAL ?AT 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! ECOLOGY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WE NE$ TO MILIT>ILY CLOSE ! ,U4,S4-,MEXICAN BORD] & KEEP :AT Y\ CALL ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN HORDES FROM OV]:ELM+ US8  

,DAVE ,=EMAN3 

,I DON'T ?9K Y\'VE EV] READ ANY?+ ,I'VE WRITT56 ,I'VE SE5 COMM5TS CIRCULAT+ LIKE Y\'VE DESCRIB$4 ,$ ,ABBEY HAS SAID ?+S SOME:AT LIKE ?AT1 BUT ,I'VE NEV] WRITT5 ANY?+ AB\T MILIT>ILY SEAL+ ! BORD]4 .<#e#f.> ,LI/51 ,I LIVE 9 ! ,S\?WE/4 ,ALL MY RELATIVES ON MY SI/]'S SIDE >E ,HISPANIC4 ,I SP5D A LOT ( TIME 9 ,MEXICO & HAVE A LOT ( CONC]N = ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA'S PROBLEMS4 ,I SUPPORT BIL+UAL $UCATION & LEGISLATION4 ,I HAVE ALSO ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ ! ,S&9I/A REVOLUTION 9 ,NIC>AGUA & OPPOS$ ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY 9 ! REGION4 

,I ?9K1 H[EV]1 ?AT !RE COMES A TIME :5 WE HAVE TO ASK SOME T\< QUE/IONS AB\T :E!R /&>D POLITICAL SOLUTIONS >E GO+ TO WORK4 ,I'VE LOOK$ AT :AT HAPP5S TO PEOPLE FROM S\? ( ! BORD] & ,>IZONA1 H[ !Y'RE EXPLOIT$ BY L>GE CORPORATIONS4 ,I LOOK AT H[ AN OP5 BORD] S]VES AS AN OV]FL[ SAFETY VALVE TO GET RID ( DISSID5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & TO PROVIDE A S\RCE ( *EAP1 NONUNION LABOR = CORPORATIONS H]E AT HOME4 ,& ,I ASK MYSELF1 :AT IS BE+ SOLV$ BY ?AT8 ,I ?9K WE DELUDE \RSELVES :5 WE PRET5D ?AT SOMEH[ BY HAV+ AN OP5 BORD] WE'RE SOLV+ ANY PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 

,I'M NOT SAY+ SEAL ! BORD]4 ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT WORKS4 ,HELL1 ,I'M 9 COMPLETE SYMPA?Y ) ! ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN SANCTU>Y MOVEM5T4 ,I SEE ! REPRESSION & ! POLICE /ATE ?AT ! BORD] PATROL IS CREAT+ 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?AT WE DELUDE \RSELVES :5 WE COME UP ) SIMPLE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS4 ,IT'S NOT SEAL+ ! BORD] & ITS NOT OP5+ ! BORD]4 ,I ?9K ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO SOLVE ! DEEP] PROBLEM ON A MU* MORE MULTI-PRONG$ BASIS4 

,= ONE ?+1 IT IS PROBABLY GO+ TO REQUIRE *ANG+ ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY4 ,I ?9K IF WE'RE GO+ TO HELP SOLVE ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WE'VE GOT TO GET ! ,C,I,A \T ( !RE2 WE'VE GOT TO GET ,UNIT$ ,FRUIT ,COMPANY \T ( !RE2 WE'VE GOT TO GET ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T BACK$ 9TO ! POSITION :]E IT CAN'T GO 9 & PROP UP DICTATORS :5 !IR [N PEOPLE ?R[ !M \T4 ,\R GOV]NM5T HAS DONE ?AT 9 ,GUATEMALA1 9 ,*ILI1 & IT KEEPS TRY+ 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,?AT IS AT ! HE>T ( MO/ ( ! PROBLEMS4 ,AS ,I SAID BE=E1 ,I'D BE HAPPY TO JO9 ALL ( Y\ SITT+ 9 FRONT ( MILIT>Y DISEMB>KATION PO9TS :5 !Y />T TO 9VADE ,NIC>AGUA1 :I* IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE & ! MO/ ECOLOGICAL C\NTRY 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA RI<T N[1 DESPITE ! CONCESSIONS ?AT ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T KEEPS =C+ ! ,S&9I/AS TO MAKE4 

,WE >E ALL 5GAG$ 9 A BATTLE = LIFE AGA9/ PR(IT4 ,WE >E 5GAG$ 9 A /RUGGLE = A LIFE ( EGALIT>IANISM 9/EAD ( A LIFE ( GRE$ & IMP]IALISM4 ,WE HAVE ! SAME 5EMIES4 ,WE >E FI<T+ ! SAME BATTLE1 REG>DLESS ( :AT WE EMPHASIZE4 ,GIF=D ,P9*OT1 ! FIR/ ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,=E/ ,S]VICE1 SAID !RE >E ONLY TWO ?+S ON ,E>?1 PEOPLE & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,I ?9K ,DONALD ,TRUMP & ,GEORGE ,BU% W\LD AM5D ?AT BY SAY+ !RE'S ONLY ONE ?+ ON ,E>?1 NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,ORD9>Y PEOPLE BECOME JU/ ANO!R 0NATURAL RES\RCE0 TO ! BIG IMP]IAL MAN4 ,MURRAY IS RI<T4 ,IT'S ONE FI<T4 

,I MU/ SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT = ALL MY 9TELLECTUAL UND]/&+ ( IMP]IALISM1 IT WAS DIRECTLY 5C\NT]+ ! REPRESSIVE P[] ( ! ,F,B,I & DO+ A LITTLE TIME 9 F$]AL CU/ODY ?AT REALLY BR\<T HOME TO ME ! REALITY ( PEOPLES' SUFF]+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,P]SONALLY EXP]I5C+ A LITTLE ( ! REPRESSIVE P[] ( ! /ATE HAS A T5D5CY1 ,I ?9K1 TO CREATE A LOT MORE SYMPA?Y = OPPRESS$ GR\PS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,I C]TA9LY HAVE A MORE VISC]AL APPRECIATION = PEOPLES' SUFF]+ !SE DAYS S9CE ! ,F,B,I VISIT$ ME4 

,FROM MY VIEWPO9T1 ! ,F,B,I EF=T AGA9/ ME BEGAN AT AB\T FIVE 9 ! MORN+ ON ,MAY #c1 #a#i#h#i4 ,A ,DOB]MAN D[N ! /REET />T$ B>K+1 SO ,I PUT MY E> PLUGS 94 ,AB\T TWO H\RS LAT]1 MY WIFE W5T TO ANSW] ! DOOR AS IT WAS AB\T TO BE BROK5 D[N & OP5$ IT UP TO SIX M5 /&+ !RE ) DRAWN 4#c#e#g ,MAGNUMS & WE>+ BULLETPRO( VE/S4 ,!Y FLA%$ BADGES AT H] & PU%$ H] \T ( ! WAY4 ,!Y !N />T$ RUNN+ D[N ! HALL TO \R B$ROOM -- !Y SOMEH[ ALREADY KNEW RI<T :]E IT WAS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,I VAGUELY BEGAN TO COME AWAKE AS ,I HE>D AN UNFAMILI> BUT AU?ORITATIVE VOICE YELL+ MY NAME4 ,I OP5$ UP MY EYES1 /ILL ) MY E> PLUGS 91 DISORI5T$4 ,MAY 9 ,TUCSON IS V]Y HOT1 & ,I DIDN'T HAVE ANY?+ ON4 ,& ,I WOKE UP & !RE W]E ?REE GUYS ) BULLETPRO( VE/S & DRAWN 4#c#e#g ,MAGNUMS /&+ >\ND ! B$4 ,?AT K9D ( AL>M CLOCK DOESN'T HAVE A SNOOZE BUTTON2 Y\ CAN'T GO BACK TO SLEEP = ANO!R FIVE M9UTES4 ,AT FIR/ ,I ?\<T1 AM ,I ON ,C&ID ,CAM]A8 ,BUT ,I REALIZ$ V]Y QUICKLY ?AT !SE GUYS W]E S]I\S4 

,I !N />T$ ?9K+ AB\T SOME ( ! ,F,B,I ATTACKS ON ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 LIKE ! ,F,B,I_/,*ICAGO ,POLICE MURD] ( ,F]D ,HAMPTON1 :O WAS %OT 9 HIS AP>TM5T :ILE HE LAY ASLEEP 9 B$4 ,I FULLY EXPECT$ BULLETS TO />T COM+ MY WAY4 ,BUT BE+ A NICE1 MIDDLE-CLASS HONKY MALE1 !Y CAN'T GET AWAY ) ?AT /UFF QUITE AS EASILY AS !Y C\LD ) ,F]D1 OR ) ALL ! NATIVE PEOPLE ON ! ,P9E ,RIDGE ,RES]VATION BACK 9 ! E>LY #gS4 ,SO !Y JU/ DRAGG$ ME \T ( B$4 ,!Y LET ME PUT ON A PAIR ( %ORTS1 & !Y HAUL$ ME \TSIDE4 

,I DID NOT KN[ :AT ,I WAS BE+ >RE/$ = UNTIL SIX H\RS LAT]1 :5 ,I SAW A MAGI/RATE4 ,ESS5TIALLY :AT HAD HAPP5$1 WE F\ND \T1 WAS ?AT ! ,F,B,I HAD SP5T ?REE YE>S & TWO MILLION DOLL>S TRY+ TO FRAME A BUN* ( PEOPLE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 = TRY+ TO CREATE A CONSPIRACY TO DAMAGE GOV]NM5T PROP]TY4 ,WE N[ KN[ = A FACT ?AT ! ,F,B,I 9FILTRAT$ ,E>? ,FIR/6 GR\PS ACROSS ! C\NTRY ) 9=M]S & AG5T-PROVOCATEURS SEEK+ TO 5TRAP PEOPLE 9TO ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y HAVE AMASS$ #e H\RS ( TAPE RECORD+S ( \R MEET+S1 \R P]SONAL CONV]SATIONS1 & \R PHONE CALLS4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO BROK5 9TO \R H\SES & (FICES & TRI$ TO 9TIMIDATE NUM]\S ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S 9 SEV]AL /ATES BY AG5T 9T]ROGATIONS & GR& JURY 9VE/IGATIONS4 

,MY SUPPOS$ COCONSPIRATORS1 ?REE UN>M$ ACTIVI/S :O W]E >RE/$ BY SOME #e >M$ ,F,B,I AG5TS ON FOOT1 ON HORSEBACK1 & 9 TWO HELICOPT]S :ILE /&+ AT ! BASE ( A P[] L9E T[] 9 ! DES]T1 W]E >RE/$ ! DAY BE=E ME4 ,M9D Y\1 !SE ?REE 5VIRONM5TALI/S W]E DRIV5 TO ! SITE BY AN UND]COV] ,F,B,I AG5T :O HAD 9FILTRAT$ ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,! :OLE ESCAPADE WAS L>GELY HIS IDEA4 ,HE WAS ! ONLY ONE TALK+ AB\T EXPLOSIVES4 ,I1 ( C\RSE1 WAS NO:]E NE> ! 0SC5E0 BUT ,I WAS /ILL DESCRIB$ BY ! ,F,B,I AS 0! F9ANCI]1 ! LEAD]1 ! GURU TO GET ALL ?IS GO+40 ,I WAS LIK5$ TO A 0MAFIA BOSS0 & ! O!R ?REE DEF5DANTS W]E DESCRIB$ AS MY 0MUN*K9S40 

,I HAD ONLY MET ! ,F,B,I 9FILTRATOR A C\PLE ( TIMES BE=E & V]Y BRIEFLY4 ,I C\LDN'T EV5 REMEMB] HIS LA/ NAME4 ,WE HAD NEV] PLANN$ TO DO ANY?+ TOGE!R4 ,BUT ?AT DOESN'T MATT] TO ! ,F,B,I4 ,BACK 9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! ,F,B,I ISSU$ A MEMO TO ALL !IR FIELD (FICES TELL+ !M ?AT :5 Y\ >E TRY+ TO BREAK UP A DISSID5T GR\P1 DON'T WORRY IF Y\ HAVE ANY EVID5CE OR FACTS4 ,JU/ GO 91 MAKE A BIG >RE/1 MAKE WILD *>GES1 HAVE A PRESS CONF]5CE1 & ?AT'S :AT ! M$IA'S GO+ TO PICK UP4 ,?AT'S ! NEWS /ORY4 ,! DAMAGE TO ! GR\P IS DONE4 ,Y\ CAN ALWAYS DROP ! *>GES AGA9/ !M LAT]4 ,?AT'S NO PROBLEM4 ,IT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY GETS LESS ATT5TION 9 ! PRESS4 ,! BIG LIE ?AT ! ,F,B,I PU%$ AT !IR PRESS CONF]5CE ! DAY AFT] ! >RE/S WAS ?AT WE W]E A BUN* ( T]RORI/S CONSPIR+ TO CUT ! P[] L9ES 9TO ! ,PALO ,V]DE & ,DIABLO ,CANYON NUCLE> FACILITIES 9 ORD] TO CAUSE A NUCLE> MELTD[N & ?REAT5 PUBLIC HEAL? & SAFETY4 

,ESS5TIALLY :AT WE NE$ TO UND]/& IS ?AT ! ,F$]AL ,BUREAU ( ,9VE/IGATION1 :I* WAS =M$ JU/ AFT] ! ,PALM] RAIDS 9 #a#i#b#a1 WAS SET UP FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ TO 9HIBIT 9T]NAL POLITICAL DISS5T4 ,!Y R>ELY GO AFT] CRIM9ALS4 ,!Y'RE A ?\<T POLICE4 ,& LET'S FACE IT1 ?AT'S :AT ! :OLE GOV]NM5T IS4 ,=EMAN'S FIR/ LAW ( GOV]NM5T READS ?AT ! PURPOSE ( ! /ATE1 & ALL ITS CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS1 IS ! DEF5SE ( AN 5TR5*$ ECONOMIC ELITE & PHILOSOPHIC OR?ODOXY4 ,?ANKFULLY1 !RE'S A COROLL>Y TO ?AT LAW -- !Y >5'T ALWAYS V]Y SM>T & COMPET5T 9 C>RY+ \T !IR PLANS4 

,9 ?IS CASE1 ,I ?9K ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T HAS MADE A MAJOR TACTICAL MI/AKE1 BECAUSE EV5 ! USUALLY COMPLIANT MASS M$IA >E NOT BUY+ ITS /ORY4 ,WE HAVE GOTT5 SOME REM>KABLY EV5-H&$ PRESS COV]AGE4 ,I ALSO REC5TLY SPOKE TO ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB 9T]NATIONAL ASSEMBLY & HAD A T]RIFIC RESPONSE4 ,PEOPLE JU/ >5'T BUY+ IT4 ,SO ,I'M V]Y HOPEFUL WE'RE GO+ TO OV]COME ?IS1 ?\< WE WILL UND\BT$LY BE HE>+ MORE FROM ! ,F,B,I 9 ! FUTURE4 

,BE=E ,I CLOSE1 LET ME JU/ SAY ?AT ,I AGREE ) ,MURRAY ?AT ! W>P$ SOCIAL EVOLUTION ( \R CIVILIZATION HAS LEFT US ) A V]Y WEIRD WAY ( LOOK+ AT REALITY4 ,I AGREE A LOT ) ,DAVE ,EHR5FELD1 :O *>ACT]IZES ! DOM9ANT PHILOSOPHY ( ! MOD]N WORLD AS BE+ ONE :]E HUMAN BE+S >E ! MEASURE ( ALL VALUE2 :]E WE ?9K ?AT WE CAN SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS1 EI!R ?R\< TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS OR ?R\< SOCIOLOGICAL MEANS2 :]E WE BELIEVE ?AT ALL RES\RCES >E EI!R 9F9ITE OR HAVE 9F9ITE SUB/ITUTES2 & :]E WE BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN CIVILIZATION WILL CONT9UE TO PROGRESS & WILL EXI/ =EV]4 ,& TO ME1 ?AT IS />K1 RAV+ 9SANITY4 .<#e#g.> 

,I ?9K !RE IS NO REASON1 DIV9E OR O!RWISE1 :Y HUMAN BE+S1 UNLESS !Y WAKE UP1 WILL NOT MAKE !MSELVES EXT9CT4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( MADNESS >\ND US4 ,JULIAN ,SIMON1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A ,REPUBLICAN ECONOMI/ :O SAID REC5TLY ?AT !RE REALLY >E NO LIMITS TO ECONOMIC GR[? BECAUSE1 AFT] ALL1 WE'LL SOON BE ABLE TO *ANGE ANY ELEM5T 9TO ANY O!R ELEM5T4 .<#e#h.> ,!RE=E1 ! SUPPLY ( COPP] IS RE/RA9$ ONLY BY ! 5TIRE WEI<T ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,I CAN'T EV5 BEG9 TO TALK TO SOMEBODY LIKE ?AT4 ,I MEAN1 WE >5'T ONLY SPEAK+ A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE1 WE'RE LIV+ ON DIFF]5T PLANETS 9 DIFF]5T DIM5SIONS4 

,& IT'S ?AT K9D ( COMMON MADNESS ?AT ,I ?9K IS PR(\NDLY IRRATIONAL4 ,I TALK A LOT AB\T BE+ NON-RATIONAL1 AB\T US+ ALL SIDES ( MY BRA91 9CLUD+ ! GOOD OLD REPTILIAN CORTEX BACK H]E4 ,BUT ,I ?9K !RE IS NO?+ MORE RATIONAL1 NO?+ MORE S5SIBLE ?AN TRY+ TO KEEP 9 M9D :AT ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD CALL$ ! FIR/ RULE ( 9TELLIG5T T9K]+3 SAVE ALL ! PIECES4 ,WE >5'T SAV+ ALL ! PIECES4 ,SPECIES & :OLE HABITATS >E BE+ DE/ROY$ AT A RATE UNP>ALLEL$ 9 ! ,E>?'S HI/ORY4 ,IT IS AS IF WE >E GO+ ?R\< A COMPLICAT$ ,SWISS WAT* ) A BULLDOZ] RI<T N[4 

,MY [N RESPONSE TO ?IS SITUATION IS A SORT ( WEIRD1 C[BOY TWI/ ON ,Z5 ,BUDDHISM4 ,I DON'T BELIEVE 9 RE=M+ ! SY/EM ANY MORE4 ,I BELIEVE 9 MONKEYWR5*+ IT1 ?W>T+ IT1 & HELP+ IT TO FALL ON ITS FACE BY US+ ITS [N /OR$ 5]GY AGA9/ ITSELF4 ,:5 PEOPLE TALK TO ME AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY1 AB\T ! EVILS ( DE/ROY+ BULLDOZ]S1 ALL ,I CAN SAY IS ?AT A BULLDOZ] IS MADE \T ( IRON ORE4 ,IT'S P>T ( ! ,E>?4 ,A BULLDOZ] IS ! ,E>?1 TRANSMOGRIFI$ 9TO A MON/] DE/ROY+ ITSELF4 ,BY MONKEYWR5*+ IT1 Y\ LIB]ATE A BULLDOZ]'S DH>MA NATURE & RETURN IT TO ! ,E>?4 

,AS ,I SEE IT1 ,MURRAY & ,I1 A!I/S ?AT WE BO? PROBABLY >E1 >E TRY+ 9 V>I\S WAYS TO HELP 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION F9D ITS [N DH>MA NATURE1 & BECOME AN EGALIT>IAN1 MORE TRIBAL SOCIETY ?AT RESPECTS PEOPLE & RESPECTS ! ,E>? ONCE AGA94 

,*APT] #b3 ,ECOLOGY & ! ,LEFT 

,PAUL ,MC,ISAAC3 

,?OSE ( Y\ :O HAVE BE5 FOLL[+ & READ+ ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 J\RNAL & ,MURRAY'S WRIT+S1 OR :O HAVE ATT5D$ A NUMB] ( GRE5 CONF]5CES HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT A /RID5T1 (T5 H>%1 DEBATE HAS EXI/$ )9 ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T = ! PA/ FEW YE>S1 A CONFLICT 9 :I* BO? ,MURRAY & ,DAVE HAVE PLAY$ A BIG P>T4 ,IT SEEMS IMPORTANT TO ME ?AT !Y'RE BO? H]E N[ ON ! SAME /AGE & ?AT !Y HAVE REA*$ \T TO EA* O!R SO /RONGLY 9 !IR OP5+ REM>KS4 ,P]HAPS N[ WE CAN PRODUCTIVELY TURN TO A NUMB] ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M ?AT HAVE APPE>$ 9 !IR PREVI\S TALKS & WRIT+S4 ,RI<T N[1 ,I W\LD *OOSE JU/ ONE DIFF]5CE TO ASK AB\T -- !IR DIFF]+ VIEWS AB\T ! ROLE TO BE PLAY$ 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T BY :AT ,I CALL1 = LACK ( A BETT] T]M1 ! LEFT4  

,:5 ,I WAS \T 9 ,OREGON1 ,I HAD D9N] ONE NI<T ) SOME ,E>? ,FIR/6]S & ?IS DEBATE CAME UP )9 ?AT GR\P4 ,ONE ( ! WOM51 ,JUDI ,B>I1 WAS FROM ! ,EA/ ,COA/ ORIG9ALLY1 & COMES \T ( A LEFTI/ TRADITION4 ,:5 %E W5T \T TO ,CALI=NIA1 & ULTIMATELY TO ,OREGON1 %E GOT 9VOLV$ 9 ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,%E IS N[ A V]Y ACTIVE & SUCCESSFUL ,E>? ,FIR/6 ORGANIZ] 9 ?AT >EA4 ,9T]E/+LY1 :AT %E'S DONE ) H] LEFT TRADITION IS REA* BACK TO ! TREM5D\S HI/ORY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 9 ! ,NOR?WE/ 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT !Y DID & H[ !Y WORK$1 9 ORD] TO SEE IF !IR ORGANIZ+ HOLDS ANY LESSONS = ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TODAY4  

,BY LOOK+ AT ,E>? ,FIR/6'S ORGANIZ+ SITUATION FROM A RADICAL WORK+-CLASS P]SPECTIVE1 %E HAS COME TO UND]/& ?AT1 IF WE R$UCE \R CONSUMPTION ( TREES1 IF WE /OP ! EXPORT+ ( LOGS TO ,JAPAN & O!R ,PACIFIC ,RIM C\NTRIES1 & IF WE /OP ! CUTT+ ( OLD GR[?1 WE WILL CREATE ! NECESSITY = RETRA9+ WORK]S & EV5 A :OLE NEW K9D ( ECONOMY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JUDI1 ?IS REQUIRES ?AT ,E>? ,FIR/6 REALLY ADDRESS ! QUE/IONS ( WORK] CONTROL & CREAT+ A DEC5TRALIZ$ =E/RY 9DU/RY ?AT WORKS 9 A H>MONI\S WAY ) NATURE4 ,IT MEANS ?9K+ AB\T PEOPLE'S JOBS & BE+ S5SITIVE TO WORK]S' FE>S4  

,:ILE LI/5+ TO ,JUDI1 ,I NOTIC$ ?AT ANO!R ,E>? ,FIR/6 ORGANIZ] AT ! TABLE BASICALLY HAD1 IT SEEM$ TO ME1 A SORT ( FOG ?AT W5T OV] HIS EYES :5 ! DIALOGUE />T$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! CONV]SATION1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT HE DIDN'T UND]/& OR WANT TO DEAL ) ! LEFT TRADITION ( ! ,WOBBLIES OR FEEL COM=TABLE ) ALL ?IS TALK AB\T ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,= HIM1 ! LOGG]S W]E IMMORAL1 AN?ROPOC5TRICS4 ,!Y W]E JU/ AS MU* A P>T ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM AS ! LOGG+ COMPANIES4  

,SO ,I ASK BO? ( Y\3 DOES ! LEFTI/ TRADITION HAVE ANY?+ TO (F] ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T8 ,I KN[ ?AT ,DAVE ,=EMAN HAS SAID ?AT ! TRADITION ( ! RADICAL LEFT IS BASICALLY A LANGUAGE1 A WAY ( ?9K+1 & A WAY ( ACT+ ?AT %\LD BE AB&ON$ 9 ORD] = US TO MOVE AHEAD4 ,MURRAY1 ON ! O!R H&1 REPRES5TS ! POPULI/1 LIB]T>IAN W+ )9 ! LEFT TRADITION4 ,HE CALLS HIMSELF AN ECO-AN>*I/4 ,HE DRAWS EXT5SIVELY ON ! LEFT TRADITION & 5C\RAGES O!RS TO DO SO AS WELL4 ,REC5TLY1 HE HELP$ F\ND ! ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,NETWORK TO BE A SELF-CONSCI\S LEFTI/ VOICE )9 ! BROAD] GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,:AT DO EI!R ( Y\ HAVE TO SAY TO ?IS QUE/ION8 ,:AT IS ! VALUE ( ! LEFT TRADITION = ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T8  

,DAVE ,=EMAN3 

,WELL1 ,I HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT ,I COME FROM A DIFF]5T TRADITION1 A TRADITION ?AT IS ACTIVELY HO/ILE TO ! LEFT4 ,AS ,I SAID1 ,I />T$ \T CAMPAIGN+ = ,B>RY ,GOLDWAT] 9 #a#i#f#d4 ,?IS SEEM$ PRETTY NATURAL AFT] GR[+ UP AS AN ,AIR ,=CE BRAT4 ,I WAS ALSO ! ,NEW ,MEXICO *AIR ( ,Y\NG ,AM]ICANS = ,FRE$OM DUR+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,= :AT IT'S WOR?1 H[EV]1 ,I WAS 9 ! AN>*I/ FACTION ( ,Y,A,F4 ,WE HAT$ ,WILLIAM ,F4 ,BUCKLEY1 ?AT SM>MY LITTLE TWIT4 ,EV5 BACK !N1 EV5 :5 ,I WAS A N9ETE5-YE>-OLD ,Y,A,F PUNK ON ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,MEXICO CAMPUS1 ,I C\LDN'T /& ,WILLIAM ,F4 ,BUCKLEY4 ,! GUY JU/ TURN$ MY /OMA*4 

,YET1 AT ! TIME1 ,I DID BUY 9TO ! BIG LIE ( ! ,COLD ,W> YE>S ?AT !RE WAS A GLOBAL COMMUNI/ CONSPIRACY \T !RE ?AT WAS ?REAT5+ TO DE/ROY \R FRE$OM4 ,! REAL APPEAL TO ME1 ?\<1 WAS ,GOLDWAT]'S LIB]T>IAN RHETORIC4 ,Y\ W\LD BE SURPRIS$ AT ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE ,I'VE KN[N :O WORK$ = ,GOLDWAT] AS COLLEGE /UD5TS & HAVE N[ BECOME RADICALS4 

,! ,VIETNAM ,W> />T$ ME QUE/ION+ MY BELIEFS BUT ,I HAD NOT BECOME QUE/ION+ 5\< BE=E ,I GRADUAT$ FROM COLLEGE 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 Y\ EI!R JO9$ ! MILIT>Y OR Y\ W]E DRAFT$4 ,SO1 ,I JO9$ ! ,M>9E ,CORPS ,(FIC] ,C&IDATES ,S*OOL AT ,QUANTICO4 ,I WAS !RE AT ! SAME TIME ,OLLIE ,NOR? WAS4 ,WE NEV] BUMP$ 9TO EA* O!R1 H[EV]4 ,I SP5T ONLY SIXTY-ONE DAYS 9 ! ,M>9E ,CORPS4 ,?IRTY-ONE DAYS W]E 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T 9 ! BRIG4 

,! ,COMM&ANT ( ,O,C,S AT ,QUANTICO TOLD ME ,I WAS ! WOR/ (FIC] C&IDATE 9 ,M>9E ,CORPS HI/ORY1 :I* N[ SEEMS LIKE A PRETTY GOOD COMPLIM5T4 ,! PROBLEM WAS ?AT ,I F\ND \T V]Y QUICK ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ LIB]T>IAN OR ,JEFF]SONIAN AB\T ! ,M>9E ,CORPS1 OR ! PEOPLE FI<T+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 ,AFT] MY DIS*>GE1 ,I W5T BACK TO ,NEW ,MEXICO1 TO MY FA!R'S GREAT DI/RESS4 ,HE W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ ,I DI$ 9 ,VIETNAM RA!R ?AN DI%ONOR ! FAMILY 7?\< WE HAVE HAD A RAPPRO*EM5T S9CE74 ,I ALSO BECAME ACTIVE ) ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,MEXICO & MADE SEV]AL SPEE*ES AGA9/ ,C,I,A RECRUIT+ & ! W>4 ,?IS WAS A FAIRLY BIG C\P = CAMPUS RADICALS1 TO HAVE ! =M] LEAD+ HAWK ON ! ,U,N,M CAMPUS COME BACK FROM ! ,M>9ES & TAKE ! O!R SIDE4 

,S9CE !N1 ,I HAVE BE5 9 A NOT ALWAYS COM=TABLE DANCE ) ! LEFT4 ,I %>E A NUMB] ( COMMITM5TS ) ! LEFT1 YET1 ,I COME AT MY POLITICS FROM A SOME:AT DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,= YE>S1 MY PRIM>Y POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION HAS BE5 ! ,U4,S4 CONS]VATION MOVEM5T4 ,MY H]OES >E ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 ,JOHN ,MUIR1 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD1 & ,BOB ,M>%ALL4 ,= ALL ! COMPLA9TS AB\T MY IGNORANCE AB\T ! LEFT1 A LOT ( LEFTI/S HAVE NEV] S]I\SLY GRAPPL$ ) ! IDEAS ( !SE PEOPLE4 ,\R TRADITIONS OV]LAP1 SURE1 BUT !Y >E ALSO DIFF]5T4 

,I COME FROM ! WIDE OP5 SPACES ( ,NEW ,MEXICO4 ,I HAV5'T COME FROM ! URBAN C5T]S ( ! ,EA/ :]E ! LEFT TRADITION IS SO MU* /RONG] ?AN 9 ! ,S\?WE/4 ,! LEFT TRADITION IS NOT SOME?+ ,I UND]/& ?AT WELL4 ,LEFTI/S (T5 TALK A LITTLE DIFF]5T LANGUAGE ?AN ME4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN WE HAVE TO FI<T2 IT JU/ MEANS WE />T \T EMPHASIZ+ DIFF]5T ?+S4 

,I ACTUALLY ?9K WE HAVE A LOT TO LE>N FROM EA* O!R4 ,I DON'T NECESS>ILY CONSID] MYSELF A LEFTI/4 ,I DON'T WANT TO T> ?AT MOVEM5T ) MY ASSOCIATION1 = ONE ?+4 ,BUT ,I DO HAVE A GREAT DEAL ( SYMPA?Y = !SE MOVEM5TS & ,I CONT9UE TO LE>N FROM MY SOMETIMES CLUMSY DANCE ) ! LEFT4 

,:5 WE =M$ ,E>? ,FIR/6 9 #a#i#h1 WE CONSCI\SLY TRI$ TO LE>N FROM ! /RATEGY & TACTICS ( A NUMB] ( LEFT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,WOBBLIES W]E C]TA9LY ONE GR\P WE W]E DRAWN TO4 ,I EV5 PUBLI%$ A ,LITTLE ,GRE5 SONGBOOK1 TAK+ AFT] ! ,LITTLE ,R$ SONGBOOK ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,I'VE TALK$ TO ,UTAH ,PHILLIPS & SOME OLD ,WOBBLIES2 ,I AM REALLY ATTRACT$ TO A LOT ( :AT !Y HAVE TO SAY4 

,9 A PLACE LIKE ,OREGON1 :]E WE >E SEE+ HUGE MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS ESS5TIALLY PRACTIC+ A POLICY ( CUTT+ & LEAV+1 A GOOD DOSE ( LEFTI/1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ ANALYSIS CAN HELP US UND]/& ! SITUATION4 ,!SE COMPANIES1 9 !IR OBSESSION = PR(IT1 DON'T GIVE A DAMN AB\T COMMUNITY /ABILITY OR EMPLOYM5T4 ,!Y PLAN TO LEAVE 9 T5 YE>S AFT] !Y HAVE US$ UP ! ,NOR?WE/ =E/S4 ,!Y HAVE ! CAPITAL TO MOVE SOME:]E :]E !Y CAN GR[ P9E TREES LIKE CORN 9 ,I[A4 

,I TOTALLY AGREE ?AT WE NE$ TO GET ! BIG MONEY \T ( ! =E/S & MAKE ROOM = SMALL WORK]-[N$ OP]ATIONS4 ,I MADE SU* A PROPOSAL = ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ F\R OR FIVE YE>S AGO4 ,MY PROPOSAL WAS TO PROHIBIT ANY LOGG+ 9 ! NATIONAL =E/S EXCEPT BY SMALL LOCALLY-[N$ COMPANIES1 PREF]ABLY WORK]-[N$ COMPANIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PLAN W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( JOBS P] MILLION BO>D FEET BO? 9 ! WOODS & 9 ! MILLS4 ,RI<T N[ WE >E CUTT+ AS MU* TIMB] FROM ! NATIONAL =E/S AS EV]1 BUT ! EMPLOYM5T1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE DO+ ?AT1 IS AB\T HALF ( :AT IT US$ TO BE4 ,& ! REASON IS AUTOMATION1 BECAUSE ! BIG COMPANIES CAN MAKE MORE MONEY ?AT WAY4 

,RI<T N[ WE >E CUTT+ SOME?+ LIKE ELEV5 TO TWELVE BILLION BO>D FEET ( TIMB] FROM ! NATIONAL =E/S EV]Y YE>1 BUT ! L>GE TIMB] COMPANIES >E S5D+ SOME?+ LIKE T5 BILLION BO>D FEET ( B>ELY MILL$ LOGS TO ,JAPAN EV]Y YE>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NE>LY ! 5TIRE \TPUT ( ! NATIONAL =E/S IS GO+ UNMILL$1 UNPROCESS$ TO ,JAPAN4 ,! COMPANIES >E EXPORT+ JOBS ALONG ) ! TREES4 ,SO1 IF Y\ WANT TO UND]/& ?IS SITUATION1 Y\ NE$ AN ANALYSIS ( MULT9ATIONAL CAPITALISM1 AN ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL MOBILITY & ITS EFFECTS ON \R COMMUNITIES4 

,ONE ( MY BIGGE/ COMPLA9TS AB\T ! WORK]S UP 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ IS ?AT MO/ ( !M >5'T 0CLASS CONSCI\S40 ,?AT'S A BIG PROBLEM4 ,TOO MANY WORK]S BLAME 5VIRONM5TALI/S = CO/+ !M !IR JOBS4 ,BUT :O IS CO/+ !M !IR JOBS8 ,IT'S NOT ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T TO PROTECT ! OLD GR[? =E/ ?AT IS WIP+ \T JOBS 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/1 IT'S ! GRE$ ( ! MULT9ATIONALS4 

,WE C\LD EASILY HAVE MORE EMPLOYM5T1 MORE COMMUNITY /ABILITY 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ )\T CUTT+ ANY MORE OLD-GR[? =E/4 ,BUT H[ DO Y\ GET ?AT ACROSS TO A LOT ( WORK]S :O HAVE B\<T 9TO ! M5TALITY ?AT ! COMPANIES HAVE PUT \T = !M3 ?AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T IS AGA9/ !M1 & ?AT IF !Y'RE GOOD1 IF !Y'RE OB$I5T1 IF !Y RESI/ US1 EV]Y?+ WILL BE F9E8 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,WOBBLIES & O!R LEFT-W+ UNION MOVEM5TS UND\BT$LY HAS A LOT TO TEA* US AB\T ORGANIZ+ ) WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I HAVE SOME BIG PROBLEMS ) H[ ! LEFT T5DS TO ROMANTICIZE WORK]S & ONLY SEE !M AS VICTIMS4 ,! LOGG]S >E VICTIMS ( AN UNJU/ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 YES1 BUT ?AT %\LD NOT ABSOLVE !M = EV]Y?+ !Y DO4 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[ FROM ! HUGE GUILT ( ! CAPITALI/S ?AT ALL WORK]S >E BLAMELESS = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,I ?9K WE NE$ TO FACE ! FACT ?AT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 BY & L>GE1 %>E SOME ( ! BLAME = ! ,E>?'S ONGO+ DE/RUCTION4 

,I WANT WORK]S TO RESI/ MORE1 TO BECOME A LOT MORE MILITANT & NOT BE SU* EAG] & WILL+ SLAVES TO ! BIG COMPANIES OR BELIEVE ALL ( !IR PROPAG&A ALL ! TIME4 ,TOO MANY WORK]S BUY 9TO ! WORLDVIEW ( !IR MA/]S ?AT ! ,E>? IS A SMORGASBORD ( RES\RCES = ! TAK+4 ,9DE$1 SOMETIMES IT IS ! H>DY SWA91 ! /URDY YEOMAN FROM ! BUMPK9 PROLET>IAT SO CELEBRAT$ 9 ,WOBBLY LORE :O HOLDS ! MO/ VIOL5T & DE/RUCTIVE ATTITUDES T[>DS ! NATURAL WORLD 7& T[>DS ?OSE :O W\LD DEF5D IT74 ,I DON'T ?9K IT IS WISE TO PUT ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR ANY OPPRESS$ GR\P1 ON A P$E/AL & MAKE !M IMMUNE FROM QUE/ION+ OR CRITICISM4 

,MY BIGGE/ PROBLEM ) ! LEFT1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT IT HAS SO LITTLE APPRECIATION = NATURAL SY/EMS & = WILD]NESS & WILDLIFE4 ,\R SOCIETY1 \R CIVILIZATION1 HAS NO DIV9E M&ATE OR RI<T TO PAVE1 CONQU]1 CONTROL1 DEVELOP1 USE OR EXPLOIT EV]Y SQU>E 9* ( ?IS PLANET4 ,AT BE/1 ! LEFT1 IF IT PAYS ANY ATT5TION TO ECOLOGY AT ALL1 DOES SO 9 ORD] TO PROTECT A WAT]%$ = D[N/REAM USE BY AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 & HOMES4 ,IT DOES SO TO PROVIDE A GOOD PLACE TO CLEAN ! COBWEBS \T ( \R M9DS AFT] A LONG WEEK 9 ! AUTO FACTORY OR OV] ! ,V,D,T4 ,IT DOES SO BECAUSE IT PRES]VES RES\RCE EXTRACTION OPTIONS = FUTURE G5]ATIONS ( HUMANS OR BECAUSE SOME UNKN[N PLANT LIV+ 9 ! WILD MAY HOLD A CURE = CANC]4 ,IT DOES SO BECAUSE NATURE IS 9/RUM5TALLY VALUABLE TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( LEFTI/S TODAY >E /ILL UNABLE TO SEE ! NATURAL WORLD AS P>T ( ! CIRCLE ( LIFE ?AT DES]VES DIRECT MORAL CONSID]ATION QUITE AP>T FROM ANY REAL OR IMAG9$ 9/RUM5TAL VALUE TO HUMAN CIVILIZATION4 

,MO/ LEFTI/S >E = ECOLOGICAL GOALS SU* AS PRES]V+ WILD]NESS & BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE CAN A*IEVE SU* GOALS )\T NEGATIVELY AFFECT+ ! MAT]IAL 0/&>D ( LIV+0 ( ANY GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,! ,E>? IS ALWAYS SECOND1 NEV] FIR/1 9 !IR ?9K+4 ,?IS MAKES MANY LEFTI/S UNRELIABLE ALLIES 9 ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLES4 ,! SIMPLE FACT IS ?AT :AT APPE>S TO BE 9 ! %ORT-T]M 9T]E/ ( HUMAN BE+S AS A :OLE -- OR A SELECT GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S OR ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S -- IS SOMETIMES DETRIM5TAL TO ! %ORT-T]M OR LONG-T]M HEAL? ( ! BIOSPH]E 7& (T5 EV5 TO ! ACTUAL LONG-T]M WELF>E ( HUMAN BE+S74 ,! LEFT1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT REFUSES TO PU% = HUMAN BE+S TO ADJU/ !IR WAY ( LIFE TO BE COMPATIBLE ) ! PLANET>Y COMMUNITY ( LIFE1 IS P>T ( ! PROBLEM RA!R ?AN P>T ( ! SOLUTION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 

,?IS IS P]HAPS CLE>E/ 9 MO/ ( ! LEFT'S REFUSAL TO ADMIT ?AT !RE IS A HUMAN POPULATION CRISIS & ?AT WE NE$ TO L[] HUMAN POPULATION OV] ! LONG RUN4 ,! LEFT PUTS D[N ALL ISSUES ( RES\RCE SC>CITY TO MALDI/RIBUTION & ! V5ALITY ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 ,!RE IS MU* TRU? 9 ?IS1 ( C\RSE4 ,!RE IS AN UNCONSCIONABLE MALDI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & ! BASIC NECESSITIES ( LIFE AMONG HUMAN BE+S ?AT MU/ BE OV]COME4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 IF ! PROBLEM ( EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION WAS SOLV$1 ! EXI/5CE ( FIVE BILLION1 SEV5 BILLION1 OR ELEV5 BILLION HUMAN BE+S CONV]T+ ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO MAT]IAL GOODS & FOOD PUTS ! LONG-T]M SU/A9ABILITY ( HUMAN SOCIETY 9TO QUE/ION4 ,MU* ( ! LEFT DOESN'T UND]/& ?IS SIMPLE ECOLOGICAL FACT4 

,SOME DO1 ( C\RSE4 ,! GRE5S HAVE MADE ! SU/A9ABILITY ( HUMAN SOCIETY ! CORN]/ONE ( !IR POLITICAL VISION4 ,YET1 FROM MY P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS ISN'T 5\<4 ,= ME1 ! PROBLEM IS NOT JU/ TO FIGURE \T H[ TO LEVEL (F HUMAN POPULATION AT A LEVEL ?AT CAN BE BIOLOGICALLY SU/A9$ AT EQUITABLE LEVELS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY IS NOT JU/ VALUABLE = :AT IT CAN PROVIDE HUMAN BE+S4 ,O!R BE+S1 BO? ANIMAL & PLANT1 & EV5 SO-CALL$ 09ANIMATE0 OBJECTS SU* AS RIV]S1 M\NTA9S1 & WILD]NESS HABITATS >E 9H]5TLY VALUABLE & LIVE = !IR [N SAKE1 NOT JU/ = ! CONV5I5CE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,IF WE >E S]I\S1 !N1 AB\T CREAT+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 WE WILL NE$ TO F9D HUMANE WAYS TO >RIVE AT A GLOBAL POPULATION LEVEL ?AT IS COMPATIBLE ) ! FL\RI%+ ( BE>S1 TIG]S1 ELEPHANTS1 RA9=E/S1 & O!R WILD]NESS >EAS1 AS WELL AS HUMAN BE+S4 

,?IS WILL UND\BT$LY REQUIRE US TO L[] \R CURR5T POPULATION LEVEL :I*1 EV5 IF WE SUCCE$ AT OV]COM+ POV]TY & MALDI/RIBUTION1 W\LD PROBABLY CONT9UE TO DEVA/ATE ! NATIVE DIV]SITY ( ! BIOSPH]E :I* HAS BE5 EVOLV+ = ?REE & HALF BILLION YE>S4 ,I SUBSCRIBE TO ! DEEP ECOLOGY PR9CIPLE ?AT 0! FL\RI%+ ( HUMAN FIFE & CULTURES IS COMPATIBLE ) A SUB/ANTIAL DECREASE ( ! HUMAN POPULATION & ?AT ! FL\RI%+ ( NONHUMAN LIFE REQUIRES SU* A DECREASE40 .<#e#i.> ,! LEFT IS A LONG WAY FROM 9CORPORAT+ ?IS PR9CIPLE 9TO ITS ?9K+4 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME1 ! LEFT WILL BE A MIX$ BLESS+ = ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 (F]+ BO? 9SI<T & DELUSIONS4 

,I ALSO SEE PROBLEMS ) MU* ( ! LEFT'S ORGANIZ+ /YLE4 ,MANY RADICAL ACTIVI/S >E A D\R1 HOLI]-?AN-?\1 HUMORLESS LOT4 ,!Y ALSO SEEM TOO HYP]-RATIONAL AT TIMES4 ,DON'T GET ME WRONG4 ,RATIONALITY IS A F9E & USEFUL TOOL1 BUT IT IS JU/ ?AT1 A TOOL1 ONE WAY ( ANALYZ+ MATT]S4 ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS 9TUITIVE1 9/9CTIVE AW>5ESS4 ,WE CAN (T5 BECOME MORE COGNIZANT ( ULTIMATE TRU?S SITT+ QUIETLY 9 ! WILD ?AN BY SITT+ 9 LIBR>IES READ+ BOOKS4 ,READ+ BOOKS1 5GAG+ 9 LOGICAL DISC\RSE1 COMPIL+ FACTS & FIGURES1 >E NECESS>Y & IMPORTANT1 BUT !Y >E NOT ! ONLY WAYS TO COMPREH5D ! WORLD & \R LIVES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS ALSO ?AT OLD /ORY AB\T H[ ! LEFT =MS A FIR+ SQUAD4 ,!Y /& 9 A CIRCLE & %OOT 9W>D4 ,I ?9K ?AT IT'S UN=TUNATE ?AT 9/EAD ( FI<T+ ! ,GEORGE ,BU%ES & ! ,EXXONS1 WE SO (T5 F9D IT EASI] TO >GUE ) PEOPLE MORE D[N ON \R LEVEL & ) :OM WE'RE MORE CLOSELY ALIGN$4 

,AT ITS BE/1 ,E>? ,FIR/6'S /YLE (F]S A WAY =W>D ?AT ! LEFT W\LD BE WISE TO LE>N FROM4 ,WE >5'T REBELL+ AGA9/ ! SY/EM BECAUSE WE >E S\R ON LIFE4 ,WE'RE FI<T+ = BEAUTY1 = LIFE1 = JOY4 ,WE KICK UP \R HEELS 9 DELI<T AT A WILD]NESS DAY1 WE SMILE AT A FL[]1 AT A HUMM+BIRD4 ,WE LAU<4 ,WE LAU< AT \R OPPON5TS -- & WE LAU< AT \RSELVES4 ,WE >E WILL+ TO LET \R ACTIONS SET ! F9] PO9TS ( \R PHILOSOPHY RA!R ?AN DEBAT+ 5DLESSLY AB\T \R PROGRAM4 ,WE >E WILL+ TO GET />T$ N[1 TO MAKE MI/AKES1 TO LE>N AS WE GO4 

,ALL 9 ALL1 ,I ?9K ?AT :AT WE NE$ 9 ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS A HEAL?I] RESPECT = DIV]SITY COMB9$ ) ! WILL+NESS TO LE>N FROM ALL ! DIFF]5T TRADITIONS ?AT MAKE UP \R MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS A BASIS = A COMMON P]SPECTIVE BIG 5\< TO H\SE \R V>I\S PROJECTS & EMPHASES4 ,I ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT ,I'VE GOT A NUMB] ( ?+S TO LE>N FROM ! LEFT4 ,YET1 ,I ALSO BELIEVE ?AT ! LEFT HAS A FEW ?+S TO LE>N FROM ME1 ,E>? ,FIR/61 & ! WID] CONS]VATION MOVEM5T4 ,LET'S LE>N FROM EA* O!R4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 

,LOOK1 ,I WAS A LEFTI/ LONG BE=E ,I WAS AN ECOLOGI/4 ,I WAS 9 ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,I WAS P>T ( ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,CONSPIRACY0 ?AT US$ TO SC>E ,DAVE SO MU*4 ,&1 ,I W\LD ADD1 NOT )\T SOME REASON4 ,/AL9ISM IS A VICI\S IDEOLOGY1 & ,L59ISM IS NOT MU* BETT]4 

,LIKE ,DAVE1 IT WAS MY P]SONAL CONC]N ) A T]RIBLE W> ?AT CAUS$ ME TO QUE/ION MY E>LY POLITICAL BELIEFS4 ,! ,VIETNAM ,W> ( MY G5]ATION WAS ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 OR :AT ,I N[ PREF] TO CALL ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE DIDN'T KN[ IT AT ! TIME -- ! ,COMMUNI/S PRES5T$ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> M]ELY AS A H]OIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 A LIB]AL1 LEFT-LEAN+ DEMOCRACY & A FASCI/ MILIT>Y CORPS -- BUT ! REALITY ( ! SITUATION1 AS ,I LAT] F\ND \T1 WAS ?AT ! EF=T BY ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ANSW] ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y REBELLION WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ WIDESPREAD & PR(\ND AN>*I/ REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY4 .<#f.> 

,FEW KN[ ?IS HI/ORY EV5 TODAY4 ,FROM #aicf TO #a#i#c#i1 BE=E ,FRANCO'S ULTIMATE VICTORY1 A SY/EM ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS SET UP 9 NUM]\S CITIES 9CLUD+ ,B>CELONA1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,ALCOY4 ,EV]Y:]E FACTORIES1 UTILITIES1 TRANSPORT FACILITIES1 EV5 RETAIL & :OLESALE 5T]PRISES1 W]E TAK5 OV] & ADM9I/]$ BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & UNIONS4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,&ALUSIA1 ,>AGON1 & ! ,LEVANT E/ABLI%$ COMMUNAL SY/EMS ( L& T5URE1 9 SOME CASES ABOLI%+ ! USE ( MONEY = 9T]NAL TRANSACTIONS1 E/ABLI%+ FREE SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 & CREAT+ A DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URE BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,:ILE WE DID NOT KN[ ! FULL EXT5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION AT ! TIME1 ,I1 AMONG O!RS1 BEGAN TO DISCOV] ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 UND] ORD]S FROM ,/AL91 MANIPULATIVELY US$ ,SOVIET MAT]IAL SUPPORT & SOLD \T ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/S BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S FE>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EV5 MORE ?AN A ,FRANCO VICTORY4 ,I WON'T WE>Y Y\ ) ! DETAILS1 BUT MANY RADICALS ( MY G5]ATION SAW1 TO \R HORROR1 ?AT ,/AL9ISM WAS ULTIMATELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,= ME1 ?IS MEANT BECOM+ A ,TROTSKYI/ = A %ORT TIME4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S W]E ! ONLY VISIBLE REVOLUTION>Y LEFT GR\P 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ?AT SEEM$ TO (F] A S]I\S *ALL5GE TO ,/AL9ISM1 AT LEA/ AS F> ,I C\LD SEE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ( C\RSE1 ,I BECAME AN AN>*I/4 ,I BEGAN TO SEE 9 AN>*ISM A :OLE NEW PHILOSOPHY & /RATEGY = REVOLUTION4 ,:]E ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>IES FOCUS$ SO MU* ON ! FACTORY & S\<T TO 09DU/RIALIZE10 & 0PROLET>IANIZE0 PEASANTS AS A C5TRAL P>T ( !IR /RATEGY1 AN>*ISM FOLL[$ A V]Y DIFF]5T PA?4 ,9 ,SPA91 = EXAMPLE1 IT S\<T \T ! PRECAPITALI/ COMMUNAL TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE1 N\RI%$ :AT WAS LIV+ & VITAL 9 IT1 DEVELOP$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES = MUTUAL AID & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & 5C\RAG$ IT TO C\NT] ! BL9D OB$I5CE1 ! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY1 & ! AU?ORIT>IAN \TLOOK FO/]$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL FACTORY SY/EM4 

,?IS L9E ( ?9K+ L$ ME PRETTY QUICKLY TO A LEFTISM MU* MORE 9 KEEP+ ) ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,?9K = A MOM5T :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY IF ! T[N-MEET+ CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY HAD BE5 FO/]$ AS AGA9/ ! >I/OCRATIC PROCLIVITIES = HI]>*Y2 IF POLITICAL FRE$OM HAD BE5 GIV5 EMPHASIS OV] LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS2 IF 9DIVIDUALISM HAD BECOME AN E?ICAL IDEAL 9/EAD ( CONGEAL+ 9TO A SICK PROPRIET>IAN EGOTISM2 IF ! ,U4,S4 REPUBLIC HAD BE5 SL[LY REWORK$ 9TO A CONF$]AL DEMOCRACY2 IF CAPITAL CONC5TRATION HAD BE5 9HIBIT$ BY COOP]ATIVES & SMALL WORK]-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES2 & IF ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD BE5 JO9$ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 A G5U9E PEOPLES' MOVEM5T SU* AS ! ,POPULI/S TRI$ TO A*IEVE4 ,IF ?IS ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN V]SION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY HAD SUPPLANT$ ! ,EURO-SOCIALI/ VISION ( A NATIONALIZ$1 PLANN$1 & C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY & /ATE1 IT W\LD BE H>D TO PR$ICT ! 9NOVATIVE DIRECTION ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT MI<T HAVE TAK54 

,IT IS ?IS LEFTI/1 LIB]T>IAN TRADITION ?AT ,I URGE ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO LE>N MORE AB\T1 TO CREATIVELY DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM1 &1 ( C\RSE1 TO BUILD ON4 ,I BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 ?IS TRADITION IS NOT A SUFFICI5T GUIDE = GRE5 POLITICS4 ,WE /ILL HAVE TO DEVELOP A TRULY ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,DAVE IS RI<T AB\T ?IS4 ,I C\LDN'T AGREE MORE ) HIM 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] SPEAK MEAN+FULLY ( A 0NEW0 OR 0RADICAL0 SOCIETY )\T ALSO TAILOR+ \R SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 9/ITUTIONS1 & TE*NOLOGY TO ! L>G] ECO-COMMUNITIES 9 :I* \R SOCIAL COMMUNITIES >E LOCAT$4 

,! MO/ UNBRIDGEABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ! TRADITIONAL LEFT IS ?AT ! TRADITIONAL LEFT ASSUMES1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 ?AT ! 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE0 IS AN OBJECTIVE1 HI/ORICAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>X1 MO/ LEFTI/S BELIEVE ?AT ! 0DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN0 IS1 OR AT LEA/ WAS1 A HI/ORICALLY UNAVOIDABLE EVIL ?AT EM]G$ DIRECTLY \T ( ! OBJECTIVE HUMAN NE$ TO 0DOM9ATE NATURE40 ,LIB]ALS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ,M>XI/S & NOT A FEW CLASSICAL AN>*I/S ADOPT$ \R MOD]N CIVILIZATION'S DOM9ANT VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS 0BL9D10 0MUTE10 0CRUEL10 0COMPETITIVE10 & 0/+Y40 ,:AT DI/URBS ME H]E IS ! V]Y NOTION ?AT HUMANITY CONFRONTS A HO/ILE 0O!RNESS0 AGA9/ :I* IT MU/ OPPOSE ITS [N P[]S ( TOIL & GUILE BE=E IT CAN RISE ABOVE ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 TO A NEW 0REALM ( FRE$OM40 

,IT IS ?IS VIEW ( NATURE ?AT ALL[$ ,M>X TO WRITE APPROV+LY AB\T CAPITALISM AS A PROGRESSIVE =CE 9 HI/ORY4 ,= ,M>X1 CAPITALISM WAS A PROGRESSIVE /AGE 9 HI/ORY BECAUSE IT PU%$ HUMAN BE+S BEYOND ! 0DEIFICATION0 ( NATURE & ! SELF-SUFFICI5T SATISFACTION ( EXI/+ NE$S :I* W]E CONF9$ )9 WELL-DEF9$ B\NDS4 ,CAPITALISM1 ACCORD+ TO MANY PEOPLE ON ! LEFT TODAY1 :E!R !Y CONSCI\SLY ?9K AB\T IT OR NOT1 IS ! HI/ORICAL PRECONDITION = HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,LET US MAKE NO MI/AKE AB\T IT3 ,M>X1 LIKE MO/ MOD]N SOCIAL !ORI/S1 BELIEV$ ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM REQUIR$ ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD BECOME 0SIMPLY AN OBJECT = MANK9D1 PURELY A MATT] ( UTILITY0 SUBDU$ 0TO HUMAN REQUIREM5TS40 .<#f#a.> 

,GIV5 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL BACKGR\ND1 IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT MO/ LEFTI/S :O DO TAKE AN 9T]E/ 9 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES DO SO = PURELY UTILIT>IAN REASONS4 ,SU* LEFTI/S ASSUME ?AT \R CONC]N = NATURE RE/S SOLELY ON \R SELF-9T]E/1 RA!R ?AN ON A FEEL+ = ! COMMUNITY ( LIFE ( :I* WE >E P>T1 ALBEIT 9 A V]Y UNIQUE & DI/9CTIVE WAY4 ,?IS IS A CRASSLY 9/RUM5TAL APPROA* ?AT REFLECTS A S]I\S D]ANGEM5T ( \R E?ICAL S5SIBILITIES4 ,GIV5 SU* AN >GUM5T1 \R E?ICAL RELATION%IP ) NATURE IS NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ! SUCCESS ) :I* WE PLUND] ! NATURAL WORLD )\T H>M+ \RSELVES4 

,I FUNDAM5TALLY REJECT ?IS IDEA4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS A LEFT LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE ?AT DOES NOT SUBSCRIBE TO ?IS P]NICI\S NOTION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S CALL 9/EAD = ! CREATION ( A G5U9ELY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT DEEPLY RESPECTS ! NATURAL WORLD & ! CREATIVE ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,WE >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 UND]M9+ ! NATURAL WORLD & EVOLUTION EV5 IF WE C\LD F9D 0WORKABLE0 OR 0ADEQUATE0 SYN!TIC OR ME*ANICAL SUB/ITUTES = EXI/+ LIFE-=MS & ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S >GUE1 BAS$ ON CONSID]ABLE AN?ROPOLOGICAL EVID5CE1 ?AT ! MOD]N VIEW ( NATURE AS A HO/ILE1 /+Y 0O!R0 GR[S HI/ORICALLY \T ( A PROJECTION ( W>P$1 HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ONTO ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,CLE>LY1 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 ORGANIC1 TRIBAL SOCIETIES1 NATURE IS USUALLY VIEW$ AS A FECUND S\RCE ( LIFE & WELL-BE+4 ,9DE$1 IT IS SE5 AS A COMMUNITY TO :I* HUMANITY BELONGS4 ,?IS YIELDS A V]Y DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TAL E?IC ?AN TODAY'S /RATIFI$ & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES4 ,IT EXPLA9S :Y SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S CONT9UALLY /RESS ! NE$ TO REH>MONIZE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS AS A FUNDAM5TAL P>T ( RESOLV+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9 ANY DEEP1 LONG-LA/+ WAY4 ,IT IS AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 9 RE/OR+ A COMPLEM5T>Y E?ICAL RELATION%IP ) ! NON-HUMAN WORLD4 

,& LET'S BE V]Y CLE> AB\T ONE ?+4 ,WE >E NOT SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T 5D+ CLASS EXPLOITATION1 AS MO/ ,M>XI/S DEM&1 AS IMPORTANT AS ?AT IS4 ,WE >E TALK+ AB\T UPROOT+ ALL =MS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 9 ALL SPH]ES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! IMM$IATE S\RCE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS CAPITALISM1 BUT1 TO ?IS1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S ADD A DEEP] PROBLEM AT ! HE>T ( \R CIVILIZATION -- ! EXI/5CE ( HI]>*IES & ( A HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY OR CULTURE ?AT PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( ECONOMIC CLASSES & EXPLOITATION4 ,! E>LY RADICAL FEM9I/S 9 ! #a#i#gS :O FIR/ RAIS$ ! ISSUE ( PATRI>*Y CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?IS4 ,WE HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM FEM9ISM'S & SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S ANTI-HI]>*ICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,WE NE$ TO SE>* 9TO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( CO]CION1 COMM&1 & OB$I5CE ?AT EXI/ TODAY & :I* PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( ECONOMIC CLASSES4 ,HI]>*Y IS NOT NECESS>ILY ECONOMICALLY MOTIVAT$4 ,WE MU/ LOOK BEYOND ECONOMIC =MS ( EXPLOITATION 9TO CULTURAL =MS ( DOM9ATION ?AT EXI/ 9 ! FAMILY1 BETWE5 G5]ATIONS1 SEXES1 RACIAL & E?NIC GR\PS1 9 ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! WAY WE EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A :OLE1 9CLUD+ NATURE & NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! COLOR ( RADICALISM TODAY IS NOT R$1 BUT GRE54 ,I CAN EV5 UND]/&1 GIV5 ! ECOLOGICAL ILLIT]ACY ( SO MU* ( ! CONV5TIONAL LEFT1 :Y MANY GRE5 ACTIVI/S DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0NEI!R LEFT OR RI<T40 ,9ITIALLY1 ,I WANT$ TO WORK ) ?IS SLOGAN4 ,I DIDN'T KN[ :E!R WE W]E 09 FRONT10 AS ?IS SLOGAN CONT5DS1 BUT ,I AT LEA/ WANT$ TO MOVE ON TO SOME?+ NEW1 SOME?+ B>ELY ANTICIPAT$ BY ! CONV5TIONAL LEFT4 ,9DE$1 FEW HAVE BE5 AS UNCOMPROMIS+ 9 !IR CRITICISM ( ! CONV5TIONAL SOCIALI/ 0P>ADIGM0 AS ,I HAVE BE54 

,H[EV]1 AS TIME HAS PASS$1 ,I HAVE COME TO SEE ?AT IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE CONSCI\SLY DEVELOP A LEFT GRE5 P]SPECTIVE4 ,:ILE ! GRE5 MOVEM5T IS RI<T TO REJECT A M]E V>IANT ( CONV5TIONAL LEFT OR?ODOXY DRESS$ UP 9 A FEW NEW 5VIRONM5TAL METAPHORS1 IT IS A HUGE MI/AKE1 ,I ?9K1 TO FAIL TO CONSCI\SLY DRAW ON LEFT LIB]T>IAN & POPULI/ TRADITIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ECO-AN>*ISM4 ,:5 GRE5S REJECT !IR AFF9ITY ) !SE LEFT TRADITIONS1 !Y CUT !MSELVES (F FROM AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( 9SI<T1 WISDOM1 & SOCIAL EXP]I5CE4 

,TODAY1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,U4,S4 GRE5 MOVEM5T CANNOT EV5 BR+ ITSELF TO SAY ) ONE VOICE ?AT IT IS OPPOS$ TO CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 SOME LOCALS ( ! ,U4,S4 ,GRE5 ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE >E MADE UP ( MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS & LIB]AL ,DEMOCRATS :O TALK ( 0TRULY FREE M>KETS10 0GRE5 CAPITALISM10 & 0GRE5 CONSUM]ISM0 AS A SUFFICI5T MEANS = CONTROLL+ ! POLICIES ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 ,!Y TALK AB\T RUNN+ WORK%OPS = CORPORATE MANAG]S TO 5C\RAGE !M TO ADOPT AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND BUS9ESS E?ICS4 ,A LEFT LIB]T>IAN GRE5 P]SPECTIVE CUTS ?R\< ?IS %ALL[1 RE=MI/1 & V]Y NAIVE ?9K+4 

,! RADICAL LEFT TRADITION IS UNEQUIVOCALLY ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,A KEY LESSON GRE5S CAN LE>N FROM A LEFT LIB]T>IAN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE IS ?AT CORPORATE CAPITALISM IS 9H]5TLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 A M>KET ECONOMY :OSE V]Y LAW ( LIFE IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND COMPETITION & ACCUMULATION -- A SY/EM BAS$ ON ! DICTUM 0GR[ OR DIE0 -- MU/ ( NECESSITY TE> D[N ! PLANET1 ALL MORAL & CULTURAL FACTORS ASIDE4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS SY/EMIC1 NOT JU/ E?ICAL4 ,MULT9ATIONAL1 CORPORATE CAPITALISM IS A CANC] 9 ! BIOSPH]E1 RAPACI\SLY UND]M9+ ! WORK ( EONS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & ! BASES = COMPLEX LIFE-=MS ON ?IS PLANET4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T WILL GET NO:]E IF IT DOESN'T DIRECTLY FACE ?IS FACT4 ,TO ITS CR$IT1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAS DONE BETT] ?AN MO/ ECOLOGY GR\PS 9 UND]/&+ ?IS PO9T4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! LACK ( A WELL-DEVELOP$1 LEFT LIB]T>IAN GRE5 P]SPECTIVE HAS MADE TOO MANY PEOPLE 9 ! ECOLOGY & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS VULN]ABLE TO A 0C\NT]-5LI<T5M5T0 MOOD ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY GA9+ GR\ND 9 ,WE/]N CULTURE G5]ALLY4 ,:ILE ! GR[+ D5IGRATION ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T VALUES ( HUMANISM1 NATURALISM1 REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY IS C]TA9LY UND]/&ABLE 9 LI<T ( H[ !SE HUMAN IDEALS HAVE BE5 W>P$ BY A CANC]\S PATRIC5TRIC1 RACI/1 CAPITALI/1 & BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY1 !IR UNCRITICAL REJECTION ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S VALID A*IEVEM5TS ULTIMATELY 5DS UP BY ?R[+ \T ! BABY ) ! BA? WAT]4 

,?AT \R SOCIETY HAS W>P$ ! BE/ ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS1 R$UC+ REASON TO A H>% 9DU/RIAL RATIONALISM FOCUS$ ON EFFICI5CY RA!R ?AN AN E?ICALLY 9SPIR$ 9TELLECTUALITY2 ?AT IT USES SCI5CE TO QUANTIFY ! WORLD & DIVIDE ?\<T AGA9/ FEEL+2 ?AT IT USES TE*NOLOGY TO EXPLOIT NATURE1 9CLUD+ HUMAN NATURE1 %\LD NOT NEGATE ! VALUE ( ! UND]LY+ ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS4 ,WE HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM ! SOLID ORGANISMIC TRADITION 9 ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 BEG9N+ ) ,H]ACLITUS1 & RUNN+ ?R\< ! NE>-EVOLUTION>Y DIALECTIC ( ,>I/OTLE1 ,DID]OT1 & ,HEGEL4 ,WE HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM ! PR(\ND ECO-AN>*I/IC ANALYZES ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 &1 YES1 ! RADICAL ECONOMIC 9SI<TS ( ,K>L ,M>X1 ! REVOLUTION>Y HUMANI/1 ANTI-SEXI/ VIEWS ( ,L\ISE ,MI*EL & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & ! COMMUNIT>IAN VISIONS ( ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,E4 ,A4 ,GUTK9D1 & ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 

,! NEW ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T MOOD1 :I* DECL>ES ALL !SE ?9K]S IRRELEVANT OR WORSE1 SC>ES ! HELL \T ( ME4 ,IT IS POT5TIALLY QUITE DANG]\S4 ,ANTI-RATIONAL1 ANTI-HUMANI/1 SUP]NATURAL1 P>O*IAL1 & ATAVI/IC MOODS >E A FRI<T5+ F\NDATION ON :I* TO BUILD A MOVEM5T = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,SU* P]SPECTIVES CAN LEAD ALL TOO EASILY TO ! EXTREMES ( POLITICAL FANATICISM OR A PASSIVE SOCIAL QUIETISM4 ,!Y CAN EASILY BECOME REACTION>Y1 COLD1 & CRUEL4 

,I SAW ?IS HAPP5 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I SAY ?AT ECO-FASCISM IS A REAL POSSIBILITY )9 \R MOVEM5T TODAY4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I HAVE CRITICIZ$ SEV]AL ( ! MISAN?ROPIC /ATEM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,E>? ,FIR/62 :Y ,I HAVE D5\NC$ ?OSE FEW ,E>? ,FIR/6]S :O /& >\ND CAMPFIRES & *ANT 0,D[N ,) ,HUMAN ,BE+S20 & :Y ,I HAVE EXPRESS$ DISMAY OV] ! FACT ?AT EXTREME /ATEM5TS ON ,A,I,D,S1 IMMIGRATION1 & FAM9E BY SOME ,E>? ,FIR/6]S W5T UN*ALL5G$ = SO LONG BY DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 ,BILL ,DEVALL1 & ,>NE ,NAESS4 ,I AGREE ) ,DAVE ?AT WE %\LD RESPECT DIV]SITY )9 \R MOVEM5T1 BUT WE %\LD NOT MI/AKE DIV]SITY = \TRI<T CONTRADICTION4 ,SU* VIEWS >E1 AT BE/1 UNNECESS>Y &1 AT WOR/1 C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE TO V]Y DANG]\S4 

,IS !RE REALLY NO ROLE 9 \R MOVEM5T = A HUMANI/ E?ICS8 ,IS !RE REALLY NO ROLE = REASON8 ,IS !RE REALLY NO ROLE = AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND TE*NOLOGY ?AT CAN MEET BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S ) A M9IMUM ( >DU\S TOIL1 LEAV+ PEOPLE TIME & 5]GY = DIRECT DEMOCRATIC GOV]NANCE1 AN 9TIMATE SOCIAL LIFE1 AN APPRECIATION ( NATURE1 & FULFILL+ CULTURAL PURSUITS8 ,IS !RE NO ROLE = NATURAL SCI5CE8 ,IS !RE NO ROLE = AN APPRECIATION ( A UNIV]SAL HUMAN 9T]E/8 ,IS IT REALLY ECOLOGICAL TO GO >\ND PUTT+ HUMANITY D[N8 ,DO WE REALLY HAVE TO REPLACE NATURALISM ) ! NEW SUP]NATURALISMS ?AT >E N[ COM+ 9TO VOGUE8 

,C]TA9LY ,DAVE IS RI<T ?AT A S5SE ( WOND] & ! M>VEL\S HAVE A MAJOR PLACE BESIDE ! RATIONAL HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,H[EV]1 LET US NOT P]MIT A CELEBRATION ( !SE WAYS ( EXP]I5C+ ! WORLD TO DEG5]ATE1 AS HAPP5S ALL TOO FREQU5TLY !SE DAYS1 9TO ANTI-RATIONALISM4 ,LET US NOT ALL[ ! CELEBRATION ( NATURE AS AN 5D-9-ITSELF TO DEG5]ATE 9TO A MISAN?ROPIC ANTI-HUMANISM4 ,LET US NOT P]MIT AN APPRECIATION ( ! SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS ( TRIBAL PEOPLES TO DEG5]ATE 9TO A REACTION>Y1 SUP]NATURALI/1 ANTI-SCI5TIFIC1 ANTI-TE*NOLOGY P]SPECTIVE ?AT CALLS = ! COMPLETE 0UNMAK+ ( CIVILIZATION0 & ! VALORIZATION ( HUNT+_/GA!R+ SOCIETIES AS ! ONLY LEGITIMATE WAY ( LIFE4 

,I APPEAL TO ALL ACTIVI/S 9 ! MOVEM5T TO /& UP = NATURALISM & AN EXP&$1 ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT LESSONS ,I'VE DRAWN FROM ! LEFT LIB]T>IAN TRADITION \T ( :I* ,I COME4 ,IF WE >E TO CREATE A FREE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 WE WILL NE$ TO LE>N ?IS LESSON & OPPOSE ! C\NT]-,5LI<T5M5T ?AT HAS GRIPP$ F> TOO MANY ( \R W\LD-BE ALLIES4 

,WE NE$ A RESOLUTE ATTEMPT TO FULLY AN*OR ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS 9 SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS2 TO *ALL5GE ! VE/$ CORPORATE & POLITICAL 9T]E/S WE %\LD PROP]LY CALL CAPITALISM2 TO ANALYZE1 EXPLORE1 & ATTACK HI]>*Y AS A REALITY1 NOT ONLY AS A S5SIBILITY2 TO RECOGNIZE ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! POOR & ( ,?IRD ,WORLD PEOPLE2 TO FUNCTION POLITICALLY1 & NOT AS A RELIGI\S CULT2 TO GIVE ! HUMAN SPECIES & ! HUMAN M9D !IR DUE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN REG>D !M AS 0CANC]S0 9 ! BIOSPH]E2 TO EXAM9E ECONOMIES AS WELL AS 0S\LS20 TO DEVELOP A S\ND ECOLOGICAL E?IC 9/EAD ( GETT+ SIDETRACK$ 9TO S*OLA/IC >GUM5TS AB\T ! 0RI<TS0 ( PA?OG5IC VIRUSES4 ,9DE$1 UNLESS ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9TEGRATES ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS ) ! LONG-/&+ SOCIAL CONC]NS ( ! LEFT LIB]T>IAN TRADITION SU* AS SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO DO1 \R MOVEM5T WILL BE CO-OPT$1 UND]M9$1 OR TURN$ 9TO SOME?+ DISMAL & OPPRESSIVE4 

,I AM GLAD ?AT ,DAVE IS N[ SO WILL+ TO C>EFULLY PICK ?R\< ! LITT] ( ! C5TURIES-LONG TRADITION ( ! RADICAL LEFT = USEFUL 9SI<TS & IDEAS4 ,?IS IS A WOR?:ILE PROJECT1 REG>DLESS ( ALL ! LIMITATIONS & PROBLEMS ?AT >E COMMON ON ! LEFT4 ,MY WORRY1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ,DAVE & O!R DEEP ECOLOGI/ ?9K]S & ACTIVI/S WILL CONT9UE TO ECLECTICALLY BORR[ SOME ( ! SPECIFIC PROGRAMMATIC PROPOSALS ( ! LEFT LIB]T>IAN TRADITION :ILE IGNOR+ OR D[NPLAY+ ! UND]LY+ EMANCIPATORY1 NATURALI/IC1 & HUMANI/IC LOGIC ( ?IS TRADITION4 

,LET'S FACE IT3 SPECIFIC PROPOSALS = DEC5TRALIZATION1 SMALL-SCALE COMMUNITIES1 LOCAL AUTONOMY1 MUTUAL AID1 & COMMUNALISM1 :I* DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL HAVE BORR[$ FROM ECO-AN>*I/S LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 & MYSELF1 >E NOT 9TR9SICALLY ECOLOGICAL OR EMANCIPATORY4 ,SU* AN \TCOME DEP5DS ULTIMATELY ON ! SOCIAL & PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT 9 :I* WE PLACE SU* PROGRAMS4 ,FEW SOCIETIES W]E MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ ?AN ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM1 :I* WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND SMALL-SCALE COMMUNITIES1 MUTUAL AID1 & ! COMMUNAL USE ( L&4 ,YET FEW SOCIETIES W]E MORE HI]>*ICAL & OPPRESSIVE4 ,! MANORIAL ECONOMY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON AUT>*Y OR 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 & SPIRITUALITY4 ,YET1 OPPRESSION WAS (T5 9TOL]ABLE & ! GREAT MASS ( PEOPLE :O BELONG$ TO ?AT SOCIETY LIV$ 9 UTT] SUBJUGATION TO !IR 0BETT]S0 9 ! NOBILITY4 

,A CLE>1 CREATIVE1 & REFLECTIVE LEFT GRE5 P]SPECTIVE CAN HELP US AVOID ?IS FATE4 ,IT CAN PROVIDE A COH]5T PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK OR CONTEXT ?AT CAN AVOID ! MORAL 9S5SITIVITY1 RACISM1 SEXISM1 MISAN?ROPY1 AU?ORIT>IANISM1 & SOCIAL ILLIT]ACY ?AT HAS SOMETIMES SURFAC$ )9 DEEP ECOLOGY CIRCLES4 ,IT CAN ALSO PROVIDE A COH]5T ALT]NATIVE TO ! TRADITIONAL LEFT'S NEGLECT ( ECOLOGY OR ITS MORE REC5T1 PURELY UTILIT>IAN COMMITM5T TO RE=MI/ 5VIRONM5TALISM4 

,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT WE WILL NE$ TO 0GRE5 ! LEFT & RADICALIZE ! GRE5S0 IF WE >E GO+ TO EFFECTIVELY DEF5D ! ,E>?4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I ?9K ?IS DIALOGUE IS SO IMPORTANT4 

,*APT] #c3 ,RADICAL ,VISIONS & ,/RATEGIES 

,L9DA ,DAVID(F3 

,I GUESS ,I WAS S5T FROM C5TRAL CA/+ TO BE ! 0MA9/REAM0 ACTIVI/ 9 ?IS IMPORTANT DISCUSSION4 ,:ILE ,I AGREE ) ,MURRAY & ,DAVE ?AT ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS S]I\S1 ,I AM NOT SURE ,I AGREE ) !IR /RATEGIC APPROA*ES = MAK+ *ANGE4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,I BELIEVE 9 ! PRIMACY CF ELECTORAL RE=M & WORK+ )9 ! SY/EM4  

,I'VE BE5 LUCKY 5\< TO BE A P>TICIPANT 9 ! CREATION ( A COALITION H]E 9 ,NEW ,YORK CALL$ ,5VIRONM5T '#i4 ,\RS IS A PLAT=M-BUILD+ EX]CISE :I* HAS EM]G$ ?IS YE> 9 RESPONSE TO ! MAYORAL ELECTION4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! *OICES AMONG ! MAJOR C&IDATES & !IR PLAT=MS W\LD MAKE A DIFF]5CE 9 H[ ?+S W\LD GO NEXT YE> 9 \R CITY4 ,SO WE'VE PULL$ TOGE!R GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :O >E ACTIVE 9 FI<T+ = A BETT] 5VIRONM5T & >E TRY+ TO COME UP ) A CONS5SUS /ATEM5T ON :AT WE HOP$ C\LD HAPP5 AS A RESULT ( A *ANGE 9 GOV]NM5T4  

,! ,CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK HAS BE5 GOV]N$ = ! LA/ TWELVE YE>S OR MORE BY A S*OOL ( ?\<T ?AT SAYS ! WAY TO DEAL ) \R FISCAL CRISIS IS TO SELL1 SELL1 SELL :ATEV]'S AVAILABLE TO ! HI<E/ BIDD] 9 ORD] TO BOL/] ! TAX BASE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,NEW ,YORK1 :AT WE MO/LY HAVE TO SELL1 SELL1 SELL IS \R L& & P]MISSION TO BUILD ON IT4 ,SO GR\PS LIKE M9E HAVE BE5 5GAG$ ALONG ) O!R 5VIRONM5TAL & CIVIC ACTIVI/S 9 A PIT*$ BATTLE 9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE AG5CIES1 9 ! C\RTS1 9 ! PAP]S1 & ON ,T,V4 ,! BATTLE = PUBLIC OP9ION IS OV] H[ HI< %\LD WE BUILD2 H[ D5SE %ALL WE BUILD2 H[ TALL %ALL WE BUILD -- H[ F> %ALL WE CLOSE D[N1 CLOSE 91 CONCRETE-IFY ! CITY ?AT WE ALL HAVE TO LIVE & SURVIVE 94 ,\R S5SE IS ?AT !SE ISSUES MATT] & ?AT IT IS WOR?:ILE GETT+ TOGE!R TO TRY TO WORK \T A COMPREH5SIVE & REALI/IC PLAT=M ?AT ! CITIZ5S ( \R CITY WILL FEEL COM=TABLE )4 ,\R HOPE IS ?AT WE CAN SP>K A S]IES ( MEET+S & DISCUSSIONS ?AT WILL LEAD TO A PROGRAM = ! FIR/ HUNDR$ DAYS ( ! NEW MAYORAL ADM9I/RATION4  

,MURRAY & ,DAVE PROBABLY SEE ?IS AS V]Y TAME /UFF4 ,BO? ( !M SEEM TO ?9K ?AT \R SOCIETY1 9DE$ \R CIVILIZATION1 IS 0ROTT5 TO ! CORE0 & ?AT IT IS UNRE=MABLE4 ,WELL1 FRANKLY1 ,I DON'T BELIEVE ?AT \R SOCIETY IS ROTT5 TO ! CORE4 ,SURE1 \R SOCIETY IS UNJU/4 ,\R SOCIETY IS EXPLOITATIVE4 ,\R SOCIETY IS MAK+ UNWISE DECISIONS AS AN 5TITY4 ,ITS 9/ITUTIONAL P>TS >E NOT YET FULLY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ & WE HAVE TO *ANGE ?AT4 ,BUT WE LIVE 9 AN 5ORM\SLY /ABLE SOCIETY1 ONE ?AT *ANGES SL[LY & RELUCTANTLY4 ,I DON'T SEE A REVOLUTION >\ND ! CORN]1 ECO-AN>*I/ OR O!RWISE4 ,SO1 ,I ?9K WE BETT] GET GOOD AT OLD-FA%ION$ RE=MISM4 ,?AT'S :AT MAKES A REAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! H]E & N[4  

,I REMEMB] WORK+ AGA9/ A PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE DUR+ ! ,VIETNAM ]A :O WANT$ TO BOMB ! ,VIETNAMESE BACK TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,I WORK$ 9/EAD = SOMEBODY :O WASN'T READY TO GO ?AT F>4 ,IT WASN'T MU* ( A *OICE1 BUT IT WAS ! ONLY ONE WE W]E (F]$ 9 ! ELECTORAL >5A :]E KEY DECISIONS >E MADE1 & ,I ?9K IT MATT]$4 ,IT WAS IMPORTANT TO WORK = ! LESS DE/RUCTIVE C&IDATE4 ,BECAUSE 9 ! 5D1 ?OSE ( US :O WANT$ TO /OP ! W> %ORT ( COMPLETELY DE/ROY+ ,VIETNAMESE SOCIETY & CULTURE NE$$ TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 PUTT+ PRESSURE TO BE> ON ! GOV]NM5T TO LIMIT ITS DE/RUCTIV5ESS4 ,& WE DID ?AT4 ,9DE$1 WE EV5TUALLY /OPP$ ! W>4 ,WE EV5TUALLY CONV9C$ PEOPLE 9 9FLU5TIAL POSITIONS 9 \R SOCIETY TO PAY ATT5TION TO \R VIEWS & TO RESPOND FAVORABLY4 ,?AT1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! KEY TO POLITICAL EFFECTIV5ESS4  

,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO WORK )9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E AVAILABLE TO US TO MAKE ?+S HAPP5 ! WAY WE WANT4 ,! TRICK IS BE+ WILL+ TO MAKE EFFECTIVE USE ( ! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T AVAILABLE TO US & GETT+ \R MESSAGE ACROSS TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC & GOV]NM5T DECISIONMAK]S )\T ALI5AT+ !M4 ,TALK ( REVOLUTION1 US+ 0ROTT5 TO ! CORE0 LANGUAGE1 & REFUS+ TO TAKE P>T 9 ELECTIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! MASS M$IA1 ! C\RTS1 & LOBBY+ ALL SEEM C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE TO ME4  

,LET ME USE A MORE CURR5T & LOCAL EXAMPLE4 ,AT A REC5T MEET+ ( ! ,WE/ ,SIDE ,PANEL1 A CITY_//ATE DEVELOPM5T PLANN+ BODY1 IT WAS ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,PANEL HAD MODIFI$ ITS 9FAM\S 0,WE/WAY ,PROPOSAL0 TO FILL 9 ! ,HUDSON ,RIV]1 BORE A TUNNEL ?R\< IT1 & PLACE HI< RISE REAL-E/ATE PROJECTS ON ! TOP ALONG ) SOME P>K L& AS A BONE = LOCAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S4 ,! HEAD ( ! PANEL ANN\NC$ TO ! ASSEMBL$ ?RONG -- & !RE W]E AT LEA/ A HUNDR$ PEOPLE 9 ! ROOM & LOTS ( M$IA -- ?AT ! PANEL HAD DECID$ TO =EGO ! OPTION ( A L&FILL4 ,A MURMUR SPREAD ?R\< ! CR[D AS PEOPLE BEGAN ASK+ EA* O!R H[ COME ! OPTION ( ! L&FILL  WAS NOT BE+ PURSU$ ANY MORE AS P>T ( ! CON/RUCTION ?AT IS GO+ ON ON ! WE/ SIDE ( ,MANHATTAN4 

,?AT 0H[ COME0 IS ?AT SOME LOCAL CITIZ5S W\LDN'T GIVE UP4 ,!Y W]E 9CR$IBLY P]SI/5T1 D$ICAT+ !IR LIVES TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS PLAN DAY & NI<T1 US+ ! DECISION-MAK+ MA*9]Y ( ! SOCIETY ?AT WAS AVAILABLE TO !M -- PUBLIC HE>+S1 ! PRESS1 & ! C\RTS4 ,H]E IS AN EXAMPLE ( PEOPLE 9TELLIG5TLY US+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL APP>ATUS ( SOCIETY TO /OP A BAD ?+ FROM HAPP5+ -- ! FILL+-9 ( ! ,HUDSON ,RIV]4 ,WELL1 IT HAS BE5 /OPP$ & WE ?9K WE EV5 HAVE A FAIRLY GOOD *ANCE ( NEGOTIAT+ ) ! ,WE/ ,SIDE ,PANEL = ! CREATION ( A MODE/ B\LEV>D & A SPL5DID P>K AS P>T ( A ,HUDSON ,RIV] ,GRE5WAY ?AT C\LD /& AS ONE ( ! GREAT MONUM5TS TO CITIZ5 +5UITY & 5VIRONM5TAL PRES]VATION 9 ?IS SOCIETY4  

,SO ,I ?9K IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEF5D ! ,E>? ?R\< ! UTILIZATION ( ! AVAILABLE 9/ITUTIONAL MA*9]Y 9 \R SOCIETY & A WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE ON SOME PO9TS4 ,WE DON'T REJECT REAL-E/ATE DEVELOPM5T \TRI<T1 JU/ ! WOR/1 MO/ DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE >E NEV] MILITANT4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE NEV] POSE *OICES 9 V]Y />K WAYS4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?AT WE HAVE GOT TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS IS A /ABLE SOCIETY ?AT MOVES SL[LY & ?AT WE CAN *ANGE IT IF WE'RE V]Y1 V]Y C>EFUL TO WORK \T EFFECTIVE1 REALI/IC /RATEGIES ?AT HAVE SOME *ANCE ( SUCCESS RA!R ?AN *AS+ AFT] ,UTOPIAN DREAMS4  

,MY QUE/ION = ,DAVE & ,MURRAY1 !N1 IS :Y DON'T Y\ TRY TO WORK )9 ! SY/EM MORE8 ,:Y >E Y\ SO CONV9C$ ?AT \R SOCIETY IS 0ROTT5 TO ! CORE80 ,:Y DO Y\ SEE Y\R MORE RADICAL /RATEGIES = *ANGE AS REALI/IC8 ,:AT IS WRONG ) A PRAGMATIC RE=MI/ /RATEGY8  

,DAVE ,=EMAN3 

,LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 ,I ?9K ?AT WE HAVE TO DEF5D ! ,E>? 9 A LOT ( DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,I AM NOT TELL+ PEOPLE TO DO ONLY ONE ?+1 TO USE ONLY ONE TACTIC OR APPROA*4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 ,I DON'T C>E H[ PEOPLE *OOSE TO DEF5D ! ,E>? -- :E!R !Y WRITE LETT]S TO ! $ITOR1 RECYCLE NEWSPAP]S1 CANVASS = AN 5VIRONM5TAL C&IDATE1 BLOCKADE NUCLE> P[] PLANTS ) A FEW ?\S& O!R PEOPLE1 OR SPIKE TREES & SABOTAGE BULLDOZ]S ALONE 9 WILD >EAS4 

,I DO C>E1 H[EV]1 ?AT PEOPLE GET (F !IR BUTTS 9 FRONT ( ! ,T,V SET & DO SOME?+4 ,Y\ HAVE GOT TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = Y\R LIFE & ! WORLD4 ,Y\ HAVE GOT TO DO SOME?+ TO PAY Y\R R5T = ! PRIVILEGE ( 9HABIT+ ?IS BEAUTIFUL1 BLUE-GRE51 LIV+ ,E>?4 ,IF MORE PEOPLE W\LD SIMPLY GET (F !IR BUTTS & DO SOME?+1 WE W\LD HAVE A F> BETT] *ANCE ( SURVIVAL & DEF5D+ ! ,E>? & ITS MANY SPECIES4 

,H[EV]1 ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT ! GOALS & /RATEGIES ?AT WE *OOSE >E ALL EQUALLY VALUABLE OR EFFECTIVE4 ,BESIDES GETT+ (F \R BUTTS1 WE HAVE GOT TO ?9K H>D & FIGURE \T :AT GOALS & /RATEGIES BE/ DEF5D ! ,E>?4 ,I C]TA9LY HAVE MORE QUE/IONS ?AN ANSW]S AB\T ?IS1 BUT A FEW ?+S SEEM CLE> TO ME4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,I ?9K ! MOD]ATE & SO-CALL$ PRAGMATIC APPROA* \TL9$ SO WELL BY ,L9DA IS LIMIT$ & FREQU5TLY C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE4 

,I W\LD BE ! LA/ ONE TO SAY ?AT ELECTORAL POLITICS1 C\RT *ALL5GES1 & LOBBY+ = GOOD LEGISLATION HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! TACTICS ( \R MOVEM5T4 ,I ?9K SU* TACTICS CAN BE EFFECTIVE & %\LD NOT BE REJECT$ \T ( H&4 ,AS ,I SAID BE=E1 ,I US$ TO WORK AT ,! ,WILD]NESS ,SOCIETY AS !IR LOBBY+ COORD9ATOR 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 ,I WAS ALSO ! ,NEW ,MEXICO ,*AIR ( ,CONS]VATIONI/S = ,C>T] 9 #a#i#g#f4 ,EV5 ?\< ,JIMMY ,C>T]'S PUBLIC L&S POLICIES L$ TO ! =MATION ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 HE DID SOME GOOD ?+S :ILE 9 (FICE4 ,?AT CAN'T BE D5I$4 ,I HAVE ALSO SP5T MANY H\RS NEGOTIAT+ ) ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICE & TAK+ P>T 9 ! PUBLIC HE>+S ?AT HAVE BE5 A P>T ( !IR PLANN+ PROCESS4 ,\T ( ?IS EXP]I5CE1 H[EV]1 ,I HAVE BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT !SE TACTICS1 BY !MSELVES1 >E SIMPLY NOT EFFECTIVE OR PRACTICAL 5\< TO DEF5D ! EXI/+ ROADLESS >EAS ?AT >E 9 SU* DANG] TODAY4 

,AT A M9IMUM1 Y\ W\LD ?9K ?AT ! PUBLIC L&S CONS]VATION MOVEM5T W\LD AIM1 AS ONE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT GOALS1 AT KEEP+ 9DU/RIAL 0CIVILIZATION0 \T ( ! FEW WILD PLACES ?AT REMA94 ,YET1 ! MA9/REAM MOVEM5T HAS BECOME SO LOYAL A C\RTI] TO ! DOM9ANT 9DU/RIAL ORD] ?AT IT CANNOT EV5 EFFECTIVELY DEF5D ?IS LIMIT$ GOAL4 ,Y\ CAN SEE ! PATT]N ( !IR CURR5T /RATEGY AS E>LY AS #a#i#e#f1 :5 CONS]VATIONI/S ACCEPT$ A COMPROMISE ON ! ,COLORADO ,RIV] ,/ORAGE ,ACT :I* CANCEL$ A HUGE DAM ON ! ,GRE5 & ,YAMPA ,RIV]S 9 ,D9OSAUR ,NATIONAL ,MONUM5T BY AGREE+ TO ONE ON ! ,COLORADO ,RIV] AT ,GL5 ,CANYON4 ,TODAY ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T'S /RATEGY IS TO B>GA9 AWAY HUGE PORTIONS ( ! WILD WORLD 9 ORD] TO PROTECT A DW9DL+ CORE ( 0UNT\*ABLE0 WILD]NESS >EAS4 ,?IS GETS US NO:]E4 

,SURE1 ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T'S EF=TS AT ELECTORAL POLITICS1 LOBBY+1 & C\RT BATTLES SL[ ! 5CROA*M5T PROCESS D[N1 BUT !Y DO NOT ULTIMATELY HALT IT1 LET ALONE REV]SE IT4 ,LET'S FACE IT1 \R REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY HAS BROK5 D[N4 ,\R GOV]NM5T PRIM>ILY REPRES5TS ! BIG MONEY BOYS & /ACKS ! DECK AGA9/ RE=M MOVEM5TS4 ,PLAY+ ONLY BY ! SY/EM'S RULES LIMITS Y\4 ,?AT IS :Y ! RE=MI/ CONS]VATION MOVEM5T DOESN'T EV5 ?9K IT IS REALI/IC TO TRY TO DEF5D ALL ( ! REMA9+ WILD]NESS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LET ALONE EXP& WILD]NESS >EAS ?R\< ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION4 ,TRY+ TO FIT 91 TO NOT SEEM RADICAL OR EXTREME1 TO ALWAYS SEEK COMPROMISE OBVI\SLY KEEPS Y\ PRETTY DAMN MANAGEABLE4 ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T HAS BE5 \TMANEUV]$ OV] ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S BECAUSE ( ITS TIMID VISION & TACTICS4 

,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! E>LY SUMM] ( #a#i#g#g1 ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICE BEGAN AN #a#h-MON?-LONG 9V5TORY & EVALUATION ( ! REMA9+ ROADLESS & UNDEVELOP$ >EAS 9 ! NATIONAL =E/S :I* >E ELIGIBLE BY LAW = CONGRESSIONAL CONSID]ATION AS PROTECT$ WILD]NESS PRES]VES4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 !RE W]E SOME #h MILLION ACRES 9 ! NATIONAL =E/S RETA9+ A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE ( NATURAL DIV]SITY & WILDNESS4 ,ALONG ) ! NATIONAL P>KS & MONUM5TS1 NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES1 EXI/+ WILD]NESS >EAS & SOME /ATE L&S1 !SE ROADLESS >EAS REPRES5T ! REMA9+ WILD]NESS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!SE >E ! PLACES ?AT HOLD ,NOR? ,AM]ICA TOGE!R1 ?AT CONTA9 ! G5ETIC 9=MATION ( LIFE1 ?AT REPRES5T NATURAL SANITY 9 A :IRLW9D ( 9DU/RIAL MADNESS4 

,N[ Y\ NE$ TO REMEMB] ?AT FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+ ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICE HAS VIEW$ ! NATIONAL =E/S AS AN >5A = 9DU/RIAL LOGG+1 GRAZ+1 M9]AL & 5]GY DEVELOPM5T1 ROAD-BUILD+1 & MOTORIZ$ RECREATION4 ,IT %\LD NOT COME AS A SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT 9 ,JANU>Y ( #aigi ! ,=E/ ,S]VICE ANN\NC$ ! FOLL[+ RESULTS ( ITS WILD]NESS ASSESSM5T3 \T ( ! #h MILLION REMA9+ ACRES ( UNDEVELOP$ L&S 9 ! NATIONAL =E/S1 ONLY #ae MILLION ACRES W]E RECOMM5D$ = PROTECTION AGA9/ LOGG+1 ROAD BUILD+1 & O!R 0DEVELOPM5TS40 ,9 ! BIG-TREE /ATE ( ,OREGON1 = EXAMPLE1 ONLY #c#g1 ACRES W]E PROPOS$ = WILD]NESS PROTECTION \T ( ! REMA9+ #d4#e MILLION ACRES ( ROADLESS1 UNCUT =E/ L&S4 ,( ! >EAS NATIONALLY SLAT$ = PROTECTION1 MO/ >EAS W]E TOO HI<1 TOO DRY1 TOO COLD1 TOO /EEP TO (F] MU* 9 ! WAY ( 0RES\RCES0 TO ! LOGG]S1 M9]S1 & GRAZ]S4 ,?OSE ROADLESS >EAS ) CRITICAL OLD-GR[? =E/ VALUES W]E ALLOCAT$ = ! SAWMILL4 ,IMPORTANT GRIZZLY BE> HABITAT 9 ! NOR!RN ,ROCKIES WAS TOSS$ TO ! OIL 9DU/RY & ! LOGG]S4 ,(F-ROAD-VEHICLE FANATICS & ! L&$ G5TRY ( ! LIVE/OCK 9DU/RY WON \T 9 ! ,S\?WE/ & ,GREAT ,BAS94 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! RESPONSE ( ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T WAS NOT TO CALL = ! PRES]VATION ( ! LA/ REMA9+ WILD]NESS L&S 9 !IR 5TIRETY OR TO USE EV]Y LEGITIMATE TACTIC AT !IR DISPOSAL TO PROTECT !SE L&S & RESI/ GOV]NM5T & CORPORATE 5CROA*M5T ON WILD PUBLIC L&S4 ,9/EAD1 ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T S\<T TO BE REALI/IC & COMPROMISE1 TRAD+ MO/ ( ! WILD]NESS AWAY1 9 EX*ANGE = A M>G9AL 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( PROPOS$ ACREAGE TO BE LEGALLY PROTECT$4 ,BECAUSE ( ! V]Y LIMIT$ NATURE ( !IR GOALS1 !SE TACTICS W]E ULTIMATELY EFFECTIVE 9 A*IEV+ ?IS OBJECTIVE1 ?\< EV5 ?IS WAS A BIG /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ?IS A*IEVEM5T WAS H>DLY A SIGNIFICANT VICTORY = WILD]NESS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,=E/ ,S]VICE HAS S9CE COME UP ) A PLAN ?AT WILL EFFECTIVELY BLOCK ANY FUTURE CONV5TIONAL EF=TS AT EXP&+ ! ACREAGE ( PROTECT$ WILD]NESS 9 ! NATIONAL =E/S4 ,G5]ALLY1 ONLY ROADLESS >EAS >E CONSID]$ = WILD]NESS PROTECTION )9 ! NATIONAL =E/S4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#hS1 ! ,=E/ ,S]VICE DEVELOP$ & BEGAN IMPLEM5T+ A #a#e-YE> PLAN TO GET RID ( ! REMA9+ ROADLESS >EAS BY BUILD+ OV] #g#e1 MILES ( NEW ROAD )9 ! NATIONAL =E/S4 ,?IS IMM5SE ROAD NETWORK 75\< TO 5CIRCLE ! PLANET ?REE TIMES7 WILL CO/ ! ,AM]ICAN TAXPAY] OV] ?REE BILLION DOLL>S TO PROVIDE L>GE TIMB] CORPORATIONS ACCESS TO A M]E #e MILLION DOLL>S WOR? ( TIMB]4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 IT WILL CAUSE A CONSID]ABLE DECL9E 9 ! BIOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY ( ?IS C\NTRY'S REMA9+ WILD]NESS >EAS & DE/ROY !SE >EAS' ABILITY TO SUPPORT A HUGE V>IETY ( PLANT & ANIMAL SPECIES4 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICE FOLKS CONSCI\SLY & DELIB]ATELY SAT D[N & ASK$ !MSELVES1 0,H[ CAN WE KEEP FROM BE+ PLAGU$ BY CONS]VATIONI/S & !IR DAMN$ WILD]NESS PROPOSALS80 ,!IR PLANS SEEM TO BE WORK+ \T QUITE WELL4 ,! ,=E/ ,S]VICE TODAY IS SY/EMATICALLY DE/ROY+ UNPROTECT$1 ROADLESS >EAS ?R\< A MASSIVE ROAD-BUILD+ CAMPAIGN4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL LOBBY+ & ELECTORAL WORK TO PROTECT WILD L&S IS EVAPORAT+ & 9 HALF A DECADE ! SAW1 ! BULLDOZ]1 & ! DRILL WILL DEVA/ATE MO/ ( :AT IS N[ WILD BUT LEGALLY UNPROTECT$4 ,! BATTLE = WILD]NESS BY CONV5TIONAL MEANS WILL SOON BE OV]4 ,P]HAPS ?REE P]C5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL BE MORE OR LESS PROTECT$ & IT WILL BE OP5 SEASON ON ! RE/4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL TACTICS ?AT ,L9DA CALLS \R /RONGE/1 MO/ PRAGMATIC1 MO/ EFFECTIVE WEAPONS = MAK+ RE=MS 9 ! H]E & N[ CANNOT EV5 PROTECT :AT LITTLE NATURAL L&SCAPE WE HAVE LEFT 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 A V]Y M9IMAL GOAL FROM MY P]SPECTIVE4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I BELIEVE ?AT A TRULY EFFECTIVE1 WILD]NESS PRES]VATION /RATEGY NE$S TO 9CLUDE A L>GE DOSE ( UNCOMPROMIS+1 NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION & RESI/ANCE4 ,I ?9K ELECTORAL POLITICS1 LEGISLATION1 ?OSE MA9/REAM APPROA*ES CAN /ILL PLAY A CRUCIAL P>T1 BUT NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION ALSO HAS TO BE AN IMPORTANT MEANS ( DEF5D+ ! WILD]NESS4 ,I SAY LET'S APPROA* ! PROBLEM BY LOOK+ = ! WEAKNESSES 9 ! SY/EM1 ! PLACES :]E WE CAN ?R[ ! WOOD5 %OE 9 ! GE>S ( ! MA*9]Y1 OR :]E WE CAN PUT ! H&CUFFS ON AN AG5CY & TAKE P[] AWAY FROM !M4 ,WE NE$ A CAMPAIGN ( RESI/ANCE :5EV] & :]EV] ! DY+ 9DU/RIAL EMPIRE TRIES TO 9VADE ! REMA9+ WILD]NESS4 ,WE NE$ TO DELAY1 RESI/1 & ?W>T ! CURR5T SY/EM US+ ALL ! TOOLS AVAILABLE TO US4 ,SURE1 ?IS 9CLUDES FIL+ APPEALS & LAWSUITS AS WELL AS 5C\RAG+ LEGISLATION ?AT TIES ! H&S ( CORPORATIONS & AG5CIES LIKE ! ,U4,S4 ,=E/ ,S]VICE4 ,H[EV]1 TO TRULY GET ! JOB DONE1 WE WILL ALSO NE$ TO DEMON/RATE1 5GAGE 9 MASS NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 &1 FRANKLY1 ILLEGALLY MONKEYWR5* & SABOTAGE WILD]NESS-DE/ROY+ PROJECTS4 ,IT IS N[ TIME = WOM5 & M51 9DIVIDUALLY1 9 SMALL GR\PS1 & 9 L>GE PUBLIC MOVEM5TS TO DEVELOP A WIDELY-DISP]S$1 /RATEGIC MOVEM5T ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE AGA9/ WILD]NESS DE/RUCTION ALL ACROSS ! L&4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT SU* A CAMPAIGN ( RESI/ANCE CAN BE EFFECTIVE 9 /OPP+ TIMB]-CUTT+1 ROAD-BUILD+1 OV]GRAZ+1 OIL & GAS EXPLORATION1 M9+1 DAM BUILD+1 P[]L9E CON/RUCTION1 (F-ROAD-VEHICLE USE1 TRAPP+1 SKI >EA DEVELOPM5T & O!R =MS ( DE/RUCTION ( ! WILD]NESS AS WELL AS CANC]\S SUBURBAN SPRAWL4 ,I BELIEVE SU* CAMPAIGNS CAN BE EFFECTIVE BECAUSE SU* CAMPAIGNS HIT ! RAPE-!-L& >TI/S :]E !Y LIVE -- 9 !IR POCKET BOOKS4 

,MANY ( ! PROJECTS ?AT >E 5CROA*+ ON ROADLESS WILD]NESS >EAS >E ECONOMICALLY M>G9AL4 ,! PR(IT M>G9S ON SU* ACTIVITIES >E REAL BUT !Y >E V]Y VULN]ABLE TO CO/ OV]RUNS4 ,IT IS V]Y CO/LY = ! ,=E/ ,S]VICE1 TIMB] COMPANIES1 OIL COMPANIES1 M9+ COMPANIES & O!RS TO SCRAT* \T ! 0RES\RCES0 9 !SE LA/ WILD >EAS4 ,A BROAD RESI/ANCE /RATEGY CAN MAKE IT EV5 MORE CO/LY1 P]HAPS PROHIBITIVELY EXP5SIVE4 ,! RIS+ CO/ ( REPAIRS1 ! HASSLE1 ! DELAY1 ! D[N-TIME CAUS$ BY 0ON-!-GR\ND0 WILD]NESS RESI/ANCE ACTIVITIES AS WELL AS ! LOSS ( PUBLIC SUPPORT & ! RISE ( CONSUM] BOYCOTTS1 /RIKES1 & O!R =MS ( COMMUNITY RESI/ANCE C\LD PROTECT MILLIONS ( ACRES ( WILD]NESS F> MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ANY CONGRESSIONAL ACT4 

,SU* 0EXTREME0 & 0UNCOMPROMIS+0 ACTIONS >E NOT PO9TLESSLY 0,UTOPIAN40 ,!Y >E /RATEGICALLY S\ND4 ,!Y >E PRAGMATIC4 ,SU* TACTICS DO1 H[EV]1 REQUIRE A GREAT] DEGREE ( P]SONAL 9VOLVEM5T & RISK ?AN WORK+ )9 NORMAL *ANNELS4 ,IT TAKES C\RAGE TO PUT Y\R BODY BETWE5 ! MA*9E & ! WILD]NESS1 TO /& BE=E ! *A9SAW OR ! BULLDOZ] OR ! ,F,B,I4 ,MORE ( US NE$ TO /& BE=E ! MAD MA*9E AS ,VAL]IE ,WADE DID 9 CLIMB+ #h FEET HI< 9TO AN ANCI5T ,D\GLAS ,FIR TO KEEP IT FROM BE+ CUT D[N1 OR AS ,H[IE ,WOLKE DID 9 PULL+ UP SURVEY /AKES ALONG A PROPOS$ GAS EXPLORATION ROAD 9 PRIME ELK HABITAT4 

,SURE1 BO? ( !SE ,E>? ,FIR/6 ACTIVI/S PUT !IR LIVES 9 JEOP>DY & BO? W5T TO JAIL4 ,YET ,I AM REM9D$ ( ! FAM\S /ORY AB\T ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU BE+ S5T TO JAIL = REFUS+ TO PAY HIS POLL TAX TO PROTE/ ! ,U4,S4 W> AGA9/ ,MEXICO4 ,:5 ,RALPH ,WALDO ,EM]SON CAME TO BAIL HIM \T1 ,EM]SON CALL$ ?R\< AN OP5 W9D[ & SAID1 0,H5RY1 :AT >E Y\ DO+ 9 !RE80 ,?OREAU QUIETLY REPLI$1 0,RALPH1 :AT >E Y\ DO+ \T !RE80 ,WE NE$ ?AT K9D ( C\RAGE & SPIRIT 9 \R MOVEM5T TODAY4 

,CONV5TIONAL EF=TS AT RE=M >E C]TA9LY SAF] & !Y >E1 9 SOME WAYS1 BETT] REW>D$4 ,BY /AY+ )9 NORMAL *ANNELS Y\ CAN USUALLY AVOID S]I\S POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,Y\ >E ALSO VALIDAT$ RA!R ?AN VILIFI$4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS VALIDATION1 H[EV]1 IS TO DAMP5 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( A MOVEM5T4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT IT IS BASIC HUMAN NATURE TO WANT TO BE ACCEPT$ BY ! SOCIAL MILIEU 9 :I* Y\ F9D Y\RSELF4 ,IT HURTS TO BE DISMISS$ BY ! (FICIAL >BIT]S ( OP9ION AS 0NUTS10 0T]RORI/S10 0WACKOS10 OR 0EXTREMI/S40 ,I ?9K MU* ( ! DESIRE TO BE 0MOD]ATE0 & 0PRAGMATIC0 GR[S \T ( ! UND]/&ABLE DESIRE TO GA9 CR$IBILITY OR LEGITIMACY ) ! M$IA & ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LEAD]S CURR5TLY RUNN+ \R SOCIETY4 

,! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL SY/EM IS V]Y EFFECTIVE AT CO-OPT+ & MOD]AT+ DISSID5TS BY GIV+ !M ATT5TION & !N 5C\RAG+ !M TO BE 0REASONABLE0 SO !IR IDEAS WILL BE TAK5 0MORE S]I\SLY40 ,APPE>+ ON ! EV5+ NEWS1 TE/IFY+ BE=E CONGRESSIONAL HE>+S1 OR GETT+ A JOB ) SOME GOV]NM5T AG5CY >E JU/ SOME ( ! ME?ODS US$ BY ! E/ABLI%M5T TO 5TICE ONE TO %>E KEY ASSUMPTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT WORLDVIEW & TO 5T] ! NEGOTIAT+ ROOM TO COMPROMISE ) MADM5 :O >E DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ PURE & BEAUTIFUL4 ,TAKE A LOOK AT MU* ( ! MA9/REAM CONS]VATION MOVEM5T TODAY4 ,! POLITICAL VISION ( MO/ ( !SE RE=M]S 9CLUDES1 AT A M9IMUM1 A GLOBAL POPULATION ( T5 TO TWELVE BILLION HUMAN BE+S1 NATION-/ATES1 MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 ! PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE1 & PEOPLE 9 BUS9ESS SUITS ON EV]Y CONT95T4 ,SU* A LIMIT$ VISION IS NOT GO+ TO SP>K OR LEAD A MOVEM5T = ! CREATION ( A WILD]NESS-LOV+ & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 

,9DE$1 SU* A LIMIT$ VISION HAS LITTLE OR NO FUTURE4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY IS A DRIV]LESS HOT ROD )\T BRAKES GO+ #i MILES AN H\R D[N A DEAD-5D ALLEY ) A BRICK WALL AT ! 5D4 ,WE DO NOT LIVE 9 A /ABLE SOCIETY4 ,WE'RE 9 ! MO/ VOLATILE SOCIETY ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$ ON ?IS PLANET4 ,I ?9K ! %IT IS GO+ TO HIT ! FAN 9 MY LIFETIME2 ?AT ! GRE$1 ! 9SANITY1 ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE & HUMAN BE+S1 ?IS :OLE MADNESS IS GO+ TO COME TO A HEAD4 ,I ?9K ?AT T]RIBLE ?+S WILL HAPP5 9 ! NOT-SO-DI/ANT FUTURE ?AT WILL MAKE ! CURR5T SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS SEEM LIKE ! GOOD OLD DAYS4 ,TO SEEK ONLY 0REALI/IC0 RE=MS1 TO USE ONLY CONV5TIONAL MEANS ( SOCIAL *ANGE AT ?IS PO9T 9 TIME1 REALLY MEANS GIV+ UP ! FI<T4 ,RE=MS ?AT >E REALI/IC )9 ! CURR5T DI/RIBUTION ( 9/ITUTIONAL P[] SIMPLY CANNOT TAKE US FROM H]E TO :]E WE NE$ TO BE4 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 REPRES5TS A FUNDAM5TALI/ REVIVAL )9 ! WILD]NESS_/WILDLIFE PRES]VATION MOVEM5T1 A RETURN TO BASICS & A REACTION AGA9/ RE=MI/ CO-OPTATION & COMPROMISE4 ,OV] ! LA/ SEV]AL DECADES1 AS ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T HAS GR[N 9 PROM95CE1 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S N[ FAM\S 0,L& ,E?IC0 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ ) 0POLITICAL PRAGMATISM40 ,IT HAS DRAMATICALLY LIMIT$ ITS POLITICAL VISION4 ,IT N[ VIEWS ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( WILD]NESS PRES]VATION & SPECIES DIV]SITY AS PURELY A QUE/ION ( PRAGMATICALLY BALANC+ COMPET+ SPECIAL 9T]E/ GR\PS & WORK+ \T COMPROMISES BETWE5 GIANT ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & PUBLIC RECREATION 5?USIA/S4 ,E>? ,FIR/6 TAKES ! /& ?AT WILD]NESS PRES]VATION IS AN E?ICAL QUE/ION1 A MORAL QUE/ION4 ,IT CAN'T BE SIMPLY R$UC$ TO ! CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL CURR5CY ( SELF-9T]E/1 OR EV5 ! MORE HUMANI/IC CONC]N = HUMAN SU/A9ABILITY4 

,AS ,$ ,ABBEY FREQU5TLY SAID1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE A RI<T TO BE H]E1 BUT NOT EV]Y:]E1 NOT ALL AT ONCE1 NOT ALL 9 ! SAME PLACE4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY HAS /EPP$ BEYOND ! B\NDS2 WE >E DE/ROY+ ! V]Y PROCESSES ( LIFE4 ,WILD]NESS IS MORE ?AN PUNY LITTLE BACKPACK+ P>KS 9 >EAS ) LITTLE OR NO 0DEVELOPM5T0 POT5TIAL4 ,WILD]NESS >EAS >E ! >5A = NATURAL EVOLUTION1 & MU/ BE L>GE 5\< SO NATURAL =CES CAN HAVE FREE RE94 ,!RE MU/ BE VA/ >EAS 9 EV]Y BIOREGION ?AT >E (F-LIMITS TO HUMAN HABITATION & ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,!SE >EAS MU/ SIMPLY BE LEFT ALONE TO C>RY ON ! IMPORTANT WORK ( SPONTANE\S NATURAL EVOLUTION4 

,?IS IS A RADICAL VISION TO BE SURE1 ONE :I* CALLS MANY ( \R SOCIAL ASSUMPTIONS 9TO QUE/ION4 ,YET1 ANY REASONABLE POLICY1 GIV5 ! LEVEL ( WILD]NESS DE/RUCTION TO DATE1 REQUIRES MU* MORE ?AN ! CONTA9M5T ( ! CURR5T 5CROA*M5TS ( 0CIVILIZATION0 ONTO EXI/+ PUBLIC WILD]NESS RES]VES4 ,IT IS \R JOB1 AS DEF5D]S ( ! ,E>?1 TO RECLAIM MU* ( ! N[ ASPHALT$ L&1 ! B>R5 FIELDS1 RIPP$ =E/S1 & SIL5T M\NTA9S4 ,ONE ( ! C5T]PIECES ( EV]Y ECOLOGY GR\P'S PLAT=M %\LD BE TO PROTECT OR CREATE A BIG CORE WILD]NESS PRES]VE 9 EV]Y REGION4 ,O!R WILD]NESS PRES]VES1 BO? L>GE & SMALL1 %\LD ALSO BE E/ABLI%$ & PROTECT$ ?R\<\T EA* REGION AS WELL AS WILD]NESS CORRIDORS TO ALL[ = ! FREE FL[ ( G5ETIC MAT]IAL BETWE5 !M & ! WILD]NESS PRES]VES 9 O!R BIOREGIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 WE WILL NE$ HUMAN MANAGEM5T & 9T]V5TION TO HELP NATURE RE/ORE A SUITABLY L>GE >EA 9 EA* REGION1 AT LEA/ A MILLION ACRES1 TO WILDNESS4 ,IF C]TA9 NATIVE ANIMALS HAVE BE5 EXTIRPAT$1 !Y MU/ BE RE9TRODUC$4 ,IF POSSIBLE1 GRIZZLY1 WOLF1 C\G>1 JAGU>1 BISON1 ELK1 MOOSE1 OTT]1 WOLV]9E ALL MU/ F9D A HOME 9 \R PUBLIC L&S AGA94 ,IF SALMON /REAMS MU/ BE REPAIR$1 CLE>CUTS REHABILITAT$1 PRAIRIES REPLANT$1 ROADS REMOV$ -- !N ?AT BECOMES ONE ( ! KEY TASKS ( ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION4 

,?IS IS A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ECOLOGICAL VISION4 ,ANY G5U9ELY EFFECTIVE MOVEM5T TO RESPOND TO ! ECOLOGY CRISIS WILL REQUIRE US TO M\NT WIDESPREAD NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE CAMPAIGNS1 9CLUD+ /RATEGIC MONKEYWR5*+1 TO PROTECT AS MU* WILD]NESS AS POSSIBLE FROM DE/RUCTION4 ,IT WILL ALSO WILL REQUIRE US TO *ALL5GE ! GOV]NM5T1 ! CORPORATIONS1 & ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE ) AN E?ICAL VISION ( ,BIG ,WILD]NESS4 .<#f#b.> ,YET1 FRANKLY1 EV5 ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ALSO NE$S TO DO ! IMPORTANT WORK ( ORGANIZ+ ! NEW ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT WILL EM]GE \T ( ! A%ES ( ! OLD 9DU/RIAL EMPIRE4 

,SOME ( ?IS WORK MAY NOT EV5 SEEM RADICAL OR REVOLUTION>Y AT FIR/ GLANCE1 BUT IT IS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I ?9K ! PEOPLE :O >E DEVELOP+ *EAP & SIMPLE L[-TE* GIZMOS LIKE SOL> COOK]S >E DO+ SOME ( ! BE/ WORK ON ! PLANET4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E SAV+ TREES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD BY DECREAS+ ! DEM& = WOOD AS FUEL4 ,I ?9K !IR WORK IS PR(\NDLY REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE IT IS ALSO SAY+ ?AT BIG IS NOT NECESS>ILY BETT]1 ?AT WE DON'T NE$ BIG CORPORATE_/GOV]NM5T TE*NO-SOLUTIONS1 & ?AT PEOPLE CAN SOLVE SOME ( !IR PROBLEMS ON !IR [N4 ,WE [E MU* TO ! ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MOVEM5T :I* HAS BE5 EXP]IM5T+ OV] MANY YE>S ) COMPO/+ TOILETS1 ORGANIC G>D5S1 H&ICRAFTS1 RECYCL+1 SOL> COLLECTORS1 W9D G5]ATORS1 & SOL> COOK]S4 

,YET !SE PEOPLE1 LIKE ME1 >E JU/ ONE PIECE ( ! PUZZLE4 ,IF HI<-TE* TE*NO-FIXES >5'T GO+ TO GET TO ! ROOT ( ! PROBLEM1 L[-TE* TE*NO-FIXES >5'T GO+ TO DO ! JOB BY !MSELVES EI!R4 

,WE MU/ ALSO DIRECTLY *ALL5GE CURR5T SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ON A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LEVEL4 ,= 9/ANCE1 WE NE$ TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! SO-CALL$ DEVELOP$ WORLD /OPS TREAT+ ,?IRD ,WORLD PEOPLE & L& AS M]E RES\RCES TO BE EXPLOIT$4 

,WE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CLE>LY HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO RESI/ ! EF=TS ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS & ,FIR/ ,WORLD GOV]NM5TS TO =CE ,?IRD ,WORLD SOCIETIES TO PRODUCE EXPORT CA% CROPS = CONSUMPTION 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ SUBSI/5CE CROPS = !IR [N PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( ELEM5TAL SOCIAL JU/ICE1 IT IS A KEY REQUIREM5T 9 OV]COM+ ! GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,PLANTATION-/YLE1 S+LE-CROP1 EXPORT AGRICULTURE IS F> MORE DAMAG+ TO ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN SMALL-SCALE1 DIV]SIFI$1 SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE = LOCAL & REGIONAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS IS BUT ONE EXAMPLE ( H[ WE NE$ TO FUNDAM5TALLY REORGANIZE H[ WE MAKE A LIFE ON ! PORTION ( ! PLANET ?AT WE DO 9HABIT4 

,BESIDES ! EM]G5CE ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 ,I ?9K ! MO/ 5C\RAG+ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ( LATE HAS BE5 ! BIOREGIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,BIOREGIONALISM IS FUNDAM5TALLY CONC]N$ ) RE9HABIT+ ! L& 9 DEC5TRALIZ$1 EGALIT>IAN1 & ECOLOGICALLY S\ND WAYS4 ,IT IS A CONCEPT F> REMOV$ FROM ! WAY ( LIFE CURR5TLY COMMON 9 ALMO/ ALL SUBURBS1 CITIES1 & F>MS ON ?IS CONT95T4 ,RE9HABITATION /RESSES CREATIVELY ADAPT+ HUMAN COMMUNITIES TO ! NATURAL REGION !Y 9HABIT 9/EAD ( S+LE-M9D$LY ADAPT+ ! PLACE TO AN EXPLOITATIVE HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,IT MEANS SELF-CONSCI\SLY & RESPECTFULLY BECOM+ P>T ( ! FOOD *A91 ! WAT] CYCLE1 ! 5VIRONM5T ( A P>TICUL> NATURAL REGION1 9/EAD ( IMPOS+ AN EXCLUSIVELY HUMAN-C5T]$1 GLOBAL 9DU/RIAL ORD] ON ! SAME >EA4 

,SO :ILE ,I WORK V]Y H>D TO TRY TO PREV5T ! MAD ?RA%+ ( ! DY+ 9DU/RIAL ,/ORM ,TROOP] FROM DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ BEAUTIFUL ON ?IS E>?1 ,I'M GLAD !RE >E PEOPLE LIKE ,MURRAY 9 ! GRE5S1 9 ! BIOREGIONAL MOVEM5T1 9 PROJECTS LIKE ! ,GRE5 ,CITY ,PROGRAM 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 :O >E TRY+ TO CREATE ! NEW SOCIETY ?AT WILL COME AFT] US4 ,?AT'S !IR JOB4 ,IT'S AS IMPORTANT AS MY JOB IS4 ,MY JOB IS MORE LIMIT$4 ,I'M TRY+ TO PROTECT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FROM ! DOLL>1 FROM DE/RUCTION 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,I ?9K ,MURRAY & O!RS1 9 TURN1 >E LAY+ \T ! CONCEPTS & WORK+ \T ! PRACTICALITIES ( A SU/A9ABLE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT CAN COME AFT] IT4 

,9 CLOS+1 LET ME JU/ SAY1 ,I V]Y MU* AGREE ) ,MURRAY ?AT ?IS SOCIETY IS ROTT5 TO ITS CORE4 ,I ?9K IT'S SO FUNDAM5TALLY DE/RUCTIVE ?AT IT'S ULTIMATELY UNRE=MABLE 9 ANY CONV5TIONAL S5SE4 ,I SIMPLY CAN'T GET FROM H]E TO :]E ,I WANT TO BE ?R\< ! /RATEGIC APPROA* \TL9$ BY ,L9DA4 ,9DE$1 IT MAY NOT TAKE US F> 5\< TO EV5 5SURE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( MO/ ( ! ,E>?'S SPECIES1 9CLUD+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,A G5U9ELY RADICAL VISION & /RATEGY MAY NOT SUCCE$ EI!R1 BUT ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS ! BE/ %OT ?AT WE HAVE GOT4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 

,I C\LDN'T AGREE ) ,DAVE MORE4 ,NO D\BT !RE >E /ILL REAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 US4 ,YET1 SO F> AS !SE ISSUES ( VISION & /RATEGY >E CONC]N$1 WE SEEM TO BE 9 CONSID]ABLE AGREEM5T4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ,I %>E ,DAVE'S S5SE ( URG5CY4 ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :E!R 9 ,WE/]N CORPORATE OR ,EA/]N BUREAUCRATIC =MS1 IS FUNDAM5TALLY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,! P[] ( ?IS SOCIETY TO DE/ROY HAS REA*$ A SCALE UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY -- & ?IS P[] IS BE+ US$1 ALMO/ SY/EMATICALLY1 TO WREAK HAVOC UPON ! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE & ITS MAT]IAL BASES4 ,9 NE>LY EV]Y REGION1 AIR IS BE+ BEF\L$1 WAT]WAYS POLLUT$1 SOIL WA%$ AWAY1 ! L& DESICCAT$1 & WILDLIFE DE/ROY$4 ,COA/AL >EAS & EV5 ! DEP?S ( ! SEA >E NOT IMMUNE TO WIDESPREAD POLLUTION4 ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! LONG RUN1 BASIC BIOLOGICAL CYCLES SU* AS ! C>BON CYCLE & NITROG5 CYCLE1 UPON :I* ALL LIV+ ?+S DEP5D = ! MA9T5ANCE & R5EWAL ( LIFE1 >E BE+ DI/ORT$ TO ! PO9T ( IRREV]SIBLE DAMAGE4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( NUCLE> REACTORS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ?R\<\T ! WORLD -- SOME #a1 BY ! YE> #b IF ! P[]S-?AT-BE HAVE !IR WAY -- HAVE EXPOS$ C\NTLESS MILLIONS ( PEOPLE & O!R LIFE =MS TO SOME ( ! MO/ C>C9OG5IC & MUTAG5IC AG5TS KN[N4 ,SOME ( !SE T]RIFY+ ?REATS1 LIKE RADIOACTIVE WA/ES1 MAY BE ) US = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S4 

,TO !SE RADIOACTIVE WA/ES WE ALSO MU/ ADD LONG-LIV$ PE/ICIDES1 LEAD RESIDUES1 & ?\S&S ( TOXIC OR POT5TIALLY TOXIC *EMICALS 9 FOOD1 WAT]1 & AIR2 ! EXPANSION ( CITIES 9TO VA/ URBAN BELTS1 ) D5SE CONC5TRATIONS ( POPULATIONS COMP>ABLE 9 SIZE TO 5TIRE NATIONS2 ! RIS+ D9 ( BACKGR\ND NOISE2 ! /RESSES CREAT$ BY CONGE/ION1 MASS LIV+1 & MASS MANIPULATION2 ! IMM5SE ACCUMULATIONS ( G>BAGE1 REFUSE1 SEWAGE1 & 9DU/RIAL WA/ES2 ! CONGE/ION ( HI<WAYS & CITY /REETS ) VEHICUL> TRAFFIC2 ! PR(LIGATE DE/RUCTION ( NONR5EWABLE RES\RCES2 ! SC>R+ ( ! E>? BY REAL E/ATE SPECULATORS1 M9+ & LUMB]+ B>ONS1 & HI<WAY CON/RUCTION BUREAUCRATS4 ,\R LE?AL 9SULTS TO ! BIOSPH]E HAVE WREAK$ A DEGREE ( DAMAGE 9 A S+LE G5]ATION ?AT EXCE$S ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ BY ?\S&S ( YE>S ( HUMAN HABITATION ON ?IS PLANET4 ,IF ?IS TEMPO ( DE/RUCTION IS BORNE 9 M9D1 IT IS T]RIFY+ TO SPECULATE AB\T :AT LIES AHEAD 9 ! G5]ATIONS TO COME4 

,9 ! FACE ( SU* A CRISIS1 EF=TS = *ANGE >E 9EVITABLE4 ,ORD9>Y PEOPLE ALL OV] ! GLOBE >E BECOM+ ACTIVE 9 CAMPAIGNS TO ELIM9ATE NUCLE> P[] PLANTS & WEAPONS1 TO PRES]VE CLEAN AIR & WAT]1 TO LIMIT ! USE ( PE/ICIDES & FOOD ADDITIVES1 TO R$UCE VEHICUL> TRAFFIC 9 /REETS & ON HI<WAYS1 TO MAKE CITIES MORE :OLESOME PHYSICALLY1 TO PREV5T RADIOACTIVE WA/ES FROM SEEP+ 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 TO GU>D & EXP& WILD]NESS >EAS & DOMA9S = WILDLIFE1 TO DEF5D ANIMAL SPECIES FROM HUMAN DEPR$ATION4 ,! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION BE=E ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TODAY1 H[EV]1 IS :E!R !SE EF=TS WILL BE CO-OPT$ & CONTA9$ )9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL B\NDS ( 0REASONABLE0 DISS5T & RE=MISM OR :E!R !SE EF=TS WILL MATURE 9TO A P[]FUL MOVEM5T ?AT CAN CREATE FUNDAM5TAL1 9DE$ REVOLUTION>Y1 *ANGES 9 \R SOCIETY & \R WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD4 

,I HAVE LONG >GU$ ?AT WE DELUDE \RSELVES IF WE BELIEVE ?AT A LIFE-ORI5T$ WORLD CAN BE FULLY DEVELOP$ OR EV5 P>TIALLY A*IEV$ 9 A PR(\NDLY DEA?-ORI5T$ SOCIETY4 ,U4,S4 SOCIETY1 AS IT IS CON/ITUT$ TODAY1 IS RIDDL$ ) PATRI>*Y & RACISM & SITS A/RIDE ! 5TIRE WORLD1 NOT ONLY AS A CONSUM] ( ITS WEAL? & RES\RCES1 BUT AS AN OB/ACLE TO ALL ATTEMPTS AT SELF-DET]M9ATION AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,ITS 9H]5T AIMS >E PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRES]VATION ( HI]>*Y & TOIL ON A WORLD SCALE1 MASS MANIPULATION & CONTROL BY C5TRALIZ$1 /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS K9D ( SOCIETY IS 9EXORABLY C\NT]POS$ TO A LIFE-ORI5T$ WORLD4 ,IF ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T DOES NOT ULTIMATELY DIRECT ITS MA9 EF=TS T[>D A REVOLUTION 9 ALL >EAS ( LIFE -- SOCIAL AS WELL AS NATURAL1 POLITICAL AS WELL AS P]SONAL1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS CULTURAL -- !N ! MOVEM5T WILL GRADUALLY DEG5]ATE 9TO A SAFETY VALVE = ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 

,CONV5TIONAL RE=M EF=TS1 AT !IR BE/1 CAN ONLY SL[ D[N BUT !Y CANNOT >RE/ ! OV]:ELM+ MOM5TUM T[>D DE/RUCTION )9 \R SOCIETY4 ,AT !IR WOR/1 !Y LULL PEOPLE 9TO A FALSE S5SE ( SECURITY4 ,\R 9/ITUTIONAL SOCIAL ORD] PLAYS GAMES ) US TO FO/] ?IS PASSIVITY4 ,IT GRANTS LONG-DELAY$1 PIECEMEAL1 & WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE RE=MS TO DEFLECT \R 5]GIES & ATT5TION FROM L>G] ACTS ( DE/RUCTION4 ,SU* RE=M MEASURES HIDE ! ROTT5 CORE ( ! APPLE BEH9D AN APPEAL+ & REASSUR+ >TIFICIALLY-DY$ R$ SK94 

,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 ! KEY PROBLEM ) ! 0PRAGMATIC0 POLITICAL /RATEGY ( TRADE(FS1 COMPROMISES1 & LESS]-EVIL *OICES IS NOT ?AT IT CAN'T TAKE US AS F> AS WE WANT TO GO4 ,AN EV5 MORE S9I/] EFFECT ( ?IS /RATEGY IS ?AT IT CONDITIONS US TO GO :]E WE DO NOT WANT TO GO4 

,?IS 0PRAGMATIC0 APPROA* HAS HAD DEADLY CONSEQU5CES OV] ! C\RSE ( REC5T HI/ORY4 ,FASCISM MADE ITS WAY TO P[] 9 ,G]MANY1 9 P>T1 BECAUSE ! RADICAL LABOR MOVEM5T MOD]AT$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS & S\<T TO BE 0EFFECTIVE0 BY ?R[+ ITS WEI<T BEH9D LESS]-EVIL C&IDATES4 ,! MOVEM5T ?US SURR5D]$ ITS [N 9ITIATIVE & LEAD]%IP4 ,SU* A 0REALI/IC0 APPROA*1 :I* SEEM$ SO PRACTICAL AT ! TIME1 L$ ! ,G]MAN WORK]S FROM MAK+ 0REALI/IC0 *OICES BETWE5 A MOD]ATE LEFT & A TOL]ANT C5T]1 TO A TOL]ANT C5T] & AN AU?ORIT>IAN RI<T1 & F9ALLY BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN RI<T & TOTALIT>IAN FASCISM4 ,NOT ONLY DID ?IS MORAL DEVOLUTION OCCUR ALMO/ 9EVITABLY ON A P>LIAM5T>Y LEVEL2 A CRUEL DIALECTIC ( POLITICAL DEG5]ATION & MORAL DECOMPOSITION ALSO OCCURR$ )9 ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,?AT ! ONCE MILITANT & WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS P]MITT$ ?IS POLITICAL DRIFT FROM ONE LESS] EVIL TO ANO!R )\T ANY ACT ( DIRECT RESI/ANCE IS P]HAPS ! MO/ DISMAL EV5T 9 ITS HI/ORY4 

,5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS HAVE NOT F>$ MU* BETT] :5 !Y HAVE PLAC$ !IR HOPES ON ! NATION-/ATE & LESS]-EVIL /RATEGIES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,EUROPEAN 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE 5T]$ 9TO NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS SEEK+ /ATE P[] AS GRE5S1 !Y HAVE G5]ALLY ATTA9$ LITTLE MORE ?AN PUBLIC ATT5TION = !IR SELF-S]V+ P>LIAM5T>Y DEPUTIES & A*IEV$ V]Y LITTLE TO >RE/ 5VIRONM5TAL DECAY4 ,AS ,DAVE SO ELOQU5TLY PO9T$ \T1 WELL-MEAN+ 5VIRONM5TALI/S COMMITT$ TO /RATEGIES SU* AS !SE HAVE B>T]$ AWAY 5TIRE =E/S = TOK5 RES]VES ( TREES4 ,VA/ WILD]NESS >EAS HAVE BE5 SURR5D]$ = RELATIVELY SMALL NATIONAL P>KS4 ,HUGE /RET*ES ( COA/AL WETL&S HAVE BE5 EX*ANG$ = A FEW ACRES ( PRI/9E BEA*ES4 ,?IS IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( 0WORK+ )9 ! SY/EM0 :5 ! SY/EM IS FUNDAM5TALLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL1 ELITI/1 & /ACK$ AGA9/ Y\4 

,! COALITION ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S ) A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T 9 ! /ATE ( ,HESSE1 = EXAMPLE1 5D$ 9 IGNOM9Y 9 ! MID-#a#i#hS4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! 0REALI/ W+0 ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5 P>TY TA9T ! MOVEM5T'S F9E/ PR9CIPLES ) COMPROMISES1 IT ALSO MADE ! P>TY MORE BUREAUCRATIC1 MANIPULATIVE1 & 0PR(ESSIONAL40 ,! RESULT8 ,A ONCE GRASSROOTS1 RADICAL GRE5 MOVEM5T WAS *ANG$ FUNDAM5TALLY & ! /ATE IT S\<T TO 9FLU5CE DID NOT4 ,! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S SEEM V]Y F> TODAY FROM !IR E>LY PROMISE ( REPRES5T+ A G5U9ELY NEW ECOLOGICAL POLITICS4 

,LET ME MAKE IT CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT BY C\NT]POS+ RE=M 5VIRONM5TALISM TO ! POSSIBILITY ( A TRULY RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT WE %\LD DESI/ FROM OPPOS+ ! CON/RUCTION ( NUCLE> P[] PLANTS OR HI<WAYS TODAY & SIT BACK PASSIVELY TO AWAIT ! COM+ ( AN ECOLOGICAL MILL5NIUM4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! EXI/+ GR\ND MU/ BE HELD ON TO T5ACI\SLY1 EV]Y:]E ALONG ! WAY4 ,WE MU/ TRY TO RESCUE :AT WE /ILL HAVE SO ?AT WE CAN AT LEA/ RECON/ITUTE SOCIETY ) ! LEA/ POLLUT$ & LEA/ DAMAG$ 5VIRONM5T POSSIBLE4 ,TO BE EFFECTIVE1 H[EV]1 WE MU/ BREAK AWAY FROM CONV5TIONAL RE=MISM & 5]GETICALLY ADOPT MU* MORE P[]FUL NONVIOL5T DIRECT-ACTION RESI/ANCE /RATEGIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE NE$ TO GO WELL BEYOND T9K]+ ) EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 TE*NOLOGIES1 & VALUES & BEG9 TO FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M !M4 ,?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE DON'T ORGANIZE >\ND A M9IMUM PROGRAM ) CLE> IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES OR EV5 ?AT WE NEV] P>TICIPATE 9 LOCAL ELECTIONS4 ,I HAVE >GU$ = SU* MEASURES 9 MY BOOKS & >TICLES ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 .<#f#c.> ,IT DOES MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! IMM$IATE GOALS WE SEEK & ! MEANS WE USE TO A*IEVE !M %\LD ORI5T US T[>D ! RADICAL FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES ?AT >E NE$$ 9/EAD ( T[>DS CO-OPTATION & CONTA9M5T )9 ! EXI/+1 HOPELESSLY DE/RUCTIVE SY/EM4 

,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT WE WILL FAIL TO KEEP \R POLITICAL BE>+S & AVOID CO-OPTATION UNLESS WE DEVELOP A BOLD & UNCOMPROMIS+ VISION ( A TRULY ECOLOGICAL FUTURE4 ,! HI<E/ =M ( REALISM TODAY CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ BY LOOK+ BEYOND ! GIV5 /ATE ( AFFAIRS TO A CON/RUCTIVE VISION ( :AT %\LD BE4 ,IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO M]ELY LOOK AT :AT C\LD BE )9 ! NORMAL 9/ITUTIONAL LIMITS ( TODAY'S PR$ATORY SOCIETIES4 ,?IS WILL NOT YIELD A VISION ?AT IS EI!R DESIRABLE OR SUFFICI5T4 ,WE CANNOT AF=D TO BE CONT5T ) SU* 9H]5TLY COMPROMIS$ PROGRAMS4 ,\R SOLUTIONS MU/ BE COMM5SURATE ) ! SCOPE ( ! PROBLEM4 ,WE NE$ TO MU/] ! C\RAGE TO 5T]TA9 RADICAL VISIONS :I* WILL1 AT FIR/ GLANCE1 APPE> 0UTOPIAN0 TO \R C[$ & DOME/ICAT$ POLITICAL IMAG9ATIONS4 

,TODAY1 WE HAVE A MAGNIFIC5T REP]TOIRE ( NEW IDEAS1 PLANS1 TE*NOLOGICAL DESIGNS1 & WORK+ DATA ?AT CAN GIVE US A GRAPHIC PICTURE ( ! NECESS>Y CONT\RS ( A SU/A9ABLE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,DAVE HAS PA9T$ HALF ! PICTURE ) HIS VISION ( RE/OR+ L>GE WILD]NESS >EAS ?R\<\T ! CONT95T4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ?OSE >EAS ?AT >E /ILL TO BE 9HABIT$ BY HUMAN BE+S8 ,H[ CAN !Y BE ORGANIZ$ ECOLOGICALLY8 ,C]TA9LY !Y CANNOT REMA9 DOM9AT$ BY SPRAWL+ URBAN >EAS1 MASSIVE 9DU/RIALIZATION1 & GIANT CORPORATE F>MS RUN LIKE FOOD FACTORIES4 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONAL PATT]NS NOT ONLY MAKE = DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL CONFLICT1 9DIVIDUAL ANONYMITY1 & C5TRALIZ$ P[]2 !Y ALSO PLACE AN IMPOSSIBLE BURD5 ON LOCAL WAT] RES\RCES1 ! AIR WE BREA!1 & ALL ! NATURAL FEATURES ( ! >EAS :I* !Y OCCUPY4 

,ONE ( \R *IEF GOALS MU/ BE TO RADICALLY DEC5TRALIZE \R 9DU/RIALIZ$ URBAN >EAS 9TO HUMANLY-SCAL$ CITIES & T[NS >TFULLY TAILOR$ TO ! C>RY+ CAPACITIES ( ! ECO-COMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,WE NE$ TO TRANS=M ! CURR5T PATT]N ( D5SELY POPULAT$ URBAN SPRAWL 9TO F$]ATIONS ( MU* SMALL] CITIES & T[NS SURR\ND$ BY SMALL F>MS ?AT PRACTICE DIV]SIFI$1 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE = ! LOCAL >EA & >E L9K$ TO EA* O!R BY TREE BELTS1 PA/URES & MEAD[S4 ,9 ROLL+1 HILLY1 OR M\NTA9\S C\NTRY1 L& ) %>P GRADI5TS %\LD BE LEFT COV]$ BY TIMB] TO PREV5T ]OSION1 CONS]VE WAT]1 & SUPPORT WILDLIFE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EA* CITY & T[N %\LD CONTA9 MANY VEGETABLE & FL[] G>D5S1 ATTRACTIVE >BORS1 P>K L&1 & /REAMS & PONDS :I* SUPPORT FI% & AQUATIC BIRDS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! C\NTRYSIDE W\LD NOT ONLY CON/ITUTE ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONS ( ! CITY BUT W\LD ALSO DIRECTLY 9FUSE ! CITY4 ,RELATIVELY CLOSE BY1 SIZABLE WILD]NESS >EAS W\LD SAFELY CO-EXI/ ) HUMAN HABITATS & W\LD BE C>EFULLY 0MANAG$0 TO 5HANCE & PRES]VE !IR EVOLUTION>Y 9TEGRITY1 DIV]SITY1 & /ABILITY4 

,BY DEC5TRALIZ+ \R COMMUNITIES1 WE W\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO ELIM9ATE ! PRES5T SOCIETY'S HORRIBLY DE/RUCTIVE ADDICTION TO FOSSIL FUELS & NUCLE> 5]GY4 ,ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL REASONS ?AT GIANT URBAN >EAS & 9DU/RIES >E UNSU/A9ABLE IS BECAUSE ( !IR 9H]5T DEP5D5CY ON HUGE QUANTITIES ( DANG]\S & NONR5EWABLE 5]GY RES\RCES4 ,TO MA9TA9 A L>GE1 D5SELY POPULAT$ CITY REQUIRES IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( COAL1 PETROLEUM1 OR NUCLE> 5]GY4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT SAFE & R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES SU* AS W9D1 WAT]1 & SOL> P[] CAN PROBABLY NOT FULLY MEET ! NE$S ( GIANT URBAN >EAS1 EV5 IF C>EFUL 5]GY CONS]VATION IS PRACTIC$ & AUTOMOBILE USE & SOCIALLY UNNECESS>Y PRODUCTION IS CURTAIL$4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO COAL1 OIL1 & NUCLE> 5]GY1 SOL>1 W9D1 & O!R ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES REA* US MA9LY 9 SMALL 0PACKETS10 AS IT W]E4 ,YET :ILE SOL> DEVICES1 W9D TURB9ES1 & HYDROELECTRIC RES\RCES CAN PROBABLY NOT PROVIDE 5\< ELECTRICITY TO ILLUM9ATE ,MANHATTAN ,ISL& TODAY1 SU* 5]GY S\RCES1 PIEC$ TOGE!R 9 AN ORGANIC 5]GY PATT]N DEVELOP$ FROM ! POT5TIALITIES ( A P>TICUL> REGION1 C\LD AMPLY MEET ! VITAL NE$S ( SMALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ CITIES & T[NS4 

,AS ) AGRICULTURE1 ! 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY MU/ ALSO BE DEC5TRALIZ$ & ITS TE*NOLOGY RADICALLY REWORK$ TO CREATIVELY UTILIZE LOCAL RES\RCES 9 SMALL-SCALE1 MULTI-USE FACILITIES ) PRODUCTION PROCESSES ?AT R$UCE >DU\S TOIL1 RECYCLE RAW MAT]IALS1 & ELIM9ATE POLLUTION & TOXIC WA/ES4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! RELATIVELY SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITY1 VISIBLY DEP5D5T ON ITS 5VIRONM5T = ITS MEANS ( LIFE1 W\LD LIKELY GA9 A NEW RESPECT = ! ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT SU/A9 IT4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! ATTEMPT TO APPROXIMATE LOCAL1 OR AT LEA/ REGIONAL1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY W\LD PROVE MORE EFFICI5T ?AN ! WA/EFUL & NEO-COLONIAL GLOBAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4 ,AL?\< !RE W\LD D\BTLESS BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( SMALL MANUFACTUR+ & CRAFT FACILITIES FROM COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY1 ! FAMILI>ITY ( EA* GR\P ) ITS LOCAL 5VIRONM5T & ITS ECOLOGICAL ROOTS W\LD MAKE = A MORE 9TELLIG5T & LOV+ USE ( ITS 5VIRONM5T4 

,SU* A VISION APPE>S QUITE RADICAL ON ! FACE ( IT4 ,YET ,I HAVE TO /RESS ?AT MY CALLS = DEC5TRALIZATION & 0ALT]NATIVE0 TE*NOLOGIES >E1 BY !MSELVES1 9SUFFICI5T TO CREATE A HUMANE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,WE %\LD NOT DELUDE \RSELVES 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT A M]E *ANGE 9 DEMOGRAPHICS1 LOGI/ICS1 DESIGN1 OR SCALE AUTOMATICALLY YIELDS A REAL *ANGE 9 SOCIAL LIFE OR SPIRITUAL S5SIBILITY4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION & A SOPHI/ICAT$ ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY CAN HELP1 ( C\RSE4 ,! K9D ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES & ECO-TE*NOLOGIES ?AT ,I'VE DESCRIB$ H]E C\LD HELP OP5 UP A NEW ]A ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY BY PROVID+ ! FREE TIME & SOCIAL COMPREH5SIBILITY ?AT W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ORD9>Y PEOPLE TO MANAGE ! AFFAIRS ( SOCIETY )\T ! M$IATION ( RUL+ CLASSES1 GIANT BUREAUCRACIES1 OR ELITI/ PR(ESSIONAL POLITICAL FUNCTION>IES4 ,H[EV]1 A G5U9E ECOLOGICAL VISION ULTIMATELY NE$S TO DIRECTLY ANSW] SU* NAGG+ QUE/IONS AS 0:O [NS :AT80 & 0:O RUNS :AT80 ,! ANSW]S WE GIVE TO !SE QUE/IONS WILL HAVE 5ORM\S P[] TO %APE \R FUTURE4 

,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD BE DIRECT DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]NM5T2 ?AT ! BE/ =M ( [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES & RES\RCES W\LD BE NEI!R CORPORATE NOR /ATE BUT COMMUNAL AT ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL2 & ?AT ! BE/ =M ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T W\LD BE COMMUNITY SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 SU* A VISION1 BROAD POLICIES & CONCRETE DECISIONS ?AT DEAL ) COMMUNITY LIFE1 AGRICULTURE1 & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION W\LD BE MADE1 :5EV] POSSIBLE1 BY ACTIVE CITIZ5S 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES4 ,AMONG ! MANY B5EFITS ( SU* A DEMOCRATIC1 COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL? IS ! FACT ?AT IT W\LD HELP 5C\RAGE A NON-HI]>*ICAL1 NON-DOM9E]+ S5SIBILITY )9 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY 9FLU5CE HUMAN SOCIETY'S VIEW ( ITS RELATION%IP ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,TO BE SURE1 MOV+ FROM TODAY'S CAPITALI/ SOCIETY -- BAS$ ON GIANT 9DU/RIAL & URBAN BELTS1 A HI<LY *EMICAL AGRIBUS9ESS1 C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC P[]1 A /AGG]+ >MAM5TS ECONOMY1 MASSIVE POLLUTION1 & EXPLOIT$ LABOR -- T[>DS ! ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT ,I HAVE ONLY BEGUN TO DESCRIBE H]E WILL REQUIRE A COMPLEX & DIFFICULT TRANSITION /RATEGY4 ,I HAVE NO PAT =MULAS = MAK+ SU* A REVOLUTION4 ,A FEW ?+S SEEM CLE>1 H[EV]4 ,A NEW POLITICS MU/ BE CREAT$ ?AT ES*EWS ! SN>ES ( CO-OPTATION )9 ! SY/EM ?AT IS DE/ROY+ SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL LIFE4 ,WE NE$ A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY RESI/ & ULTIMATELY REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE & CORPORATE CAPITALISM2 NOT ONE ?AT LIMITS ITS SI<TS TO 0IMPROV+0 ! CURR5T SY/EM4 

,DIRECT NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE IS CLE>LY AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( ?IS NEW POLITICS4 ,! M>VEL\S G5IUS ( ! ANTI-NUKE ALLIANCES ( ! #a#i#gS WAS ?AT !Y 9TUITIVELY S5S$ ! NE$ TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! 0SY/EM0 & =M A /RONG 9DEP5D5T OPPOSITION4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 TO BE SURE1 !Y ADOPT$ A DIRECT-ACTION /RATEGY BECAUSE E>LI] ATTEMPTS TO /OP NUCLE> P[] PLANTS BY WORK+ )9 ! SY/EM HAD FAIL$4 ,5DLESS MON?S OR YE>S ( LITIGATION1 HE>+S1 ! ADOPTION ( LOCAL ORD9ANCES1 PETITIONS1 & LETT] WRIT+ CAMPAIGNS TO CONGRESSPEOPLE HAD ALL ESS5TIALLY FAIL$ TO /OP ! CON/RUCTION ( NEW NUCLE> P[] PLANTS4 ,/RONG] MEASURES W]E REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO F9ALLY /OP NEW CON/RUCTION4 ,YET ,I BELIEVE ?AT AN EV5 MORE IMPORTANT FEATURE ( DIRECT ACTION IS ?AT IT =MS A DECISIVE /EP T[>D RECOV]+ ! P]SONAL P[] OV] SOCIAL LIFE ?AT ! C5TRALIZ$1 OV]BE>+ BUREAUCRACIES HAVE USURP$ FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,IT PROVIDES AN EXP]I5TIAL BRIDGE TO A POSSIBLE FUTURE SOCIETY BAS$ ON DIRECT GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 

,SIMIL>LY1 COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+ IS A KEY ELEM5T ( A RADICAL NEW POLITICS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE =MS ( ASSOCIATION :]E PEOPLE MEET FACE-TO-FACE1 ID5TIFY !IR COMMON PROBLEMS1 & SOLVE !M ?R\< MUTUAL AID & VOLUNTE] COMMUNITY S]VICE4 ,SU* COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS 5C\RAGE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 COMMUNITY SELF-RELIANCE1 & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,COMMUNITY G>D5S1 BLOCK CLUBS1 L& TRU/S1 H\S+ COOP]ATIVES1 P>5T-RUN DAYC>E C5T]S1 B>T] NETWORKS1 ALT]NATIVE S*OOLS1 CONSUM] & PRODUC] COOP]ATIVES1 COMMUNITY !AT]S1 /UDY GR\PS1 NEI<BORHOOD NEWSPAP]S1 PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION /ATIONS -- ALL ( !SE MEET IMM$IATE & USUALLY NEGLECT$ COMMUNITY NE$S4 ,BUT1 !Y ALSO S]VE1 TO GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREES1 AS S*OOLS = DEMOCRATIC CITIZ5%IP4 ,?R\< P>TICIPATION 9 SU* EF=TS WE CAN BECOME MORE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE & MORE SKILL$ AT DEMOCRATICALLY DISCUSS+ & DECID+ IMPORTANT SOCIAL QUE/IONS4 

,H[EV] -- & ?IS MAY %OCK MO/ CONV5TIONAL AN>*I/S -- ,I ALSO ?9K WE NE$ TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITIES ( GRASSROOTS ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,:ILE IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT MO/ WAYS ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTORAL >5A ONLY S]VE TO LEGITIMIZE ! NATION-/ATE1 ) ITS /&+ BUREAUCRACY & LIMIT$ CITIZ5 9VOLVEM5T1 ,I ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT & POSSIBLE = GRASSROOTS ACTIVI/S TO 9T]V5E 9 LOCAL POLITICS & CREATE NEW K9DS ( LOCAL /RUCTURES SU* AS BALLOT 9ITIATIVES1 COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES1 T[N MEET+S1 & NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS ?AT CAN 9CREAS+LY TAKE OV] DIRECT DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS4 

,! SUCCESS ( SU* A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D ON ITS ABILITY1 OV] TIME1 TO DEMOCRATIZE ONE COMMUNITY AFT] ANO!R & E/ABLI% CONF$]AL REGIONAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 !SE LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 ,WE WILL NE$ SU* A GEOGRAPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC BASE IF WE >E EV] TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE ! NATION-/ATE & MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 ,WE WILL NE$ TO CREATE SU* A DUAL P[] 9 ORD] TO WRE/ IMPORTANT & IMM$IATE CONCESSIONS FROM ! EXI/+ SY/EM & ULTIMATELY TO SUPPLANT IT4 ,I SEE NO O!R REALI/IC ALT]NATIVE = CREAT+ A G5U9ELY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,SU* A REVOLUTION WILL OBVI\SLY NOT HAPP5 ALL AT ONCE 9 SOME GR&1 SPONTANE\S1 & VIOL5T 9SURRECTION4 ,! NEW POLITICS ,I ADVOCATE HAS AN ALMO/ CELLUL> =M ( GR[?1 A PROCESS ?AT 9VOLVES ORGANIC PROLIF]ATION & DIFF]5TIATION LIKE ?AT ( A FETUS 9 A WOMB4 ,:ILE AN ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION WILL REQUIRE CONFRONTATIONAL /RUGGLES1 N[ & 9 ! FUTURE1 IT WILL ALSO REQUIRE PATI5T1 LONG-T]M LOCAL COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+ & IMAG9ATIVE GRASSROOTS POLITICAL WORK4 

,?IS /RATEGY IS :AT ,I MEAN BY GRE5 POLITICS4 ,! GOAL H]E IS NOT SIMPLY TO 0REPRES5T0 ! GR[+ CITIZ5S' MOVEM5T BY TAK+ OV] ! EXI/+ TOP-D[N POLITICAL APP>ATUS ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 LET ALONE ! NATION-/ATE4 ,! GOAL IS TO E/ABLI% OR RE/ORE T[N MEET+S1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 OR EV5 NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS ( ACTIVE CITIZ5S AS ! F\NDATION ( LOCAL CONTROL4 ,RADICAL ECOLOGY C&IDATES %\LD RUN 9 LOCAL ELECTIONS ON A PLAT=M FUNDAM5TALLY ORI5T$ T[>D E/ABLI%+ SU* CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES & LEGALLY RE/RUCTUR+ ! GOV]NANCE /RUCTURE ( ! CITY BY PLAC+ A PREMIUM ON POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION ( ! PUBLIC'S BUS9ESS1 & ! COMPLETE ACC\NTABILITY ( CITIZ5S :O >E ELECT$ DELEGATES TO L>G]1 CONF$]AL C\NCILS OR :O S]VE ON PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES4 

,!SE NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES CAN ALSO BE />T$ BE=E !Y >E LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,9DE$1 UN(FICIAL CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES C\LD E/ABLI% A 0%AD[0 OR 0P>ALLEL0 CITY C\NCIL ?AT IS MADE UP ( ELECT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES FROM EA* NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY4 ,SU* %AD[ CITY C\NCILS1 :ILE LEGALLY P[]LESS 9 !IR 9ITIAL PHASES1 C\LD EX]CISE A V]Y EFFECTIVE MORAL 9FLU5CE ON AN (FICIAL CITY C\NCIL UNTIL !Y ACQUIRE 9CREAS+ LEGAL P[] ( !IR [N4 ,!Y C\LD TRACK ! AG5DA & BUS9ESS ( ! (FICIAL CITY C\NCILS 9 CLOSE DETAIL1 PROPOSE NE$$ RE=MS1 & *ALL5GE ANY LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ?AT !Y F9D 9COMPATIBLE ) ! PUBLIC 9T]E/1 !REBY MOBILIZ+ ! PEOPLE 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY EFFECTIVE POLITICAL =CE4 

,AS DIRECT POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IS BE+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 PIECEMEAL /EPS CAN ALSO BE TAK5 ON MANY DIFF]5T LEVELS TO 9CREASE ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,:ILE NOT 9FR++ ON ! PROPRIET>Y RI<TS ( SMALL RETAIL \TLETS1 S]VICE E/ABLI%M5TS1 >TISAN %OPS1 SMALL F>MS1 LOCAL MANUFACTUR+ 5T]PRISES1 & HOME[N]S1 ?IS NEW K9D ( MUNICIPALITY C\LD />T TO PUR*ASE L>G] ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 5T]PRISES ?AT >E AB\T TO BE CLOS$ & C\LD BE MANAG$ MORE EFFICI5TLY BY !IR [N WORK]S ?AN BY PR(IT-ORI5T$ 5TREPR5EURS OR CORPORATIONS4 ,! USE ( L& TRU/S AS A MEANS NOT ONLY = PROVID+ GOOD PUBLIC H\S+ BUT PROMOT+ SMALL-SCALE >TISANAL PRODUCTION C\LD OCCUPY A HI< PLACE ON ! AG5DA ( A MUNICIPALITY'S ECONOMIC PROGRAM4 ,COOP]ATIVES1 COMMUNITY G>D5S1 & F>M]S' M>KETS C\LD BE FO/]$ ) MUNICIPAL FUNDS & PLAC$ UND] GR[+ PUBLIC OV]SI<T -- A POLICY ?AT MI<T V]Y WELL COMM& GREAT] CONSUM] LOYALTY ?AN WE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D T[>D PR(IT-ORI5T$ CORPORATE 5T]PRISES4 

,9 SU* A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT1 ! ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION ( ! MUNICIPALITY & ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE C\LD BEG9 TO TAKE FIRM ROOT4 ,PUBLIC L&S C\LD BE EXP&$ & RE/OR$4 ,F>M]S C\LD BE SUPPORT$ TO MAKE ! TRANSITION TO DIV]SIFI$1 ORGANIC =MS ( AGRICULTURE TO MEET LOCAL & REGIONAL NE$S4 ,CORPORATE F>MS C\LD BE 9CREAS+LY RE/RICT$4 ,PROGRAMS C\LD BE />T$ TO FACILITATE ! RECON/RUCTION & REPOPULATION ( RURAL >EAS BY 9T]E/$ CITY DWELL]S WILL+ TO CREATE NEW COMMUNITIES ( !IR [N4 ,SAFE & EFFECTIVE BIR?-CONTROL ME?ODS C\LD BE MADE AVAILABLE FREE OR AT L[ CO/4 ,RECYCL+ C\LD BECOME M&ATORY4 ,LOCAL BUS9ESS & RESID5TIAL CODES C\LD 5C\RAGE SIGNIFICANT 5]GY CONS]VATION & PROMOTE A SWIT* OV] TO SAFE & R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES4 ,! %IFT TO ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRODUCTION TE*NOLOGIES C\LD BEG94 

,F9ALLY1 WE CANNOT HOPE TO REALIZE ?IS VISION 9 ONLY ONE NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 OR CITY4 ,\RS NE$S TO BE A CONF$]AL SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! COORD9ATION ( ALL MUNICIPALITIES 9 A BOTTOM-UP SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! TOP-D[N RULE ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,BE IT ON A C\NTY-WIDE OR REGIONAL BASIS1 \R NEW MUNICIPALITIES %\LD BE UNIT$ BY CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 EA* OCCUPI$ BY POPUL>LY *OS5 0DEPUTIES0 :O >E EASILY RECALLABLE BY ! COMMUNITIES !Y S]VE4 ,!SE CONF$]AL BODIES %\LD BE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE2 !Y W\LD MAKE NO POLICY DECISIONS BUT M]ELY COORD9ATE & ADM9I/] DECISIONS MADE BY ! MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' BODIES ?AT SELECT !M4 

,CONF$]ATION1 :I* HAS A LONG ?\< ALMO/ LO/ HI/ORY ( ITS [N1 %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! /ATE1 :I* HAS ALWAYS CONFLICT$ ) CONF$]AL /RUCTURES PRESUMABLY 9 ! NAME ( 0EFFICI5CY0 &1 V]Y TYPICALLY1 ! 0COMPLEXITY0 ( \R 0MOD]N0 SOCIETY4 ,!SE CLAIMS >E %E] HOGWA%4 ,:AT TR\BLES ME TODAY IS ?AT SO MANY RADICALS ACCEPT ! CLAPTRAP AB\T ! 0COMPLEXITIES0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY & R>ELY RECOGNIZE ?AT :5 CITIES HAVE EI<T1 T51 OR TWELVE MILLION RESID5TS !Y >E NO LONG] EV5 0CITIES0 BUT %APELESS DIS-EMP[]$ URBAN BLOBS ?AT >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( DEC5TRALIZATION -- PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONALLY4 

,( C\RSE1 ALL !SE IDEAS AB\T A LEFT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPAL /RATEGY >E ONLY ! B>E \TL9ES ( A M9IMAL PROGRAM = MOV+ T[>DS SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL H>MONY4 ,?IS /RATEGIC APPROA*1 H[EV]1 W\LD HELP SOLVE A NUMB] ( IMM$IATE PROBLEMS & PO9T US 9 ! DIRECTION ( MORE FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,IT W\LD BEG9 TO BUILD UP A POPUL> DUAL P[] BASE FROM :I* TO EFFECTIVELY *ALL5GE ! CORPORATIONS & ! NATION-/ATE4 ,SUCCESSFUL ALLIANCES CAN LIKELY BE BUILT >\ND EV]Y ELEM5T ( ?IS M9IMAL PROGRAM BECAUSE ITS GOALS >E ROOT$ 9 A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ?AT TRANSC5DS ! REAL BUT P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( CLASS1 NATIONALITY1 E?NICITY1 & G5D]4 ,SU* G5U9ELY POPULI/ GOALS CAN BE =MULAT$ 9 WAYS ?AT CAN UNITE A MAJORITY ( PEOPLE -- M5 & WOM51 PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T COLORS1 POOR FOLKS1 WORK]S 9 9DU/RIAL & S]VICE 9DU/RIES1 & MIDDLE-CLASS PR(ESSIONALS AS WELL AS A FEW ( \R ELITI/ OPPON5TS :O JU/ MI<T HAVE !IR CONSCI5CES PRICK$4 

,I DO AGREE ) ,L9DA1 H[EV]1 ON ONE CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,IT WILL BE AN UNP>DONABLE FAILURE 9 POLITICAL CREATIVITY IF A GRE5 MOVEM5T ?AT PR(ESSES TO SPEAK = A NEW ECOLOGICAL POLITICS 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9DULGES 9 A 0HATE ,AM]ICA0 MOOD OR ?9KS & SPEAKS 9 A POLITICAL LANGUAGE ?AT IS UNREL5T+LY NEGATIVE OR 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! MAJORITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE4 ,= DECADES1 RADICALS HAVE TALK$ TO ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ,G]MAN ,M>XISM1 ,RUSSIAN ,L59ISM1 ,*9ESE ,MAOISM1 OR1 LESS FREQU5TLY1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM -- 9DE$1 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y LANGUAGE BUT ONE ?AT /EMS FROM ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ITSELF1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON COMMUNITY1 DEC5TRALISM1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! CONC5TRATION ( /ATE & CORPORATE P[]1 IMP]IALI/IC TRADE1 & UNBRIDL$ GRE$4 

,WE NE$ TO CONSCI\SLY REVIVE AN OLD] IMAGE ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 ?AT WAS COMMUNIT>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC1 & ,UTOPIAN1 H[EV] DEFECTIVE IT WAS 9 O!R RESPECTS4 ,:ILE ! CURR5T SY/EM IS ROTT5 AT ITS CORE1 IT /ILL RETA9S VE/IGES ( E>LI]1 (T5 MORE LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 V]Y UNCOM=TABLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PRES5T ONES4 ,LET'S BUILD ON !SE 9/ITUTIONS & TRADITIONS4 ,TO USE A SLOGAN ,I'VE CO9$ 9 REC5T YE>S1 0,WE MU/ DEMOCRATIZE ! REPUBLIC & !N RADICALIZE ! DEMOCRACY40 

,*APT] #d3 ,RACISM & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,MOVEM5T 

,JIM ,HAU<TON3 

,I AGREE ) ,MURRAY & ,DAVE ON !IR V]Y /RONG & EMPHATIC /ATEM5T ?AT ?IS SOCIETY IS ROTT5 TO ! CORE1 BUT ,I MU/ 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS ROTT5 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION4 ,WE CANNOT SIMPLY SEEK A RETURN TO AN IMAG9$ LIB]T>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC PA/4 ,:ILE 0! F\ND+ FA!RS0 W]E TALK+ AB\T BUILD+ A DEMOCRACY 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 !Y W]E ALSO DRAGG+ PEOPLE H]E FROM ,AFRICA AS SLAVES & W]E DECIMAT+ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS :O W]E RESI/+ ! ,EUROPEAN OCCUPATION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! ,AM]ICAN CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY WAS FLAW$ RI<T FROM ! />T4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ OV] ! PA/ ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S HAS BE5 ! P]FECT+ ( A SOCIETY BAS$1 FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 ON PR$ATORY BEHAVIOR1 A CALL\S DISREG>D = HUMAN LIFE1 & ! MAD SE>* = PR(IT4  

,?IS PR$ATORY BEHAVIOR HAS ALSO BE5 DIRECT$1 FROM ! V]Y />T1 AT ! ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AS WELL4 ,:5 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS FREELY 9HABIT$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 !RE WAS A GREAT RESPECT = ! L& & ITS NON-HUMAN 9HABITANTS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 LO/ S9CE ! ,EUROPEAN 9VASION4 ,NOT LONG AFT] ! ,EUROPEANS >RIV$ H]E ) !IR 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS1 SLAVES1 & !IR >I/OCRACY1 L& BECAME NO?+ MORE ?AN REAL E/ATE TO BE TAK5 FROM TRIBAL COMMUNITIES & DIVID$ UP BY :ITE ,EUROPEANS 9TO PRIVATE P>CELS & EXPLOIT$ = PR(IT )9 AN EV]-EXP&+ M>KET4 ,! WILD]NESS WAS FE>$ & HAT$ BY MO/ :ITE SETTL]S4 ,WILD]NESS1 LIKE ! ,9DIANS1 /OOD 9 ! WAY ( ! MAXIMUM EXPLOITATION ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,!Y BO? HAD TO BE DE/ROY$4  

,! MOD]N 5VIRONM5TAL OR ECOLOGY MOVEM5T M>KS AN IMPORTANT BREAK ) ?IS CORRUPT WORLDVIEW4 ,I HAVE A GREAT RESPECT = ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,! ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION IS CLE>LY ! OV]RID+ E?ICAL & SURVIVAL QUE/ION CONFRONT+ ! HUMAN RACE TODAY4 ,YET1 ,I WOND] H[ PR(\ND A BREAK ) \R NATION'S PA/ ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CAN ACTUALLY SP>K IF IT IS UNWILL+ TO ALSO CONFRONT ! QUE/ION ( RACISM4 ,RACISM HAS BE5 ! F\NDATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,\R C\NTRY IS A RACI/ SY/EM FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,RACISM HAS BECOME SO 9TEGRAL TO ,AM]ICAN LIFE ?AT PEOPLE DON'T EV5 SEE IT OR RESPOND TO IT ANY LONG]4  

,TO DATE1 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS REFLECT$ ?IS HI/ORY MORE (T5 ?AN IT HAS BROK5 ) IT4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS (T5 ONE-SID$LY *ALL5G$ \R SOCIETY'S DE/RUCTIV5ESS T[>DS NON-HUMAN NATURE BUT IGNOR$ ITS ONGO+ & DIRECT DEGRADATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 P>TICUL>LY ( POOR PEOPLE ( COLOR :O >E AMONG ! MO/ VICTIMIZ$4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS ALL TOO (T5 DEVELOP$ ITS PROGRAM 9 WAYS ?AT /& 9 CONFLICT ) ! %ORT- & LONG-T]M NE$S ( POOR PEOPLE ( COLOR ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS HI/ORY AS A PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE & MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEM5T1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T'S VISION HAS BE5 9COMPLETE1 & IMPORTANT ALLIANCES HAVE NOT BE5 MADE4  

,!SE NEGLECT$ ALLIANCES MAY HOLD ! KEY TO ! FUTURE ( ! /RUGGLE = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,TO !IR CR$IT1 BO? ,MURRAY & ,DAVE HAVE CLE>LY ID5TIFI$ CAPITALISM AS ONE ( ! GREATE/ S\RCES ( DANG] = ! WORLD ( LIFE4 ,!Y >E RI<T4 ,WE DO LIVE 9 A SOCIETY :]E !RE IS A RUL+ CLASS ?AT [NS OR CONTROLS ALL ! BASIC RES\RCES & 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 :]E ! V]Y DYNAMICS ( ! SY/EM REQUIRE CON/ANT GR[? & EXPLOITATION1 & :]E ! G5]AL 9T]E/ = GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY1 HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE IS ?W>T$ TO MEET ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION1 H[EV]1 ( H[ CAN WE ORGANIZE A BROAD-BAS$ MOVEM5T ?AT CAN FUNDAM5TALLY *ANGE ?IS SY/EM4  

,:AT WE NE$ TO UND]/& IS ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT KEYS TO ! RUL+ CLASS BE+ ABLE TO DIVIDE & CONQU] & WIELD ITS P[]1 AT LEA/ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 IS RACISM4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 RACISM HAS DIVID$ MASSES ( ORD9>Y ,AM]ICANS :O >E 9 REALITY NATURAL & LOGICAL ALLIES 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS & UND]LY+ ELITE 9/ITUTIONS ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,RACISM HAS ?US BE5 A /RATEGIC DISA/] = ANY SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY AIM+ AT RE=M OR FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,!RE IS P]HAPS NO =CE ?AT HAS BE5 MORE DIVISIVE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 IT WRECK OR LIMIT MOVEM5TS OV] & OV] AGA9 9 \R HI/ORY4  

,CAN ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AF=D1 EI!R MORALLY OR /RATEGICALLY1 TO IGNORE RACISM & ! IMPORTANCE ( BRIDG+ ! RACIAL GAP8 ,CAN IT AF=D TO CONC]N ITSELF ONLY ) WILD]NESS >EAS & NON-HUMAN LIFE & IGNORE ! DEGRAD$ & UNHEAL?Y 5VIRONM5TS 9 ! WORKPLACE1 9 \R URBAN COMMUNITIES1 & 9 \R RURAL >EAS ?AT DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECT WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE & POOR PEOPLE ( COLOR8 ,CAN IT AF=D TO LOSE POT5TIAL ALLIES BECAUSE ( ITS 9DIFF]5CE OR LACK ( KN[L$GE8  

,MY QUE/ION TO ,DAVE & ,MURRAY IS :AT IDEAS DO EI!R ( Y\ HAVE = BUILD+ ALLIANCES ACROSS RACIAL L9ES ?AT CAN FO/] A BROAD-BAS$ ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T /RONG 5\< TO MAKE FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE8 ,H[ CAN ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T MOVE TO EXP& ITS BASE1 DEEP5 ITS VISION1 & COMBAT RACISM8  

,DAVE ,=EMAN3 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS NOT GO+ TO BE EASY4 ,RACISM RUNS DEEP )9 \R NATIONAL HI/ORY4 ,I SEE IT 9 MY [N FAMILY HI/ORY4 ,MY ANCE/RY IS 5TIRELY NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN4 ,MY FAMILY CAME TO ,CALV]T ,C\NTY1 ,M>YL&1 9 ! E>LY #a#fS4 ,!Y MOV$ TO ! ,%5&OAH ,VALLEY4 ,!Y FOLL[$ ,DANIEL ,BOONE ACROSS ! ,WILD]NESS ,ROAD 9TO ,K5TUCKY DISPLAC+ NATIVE TRIBAL COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD LIV$ 9 ! >EA = G5]ATIONS4 ,= A :ILE1 MY FAMILY HAD A PLANTATION !RE & [N$ SLAVES4 ,!Y FELL ON H>D TIMES ?\<1 LIKE MANY COTTON F>M]S :O WORE \T !IR L&1 & !Y ULTIMATELY LO/ ! PLANTATION4 ,MO/ ( MY FAMILY 5D$ UP POOR HILLBILLIES 9 ,EA/]N ,K5TUCKY4 ,I COME FROM ?IS ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT ,JIM HAS SO ELOQU5TLY CRITICIZ$1 A TRADITION ?AT GIVES LITTLE ?\<T TO ! E?ICS ( EXPLOIT+ ! L& OR PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,I REMEMB] VISIT+ RELATIVES ( M9E 9 ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 ,TEXAS BACK 9 ! #a#i#eS :5 ! BA?ROOMS W]E /ILL SEGREGAT$4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,I DIDN'T ?9K ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,IT WAS 0NATURAL40 ,?AT WAS JU/ ! WAY IT WAS4 ,I'M A PRODUCT ( ?IS DEEPLY 5TR5*$ RACI/ TRADITION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,LIKE O!R :ITE 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 IT UND\BT$LY AFFECTS MY POLITICS & ORGANIZ+4 

,YET ,I BELIEVE BUILD+ ALLIANCES ACROSS RACIAL L9ES CAN BE DONE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ! LOCAL ,E>? ,FIR/6 GR\P HAS BE5 WORK+ ) A PR$OM9ANTLY BLACK GR\P 9 ,WATTS ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ A TOXIC 9C9]ATOR BE+ BUILT 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,SU* A CAMPAIGN IS A LITTLE \TSIDE ( ,E>? ,FIR/6'S USUAL FOCUS ON WILD]NESS & 5DANG]$ SPECIES1 BUT IT IS AN ISSUE :I* CLE>LY L9KS ! /RUGGLE = RACIAL JU/ICE ) AN UNPOLLUT$ 5VIRONM5T4 ,L4,A4 ,E>? ,FIR/6 ?\<T IT W\LD BE A USEFUL WAY TO BUILD A MILITANT 5VIRONM5TAL ALLIANCE ACROSS RACIAL L9ES4 

,ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS SU* AS POLLUT+ 9C9]ATORS1 DANG]\S L& FILLS1 & TOXIC 9DU/RIAL WA/E SITES >E A HUGE SURVIVAL ISSUE = COMMUNITIES ( COLOR ?R\<\T ?IS C\NTRY4 ,9DE$1 POOR COMMUNITIES1 ) HI< P]C5TAGES ( PEOPLE ( COLOR1 >E F> MORE LIKELY TO BE *OS5 AS ! SITES ( SU* 5VIRONM5TAL & PUBLIC HEAL? HAZ>DS ?AN :ITE & MORE MIDDLE-CLASS COMMUNITIES4 ,5VIRONM5TALI/S & CIVIL RI<TS GR\PS CAN MAKE COMMON CAUSE >\ND SU* ISSUES & !Y %\LD4 ,! PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE & MIDDLE-CLASS ANTI-NUKE ALLIANCES ( ! #a#i#gS NEV] FULLY APPRECIAT$ ?IS POSSIBLE L9KAGE ( ISSUES :5 !Y ORGANIZ$ !IR DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ NUCLE> P[] PLANTS4 ,!Y W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 MU* /RONG] IF !Y HAD PUT GREAT] EF=T 9 BUILD+ ALLIANCES ACROSS RACIAL L9ES4 ,! ISSUE WAS !RE1 ONLY ! NE$$ COALITION-BUILD+ WAS MISS+4 

,HAPPILY1 A GR[+ & MILITANT1 MULTIRACIAL1 GRASSROOTS 0MOVEM5T = 5VIRONM5TAL JU/ICE0 IS ORGANIZ+ >\ND SU* ISSUES 9 MORE & MORE POOR COMMUNITIES ACROSS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 .<#f#d.> ,GR\PS SU* AS ! ,HI<L&] ,FOLK ,C5T] 9 ,T5NESSEE HAVE BE5 PROVID+ TRA9+ & LEAD]%IP DEVELOPM5T = ?IS MOVEM5T1 PAY+ P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO 5C\RAG+ ! LEAD]%IP ( COMMUNITY WOM5 & PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,I AM V]Y 5C\RAG$ BY SU* ORGANIZ+4 ,:ILE IT IS NOT ,E>? ,FIR/6'S PRIM>Y ORGANIZ+ FOCUS1 ,I AM GLAD O!R GR\PS >E TAK+ IT ON4 ,?AT IS AS IT %\LD BE4 ,I /RONGLY BELIEVE ?AT ! BIG MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS %\LD PROVIDE /RONG F9ANCIAL & LOGI/ICAL SUPPORT = SU* /RUGGLES & ?AT RADICAL :ITE ECOLOGI/S W\LD ALSO DO WELL TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 SU* GRASSROOTS ORGANIZ+4 

,I AM CONV9C$1 H[EV]1 ?AT GR\PS LIKE ,E>? ,FIR/6 DO NOT HAVE TO %IFT !IR FOCUS AWAY FROM !IR PRIM>Y GOAL ( PROTECT+ WILD]NESS >EAS & 5DANG]$ SPECIES 9 ORD] TO BUILD ALLIANCES ACROSS RACIAL L9ES4 ,IT W\LD BE A HUGE MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* ORGANIZ+ IS IRRELEVANT TO COMMUNITIES ( COLOR4 ,IT MAY NOT SEEM LIKE AN OBVI\S SURVIVAL ISSUE TO ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS :O HAVE BE5 ISOLAT$ 9 D5ATUR$1 RUND[N URBAN >EAS & :O >E TRY+ DESP]ATELY TO KEEP !IR HEADS ABOVE WAT] & MA9TA9 !IR RAVAG$ COMMUNITIES1 YET IT IS ULTIMATELY RELEVANT TO !IR LIVES4 ,PROTECT+ ! RA9=E/S IS A QUE/ION ( SURVIVAL = ! PLANET1 9CLUD+ ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE MO/ ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS UND]/&ABLY HAVE MORE IMM$IATE SURVIVAL CONC]NS1 ! RA9=E/S >E HOME TO MANY 9DIG5\S TRIBAL PEOPLES & PEASANTS :O DEP5D ON ! =E/S = !IR PHYSICAL & CULTURAL SURVIVAL & :O F9D ! =E/ COMMUNITY 9H]5TLY VALUABLE & WOR?Y ( HUMAN RESPECT4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL RA9=E/ PRES]VATION MOVEM5T HAS PROVID$ A WOND]FUL CROSS F]TILIZATION BETWE5 9DIG5\S TRIBAL PEOPLES & 5VIRONM5TALI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,JAPAN1 & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE HAS DEEP5$ MU* ( ! ,U4,S4 ECOLOGY MOVEM5T'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,I P]SONALLY HAVE LE>N$ A GREAT DEAL FROM MY 9T]ACTIONS ) !SE TRIBAL PEOPLES4 ,I HAVE COME TO /RONGLY APPRECIATE ! NE$ = ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO DIRECTLY JO9 ! FI<T AGA9/ IMP]IALISM & ! CONT9U+ OPPRESSION ( TRIBAL PEOPLES ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,:ILE WE NE$ TO FI<T TO PROTECT ! =E/1 WE ALSO NE$ TO FI<T TO PROTECT ?OSE TRIBAL CULTURES :I* HAVE HI/ORICALLY LIV$ 9 H>MONY ) ! =E/S & RESPECT$ !M4 ,I AM PR\D ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO MU/] = !SE PEOPLE & = ! FACT ?AT SEV]AL TRIBAL GR\PS >E US+ MY BOOK ,ECODEF5SE AS A GUIDE TO FI<T LOGG+ & O!R =MS ( COMM]CIAL 5CROA*M5T ON ! ECOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY ( !IR =E/ COMMUNITIES4 

,I HAVE LONG BELIEV$ IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ! RACIAL DYNAMIC ?AT UND]LIES SO MU* ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,WE NE$ TO CLE>LY FACE UP TO ! FACT ?AT :ITE MALES FROM ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & NOR!RN ,EUROPE HOLD A DISPROPORTIONATE %>E ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! MESS WE'RE 92 ?AT UPP]- & MIDDLE-CLASS CONSUM]S FROM ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD TAKE AN EXCESSIVE PORTION ( ! WORLD'S RES\RCES & !RE=E CAUSE GREAT] P] CAPITA DE/RUCTION ?AN DO O!R PEOPLES4 

,IT IS L>GELY BAS$ ON ?IS UND]/&+ ?AT ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T HAS DEVELOP$ SU* A GREAT AFF9ITY ) NATIVE GR\PS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,OV]ALL1 !Y >E 9 ! MO/ DIRECT & RESPECTFUL RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAS !RE=E TRI$ TO BACK SU* GR\PS 9 COMMON /RUGGLE :5EV] WE CAN4 ,MO/ ,E>? ,FIR/6]S1 = EXAMPLE1 >E SUPPORTIVE ( ! ,D9E 7,NAVAJO7 ( ,BIG ,M\NTA9 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T'S PLAN TO =CEFULLY RELOCATE !M4 ,SEV]AL HAVE BE5 WORK+ H>D ON ?AT4 

,I ?9K :ITE 5VIRONM5TALI/S %\LD TAKE ON SU* /RUGGLES ) MU* GREAT] FREQU5CY & BEG9 MAK+ IMPORTANT ORGANIZ+ CONNECTIONS TO !SE COMMUNITIES & O!R PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,H[EV]1 ONE PROBLEM ,I HAVE SE5 OV] & OV] AGA9 AMONG A NUMB] ( :ITE ORGANIZ]S TRY+ TO BUILD COALITIONS ) PEOPLE ( COLOR IS ?AT !Y GET SO CAU<T UP 9 !IR [N :ITE GUILT ?AT !Y PUT PEOPLE ( COLOR ON A P$E/AL & MAKE !M IMMUNE FROM QUE/ION+ OR CRITICISM4 ,?IS IS A DISA/] = ALLIANCE-BUILD+4 ,IT %ORT-CIRCUITS ! LE>N+ PROCESS ?AT NE$S TO TAKE PLACE AMONG ALL P>TIES TO AN ALLIANCE4 

,I ?9K IT IS RI<T & IMPORTANT = ,JIM TO CRITICIZE ! RESIDUAL RACISM 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T & TO CRITICIZE ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T :5 IT ONLY VALUES /RUGGLES = WILD]NESS PRES]VATION & IGNORES OR DISP>AGES ! 5VIRONM5TAL & SURVIVAL /RUGGLES ( POOR PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,WE HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM SU* CRITICISM4 ,WE HAVE MADE NUM]\S MI/AKES ?AT NE$ TO BE CORRECT$4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ALSO ?9K IT IS RI<T & IMPORTANT = ECOLOGY GR\PS TO CRITICIZE COMMUNITIES ( COLOR IF !Y DEVELOP !IR PROGRAMS )\T SUFFICI5T ?\<T OR APPRECIATION = ! PLANET4 ,IF AN ALLIANCE IS TOBE MEAN+FUL1 ! CRITICAL QUE/ION+ HAS TO GO BO? WAYS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE DO NE$ TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T ! OPPRESSION ( WOM51 ( WORK]S1 ( PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,BUT WE MU/ ALSO REMEMB] ?AT MEMB]S ( O!R SPECIES >E AMONG ! MO/ OPPRESS$ BE+S ON ! PLANET4 

,RI<T N[1 WE >E WAG+ AN 9CR$IBLE W> ( G5OCIDE & DOM9ATION AGA9/ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,SO1 :ILE WE %\LD SUPPORT ! ,D9E PEOPLE1 WE %\LD NOT PRET5D ?AT SEV]E OV]GRAZ+ BY DOME/ICAT$ %EEP DOES NOT OCCUR ON ! ,NAVAJO RES]VATION4 ,:ILE WE SUPPORT SUBSI/5CE LIFE/YLES BY NATIVES 9 ,ALASKA WILD]NESS1 WE %\LD NOT BE SIL5T AB\T CLE>CUTT+ ( OLD-GR[? =E/ 9 S\!A/ ,ALASKA BY NATIVE CORPORATIONS1 OR AB\T ! EF=TS ( ! ,ESKIMO ,DOYON ,CORPORATION TO PU% = OIL EXPLORATION & DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,>CTIC ,NATIONAL ,WILDLIFE ,REFUGE4 

,WE DO1 H[EV]1 NE$ TO BE ?\<TFUL & RESPECTFUL 9 H[ WE CRITICIZE & QUE/ION EA* O!R4 ,ALLIANCE-BUILD+ EF=TS CAN BE DE/ROY$ AS MU* BY 9APPROPRIATE CRITICISM AS !Y CAN BY UNCRITICAL SIL5CE4 ,F9D+ ! CREATIVE MIDDLE GR\ND IS NOT (T5 EASY4 ,I ?9K ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAS SOMETIMES FAIL$ TO CRITICIZE \R ALLIES 9 ! MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T PRODUCTIVELY4 

,! SLOGAN ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 IS 0,NO COMPROMISE 9 DEF5SE ( ,MO!R ,E>?40 ,BUT :AT EXACTLY DOES 0NO COMPROMISE0 MEAN8 ,IT MEANS WAG+ CONFRONTATIONAL /RUGGLES AGA9/ ECOCIDAL CORPORATIONS & GOV]NM5T AG5CIES1 ( C\RSE4 ,YET TOO (T5 :5 Y\ FI<T REGUL>LY ) P[]FUL & 9TRANSIG5T 9/ITUTIONS Y\ CAN'T GET \T ( ?AT MODE ( 9T]ACTION :5 Y\ >E AMONG ACTUAL OR POT5TIAL FRI5DS & DISCUSS+ Y\R DIFF]5CES4 ,WE (T5 RELATE TO \R POT5TIAL ALLIES ) ! SAME /RID5T1 PROVOCATIVE1 NO-COMPROMISE ATTITUDE4 ,?IS MAKES PRODUCTIVE DIALOGUE V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,WE MU/ GU>D AGA9/ ?IS4 ,!RE >E SOME REAL DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION & DIFF]5CES ( P]CEPTION AMONG ?OSE ACTIVE ON V>I\S ISSUES4 ,!SE CAN'T BE WI%$ AWAY OR IGNOR$4 ,YET1 WE NE$ TO F9D AN OP51 COOP]ATIVE1 & COMPROMIS+ WAY ( TALK+ TOGE!R & WEAV+ \R DISP>ATE /RUGGLES 9TO A UNIFI$ MOVEM5T4 

,I ?9K !RE WAS A ME*ANISM 9 PRIMAL CULTURES = ?AT4 ,IF Y\ W5T \T TO HUNT OR TO RAID HORSES OR TO 5GAGE 9 A SKIRMI% ) ANO!R GR\P ( PEOPLE1 Y\ W5T ?R\< C]TA9 RITUALS TO PREP>E Y\RSELF = ?AT4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E Y\ W]E RE9TEGRAT$ BACK 9TO Y\R [N COMMUNITY Y\ HAD TO GO ?R\< C]TA9 PURIFICATION RITUALS TO MAKE SURE Y\ FULLY F\ND Y\R WAY BACK4 ,?AT IS SOME?+ WE HAVE =GOTT5 H[ TO DO4 ,IF WE >E REALLY GO+ TO LE>N H[ TO COOP]ATE ACROSS RACIAL1 CLASS1 OR EXP]I5TIAL L9ES1 WE NE$ TO LE>N H[ TO FI<T LIKE H\NDS FROM HELL AGA9/ ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS :I* ?REAT5 US ALL :ILE AT ! SAME TIME WE MA9TA9 A S5SE ( COMMUNITY & CONNECTION AMONG \RSELVES1 EV5 AS WE /RUGGLE TO RESOLVE \R [N DIFF]5CES4 ,WE NE$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE CONTRADICTIONS AMONG \RSELVES >E DIFF]5T FROM ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ALL ( US & ! GU>DIANS ( ! IMP]IAL /ATUS QUO4 

,E/ABLI%+ SU* GUIDEL9ES ON H[ TO APPROA* CRITICAL DISCUSSIONS ACROSS RACIAL L9ES IS PURELY ACADEMIC1 H[EV]1 UNLESS PEOPLE >E 9 ACTUAL CONTACT ) EA* O!R & TALK+ TOGE!R4 ,)\T ACTUAL CONTACT1 WE SIMPLY WILL NOT REALIZE H[ WE'RE P>T ( ! SAME /RUGGLE & ?AT WE ULTIMATELY NE$ EA* O!R4 ,H[ WE GET !RE FROM H]E1 H[ WE OV]COME PA/ DIVISIONS1 & H[ WE MAKE CONNECTIONS IS A V]Y DIFFICULT QUE/ION4 ,I'VE ALREADY GIV5 SOME EXAMPLES ( H[ ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CAN MAKE SU* ALLIANCES ?R\< COMMON1 COALITION /RUGGLES4 ,!SE EF=TS %\LD BE EXP&$1 BUT ,I ?9K 5VIRONM5TALI/S NE$ TO PU% !MSELVES AT A MORE P]SONAL LEVEL AS WELL4 

,BUILD+ BRIDGES AMONG COMMUNITIES & MOVEM5TS ALSO HAS A V]Y P]SONAL & 9DIVIDUAL DIM5SION TO IT4 ,WE NE$ TO SEEK \T *ANCES TO LE>N AB\T EA* O!R'S LIVES1 9T]E/S1 & CONC]NS4 ,:ILE ,I WAS 9 F$]AL CU/ODY1 AFT] ,I GOT BU/$ BY ! ,F,B,I1 ,I MET A NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 JAIL ?AT ,I ORD9>ILY W\LD NOT HAVE COME ACROSS 9 MY DAILY LIFE4 ,S9CE ,I HAD BE5 ON ,T,V1 ,I WAS SORT ( A CELEBRITY PRISON]4 ,EV]YBODY WANT$ TO TAKE ME UND] !IR W+ & %[ ME >\ND4 ,:ILE 9 JAIL1 ,I MET A NUMB] ( ILLEGAL ALI5S & HE>D MANY /ORIES AB\T ! BORD] PATROL & LIV+ ALONG ! ,U4,S4-,MEXICO BORD]4 ,IT WAS CONV]SATIONS LIKE !SE ?AT HELP$ ME UND]/& H[ ! BORD] PATROL & ! SO-CALL$ DRUG W> >E P>T ( AN EF=T TO CREATE ! APP>ATUS & PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE = A RACI/ POLICE /ATE 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,SU* CONV]SATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY EXP&$ MY POLITICAL CONC]NS & P]SPECTIVES4 

,5VIRONM5TALI/S ALSO HAVE MU* TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! P]SPECTIVES ( MANY POOR COMMUNITIES ( COLOR :I* HAVE BE5 =CIBLY DIVE/$ ( !IR DIRECT CONNECTIONS ) ! L& & ISOLAT$ 9 DECAY+ URBAN 5VIRONM5TS4 ,I ?9K ?AT ,\TW>D ,B\ND & O!R GR\PS LIKE IT HAVE DONE SOME GOOD WORK SETT+ UP PROGRAMS TO GET 9N]-CITY PEOPLE ( ALL E?NIC BACKGR\NDS \T 9TO ! WILD]NESS 9 ORD] TO 5RI* !IR LIVES & EXP& !IR APPRECIATION ( ! WILD WORLD4 ,I HAVE TAK5 MY SI/]'S 9-LAWS1 :O >E WORK+-CLASS ,HISPANICS1 ON RAFT TRIPS ?R\< ! RIV] CANYONS ( NOR!RN ,NEW ,MEXICO TO TRY TO MAKE ! SAME CONNECTION4 ,MY NEPHEW HAS BECOME A WILDLIFE FANATIC4 ,HE PROBABLY HAS ! LONGE/ LIFE LI/ ( BIRDS ( ANY KID 9 ,NEW ,MEXICO4 ,I'VE ALSO BE5 TALK+ AB\T ALL ( ?IS ) ,BUNYON ,BRYANT1 :O IS POSSIBLY ! ONLY BLACK PR(ESSOR ( NATURAL RES\RCES 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,WE >E CURR5TLY PLANN+ A RAFT TRIP TO BR+ TOGE!R A SELECT GR\P ( PEOPLE TO TALK AB\T H[ TO WORK TOGE!R TO HELP RE/ORE & DEEP5 ! LO/ ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS ( SO MU* ( ! URBANIZ$ ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN COMMUNITY4 

,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 ,I HAVE NO FIRM & F9AL ANSW]S TO ,JIM'S QUE/IONS4 ,!SE >E JU/ SOME 9ITIAL ?\<TS 9 A COMPLEX PROCESS4 ,IT WILL LIKELY TAKE A FEW G5]ATIONS ( H>D WORK1 AT LEA/1 TO ?OR\<LY OV]COME ! SOCIAL W\NDS ?AT DIVIDE US & 9HIBIT \R FULL COOP]ATION4 ,I DON'T ?9K =M+ A L>GE1 ALL-5COMPASS+ MOVEM5T ORGANIZATION ?AT AIMS AT EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS+ ALL ( \R ISSUES IS PRACTICAL OR WISE RI<T N[4 ,I ?9K ANY ATTEMPT ALONG !SE L9ES WILL COLLAPSE ( ITS [N WEI<T4 ,:AT ,I ?9K WE NE$ N[ IS A GREAT] EF=T TO COOP]ATE & LE>N FROM EA* O!R AS WELL AS A GREAT] ACCEPTANCE = ! DIV]SITY ( \R PRIM>Y 9T]E/S & EMPHASES4 ,?IS SEEMS TO ME ! BE/ FRAMEWORK = COOP]ATION & ALLIANCE-BUILD+ RI<T N[4 

,P]HAPS A GOOD ANALOGY = :AT WE NE$ TODAY W\LD BE ! HUNT]_/GA!R] TRIBE :I* (T5 SPLITS 9TO SMALL FAMILY B&S ( JU/ A FEW PEOPLE & !N1 A FEW TIMES A YE>1 COMES TOGE!R AS A L>G] GR\P = SOCIALIZATION & EX*ANG+ IDEAS1 EXP]I5CES1 &1 H[ %\LD ,I SAY IT1 G5ETIC MAT]IAL4 ,I ?9K WE NE$ TO VIEW ! L>G] MOVEM5T AS AN 9CREAS+LY P[]FUL RIV] ) MANY CURR5TS 9 IT4 ,SOMETIMES ?OSE CURR5TS MAY FL[ SEP>ATELY2 SOMETIMES !Y >E GO+ TO DIRECTLY M]GE & FL[ TOGE!R4 ,ALL ( !SE CURR5TS1 H[EV]1 >E /ILL P>T ( ! SAME RIV]4 ,! TRICK IS TO MAKE SURE ALL !SE CURR5TS FL[ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,LET'S FACE IT1 !RE IS A BIG UGLY DAM D[N/REAM ?AT WE NE$ TO TOPPLE OV] & BREAK AP>T4 ,WE >E GO+ TO NE$ TO COOP]ATE IF WE >E GO+ TO BE /RONG 5\< TO DO ?AT4 ,WE NE$ TO MAKE ! EF=T TO BUILD ALLIANCES N[4 

,9 CLOS+1 LET ME JU/ QUOTE ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 0,LET Y\R LIFE BE A C\NT]-FRICTION TO /OP ! MA*9E40 .<#f#e.> 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 

,I AM MOV$ BY ,JIM'S & ,DAVE'S REM>KS4 ,ONE ( MY MAJOR COMPLA9TS AB\T 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 IS ?AT IT LACKS A CLE>LY DEVELOP$ SOCIAL ANALYSIS & E?ICS4 ,IT ?US PROVIDES A 0TOL]ANT0 PHILOSOPHICAL HOME TO PR(\NDLY CONFLICT+ IDEAS & S5SIBILITIES1 FROM HUMANI/IC NATURALI/S 9 ! TRADITION ( ,?OREAU TO B>ELY-DISGUIS$ RACI/S4 ,TODAY1 ,DAVE SEEMS TO BE /&+ ) ! =M]4 ,I WELCOME ?IS AFT] SOME ( ! MISAN?ROPIC & NEO-,MAL?USIAN >TICLES ,I'VE 5C\NT]$ 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 9 ! REC5T PA/4 

,OV] ! YE>S1 SOME ( ! MO/ VISIBLE SPOKESPEOPLE ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAVE CLE>LY FALL5 9TO ! LATT] CATEGORY4 ,SLOGANS LIKE 0,R$NECKS = ,WILD]NESS0 >E1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 9S5SITIVE & UNLIKELY TO BUILD BRIDGES ACROSS RACIAL DIFF]5CES4 ,SUCB A SLOGAN IS *>G$ ) RACI/ OV]TONES = ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS4 ,MORE DANG]\S /ILL HAVE BE5 ! PUBLI%$ /ATEM5TS BY PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGI/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ,E>? ,FIR/6 CALL+ ,A,I,D,S -- :I* HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY DEVA/AT+ 9 ! BLACK & GAY COMMUNITIES -- AN 5VIRONM5TALI/'S DREAM COME TRUE1 OR DEAL+ ) FAM9ES 9 ,E?IOPIA AS A SAD BUT PRESUMABLY NECESS>Y MEANS ( CONTROLL+ ,?IRD ,WORLD POPULATION1 OR VIEW+ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN ,HISPANICS AS 0CULTURALLY-MORALLY-G5]ICALLY0 9F]IOR PEOPLE :O %\LD BE B>R$ FROM EMIGRAT+ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & US+ UP 0\R0 RES\RCES4 

,! PROBLEM1 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT DEEP ECOLOGY'S /AT$ COMMITM5T TO FO/] A NEW S5SIBILITY T[>DS ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ALL RADICAL ECOLOGI/S AGREE ON ! NE$ TO GO BEYOND ! LIMIT$ 5VIRONM5TALI/ P]SPECTIVE ?AT SEES 0,NATURE0 AS M]ELY A PASSIVE 9V5TORY ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 & DEF9ES APPROPRIATE HUMAN 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD AS M]ELY US+ !SE RES\RCES 0EFFICI5TLY0 & 0PRUD5TLY0 )\T ?REAT5+ ! BIOLOGICAL 0SU/A9ABILITY0 ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,:ATEV] \R DIFF]5CES AB\T NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 BO? DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S CALL = A DIRECT & PR(\ND RESPECT = ! BIOSPH]E1 A CONSCI\S EF=T TO FUNCTION )9 ITS P>AMET]S1 & AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE H>MONY BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ALL SOCIAL ACTIVI/S %\LD EMBRACE ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY T[>DS NATURE4 

,! MA9 PROBLEM ) DEEP ECOLOGY'S PHILOSOPHY1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ?IS IS AB\T AS F> AS IT GOES4 ,IT DOES NOT HI<LI<T OR SY/EMATICALLY ADDRESS ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,IT DOES NOT DOCUM5T OR 9T]PRET ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY \T ( FIR/1 OR BIOLOGICAL1 NATURE1 A CRUCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT BR+S SOCIAL !ORY 9TO ORGANIC CONTACT ) ECOLOGICAL !ORY4 ,IT PRES5TS NO EXPLANATION ( -- 9DE$1 IT REVEALS LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 -- ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y \T ( E>LY ORGANIC SOCIETY1 ( CLASSES \T ( HI]>*Y1 ( ! /ATE \T ( CLASSES -- 9 %ORT1 ! HI<LY GRAD$ SOCIAL AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS :I* >E AT ! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM4 ,9DE$1 IT IS H>DLY MORE 9SI<TFUL AB\T !SE QUE/IONS ?AN ! RE=MI/ 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 EV5 :5 9DIVIDUAL DEEP ECOLOGI/S %[ CONC]N = H>MONIZ+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 RACES1 G5D]S1 & CLASSES1 !IR CONC]N DOES NOT /EM FROM A COH]5T EXPRESSION ( DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHY4 ,RA!R IT IS EXPRESS$ ONLY AS AN EXT]NAL E?ICAL & SOCIAL COMMITM5T ?AT MAY -- OR MAY NOT1 = ?AT MATT] -- BE ADD$ TO A DEEP ECOLOGY P]SPECTIVE4 

,WOM51 POOR FOLKS1 & PEOPLE ( COLOR >E RI<T1 ,I ?9K1 TO BE V]Y W>Y ( A PHILOSOPHY :I* 9T]PRETS VITAL QUE/IONS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 DEMOCRACY1 & LIB]ATION AS OPTIONAL & SECOND>Y CONC]NS1 AT BE/1 & EVID5CE ( 0ANTI-ECOLOGICAL0 OR 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 SELFI%NESS1 AT WOR/4 ,ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY1 IF IT IS TO PROVIDE A SOLID BASIS = ALLIANCE-BUILD+1 MU/ BE A SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT CRITIQUES & *ALL5GES ALL =MS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 NOT JU/ \R CIVILIZATION'S ATTEMPT TO DOM9ATE & PLUND] ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT MU/ SET AS ITS OV]>*+ GOAL1 ! CREATION ( A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IF WE >E TO LIVE 9 H>MONY ) NATURE4 

,\R PRES5T SOCIETY HAS A DEF9ITE HI]>*ICAL *>ACT]4 ,IT IS A PROP]TI$ SOCIETY ?AT CONC5TRATES ECONOMIC P[] 9 CORPORATE ELITES4 ,IT IS A BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>I/IC SOCIETY ?AT CONC5TRATES POLITICAL & MILIT>Y P[] 9 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS A PATRI>*AL SOCIETY ?AT ALLOCATES AU?ORITY TO M5 9 V>Y+ DEGREES4 ,& IT IS A RACI/ SOCIETY ?AT PLACES A M9ORITY ( :ITES 9 A SELF-DECEPTIVE SOV]EIGNTY OV] A VA/ WORLDWIDE MAJORITY ( PEOPLES ( COLOR4 ,:ILE IT IS !ORETICALLY POSSIBLE ?AT A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY CAN BIOLOGICALLY SU/A9 ITSELF1 AT LEA/ = A TIME1 ?R\< DRACONIAN 5VIRONM5TALI/ CONTROLS1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT PRES5T-DAY HI]>*ICAL & P>TICUL>LY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY C\LD E/ABLI% A NON-DOM9E]+ & E?ICALLY SYMBIOTIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 ITSELF & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,AS LONG AS HI]>*Y P]SI/S1 AS LONG AS DOM9ATION ORGANIZES HUMANITY >\ND A SY/EM ( ELITES1 ! PROJECT ( DOM9AT+ NATURE WILL REMA9 A PR$OM9ANT IDEOLOGY & 9EVITABLY LEAD \R PLANET TO ! BR9K1 IF NOT 9TO ! ABYSS1 ( ECOLOGICAL EXT9CTION4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES A BETT] F\NDATION = ALLIANCE-BUILD+ & A RESPECTFUL UNITY-9-DIV]SITY BECAUSE IT UND]/&S ?AT ! V]Y CONCEPT ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 9DE$1 ( ! Y\NG BY !IR ELD]S1 ( WOM5 BY M51 ( ONE E?NIC OR RACIAL GR\P BY ANO!R1 ( SOCIETY BY ! /ATE1 ( ONE ECONOMIC CLASS BY ANO!R1 & ( COLONIZ$ PEOPLE BY A COLONIAL P[]4 ,IT ?US /RESSES ALL ! SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S & RE=M 5VIRONM5TALI/S T5D TO IGNORE1 (T5 D[NPLAY1 OR BADLY MISUND]/&4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! FI<T AGA9/ RACISM IS NOT JU/ A M]E POLITICAL ITEM ?AT CAN BE ADD$ TO 0DEF5D+ ! ,E>?20 IT IS ACTUALLY A VITAL & ESS5TIAL P>T ( E/ABLI%+ A TRULY FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! DIFFICULT WORK ( BUILD+ ALLIANCES ACROSS E?NIC L9ES IS ?US SE51 AS ,JIM SO CORRECTLY SAYS1 AS A MORAL AS WELL AS /RATEGIC IMP]ATIVE = ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

,I FEEL ?IS MORAL IMP]ATIVE V]Y DEEPLY4 ,BACK 9 ! E>LY #a#i#dS1 ,I WORK$ & S]V$ AS A UNION /EW>D 9 A F\NDRY :]E OV] #h P]C5T ( MY FELL[ WORK]S W]E BLACK4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS EXP]I5CE1 ,I WAS ABLE TO SEE ! LIVES ( MY ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN BRO!RS 9 ALL !IR RI*NESS & !IR OPPRESSION4 ,I EXP]I5C$ ?IS AGA9 WORK+ 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS ) ! ,CONGRESS ( ,RACIAL ,EQUALITY4 ,TODAY1 ,I FEEL ,I AM WITNESS+ NOT ONLY RACI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,I AM WITNESS+ ! V]Y DE/RUCTION ( ! BLACK COMMUNITY4 ,I SEE G5OCIDE AT WORK AGA9/ BLACK PEOPLE & O!R PEOPLE ( COLOR ?R\<\T ! CITIES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,IT HORRIFIES ME4 ,TW5TY-F\R P]C5T ( ALL BLACK MALES 9 ,NEW ,HAV5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( TW5TY & ?IRTY N[ HAVE ,A,I,D,S VIRUSES4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E NOT BE+ HELP$2 !IR FATE IS BE+ 0ACKN[L$G$0 AS JU/ ANO!R /ATI/IC 9 ! REPORTS ( ! ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE4 ,! HORROR ( RACISM TODAY1 :I* HAS DRAMATICALLY 9T5SIFI$ S9CE ,I FIR/ CONFRONT$ IT 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS1 VIOLATES EV]Y S5SE ( JU/ICE ,I FEEL4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T MU/ /& FIRMLY AGA9/ RACISM & ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 

,ONE ( ! *IEF OB/ACLES TO BUILD+ ALLIANCES ACROSS E?NIC L9ES MANIFE/S ITSELF AT ! PROGRAMMATIC LEVEL4 ,ONE ( ! TRUISMS ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T IS ?AT \R SOCIETY HAS REA*$ ECOLOGICAL LIMITS TO ITS OV]ALL GR[? AT ! GLOBAL LEVEL4 ,5VIRONM5TALI/S ?US CALL = LIMITS ON ECONOMIC EXPANSION1 POPULATION GR[?1 & 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( VALIDITY TO SU* DEM&S4 ,I HAVE LONG >GU$ ?AT WE MU/ TRANS=M \R BLOAT$1 URBANIZ$1 & RAPACI\S SOCIETY 9TO A CONF$]ATION ( ECO-COMMUNITIES ?AT >E S5SITIVELY TAILOR$ 9 SIZE1 POPULATION1 TE*NOLOGY1 & CONSUMPTION TO ! SPECIFIC ECOSY/EMS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,BUT :5 !SE DEM&S >E NOT SET CLE>LY )9 ! CONTEXT ( A /RUGGLE = A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 APPEALS = 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 >E ALMO/ 9EVITABLY TURN$ 9TO RACI/ & DRACONIAN MEASURES BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE TO 5SURE ! SU/A9ABILITY ( HI]>*ICAL ,FIR/ ,WORLD SOCIETIES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ,?IRD ,WORLD PEOPLE4 ,IT %\LD NOT COME AS A SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT = MANY ACTIVI/S ( COLOR 5-VIRONM5TALISM HAS COME TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN RACI/ MEASURES = BLOCK+ NE$$ ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5TS & = 9T5SIFY+ AU/]ITY AMONG PEOPLE ( COLOR 9 ?IS C\NTRY & 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,ASIA1 & ,AFRICA4 ,IT HAS ALSO COME TO MEAN A VICI\S POLICY ( LIMIT+ ! 0SURPLUS0 POPULATION ( PEOPLE ( COLOR ?R\<\T ! WORLD ?R\< />VATION1 DISEASE1 & =C$ /]ILIZATION4 

,IT IS BAD 5\< :5 RE=M 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E NAIVELY COMPLICIT ) ?IS P]V]SION ( VALID ECOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES4 ,IT IS %OCK+ TO ME1 H[EV]1 :5 SELF-ID5TIFI$ DEEP ECOLOGI/S ACTIVELY EMBRACE SU* MEASURES & CALL !IR VIEWS 0RADICAL ECOLOGY40 ,I MAY HAVE SEEM$ V]Y DISPUTATI\S 9 DEAL+ H>%LY ) !SE T5D5CIES 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T BUT ,I ?9K MY ZEAL\SNESS IS JU/IFI$4 ,SU* VIEWS MAKE PRODUCTIVE ALLIANCES ACROSS E?NIC L9ES NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,I CANNOT BE 0MELL[0 ON ?IS PO9T4 ,BO? EXPLICIT & IMPLICIT RACISM MU/ BE *ALL5G$ & UPROOT$ FROM )9 \R MOVEM5T4 ,TO IGNORE ?IS NE$ IS TO C\RT MORAL & /RATEGIC DISA/]4 

,BESIDES MAK+ ! *ANGES ,I'VE URG$ H]E 9 \R ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY & ! WAY WE DEVELOP & >TICULATE \R PROGRAM1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO BUILD PRODUCTIVE ALLIANCES ACROSS E?NIC L9ES IS = ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO ADOPT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AS ONE ( ITS MAJOR /RATEGIES = *ANGE4 ,WE C]TA9LY NE$ ! DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGNS ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 TO DEF5D WILD]NESS >EAS4 ,YET1 IF WE >E REALLY GO+ TO MOVE T[>DS AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BAS$ ON CONF$]AT$1 DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES -- >TFULLY TAILOR$ TO \R ECOSY/EMS -- WE ALSO NE$ TO DEVELOP A NEW GRASSROOTS MUNICIPAL POLITICS4 

,AS ,I SAID BE=E1 WE NE$ TO DEVELOP \R TACTICS ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION1 COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+1 & LOCAL ELECTORAL POLITICS 9TO A /RATEGY GE>$ T[>DS GA9+ DIRECT DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( \R COMMUNITIES & TRANS=M+ !M ALONG ! L9ES SUGGE/$ 9 MY RESPONSE TO ,L9DA ,DAVID(F4 ,IF WE >E TO BE EFFECTIVE1 RADICAL ECOLOGI/S MU/ TRY TO CREATE ORGANIC COMMUNITIES -- ORGANIC NO LESS 9 !IR RESPECT = L&1 FLORA1 & FAUNA ?AN 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO FO/] HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY1 & SOCIAL SUPPORT SY/EMS4 

,WE CAN ALREADY SEE ! SE$S = SU* A MOVEM5T4 ,I AGREE ) ,DAVE ?AT LOCAL ISSUES SU* AS ! SIT+ ( NUCLE> REACTORS OR NUCLE> WA/E DUMPS1 ! DANG]S ( ACID RA91 & ! PRES5CE ( TOXIC DUMPS1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW ( ! MANY PROBLEMS ?AT BELEAGU] 9NUM]ABLE ,AM]ICAN MUNICIPALITIES1 HAVE ALREADY UNIT$ AN A/ONI%+ V>IETY ( PEOPLE 9TO GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS :I* TRANSC5D TRADITIONAL CLASS1 E?NIC1 & SOCIAL B>RI]S ?AT HAVE HI/ORICALLY DIVID$ \R COMMUNITIES4 ,I FULLY AGREE ) ,JIM ?AT VITAL COALITIONS BETWE5 ECOLOGI/S & PEOPLE ( COLOR ?AT *ALL5GE ! /ATE & CORPORATIONS >E QUITE POSSIBLE AT ! LOCAL GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 

,OV] ! LA/ FEW DECADES1 DEM&S = LOCAL COMMUNITY CONTROL HAVE YIELD$ A MULTITUDE ( BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS1 T5ANTS' GR\PS1 ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD ALLIANCES1 & MULTIRACIAL CITIZ5 ACTION GR\PS4 ,! T[N MEET+1 OR CITIZ5S ASSEMBLY1 9ITIALLY A ,NEW ,5GL& 9/ITUTION1 IS BECOM+ A BYWORD 9 REGIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT HAVE NO %>$ TRADITION ) ! ,NOR!A/4 ,COMMUNITY ACTION GR\PS HAVE ALSO BEGUN TO 5T] 9TO LOCAL POLITICS1 A T]RA9 ?AT WAS ONCE ! EXCLUSIVE PRES]VE ( ELITE P>TY MA*9ES4 ,!Y >E DO+ ?IS ON A SCALE ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO AFFECT MUNICIPAL POLICYMAK+4 

,GRASSROOTS POLITICS1 SPECIFICALLY POPUL> MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 IS BECOM+ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ,U4,S4 POLITICS AS A :OLE4 ,:ILE IT HAS YET TO F9D A COH]5T VOICE & A CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION1 ,I HOPE IT IS H]E TO /AY & WILL WORK ITS WAY1 H[EV] CONFUS$LY1 9TO ! REAL WORLD ( ! POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 ,PUT BLUNTLY1 A LAT5T DUAL P[] MU/ EM]GE 9 :I* ! LOCAL BASE ( SOCIETY BEG9S TO *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY ( ITS SEEM+LY 9VULN]ABLE /ATE & CORPORATE APEX4 ,I ?9K WE CAN DEVELOP SU* A T5D5CY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA TODAY4 ,I ?9K IT POSSIBLE -- IF A HI<LY CONSCI\S1 WELL-ORGANIZ$1 & PROGRAMMATICALLY COH]5T LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T DEVELOPS 9 ! NEXT DECADES -- = ! PEOPLE TO RECON/RUCT SOCIETY ALONG L9ES ?AT C\LD FO/] A BALANC$1 WELL-R\ND$1 & H>MONI\S COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S AMONG EA* O!R & BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4 

,SU* AN APPROA* IS NOT A ,UTOPIAN DREAM2 IT IS AN URG5TLY NE$$ /RATEGY = \R [N TIME4 ,BECAUSE ( AUTOMATION1 ! FLI<T ( CAPITAL1 & ! EM]G+ GLOBAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 A NUMB] ( ,U4,S4 CITIES & T[NS HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9 ! EYES ( CORPORATE & GOV]NM5T ELITES FROM SITES = MA9TA9+ ESS5TIAL 0HUMAN RES\RCES0 9TO A DUMP+ GR\ND = SUP]FLU\S 0HUMAN WA/E40 ,TO V>Y+ DEGREES1 CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,DETROIT1 & ,/4 ,L\IS HAVE BE5 SET ADRIFT BY ! CORPORATIONS & ! /ATE4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ TO !IR SQUALOR & TO A LEPR\S PROCESS ( DECAY4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 \R C\NTRY'S RACI/ HI/ORY1 PEOPLE ( COLOR COMPRISE RESID5TIAL MAJORITIES 9 MANY ( !SE CITIES4 ,[+ TO ! DECL9E ( MUNICIPAL S]VICES 9 !SE L>GELY AB&ON$ CITIES1 A VACUUM IS DEVELOP+ BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MANAG$ ! CITY & ! URBAN POPULATION ITSELF4 ,UND]/AFF$ & UND]FUND$ MUNICIPAL AG5CIES CAN NO LONG] PRET5D TO ADEQUATELY MEET SU* BASIC NE$S AS SANITATION1 $UCATION1 HEAL?1 & PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,AN E]IE MUNICIPAL 0NO MAN'S L&0 IS EM]G+ BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL1 DECAY+ 9/ITUTIONAL APP>ATUS ( !SE CITIES & ! PEOPLE IT PR(ESSES TO S]VE4 

,AS A RESULT1 MANY AFFLU5T CITY-DWELL]S HAVE AB&ON$ !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,MANY ( ! POOR REMA9 & >E LO/ 9 DESPAIR1 CRIME1 VIOL5CE1 & DRUG ADDICTION4 ,O!RS1 H[EV]1 HAVE BECOME ORGANIZ]S & ACTIVE CITIZ5S4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E TAK+ ! FIR/ /EPS T[>DS ALT]+ ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & NATURAL L&SCAPE ( !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,!Y HAVE /EPP$ 9 TO FILL ! VOID4 ,RADICAL ECOLOGI/S MU/ SUPPORT !SE ACTIVE1 CIVIC-M9D$ CITIZ5S & WORK CLOSELY ) !M4 

,:ILE MO/ SOCIAL !ORI/S /ILL SEEM TO LACK A SUFFICI5T AW>5ESS ( ! PUBLIC'S P[] TO CREATE ITS [N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 !RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( ?AT P[] ?AT 5C\RAGE ME4 ,ONE ( MY FAVORITES IS DRAWN FROM ,NEW ,YORK 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS4 ,IT WAS CALL$ ! 0,EA/ ,ELEV5? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T40 ,9ITIALLY1 ! MOVEM5T WAS A ,PU]TO ,RICAN NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATION1 ONE ( SEV]AL 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE ( ,MANHATTAN1 :I* =M$ AN ALLIANCE ) SOME Y\NG ECOLOGICALLY-ORI5T$ RADICALS TO REHABILITATE AN AB&ON$ T5EM5T ?AT HAD BE5 COMPLETELY GUTT$ BY FIRE4 ,! BLOCK ITSELF1 ONE ( ! WOR/ 9 ! ,HISPANIC <ETTO1 HAD BECOME A HANG\T = DRUG ADDICTS1 C>-/RIPP]S1 MUGG]S1 & >SONI/S4 ,AFT] BE+ ILLEGALLY TAK5 OV] BY COMMUNITY SQUATT]S1 ! BUILD+ WAS TOTALLY REBUILT BY CO-OP]S1 COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( ,PU]TO ,RICANS1 A FEW BLACKS1 & SOME :ITES4 ,! MOVEM5T'S ATTEMPTS TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO ! BUILD+1 TO FUND ITS REHABILITATION1 & EXP& ITS ACTIVITIES TO O!R AB&ON$ /RUCTURES W]E TO BECOME A CAUSE CELEBRE ?AT 9SPIR$ SIMIL> EF=TS BO? 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE & O!R >EAS4 

,! BUILD+ WAS TAK5 OV] EV5 BE=E NEGOTIATIONS ) ! CITY HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,! CITY GOV]NM5T WAS PAT5TLY RELUCTANT TO ASSI/ ! CO-OP]S & HAD TO BE SUBJECT$ TO /RONG LOCAL PRESSURE BE=E SUPPLY+ ANY AID4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! BUILD+ ITSELF WAS NOT ONLY REBUILT BUT WAS 0ECOLOGICALLY RETR(ITT$0 ) 5]GY-SAV+ DEVICES1 9SULATION1 SOL> PANELS = HEAT+ WAT]1 & A W9D G5]ATOR TO SUPPLY SOME ( ITS ELECTRIC P[]4 ,!RE WAS TALK ( RO(TOP G>D5S1 WA/E RECYCL+1 & TURN+ AB&ON$ LOTS NE>BY 9TO NEI<BORHOOD 0VE/-POCKET0 P>KS4 

,IT W\LD TAKE TOO LONG TO GIVE A FULL ACC\NT ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! ,EA/ ,ELEV5? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T4 ,YET1 ,I'M PLEAS$ TO SAY ?AT A NUMB] ( PEOPLE FROM ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY PLAY$ A 9SPIRATIONAL & TE*NICAL ROLE 9 !SE PROJECTS4 ,H]E1 ,I ?9K1 IS A LITTLE-KN[N & REM>KABLE EXAMPLE ( H[ Y\NG :ITE SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S WORK$ H&-9-H& ) OPPRESS$ ,HISPANIC PEOPLE TO RECLAIM A HUMAN HABITAT 9 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL MANN]4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT FEATURE ( ?IS /RUGGLE WAS ITS LEFT-LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE4 ,! REHAB PROJECT WAS NOT ONLY A FASC9AT+ /RUCTURAL 5T]PRISE2 IT WAS AN EXTRAORD9>Y COOP]ATIVE EF=T 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! ,MOVEM5T 0F\<T ,CITY ,HALL0 & IT DID SO ) AN AW>5ESS ?AT IT WAS PROMOT+ DEC5TRALIZ$ NEI<BORHOOD RI<TS OV] ! ,BIG ,CITY MA*9E4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 IT F\<T ! ,NEW ,YORK F9ANCIAL E/ABLI%M5T BY ADVANC+ A CONCEPT ( LABOR -- SWEAT EQUITY -- OV] ! USUAL CAPITAL & MONET>Y PREMISES ( 9VE/M5T4 ,ECOLOGICALLY1 ?IS MOVEM5T EXP]IM5T$ ) ECO-TE*NOLOGIES1 R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES1 & RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! GIANT UTILITIES4 ,SOCIALLY1 IT 5C\RAG$ NEI<BORHOOD PRIDE1 SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 & COMMUNITY SELF-ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS A M>VEL\S EXAMPLE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 ACTION :I* CONTRA/S M>K$LY ) ! FLI<TY1 SELF-9DULG5T1 & SOMETIMES MISAN?ROPIC FEATURES ,I (T5 F9D 9 DEEP ECOLOGY & MIDDLE-CLASS 5VIRONM5TALISM4 

,FROM A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO SECURE DEC5T H\S+1 A GRASSROOTS SOCIAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T WAS BORN4 ,MANY O!R /ORIES C\LD BE TOLD AB\T SIMIL> /RUGGLES 9 COMMUNITIES ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,?AT !SE GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS >E (T5 EPHEM]AL DOES NOT NEGATE ! EXI/5CE ( AN UND]LY+ F]M5T & LIB]T>IAN POT5TIAL AT ! BASE ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* MOVEM5TS SUGGE/S ?AT SUCCESSFUL MULTIRACIAL ALLIANCES CAN BE BUILT >\ND SU* SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL EF=TS4 

,WE NE$ TO BE V]Y C>EFUL 9 TRY+ TO BUILD MULTICULTURAL ALLIANCES1 H[EV]4 ,AS ,I SAID E>LI]1 ONE ( ! TASKS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS TO >TICULATE A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ?AT TRANSC5DS ! REAL BUT P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( CLASS1 NATIONALITY1 E?NICITY1 & G5D] 9 ORD] TO BUILD ALLIANCES TO RECON/RUCT \R COMMUNITIES ALONG MORE HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,YET WE NE$ TO HE W>Y ( TALK+ TOO GLIBLY AB\T ! G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/4 ,MULTI-CULTURALISM MU/ MEAN MORE ?AN MI/AK+ ! CURR5TLY DOM9ANL CULTURE AS ! UNIV]SAL & EXPECT+ O!R PEOPLE TO ADOPT ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?IS DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,?IS IS NOT A PRODUCTIVE TRANC5D5CE ( P>TICUL>ISM4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 SU* A N>R[ UNIV]SALI/ P]SPECTIVE HAS HI/ORICALLY PLAGU$ PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE & MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS ?US ALL TOO EASY = ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TODAY TO PLAY FA/ & LOOSE ) CONCEPTS LIKE 0! PEOPLE0 & OV]LOOK P>TICUL> CLASS1 E?NIC1 & G5D] 9T]E/S ?AT NE$ TO BO =?RI<TLY ADDRESS$ )9 ! L>G] CONTEXT ( A G5]AL HUMAN & PLANET>Y 9T]E/4 

,JIM ,HAU<TON IS RI<T 9 SAY+ ?AT SU* UNRESOLV$ DIVISIONS AMONG ! PEOPLE NOT ONLY VIOLATE BASIC PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL E?ICS BUT WILL ALSO DECREASE ! LIKELIHOOD ( \R CREAT+ A G5U9ELY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,TO AVOID ?IS1 RADICAL ECOLOGI/S1 :ATEV] !IR BACKGR\NDS1 NE$ TO REMA9 9 CLOSE SOLID>ITY ) ! SPECIFIC LIB]ATION /RUGGLES ( PEOPLE ( COLOR1 WOM51 *ILDR51 GAYS & LESBIANS1 WORK+ PEOPLE1 ! JOBLESS POOR1 & COLONIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,:ILE DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE R>ELY EMPHASIZ$ ?IS1 !SE COALITIONS >E P>T ( ! NE$$ SOCIAL /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! AGE-OLD TRADITIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION -- TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE W>P$ SOCIETY = ?\S&S ( YE>S & HAVE DE/RUCTIVELY %AP$ HUMANITY'S ATTITUDE T[>D ?O NATURAL WORLD4 ,LET'S NOT BE A P>TY TO ?IS NEGLECT ANY LONG]4 ,IF WE >O REALLY COMMITT$ TO CREAT+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 WE NE$ TO /RIVE TO MAKE \R LIVES A C\NT]-FRICTION TO RACISM & ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ANY G5U9ELY RADICAL ECOLOGICAL POLITICS4 

,P>T ,I,I3 ,CLOS+ ,ESSAYS -- ,ONE ,YE> ,LAT] 

,*APT] #e3 ,SECOND ,?\<TS ( AN ,ECO-,W>RIOR  
BY ,DAVE ,=EMAN 

,AS AN ACTIVI/1 MY *OS5 TASK IS TO >GUE ! CASE ( NON-HUMAN NATURE4 ,I RESOLUTELY /& ) ,JOHN ,MUIR ON ! SIDE ( ! BE>S 9 ! W> 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY HAS DECL>$ AGA9/ ! ,E>?4 ,YET ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,I HATE HUMAN BE+S4 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT ,I AM UNMOV$ BY HUMAN SUFF]+1 ECONOMIC 9JU/ICE1 IMP]IALISM1 OR ABUSES ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ,I DON'T ID5TIFY MYSELF AS A LEFTI/1 = ALL ! REASONS ,I HAVE M5TION$1 ,I DO AGREE ) MU* ( ! LIB]T>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC LEFT ON A L>GE NUMB] ( SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,I C]TA9LY RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = 9CREAS+ ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! LEFT'S SOCIAL CONC]NS & MY HE>TFELT & LONGTIME ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS4 

,I HAVE LE>N$ MU* FROM ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S CRITICISMS & ,I ACKN[L$GE FAIL+S ON MY P>T 9 ! PA/4 ,I HAVE (T5 LEFT UN/AT$1 & SOMETIMES UNEXAM9$1 ! SOCIAL COMPON5TS ( PROBLEMS LIKE OV]POPULATION1 POV]TY1 & FAM9E :ILE TRY+ TO DISCUSS !IR BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,I HAVE ALSO NOT ALWAYS MADE IT CLE> ?AT ,I ABHOR ! HUMAN MIS]Y 9VOLV$ 9 SU* PROBLEMS4 ,I HAVE BE5 9S5SITIVE1 ALBEIT UN9T5TIONALLY1 & = ?AT ,I HUMBLY APOLOGIZE4 

,LET ME GIVE JU/ TWO EXAMPLES4 ,9 #a#i#h#f1 ,PR(ESSOR ,BILL ,DEVALL1 COAU?OR ( ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 9T]VIEW$ ME = ! ,AU/RALIAN MAGAZ9E ,SIMPLE ,LIV+4 ,9 ?AT 9T]VIEW ,I MADE TWO /ATEM5TS ,I N[ REGRET1 ONE ON FAM9E 9 ,E?IOPIA & ! O!R ON ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN IMMIGRATION TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ! FIR/ EXAMPLE1 ,I SAID1 AS P>T ( A MU* LONG] DISCUSSION ( FAM9E & OV]POPULATION1 ?AT 0! WOR/ ?+ WE C\LD DO 9 ,E?IOPIA IS TO GIVE AID -- ! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO JU/ LET NATURE SEEK ITS [N BALANCE1 TO LET ! PEOPLE !RE JU/ />VE444 ! ALT]NATIVE IS ?AT Y\ GO 9 & SAVE !SE HALF-DEAD *ILDR5 :O NEV] WILL LIVE A :OLE LIFE4 ,!IR DEVELOPM5T WILL BE /UNT$4 ,& :AT'S GO+ TO HAPP5 9 T5 YE>S' TIME IS ?AT TWICE AS MANY PEOPLE WILL SUFF] & DIE40 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( IMMIGRATION1 ,I COMM5T$ ?AT 0LETT+ ! ,U,S,A BE AN OV]FL[ VALVE = PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA IS NOT SOLV+ A ?+4 ,IT'S JU/ PUTT+ MORE PRESSURE ON ! RES\RCES WE HAVE 9 ! ,U,S,A40 .<#f#f.> 

,:ILE ,I ?9K IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT !SE TWO PASS+ COMM5TS HAVE BE5 US$ TO D5Y ! VALIDITY ( EV]Y?+ ,I HAVE TO SAY & TO PA9T ME AS A RACI/ & FASCI/ CLONE ( ,DAVID ,DUKE1 ,I DO AGREE ?AT !SE COMM5TS W]E BO? 9S5SITIVE & SIMPLI/IC4 ,TAK5 \T ( ! CONTEXT ( MY L>G] CONC]NS & WRIT+S1 ,I CAN SEE H[ !SE REM>KS SUGGE/ A CALL\S ,=TRESS ,AM]ICA *AUV9ISM ON MY P>T4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 ,I DID NOT CLE>LY SAY :AT ,I REALLY MEANT &1 9 ! SECOND1 ,I N[ REJECT SOME ( :AT ,I DID MEAN AT ! TIME4 

,9DE$1 AFT] LI/5+ C>EFULLY TO ! CRITICISM ,I'VE RECEIV$1 ,I HAVE RE?\<T & MODIFI$ MY OP9ION ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION4 ,:ILE ,I /ILL BELIEVE ?AT MASSIVE & UNLIMIT$ IMMIGRATION 9TO ANY C\NTRY IS A S]I\S PROBLEM1 ,I DO NOT SUPPORT BEEF+ UP ! ,BORD] ,PATROL & ! O!R AG5CIES ?AT TRY TO KEEP ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS \T ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ?IS IS A REALI/IC OR E?ICAL RESPONSE TO ! UND]LY+ PROBLEM4 

,AS ,I SAID E>LI]1 ,I HAVE LONG BE5 9 DEEP SYMPA?Y ) ! SANCTU>Y MOVEM5T4 ,I HAVE ALSO ALWAYS OPPOS$ ! ,REAGAN-,BU% EF=T TO SUPPORT ! HOMEGR[N CABALL]O JUNTAS TO ! S\? & TO OV]?R[ PROGRESSIVE RE=M GOV]NM5TS LIKE ! ,S&9I/AS 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,9DE$1 ,I HAVE LONG SUPPORT$ ! ,U4,S4 SOLID>ITY MOVEM5T'S ATTEMPT TO AID & ABET RE=M & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,I ?9K WE NE$ TO DISB& ! ,C,I,A & PROHIBIT O!R ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T AG5CIES FROM COV]T OR OV]T MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT !RE WILL BE NO L& RE=M1 NO DEMOCRACY1 & NO 5D TO REPRESSION & DEA? SQUADS )\T ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MIDDLE CLASS1 RURAL CAMPES9OS1 & URBAN 9TELLECTUALS UNIT+ 9 DISGU/ & EFFECT+ TRUE RE=M ?R\< REVOLUTIONS SU* AS ?AT :I* TOPPL$ ,SOMOZA 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 

,NONE!LESS1 ,I /ILL HAVE HONE/ QUE/IONS AB\T :E!R1 BY /ICK+ TO ! LIB]AL DOGMA AB\T UNLIMIT$ IMMIGRATION1 WE MI<T ACTUALLY BE PO/PON+ REVOLUTIONS OR EFFECTIVE DEMOCRATIC RE=M MOVEM5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! POT5TIAL CO/S ( HAV+ \R NATION S]VE AS AN OV]FL[ VALVE = ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA'S UNRULY1 ANGRY1 ECONOMICALLY DISPOSSESS$1 & POLITICALLY ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! ECOLOGICAL IMPACT4 ,:ILE ,$ ,ABBEY'S PROPOSAL TO S5D EV]Y ILLEGAL REFUGEE ?AT IS CAU<T HOME ) A RIFLE & A ?\S& R\NDS ( AMMUNITION MAY BE CONSID]$ FLIPPANT & IMPRACTICAL1 ITS UND]LY+ SPIRIT HAS SOME M]IT ?AT LIB]ALS & F> TOO MANY LEFTI/S IGNORE4 

,SO :ILE ,I APOLOGIZE = H[ MY VIEWS ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION MAY HAVE BE5 /AT$ 9 ! ,SIMPLE ,LIV+ 9T]VIEW1 ,I CANNOT RID MYSELF ( MY NAGG+ QUE/IONS AB\T UNLIMIT$ IMMIGRATION4 ,DESPITE ALL MY SYMPA?IES & AFFECTIONS = ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ,MEXICO & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 DESPITE MY DI/A/E = >TIFICIAL NATIONAL BORD]S1 DESPITE MY ANTIPA?Y = ! ,BORD] ,PATROL1 ,I CANNOT CONV9CE MYSELF ?AT UNLIMIT$ IMMIGRATION FROM ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 OR FROM ANY:]E ELSE = ?AT MATT]1 WILL FUNDAM5TALLY SOLVE PROBLEMS EI!R H]E OR !RE4 ,A LITTLE TROLL 9 ! BACK ( MY BRA9 KEEPS :ISP]+ NAGG+ QUE/IONS4 ,:O IS REALLY BE+ HELP$ BY UNLIMIT$ IMMIGRATION8 ,IS IT SU/A9ABLE8 ,DOES IT ACTUALLY EXAC]BATE SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS H]E & 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA8 ,:AT >E EFFECTIVE & HUMANE SOLUTIONS = ! REAL & UND]LY+ PROBLEMS 9 ?IS TRAGIC SITUATION8 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,I HAVE S]I\S D\BTS & NAGG+ QUE/IONS AB\T CONV5TIONAL 0HUMANIT>IAN0 =EIGN AID RESPONSES TO ! 9CREAS+ PROBLEM ( FAM9E 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,?AT IS :AT ,I WAS TRY+ TO GET AT 9 MY COMM5TS ON FAM9E 9 ,E?IOPIA4 ,9 MY (T-QUOT$ REM>K AB\T FAM9E 9 ,E?IOPIA1 H[EV]1 ,I FAIL$ TO CLE>LY MAKE ?IS PO9T4 ,9DE$1 ,I IMPLI$ ?R\< MY SLOPPY1 (F-!-CUFF REM>K ?AT FAM9E WAS PURELY A BIOLOGICAL QUE/ION ( TOO MANY PEOPLE & TOO FEW RES\RCES1 COMPLETELY UNRELAT$ TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 OR 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,I ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT ! BE/ POSSIBLE SOCIAL RESPONSE WAS = US TO DO NO?+1 (F] NO ASSI/ANCE ( ANY K9D1 & TO JU/ LET ! HUNGRY />VE4 ,I V]Y MU* REGRET ! WAY ,I PHRAS$ !SE COMM5TS4 ,/&+ BY !MSELVES1 \T ( CONTEXT1 !Y S\ND TRULY COLD HE>T$4 

,! PO9T ,I WAS TRY+ TO MAKE1 & :I* ,I ?9K IS MADE :5 ! RE/ ( ! 9T]VIEW IS TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 IS ?AT (T5TIMES A FEEL-GOOD HUMANIT>IAN RESPONSE FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MAY NOT HAVE ! RESULT WE HOPE & MAY EV5 HAVE ! OPPOSITE RESULT4 ,! PROBLEM ( FAM9E HAS A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT CAUSES :I* CAN & %\LD BE ADDRESS$ BY 9SI<TFUL1 CREATIVE ACTIONS ON ! P>T ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & BY ! RE/ ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 ,!RE IS UND\BT$LY A POSITIVE ROLE ?AT WE CAN PLAY EV5 ?\< ! ANSW]S >E NOT (T5 CLE> TO ME & ! PROBLEM IS V]Y COMPLEX & 5TR5*$4 

,I /ILL HAVE HONE/ QUE/IONS AB\T ! MU*-ADMIR$ RELIEF EF=T DUR+ ! ,E?IOPIAN FAM9E ( ! MID-#a#i#hS4 ,I ?9K !SE QUE/IONS DESP]ATELY NE$ TO BE EXPLOR$4 ,DID %IPP+ FOOD TO ,E?IOPIA ACTUALLY ALLEVIATE SUFF]+8 ,DOES SU* AID1 AT ITS BE/1 EV] DO MORE ?AN /AVE (F ABJECT />VATION = A %ORT TIME1 :ILE LEAV+ ! UND]LY+ PROBLEMS UNT\*$8 ,:AT IS ! LOT ( ?OSE POOR WRET*ES KEPT ALIVE BY ! FOOD %IPM5TS 9 #a#i#h#e-#h#f8 ,DID MO/ SURVIVE ) !IR BODIES & M9DS 9TACT OR >E !Y P]MAN5TLY DISABL$ OR H&ICAPP$8 ,IF ! LATT]1 WILL !SE UN=TUNATES BE AN IMPOSSIBLE BURD5 PREV5T+ ,E?IOPIA FROM DEAL+ ) ITS PROBLEMS8 ,!SE >E T]RIBLE & H>D QUE/IONS ,I KN[1 BUT ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO AT LEA/ CONSID] !M GIV5 ?AT ANO!R FAM9E LURKS ON ! HORIZON ( ?AT 9CREAS+LY DES]T-LIKE L&4 

,WE NE$ TO C>EFULLY ANALYZE ! ON-!-GR\ND RESULTS ( ?IS V]Y S9C]E -- & SOMETIMES H]OIC -- RELIEF EF=T4 ,FROM :AT ,I HAVE READ1 IT APPE>S ?AT V]Y LITTLE WAS ACCOMPLI%$ & ?AT ! ,E?IOPIAN MILIT>Y JUNTA US$ ! FOOD SUPPLIES AS A POLITICAL WEAPON TO FAVOR ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & TO PUNI% ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ! REBELS 9 ! CIVIL W>4 ,IS IT IMPLAUSIBLE !N TO >GUE ?AT ! PR9CIPAL B5EFICI>IES ( ! ,E?IOPIAN RELIEF EF=T 7BESIDES ! MILIT>Y JUNTA7 W]E ! CONTRIBUTORS TO IT 9 ! ,WE/1 :O D]IV$ LIB]AL1 DO-GOOD] SATISFACTION )\T HAV+ TO CONFRONT ! MASSIVE 9EQUITIES BETWE5 ! ,FIR/ & ,?IRD ,WORLDS OR QUE/ION ! ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM ( TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,WORLD ,BANK OR *ANGE !IR [N EXCESSIVELY CONSUMPTIVE LIFE/YLES8 

,I ?9K IT CAN BE P]SUASIVELY >GU$ ?AT SU* UNCRITICAL1 ONE-%OT RELIEF EF=TS ACTUALLY 9HIBIT A WELL ?\<T \T1 LONG-T]M AID PROGRAM TO HELP NATIVE AGRICULTURI/S GET BACK ON !IR FEET ) TOOLS & CROPS SUITABLE = !IR P>TICUL> ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS & SOCIAL NE$S4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS TO BE ASK$1 & ,I ADMIT IT IS A T]RIBLE QUE/ION1 IF SU* LA/-M9UTE RELIEF EF=TS ACTUALLY ALL[ A HUMAN POPULATION /RET*$ BEYOND ! L&'S C>RY+ CAPACITY TO EKE \T EXI/5CE = A FEW MORE YE>S &1 9 ! PROCESS1 CAUSE EV5 GREAT] DET]IORATION ( ! L&'S CAPACITY TO SUPPORT HUMANS & O!R SPECIES4 ,!RE IS ?AT LITTLE TROLL 9 ! BACK ( MY BRA9 AGA94 ,DO SU* LIB]AL1 HUMANIT>IAN RELIEF EF=TS DO MORE H>M ?AN GOOD 9 T]MS ( BO? HUMAN BE+S & ! L&8 

,C]TA9LY1 A GR[+ NUMB] ( RADICAL SOCIAL ACTIVI/S >E AW>E ( MANY ( ! PROBLEMS ,I RAISE H]E4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 MANY LEFTI/S 7& RI<TI/S7 /ILL POSIT SIMPLI/IC REASONS = ! TRAG$Y 9 PLACES LIKE ,E?IOPIA DUE TO !IR DESIRE TO MAKE ! /RONGE/ POSSIBLE CASE = ! P>TICUL> 9/ITUTIONAL DEMON HI<LI<T$ BY !IR P>TICUL> SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,!Y ALSO FREQU5TLY DISC\NT ! ECOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ?AT (T5 UND]LIE PROBLEMS ( FAM9E4 

,PLEASE1 LET'S BE REALI/IC & ADMIT ?AT !RE >E SEV]AL DIFF]5T & 9T]RELAT$ DEMONS AT WORK FO/]+ FAM9E CONDITIONS & ?AT OV]POPULATION IS ONE ( !M & HAS TO BE VIGOR\SLY ADDRESS$4 ,:ILE ,I AGREE ?AT ! POPULATION QUE/ION CAN BE APPROA*$ 9 N>R[1 RACI/1 & FASCI/IC WAYS1 ,I /R5U\SLY REJECT ! IDEA ?AT ANY & ALL ECOLOGICALLY-GR\ND$ CONC]NS AB\T HUMAN OV]POPULATION >E RACI/ & FASCI/4 ,IS IT RACI/ & FASCI/1 = EXAMPLE1 TO PROPOSE MAK+ BIR? CONTROL ME?ODS & DEVICES1 9CLUD+ ! ,FR5* ABORTION PILL & /]ILIZATION1 FREELY AVAILABLE TO ANY WOMAN OR MAN 9 ! WORLD :O DESIRES !M8 

,I AM UNWILL+ TO SIL5CE ! H]ETICAL TROLL 9 MY BRA9 9 ORD] TO BE C]TIFI$ 0POLITICALLY CORRECT0 BY CONV5TIONAL LEFTI/S4 ,YET ,I DO SEE ! PROBLEM ( OV]POPULATION MORE CLE>LY N[ ?AN ,I DID BACK 9 #a#i#h#f4 ,I HAVE COME TO UND]/& ?R\< ,MURRAY ?AT ?OSE ( US :O WORRY AB\T ! RESULTS ( ! POPULATION BOMB NE$ TO MAKE \R CASE AS C>EFULLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,WE NE$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! MANY SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & ECONOMIC CAUSES ( POPULATION GR[? AS WELL AS ! BIOLOGICAL1 & WE NE$ TO CAMPAIGN = ECONOMIC JU/ICE & AN 5D TO MALDI/RIBUTION ( L&1 FOOD1 & O!R NECESSITIES ( LIFE AS WELL AS = ! HUMANE & LONG-T]M R$UCTION ( ! HUMAN POPULATION4 ,?AT'S MY POSITION ON POPULATION4 ,IF ANYONE HAS A BONE TO PICK ) IT1 F9E1 BUT PLEASE CRITICIZE IT & NOT SOME FIVE-YE>-OLD1 (F-!-CUFF1 \T-(-CONTEXT /ATEM5T ?AT DOES NOT ACCURATELY REPRES5T MY CONSID]$ OP9ION4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,I D\BT ?AT !SE C>EFUL CL>IFICATIONS & APOLOGIES WILL SATISFY ALL ( MY CRITICS4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE A DOGMATIC1 BL9D RAGE AMONG MANY ( MY CRITICS ?AT R5D]S !M 9CAPABLE ( 5T]+ 9TO A REASON$ DIALOGUE ) ME TO EXPLORE \R V>I\S POSITIONS & POLITICAL DIFF]5CES TOGE!R4 ,MURRAY IS AN APPRECIAT$ EXCEPTION4 ,SADLY1 ?OSE :O %\T ME D[N AT SPEAK+ 5GAGEM5TS1 L\DLY *ANT+ 0RACI/0 OR 0FASCI/0 AT ME1 OR :O MAKE ! SAME VOCAL *>GES OV] & OV] AGA9 9 ! PRESS1 HAVE MADE A /RAW MAN \T ( ME ?AT RESEMBLES !IR FANTASIES & FE>S F> MORE ?AN IT RESEMBLES ME OR MY POSITIONS4 ,EV5 MORE SADLY1 ,I BELIEVE !SE ANGRY & UN9=M$ HECKL]S >E PLAY+ 9TO ! H&S ( ,F,B,I PROVOCATEURS4 ,! ,F,B,I HAS CLE>LY T>GET$ ME & HOPES TO %UT ME UP -- NOT JU/ ?R\< H>ASSM5T ) A PHONY FELONY 9DICTM5T BUT BY US+ !IR TAL5TS AT MOVEM5T DISRUPTION 7HON$ DUR+ ! ,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O ]A AGA9/ ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 ,JR41 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN ,MOVEM5T7 TO EXPLOIT ?IS /RAW MAN & LABEL ME A RACI/4 .<#f#g.> 

,I HAVE FREQU5TLY BE5 WRITT5 (F COMPLETELY BY PEOPLE :OSE SOLE KN[L$GE ( MY POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE IS GLEAN$ FROM !SE TWO %ORT QUOTES ( M9E TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT FROM ! VA/ AM\NT ,I HAVE SAID OR WRITT54 ,I HAVE ALSO R\T9ELY BE5 MISQUOT$4 ,&1 P]HAPS MO/ MADD5+ ( ALL1 ,I HAVE BE5 SME>$ BY 0GUILT BY ASSOCIATION40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT IS COMMONLY ASSUM$ BY MANY ( MY CRITICS ?AT1 BECAUSE ,I ADMIR$ ,$ ,ABBEY & WAS A LONGTIME FRI5D ( HIS1 ,I AGREE ) EV]Y ONE ( HIS OP9IONS ON EV]Y S+LE TOPIC ?AT HE EV] *OSE TO TALK OR WRITE AB\T4 ,I HAVE ALSO BE5 HELD RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y /ATEM5T MADE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 :ILE ,I WAS ITS $ITOR4 ,P]SONALLY1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO MEET ANY $ITOR ( A MOVEM5T PUBLICATION :O HAS ALWAYS AGRE$ ) EV]Y WORD ( EV]Y >TICLE ?AT HE OR %E HAS EV] AGRE$ TO PUBLI%4 ,?IS K9D ( GUILT BY ASSOCIATION IS SIMPLY ABSURD4 

,I AM AW>E1 H[EV]1 ?AT MY P]SONAL BR& ( DEEP ECOLOGY POLITICS DOES REPRES5T A REAL H]ESY FROM SOME ( ! OR?ODOXIES EMB$D$ )9 MO/ LIB]AL & LEFT OP9ION TODAY4 ,! LITTLE TROLL 9 ! BACK ( MY M9D FREQU5TLY TR\BLES ME1 TOO4 ,:Y %\LDN'T ! DIFFICULT QUE/IONS IT RAISES TR\BLE O!RS8 ,P]HAPS ONE ( MY BIGGE/ DIFF]5CES ) ,MURRAY IS ?AT ,I AM SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PESSIMI/IC AB\T ! FUTURE ?AN HE4 ,I AM NOT SURE WE REALLY HAVE 5\< TIME TO TURN ?+S >\ND BE=E MO/ ( ! WORLD IS OV]TAK5 BY FAM9E1 G5OCIDE1 W>1 TOTALIT>IANISM1 PLAGUES1 & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE4 ,:5 ,I LOOK 9TO ! FUTURE1 IT IS R>E ?AT ,I SEE PRETTY SC5ES ( PROTECT$ WILD]NESS1 PROSP]\S F>MS1 S(T-TE*NOLOGY ABUNDANCE1 & SMIL+ *ILDR54 ,I HOPE = ?IS4 ,I WORK = IT1 BUT IT USUALLY SEEMS LIKE A LONG %OT TO ME4 

,I VALUE MY H]ETICAL LITTLE TROLL1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE IF WE DO HAVE ANY REAL HOPE TO TURN ?+S >\ND IT WILL DEP5D ON SQU>ELY FAC+ \R PR$ICAM5T4 ,!RE IS NO REALI/IC HOPE UNTIL 5\< ( US HAVE ! C\RAGE TO CORRECTLY ID5TIFY ! ROOT PROBLEMS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,!SE ROOT PROBLEMS MO/ C]TA9LY 9CLUDE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC ASPECTS BUT !Y ALSO 9CLUDE ECOLOGICAL & BIOLOGICAL REALITIES AS WELL4 ,WE NE$ TO RE?9K & REBUILD \R SOCIAL E?ICS & POLITICS ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,?AT'S :]E MY LITTLE TROLL COMES 9 H&Y4 ,FAC+ UP TO ! ECOLOGICAL ROOTS ( \R PR$ICAM5T MEANS1 9 L>GE P>T1 ASK+ DIFFICULT & TR\BL+ QUE/IONS AB\T ! LIMIT$ C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! ,E>?'S BIOSPH]E4 

,?IS L9E ( QUE/ION+ IS H>D = PEOPLE :O HAVE EMBRAC$ ! CORNUCOPIAN MY?S ( MOD]N 9DU/RIALISM & ! UN5D+1 HI/ORIC M>* ( MAT]IAL PROGRESS4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY H>D = LIB]ALS & LEFTI/S1 MANY ( :OM BELIEVE ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO SUCCESSFULLY OV]COME POV]TY & 9JU/ICE IS TO EXPON5TIALLY EXP& ! AVAILABLE ECONOMIC SURPLUS UNTIL WE CREATE A SUP]-ABUNDANT1 PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY :]E !RE IS LITTLE NE$ TO FI<T OV] ! SIZE ( EV]YBODY'S SLICE ( ! ECONOMIC PIE BECAUSE ! PIE ITSELF IS SO HUGE4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( ECOLOGICAL SC>CITY & C>RY+ CAPACITY LIMITS CALLS ?IS :OLE 0UTOPIAN0 PROJECT 9TO QUE/ION4 

,9T]E/+LY1 ! BASIC ECOLOGICAL NOTION ( C>RY+ CAPACITY IS ACCEPT$ :5 APPLI$ TO CATTLE OR ELEPHANTS BY ALL EXCEPT ! MO/ BEEF-WITT$ RAN*] OR ! MO/ />RY-EY$ ANIMAL LOV]4 ,YET1 WE >E LOA! TO ADMIT ?AT WE HUMANS >E ANIMALS1 TOO1 & ?AT C>RY+ CAPACITY ?US APPLIES TO US 9 SOME V]Y REAL WAYS4 ,MY REPEAT$ /ATEM5TS AB\T ! REALITY ( ECOLOGICAL SC>CITY MAY BE ! MO/ H]ETICAL ?+ ,I HAVE TO SAY4 ,IT MAY 9DE$ BE ! GREAT DIVIDE BETWE5 MY VIEW & ?AT ( MO/ ( MY CRITICS ON ! LEFT 7& ! RI<T74 ,ANY SU* SUGGE/ION IS IMM$IATELY CALL$ ,MAL?USIAN & DISMISS$ AS LONG DISCR$IT$1 PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC HOGWA% AT BE/1 & RACI/ & IMP]IALI/ PROPAG&A AT WOR/4 

,?OMAS ,MAL?US IS1 ( C\RSE1 AN EASY T>GET = DISMISSAL4 ,HIS DIRE W>N+S ( ECONOMIC COLLAPSE & GLOBAL FAM9E 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY DID NOT MAT]IALIZE AS PR$ICT$4 ,HIS >GUM5T ?AT HUMAN POPULATION NATURALLY GR[S AT AN EXPON5TIAL RATE :ILE FOOD PRODUCTION ONLY GR[S >I?METICALLY WAS ALSO SIMPLI/IC4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 H[EV]1 ,MAL?US WAS RI<T AB\T HIS G5]AL >GUM5T ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES EXI/ )9 AN ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT ?AT PRES5TS REAL NATURAL LIMITS ?AT HUMAN BE+S MU/ EI!R ADAPT TO OR ULTIMATELY SUFF] SOME =M ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRA%4 ,! NATURE ( \R ECOSY/EM PROVIDES MANY OPPORTUNITIES = ! HUMAN SPECIES BUT IT ALSO PRES5TS HUMAN SOCIETIES ) S]I\S BIOLOGICAL CON/RA9TS ?AT >E NOT ( \R [N *OOS+ & :I* CAN ONLY TEMPOR>ILY BE IGNOR$4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 TO D5Y ?IS ECOLOGICAL REALITY LEAVES COMPLETELY UN*ALL5G$ ! V]Y SOCIAL TR5DS ?AT >E PU%+ \R SOCIETY TO CATA/ROPHICALLY OV]%OOT ! ,E>?'S LIMIT$ C>RY+ CAPACITY4 ,SU* O/RI*-LIKE IGNORANCE WILL LEAD MO/ LIKELY1 ALONG ) O!R SOCIAL =CES1 TO A HELLI% FUTURE FRAU<T EV]Y:]E ) FAM9E1 PLAGUES1 ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 DEVA/AT+ W>1 G5OCIDE1 & TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T IGNORES ! :OLE QUE/ION ( \R OV]%OOT+ ! ,E>?'S C>RY+ CAPACITY1 IT 9ADV]T5TLY CONTRIBUTES TO ! LIKELIHOOD ( ?IS FUTURE = EV]YONE4 

,9DE$1 ,MAL?US MI<T BE CONSID]$ AN OPTIMI/ BY ! /&>DS ( ! LATE #b? C5TURY1 = HE ONLY FOCUS$ ON ! CON/RA9TS ?AT LIMIT$ FOOD SUPPLIES POS$ = HUMAN POPULATION GR[? & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ECOLOGICALLY-M9D$ POLITICAL SCI5TI/ ,WILLIAM ,OPHULS PO9TS \T1 

,9/EAD ( SIMPLE ,MAL?USIAN OV]POPULATION & FAM9E1 WE MU/ N[ ALSO WORRY AB\T %ORTAGES ( ! VA/ >RAY ( 5]GY & M9]AL RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO KEEP ! 5G9ES ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION RUNN+1 AB\T POLLUTION & O!R LIMITS ( TOL]ANCE 9 NATURAL SY/EMS1 AB\T SU* PHYSICAL CON/RA9TS AS ! LAWS ( !RMODYNAMICS1 AB\T COMPLEX PROBLEMS ( PLANN+ & ADM9I/RATION1 & AB\T A HO/ ( O!R FACTORS ,MAL?US NEV] DREAM$ (4 .<#f#h.> 

,I /RONGLY RECOMM5D ?AT EV]Y 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL JU/ICE ACTIVI/ READ & GRAPPLE ) ,WILLIAM ,CATTON'S ,OV]%OOT3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,BASIS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,*ANGE4 ,9 HIS BOOK1 ,CATTON PROVIDES ! BE/ & MO/ 9=M$ DISCUSSION YET PUBLI%$ ON ! RELATION%IP ( C>RY+ CAPACITY TO HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,HE RE/ATES ,MAL?US' DICTUM 9 ECOLOGICAL T]MS AS 0,! BIOTIC POT5TIAL ( ANY SPECIES EXCE$S ! C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ITS HABITAT40 .<#f#i.> ,HUMAN BE+S >E 9CLUD$ H]E JU/ AS >E ELEPHANTS OR LEMM+S4 ,?IS BOOK MI<T WELL *ANGE H[ Y\ ?9K AB\T ! WORLD4 ,I AGREE ) ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN S*OL> ,V9E ,DELORIA1 ,JR4 :O1 ON ! BACK COV] ( ,CATTON'S BOOK1 DESCRIBES IT AS 0ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BOOKS ,I HAVE READ 9 MY LIFETIME40 

,BY ITSELF1 H[EV]1 ,CATTON'S 9/RUM5TAL EVALUATION ( H[ TO LIVE SUCCESSFULLY )9 ! C>RY+ CAPACITY LIMITS ( ! BIOSPH]E IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL POSSIBLE WAYS ( LIFE ?AT DO NOT1 ON A GLOBAL LEVEL1 OV]%OOT ! ,E>?'S C>RY+ CAPACITY4 ,SOME ( !SE WAYS >E MORAL & B5EFIT ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY & O!RS DO NOT4 ,A B>ELY SU/A9ABLE 0RES\RCE-FASCISM0 IS MORE ?AN A SPECULATIVE POSSIBILITY = ! FUTURE4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ! PA? ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE4 ,WE ?US NE$ A /RONG E?ICAL F\NDATION 9 ORD] TO *OOSE :AT K9D ( ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE SOCIETY WE %\LD WORK T[>D4 ,WE NE$1 ULTIMATELY1 TO GET CLE> ON MORE ?AN JU/ ! ECOLOGICAL C>RY+ CAPACITY CON/RA9TS ON \R BEHAVIOR4 ,WE ALSO NE$ TO EXPLORE ! E?ICAL LIMITATIONS WE %\LD ADOPT1 9 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S WORDS1 ON \R 0FRE$OM ( ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40 .<#g.> 

,! LIB]T>IAN LEFT HAS SOME V]Y GOOD ?+S TO SAY AB\T ! E?ICAL LIMITATIONS ON \R BEHAVIOR :5 IT COMES TO ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,HUMANI/ SOCIAL E?ICS FO/] A VISION ( SOCIETY ?AT IS EQUITABLE1 DEMOCRATIC1 & RESPECTFUL TO ALL MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,I MYSELF SUBSCRIBE TO MU* ( ?IS E?ICAL VISION -- AS F> AS IT GOES4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS V]Y LIMIT$4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! LEFT1 EV5 ! 5VIRONM5TALLY ORI5T$ LEFT1 HAS NEXT TO NO?+ TO SAY AB\T 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS BEYOND AN ULTIMATELY AN?ROPOC5TRIC COMMITM5T TO PROVIDE A SU/A9ABLE1 NONTOXIC1 & ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ 5VIRONM5T = ALL HUMAN BE+S4 

,TO ME1 ?IS LEFTI/ AN?ROPOC5TRISM REPRES5TS A HUGE FAILURE ( MORAL IMAG9ATION & WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 TO A WORLD :]E ,BIG ,WILD]NESS & A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE ( BIODIV]SITY >E LO/ =EV]4 ,EV]Y?+ 9SIDE ME REBELS AGA9/ ?IS CALL\S1 MORALLY IMPOV]I%$ VIEW4 ,I BELIEVE A GRIZZLY BE> SNUFFL+ ALONG ,PELICAN ,CREEK 9 ,YELL[/ONE ,NATIONAL ,P>K ) H] TWO CUBS HAS JU/ AS MU* NATURAL RI<T TO H] LIFE AS ANY HUMAN HAS TO HIS OR H]S4 ,ALL LIV+ ?+S HAVE 9TR9SIC VALUE1 9H]5T WOR?4 ,!IR VALUE IS NOT DET]M9$ BY :AT !Y WILL R+ UP ON ! CA% REGI/] ( ! ,G,N,P1 NOR BY :E!R OR NOT !Y >E ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y JU/ >E4 ,!Y HAVE TRAVEL$ ?AT SAME ?REE-&-A-HALF-BILLION-YE> EVOLUTION>Y C\RSE WE HAVE4 ,!Y LIVE = !MSELVES1 = !IR [N SAKES1 REG>DLESS ( ANY REAL OR IMAG9$ VALUE TO HUMAN CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y %\LD NEV] BE CONSID]$ M]E MEANS TO \R 5DS = !Y >E1 LIKE US1 ALSO 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 

,IF ,I W]E TO SUGGE/ ONLY ONE BOOK = PEOPLE TO READ ON 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS1 IT W\LD BE ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S ,A ,S& ,C\NTY ,ALMANAC4 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD P]HAPS ?\<T H>D] AB\T NATURE & \R RELATION%IP TO IT ?AN ANYONE ELSE 9 #b? C5TURY ,AM]ICA4 ,=E/ SUP]VISOR1 GAME MANAG]1 PIONE] ECOLOGI/1 & UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 ,LEOPOLD WAS ALWAYS ON ! CUTT+ $GE ( CONS]VATION4 ,HIS PO/HUM\SLY PUBLI%$ ,ALMANAC RANKS AMONG ! F9E/ DISCUSSIONS ( 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS EV] WRITT54 ,9 FACT1 = MY MONEY1 IT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! LOVELIE/1 ! WISE/ BOOK EV] P5N$4 ,HE HAS MADE ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9TO H]ETICS & FRANKLY ! TIMES CALL = A G5]\S DOSE ( RADICAL ECOLOGICAL H]ESY4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( LIV+ ?+S DEM&S DIRECT MORAL CONSID]ATION 9 H[ WE ORGANIZE \R SOCIETIES4 ,I REJECT AN?ROPOC5TRISM COMPLETELY & >GUE ?AT BESIDES \R SOCIAL COMMITM5TS WE ALSO NE$ TO HONOR DIRECT MORAL DUTIES TO ! L>G] ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY TO :I* WE BELONG4 ,WE HAVE A MORAL OBLIGATION TO PRES]VE WILD]NESS & BIODIV]SITY1 TO DEVELOP A RESPECTFUL & SYMBIOTIC RELATION%IP ) ?AT PORTION ( ! BIOSPH]E ?AT WE DO 9HABIT1 & TO CAUSE NO UNNECESS>Y H>M TO NON-HUMAN LIFE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !SE MORAL OBLIGATIONS FREQU5TLY SUP]S$E ! SELF-9T]E/S ( HUMANITY4 ,HUMAN WELL-BE+ IS VITALLY IMPORTANT TO ME1 BUT IT IS NOT ! ULTIMATE E?ICAL VALUE4 ,I AGREE ) ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD ?AT ULTIMATELY 0A ?+ IS RI<T :5 IT T5DS TO 5HANCE ! 9TEGRITY1 /ABILITY1 & BEAUTY ( ! BIOTIC COMMUNITY40 .<#g#a.> ,= SOCIAL E?ICS TO BE ECOLOGICALLY GR\ND$ !Y MU/ BECOME CONSI/5T ) ?IS L>G] ECOLOGICAL MORAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I AM = ,E>? FIR/4 

,SU* AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY IS SURELY RADICAL BUT IT IS F> FROM NEW4 ,IT HAS BE51 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 A COMMON FEATURE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL \TLOOK ( MO/ PRIMAL PEOPLES ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,IT HAS1 H[EV]1 JU/ BEGUN TO GA9 SIGNIFICANT GR\ND AMONG CITIZ5S ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS4 ,= MANY1 IT IS A %OCK+ DEP>TURE FROM :AT !Y W]E BR\<T UP TO BELIEVE4 ,RI<T N[1 ! :OLE FIELD ( 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS IS EXPLOD+ AS MORE & MORE PEOPLE TRY TO FLE% \T AN ALMO/ 9TUITIVE NON-AN?ROPOC5TRIC ORI5TATION 9TO A WELL-REASON$1 USABLE E?IC TO GUIDE HUMAN 9T]ACTION ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,I DUB MY T5TATIVE ATTEMPTS BIOC5TRISM1 O!RS LIKE ,W>WICK ,FOX DESCRIBE !IR APPROA* AS ECOC5TRISM4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DESCRIBES HIS APPROA* AS 0! E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 MU* OV]LAP BETWE5 !SE V>I\S NON-AN?ROPOC5TRIC P]SPECTIVES4 ,!RE >E ALSO SOME S]I\S DISAGREEM5TS AB\T :AT CON/ITUTES A MORALLY APPROPRIATE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT DES]VE FUR!R DISCUSSION4 ,9DE$1 !RE >E SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES BIOC5TRICS4 ,PHILOSOPH] ,PAUL ,TAYLOR1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS WRITT5 AN ELABORATE TREATISE ON ! BIOC5TRIC \TLOOK ON NATURE &1 :ILE ,I APPRECIATE HIS EF=T1 ,I TAKE EXCEPTION TO MU* ( HIS APPROA*4 .<#g#b.> ,BIOC5TRISM IS H>DLY A MONOLI?IC P]SPECTIVE4 ,CLE>LY1 ! SE>* = ,E>? WISDOM HAS JU/ BEGUN = MO/ ( US4 

,>NE ,NAESS HAS NOT$ ?AT !RE >E ?REE FAIRLY DI/9CT T5D5CIES )9 ! DEEP1 LONG-RANGE1 ECOLOGY MOVEM5T3 ! 0NATURALS10 ! 0SPIRITUALS10 & ! 0SOCIALS40 .<#g#c.> ,I AM BY TEMP]AM5T A 0NATURAL40 ,MY PRIM>Y CONC]N IS CONS]VATION BIOLOGY & ! DEF5SE ( ! WILD4 ,H[EV]1 POLITICALLY1 ,I HAVE BE5 DRAWN OV] TIME 9TO AN 9CREAS+ APPRECIATION ( ! 0SOCIALS0 :O FOCUS PRIM>ILY ON FUNDAM5TALLY RECON/RUCT+ HUMAN SOCIETY ALONG SOCIALLY & ECOLOGICALLY NON-HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 ,SU* AN APPROA* IS SURELY NE$$ IF WE >E TO RESOLVE ! OV]>*+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS :I* IS %AK+ \R PLANET4 ,ON MY BE/ DAYS1 ,I SEEK A CREATIVE SYN!SIS ( ALL ( !SE APPROA*ES 9TO AN 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T P]SPECTIVE :I* CAN GUIDE \R MOVEM5T EV5 AS RADICAL ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S CONT9UE TO SPECIALIZE 9 !IR P>TICUL> >EAS ( 9T]E/4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I AM PR\D TO HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 ?IS DIALOGUE ) ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ONE ( ! PIONE]S ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,MY FE>1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ?IS SYN!SIS WILL NOT ULTIMATELY TAKE FIRM ROOT & ?AT ONE ( !SE ?REE T5D5CIES WILL SIMPLY BECOME SO DOM9ANT ?AT ! VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! O!R P]SPECTIVES WILL BE M9IMIZ$ OR LO/4 ,?IS CONC]NS ME BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE IT W\LD WEAK5 ! L>G] MOVEM5T EV5 MORE ?AN \R CURR5T FRACTUR$ CONDITION1 :]E ALL ( ! LIMIT$ APPROA*ES >E AT LEA/ ALIVE & WELL4 ,I ?US ?9K ?AT ! MO/ RESPONSIBLE /ANCE = ANYONE 9 ANY ( !SE T5D5CIES IS TO ASSUME ?AT !IR APPROA* IS BO? VALID & LIMIT$4 

,WE NE$ TO BE OP5 TO ! CRITICISMS ( O!RS 9 ORD] TO %>P5 \R [N P]SPECTIVES4 ,WE ALSO NE$ TO BE WILL+ TO %>P5 ! P]SPECTIVE ( O!R W+S ( ! MOVEM5T ?R\< ADD+ \R [N CON/RUCTIVE CRITICISMS TO ! ONGO+ DIALOGUE & DEBATE4 ,& WE MU/ BE TOL]ANT & RESPECTFUL ( 9DIVIDUALS ) :OM WE MAY DIFF] 9 ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,H[ CAN WE CREATE A HUMAN SOCIETY ?AT IS TOL]ANT & RESPECTFUL ( 9DIVIDUALS IF WE CANNOT CREATE A MOVEM5T 9 :I* WE >E TOL]ANT & RESPECTFUL ( 9DIVIDUALS ) :OM WE DISAGREE8 

,MY BIGGE/ WORRY AB\T ! LIMIT$ P]SPECTIVE ( A SOCIALLY-ORI5T$ ECOLOGY IS ?AT IT CAN ALL TOO EASILY BECOME OV]:ELM+LY SOCIAL & 9SUFFICI5TLY ECOLOGICAL4 ,I SEE ?IS T5D5CY AMONG MANY SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S :5 !Y >GUE ?AT WE %\LD 0WORK TO REH>MONIZE HUMANITY ) NATURE BY REH>MONIZ+ ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN40 .<#g#d.> ,?IS /RATEGIC AXIOM APPE>S TO EMPHASIZE ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL CONC]NS ( ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT OV] DIRECT DAY-TODAY /RUGGLES TO DEF5D WILD]NESS1 FO/] AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 OR RECON/RUCT \R SOCIETY'S 9T]ACTION ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD H]E & N[4 ,! VIEW H]E SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 ONCE ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S >E ALL RESOLV$1 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY WILL AUTOMATICLY FL[]1 & APPROPRIATE ECOLOGICAL *ANGES 9 \R SOCIETY'S RELATION%IP TO NATURE WILL BE MADE4 

,C]TA9LY1 NOT ALL SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S >E UND] ?IS ILLUSION ?AT \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CAN ALL WAIT TO BE RESOLV$ UNTIL AFT] A LIB]T>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS SUCCESSFUL4 ,MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 CLE>LY REALIZE ?AT WE DON'T HAVE ?IS LUXURY EV5 IF WE WANT IT4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 ,MURRAY HAS EXPLICITLY & REPEAT$LY EXPRESS$ ! NE$ = ORGANIZ+ >\ND BO? SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL QUE/IONS 9 ! H]E & N[4 ,YET ! WAY ?IS SOCIAL ECOLOGY SLOGAN IS =MULAT$ & FREQU5TLY REPEAT$ BY A V>IETY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY GR\PS DOES SUGGE/ A SUBTLE T5D5CY AMONG MANY SOCIALLY-ORI5T$ ECOLOGI/S TO DEVALUE ! VALIDITY ( ! IMPORTANT 7?\< ADMITT$LY LIMIT$7 ACTIVITIES ( ! 0NATURALS40 ,9DE$1 ,I SUSPECT IT REPRES5TS A HOLDOV] FROM ! AN?ROPOC5TRIC P]SPECTIVE ?AT IS /ILL SO COMMON AMONG LEFTI/S & SOCIAL JU/ICE ACTIVI/S4 

,IRONICALLY1 SU* A T5D5CY CAN EV5 BE SE5 TODAY )9 ,E>? ,FIR/61 ONCE A /RON<OLD ( NON-AN?ROPOC5TRIC 0NATURALS40 ,I HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY UNCOM=TABLE ) ! 9FLUX ( NEW PEOPLE 9TO ,E>? ,FIR/6 :O SEEM MORE ADAPT$ TO A TRADITIONAL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JU/ICE WORLDVIEW ?AN TO A RADICAL ECOLOGICAL ONE4 ,!SE NEW ACTIVI/S SEEM TO BE DRAWN TO ! ORGANIZATION PRIM>ILY BECAUSE ( ITS M$IA EXPOSURE & \R REPUTATION = CONFRONTATIONAL1 KICK-ASS DIRECT ACTION4 ,FRANKLY1 ,I WORRY ?AT RA!R ?AN REFLECT+ A PROCESS ( CREATIVE SYN!SIS1 ?IS EVOLUTION REPRES5TS A SUBTLE BUT 9CREAS+ DISREG>D = ! VALID 9SI<TS ( ! E>LY 0NATURALS0 :O ORIG9ALLY BUILT ,E>? ,FIR/64 

,M9D Y\1 !SE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! 0OLD0 & 0NEW GU>D0 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 >E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 HONE/ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 DEC5T PEOPLE :O RESPECT ONE ANO!R4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,I FEEL ?AT MU* VITAL & IMPORTANT WORK REMA9S TO BE DONE BY ! MO/ REC5T 9C>NATION ( ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,YET1 GIV5 MY P]SPECTIVE AS AN UNCOMPROMIS+1 WILD]NESS-LOV+ 0NATURAL10 ,I FEEL ! NE$ TO WORK )9 A NEW ORGANIZATION EXPLICITLY COMMITT$ TO BIOC5TRISM & DOGG$LY FOCUS$ ON ECOLOGICAL WILD]NESS ID5TIFICATION1 PRES]VATION1 & RE/ORATION4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,I'VE LEFT ,E>? ,FIR/6 & BEGUN TO EXPLORE ) O!RS ! POSSIBILITIES ( />T+ A NEW ORGANIZATION ALONG !SE F9ES4 ,HOPEFULLY1 ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION WILL COMPLEM5T ! WORK ( ! MANY & V>I$ GR\PS 9 ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T AS WELL AS PROVIDE A CONT9U+ CLE> VOICE = ! 0NATURALS0 )9 ! L>G] RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS WE ALL LABOR TOGE!R TO F9D A COMMON1 9TEGRAT$ P]SPECTIVE ?AT OV]COMES ! LIMITATIONS ( EA* RADICAL ECOLOGICAL T5D5CY :ILE MA9TA9+ ! VITAL 9SI<TS ( EA*4 

,*APT] #f3 ,:]E ,I ,/& ,N[  
BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,A YE> HAS PASS$ S9CE ,DAVE ,=EMAN & ,I DISCUSS$ ! PROBLEMS & FUTURE ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9 A L>GE ,NEW ,YORK AUDITORIUM -- ALONG ) ,PAUL ,MC,ISAAC1 ,L9DA ,DAVID(F1 & ,JIM ,HAU<TON4 ,I HAVE SE5 NO REASON OV] ?IS YE> TO ALT] ANY ( ! VIEWS ,I EXPRESS$ BACK !N4 ,DAVE IS /ILL UND] 9DICTM5T = :AT ,I BELIEVE >E *>GES TRUMP$ UP BY ! ,F,B,I TO H>ASS ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,HE HAS MY /RONGE/ SUPPORT 9 HIS EF=TS TO DEF5D HIS CIVIL RI<TS -- & TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T & CORPORATE 9T]E/S FROM T>NI%+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T AS 0T]RORI/40 ,FUR!RMORE1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS DIALOGUE1 ,I HAVE COME TO RESPECT ,DAVE AS A CONS]VATION ACTIVI/ & A HUMAN BE+4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( \R DIALOGUE1 ,DAVE & ,I HAVE F\ND SOME COMMON GR\ND4 

,IMPORTANT POLITICAL DIFF]5CES /ILL EXI/1 H[EV]1 AS ,DAVE HIMSELF READILY ADMITS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! PA/ YE>1 ,E>? ,FIR/6'S NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA GR\PS1 & POSSIBLY O!RS AS WELL1 APPE> TO HAVE VE]$ T[>D A DEGREE ( SOCIAL ACTIVISM & P]SPECTIVE ?AT IS F> MORE CONSI/5T ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AN ) A DEEP ECOLOGY P]SPECTIVE1 EV5 AS AM5D$ REC5TLY BY ,DAVE4 ,AS ,R$WOOD ,SUMM] ORGANIZ] ,JUDI ,B>I PO9TS \T1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 IS NO LONG] 0JU/ A CONS]VATION MOVEM5T1 IT IS ALSO A SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5T40 .<#g#e.> ,I APPLAUD ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL %IFT4 ,DAVE1 H[EV]1 HAS S9CE LEFT ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T TO />T A MORE N>R[LY FOCUS$ WILD]NESS CONS]VATION ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS A POLITICAL DIFF]5CE H]E4 

,MY REGRET AB\T ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T1 :I* ,I HAVE ADMIR$ FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION1 IS ?AT SO MANY ( ITS ACTIVI/S DO NOT OP5LY ACKN[L$GE ?AT ?IS DE FACTO IDEOLOGICAL %IFT HAS OCCURR$4 ,SO MU* HAS ! DEBATE BETWE5 DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S BIAS$ MANY WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE AGA9/ SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT A C]TA9 MORAL PRESSURE OBLIGES !M TO CALL !MSELVES 0DEEP ECOLOGI/S0 & CRITICIZE 0LEFTISM0 & 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY0 EV5 :5 !Y ACTUALLY BEHAVE AS SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S & EV5 :5 SOME ( !M CLE>LY HAVE LEFTI/ BACKGR\NDS4 ,EV5 ,JUDI ,B>I1 ) H] LONG-TIME BACKGR\ND AS AN ,I,W,W LABOR ORGANIZ]1 HAS D5I$ ?AT %E IS A 0LEFTI/0 & HAS >GU$ ?AT NO 0LEFTI/ !ORY0 HAS EV] SPOK5 TO ! NE$ = CREAT+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 .<#g#f.>  ,%E ALSO CONT9UES TO MISREPRES5T MY VIEWS4 ,I WAS %OCK$ TO READ REC5UY H] UNF\ND$ ASS]TION ?AT ,I BELIEVE 9 AN?ROPC5TRISM & ?AT 0HUMAN BE+S >E A HI<] =M ( LIFE40 .<#g#g.> 

,?IS CONT9U+ HO/ILITY TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY RAISES ! QUE/ION3 ,:AT LIES AT ! CORE ( ! DEEP ECOLOGY V]SUS SOCIAL ECOLOGY DISPUTE8 ,LET ME />T BY ELIM9AT+ A =MIDABLE OB/ACLE ?AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( CLE>LY UND]/&+ ?IS DISPUTE4 ,I'VE BE5 TOLD BY A FRI5D ?AT MANY PEOPLE REG>D ! :OLE DISPUTE AS P]SONAL1 9 FACT AS A =M ( 0EGO-TRIPP+0 OR 0EGO-BA%+0 ON MY P>T4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY NOT ! CASE4 

,I WAS ON V]Y GOOD P]SONAL T]MS ) ,BILL ,DEVALL & A NUMB] ( O!R PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGI/S UP TO #a#i#h#g1 DESPITE MY CONC]NS AB\T ! IMPLICATIONS ( !IR VIEWS4 ,9 #a#i#h#f1 ,I EV5 RECEIV$ A W>M SEASON'S GREET+ FROM ,DEVALL ) ! REM>K3 0,HAPPY W9T] SOL/ICE6 ,I HOPE WE CAN CONT9UE \R CONV]SATION & ,I FEEL ,I HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM Y\40 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS'S ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY HAD NO?+ BUT PRAISE = MY BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,UP UNTIL #a#i#h#g1 ,I SIMPLY HAD NO REASON = P]SONAL HO/ILITY T[>DS ANY PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGY ?9K] OR ACTIVI/4 

,IT IS ALSO RA!R PETTY1 ,I ?9K1 = DEEP ECOLOGI/ ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES TO SUGGE/ 9 HIS REC5T BOOK ,GRE5 ,RAGE ?AT ! REASON ,I CRITICIZ$ DEEP ECOLOGY WAS BECAUSE ,I WAS 9 SOME S5SE P]SONALLY 5VI\S ( DEEP ECOLOGY'S ABILITY TO 0T\* PEOPLE'S LIVES10 :ILE 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 SWEEP+ ! HALLS ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY40 .<#g#h.> ,AT SEV5TY YE>S ( AGE1 ,I HAVE NEI!R ! 5]GY NOR ! TIME TO 5VY ANYONE AB\T ANY?+ -- MU* LESS ANYONE'S SUCCESS 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,MY [N LIFE'S WORK IS BASICALLY F9I%$1 & ,I AM REASONABLY CONT5T ) IT4 

,MY CONC]N AB\T ! GR[+ POPUL>ITY ( DEEP ECOLOGY IS POLITICAL NOT P]SONAL4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,BILL ,DEVALL'S CONT5TION ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY IS BECOM+ A V]Y EMBATTL$ ANTI-E/ABLI%M5T>IAN BODY ( IDEAS1 ,I F9D ?AT IT HAS ACTUALLY BECOME V]Y TR5DY & *IC !SE DAYS4 ,IT HAS NOT ONLY SWEPT 9TO ITS FOLD A L>GE NUMB] ( WELL-SITUAT$ ACADEMICS BUT ALSO A LOT ( J\RNALI/S & EV5 ROYALTY1 LIKE ,PR9CE ,PHILIP ( ,5GL&1 & O!R MOV]S & %AK]S 9 ! ELITE 0ECOLOGY0 E/ABLI%M5T4 ,MY QUE/ION IS1 HAVE !SE REC5T CONV]TS TO DEEP ECOLOGY BECOME RADICAL SOCIAL CRITICS OR IS DEEP ECOLOGY CONG5IAL TO !IR CONV5TIONAL1 & SOMETIMES EV5 REACTION>Y1 SOCIAL VIEWS8 

,:ATEV] ITS M]ITS1 ! FACT IS ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 0RADICAL0 ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 BLAMES 0,HUMANITY0 AS SU* = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS -- ESPECIALLY ORD9>Y 0CONSUM]S0 & 0BRE$]S ( *ILDR50 -- :ILE L>GELY IGNOR+ ! CORPORATE 9T]E/S ?AT >E REALLY PLUND]+ ! PLANET4 ,?IS SOCIALLY NEUTRAL ASPECT ( DEEP ECOLOGY APPE>S TO BE V]Y AGREEABLE TO ! P[]S ?AT BE4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS ! KEY REASON ?AT \T ( ALL ! POSSIBLE 0RADICAL0 S*OOLS ( ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 DEEP ECOLOGY IS BE+ CELEBRAT$ 9 POPUL> MAGAZ9ES1 9 NEWSPAP]S1 ON TELEVISION1 & 9 O!R M$IA4 ,:5 EV5 SO DI/+UI%$ A WRIT] & SO SOCIALLY COMMITT$ A DEEP ECOLOGI/ AS ,G>Y ,SNYD] CAN WRITE1 0,MANK9D HAS BECOME A LOCU/-LIKE BLI<T ON ! PLANET10 ,I AM LEFT TO WOND] :AT IS SO 0RADICAL0 AB\T DEEP ECOLOGY4 .<#g#i.> ,CAN ONE JO9 ?IS CR[D & /ILL 5JOY ! LUXURY ( CALL+ ONESELF A 0RADICAL ECOLOGI/80 

,PLEASE LET US KEEP P]SONALITIES & MATT]S ( 0EGO0 \T ( ! DISCUSSION1 !N1 & LET US /ICK TO ! POLITICS ?AT >E REALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! DISPUTE4 ,NO ONE %\LD =GET ?AT IT IS A /RICTLY POLITICAL FACT ?AT ! LATE ,$ ,ABBEY1 SO REV]$ BY MANY SELF-PR(ESS$ DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 DESCRIB$ ! 0TRADITIONS & IDEALS0 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A 0PRODUCT ( NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION0 & W>N$ US AGA9/ ALL[+ 0\R0 C\NTRY TO BE 0,LAT9IZ$40 .<#h.> ,IT IS A /RICTLY POLITICAL FACT ?AT HE DESCRIB$ ,HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS AS 0HUNGRY1 IGNORANT1 UNSKILL$1 & CULTURALLY-MORALLY-G5]ICALLY IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLE40 .<#h#a.> ,IT IS A /RICTLY POLITICAL FACT ?AT 0,MISS ,ANN ,?ROPY0 7:O1 ,I AM ADVIS$ BY PROM95T ,E>? ,FIR/6]S1 IS ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES7 WELCOM$ ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC AS 0A NECESS>Y SOLUTION0 TO ! 0POPULATION PROBLEM0 7G5]\SLY 9CLUD+ 0W>1 FAM9E1 HUMILIAT+ POV]TY0 ALONG ) ,A,I,D,S7 & WROTE3 0,TO P>APHRASE ,VOLTAIRE3 IF ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC DIDN'T EXI/1 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S W\LD HAVE TO 9V5T ONE40 .<#h#b.> ,IT IS ALSO A /RICTLY POLITICAL FACT ?AT ,DAVE HIMSELF DECL>$1 9 HIS N[ REGRETT$ ,SIMPLY ,LIV+ 9T]VIEW ) ,BILL ,DEVALL1 ?AT 0! WOR/ ?+ WE C\LD DO 9 ,E?IOPIA IS TO GIVE AID -- ! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO JU/ LET NATURE SEEK ITS [N BALANCE1 TO LET ! PEOPLE !RE JU/ />VE40 .<#h#c.> 

,I C\LD GO ON ALMO/ 9DEF9ITELY CIT+ SU* REM>KS & ! UNHEAL?Y MORAL CLIMATE !Y CREAT$4 ,BUT ,I'M SURE PEOPLE >E SICK ( IT -- C]TA9LY ,I AM4 ,I BR+ IT UP H]E AGA9 SIMPLY TO REM9D PEOPLE ( ! ATMOSPH]E ?AT GAVE RISE TO MY CRITICISMS ( DEEP ECOLOGY 9 #a#i#h#g4 ,?IS IS ALL TOO (T5 IGNOR$4 ,EV5 SO RESPECTABLE AN ACADEMIC DEEP ECOLOGI/ AS ,W>WICK ,FOX P]SI/S 9 REPEAT+ MY %>P ATTACKS ( #a#i#h#g1 PULL+ ANGRY QUOTES \T ( MY ORIG9AL 0,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY V]SUS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY0 >TICLE )\T GIV+ HIS READ]S ! LEA/ H9T AS TO ! H>%LY MISAN?ROPIC /ATEM5TS ?AT 9SPIR$ MY ANG] 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 .<#h#d.> 

,I'M SORRY TO SAY ?AT ?IS APPROA* LEAVES /RONG D\BTS 9 MY M9D AB\T ! MORAL 9TEGRITY ( MANY ( MY DEEP ECOLOGY CRITICS4 ,?IS CONC]N IS EV5 FUR!R HEI<T5$ BY ! FACT ?AT AFT] ,I %>PLY ATTACK$ !SE *ILL+ /ATEM5TS BY SELF-PR(ESS$ DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ! GREAT] P>T ( A YE> PASS$ BE=E ! MORE ACADEMIC DEEP ECOLOGI/S BEGAN 7(T5 V]Y MILDLY7 TO VOICE ANY OBJECTIONS TO ! MISAN?ROPIC REM>KS ,I *ALL5G$4 ,EV5 !N1 !SE OBJECTIONS W]E C\*$ 9 A RA!R BACK-H&$ WAY ?AT FREQU5TLY P\R$ ABUSE ON ME :ILE SUPPOS$LY PROVID+ CRITICAL COMM5T>Y ON ! /ATEM5TS BY DEEP ECOLOGI/S ?AT HAD FIR$ MY ANG]4 ,9DE$1 MANY ( MY DEEP ECOLOGY CRITICS HAVE1 OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 SY/EMATICALLY DI/ORT$ MY VIEWS AS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC10 PA9T$ ME AS AN 5EMY ( WILD]NESS1 &1 AS 9 ,DEVALL'S CASE1 EV5 R$-BAIT$ ME AS CONSPIR+ TO LEAD 0AN>*I/S-LEFTI/S-M>XI/S0 9 A CONC]T$ 0ATTACK0 ON ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 .<#h#e.> 

,IT PROBABLY %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT SU* DI/ORTIONS HAVE BE5 WIDELY P$DL$ BY AN E/ABLI%M5T M$IA GIANT SU* AS ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES :I* HAS MISQUOT$ ME AS CALL+ ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T FASCI/4 7,I SUBSEQU5TLY WROTE ! ,TIMES A CURT LETT] FLATLY D5Y+ ?IS ALLEGATION & VOIC+ MY SUPPORT = ,DAVE 9 HIS EF=T TO SECURE HIS CIVIL RI<TS 9 ! FACE ( H>ASSM5T BY ! ,F,B,I47 ,:AT IS MORE TR\BL+ TO ME1 H[EV]1 IS H[ SO MANY ( MY DEEP ECOLOGY CRITICS HAVE !MSELVES PU%$ ! ABSURD IDEA ?AT ,I OPPOSE ! WILD]NESS PRES]VATION GOALS ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 OR ?AT ,I ?9K ,E>? ,FIR/6 ACTIVI/S >E 0ECO-FASCI/S40 ,DAVE HAS BE5 ONE ( ! FEW DEEP ECOLOGI/S :O HAS 5GAG$ ME 9 A PR9CIPL$ & RESPECTFUL MANN]4 ,I HAVE APPRECIAT$ HIS OP5NESS & 9TEGRITY4 

,H[EV]1 ! REAL QUE/IONS ?AT ,I ?9K %\LD CONC]N US >E !SE3 ,>E ! MISAN?ROPIC VIEWS EXPRESS$ BY ! MORE BLUNT & PRESUMABLY EXTREME DEEP ECOLOGI/S M]E ACCID5TS8 ,DO !Y SIMPLY EM]GE FROM PURELY P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES1 OR DO !Y HAVE ROOTS 9 DEEP ECOLOGY'S BASIC IDEOLOGY8 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ALL ! /ORM & FURY ( E>LI] DEBATES1 !SE QUE/IONS %\LD BE ( REAL CONC]N TO US4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DIALOGUE1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN HAS CLE>LY PULL$ BACK FROM ! PRECIPICE ( ! OPPRESSIVE EXTREMES ?AT HAVE BE5 >TICULAT$ FROM )9 ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,YET IF ! DEEP ECOLOGY PR9CIPLE ( 0BIOC5TRISM0 TEA*ES ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E NO DIFF]5T FROM LEMM+S 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC WOR?0 & ! MORAL CONSID]ATION WE [E !M1 & IF HUMAN BE+S >E VIEW$ AS BE+ SUBJECT TO 0NATURAL LAWS0 9 JU/ ! SAME WAY AS ANY O!R SPECIES1 !N !SE 0EXTREME0 /ATEM5TS >E REALLY ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( DEEP ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHY4 

,SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S SU* AS ,W>WICK ,FOX HAVE US$ H>% WORDS 9 CONDEMN+ ,DAVE'S OLD VIEWS ON FAM9E 9 ,E?IOPIA4 ,YET1 IF ONE IS CONSI/5TLY 0BIOC5TRIC10 ONE CAN EASILY COME TO BELIEVE ?AT ,E?IOPIAN *ILDR5 %\LD BE LEFT TO />VE JU/ AS ANY ANIMAL SPECIES ?AT USES UP ITS FOOD SUPPLY WILL />VE4 ,& ONE CAN ALSO EASILY COME TO BELIEVE ?AT ,A,I,D,S IS 0NATURE'S REV5GE0 = 0EXCESSIVE0 POPULATION GR[?1 ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE1 & ! LIKE4 ,ACCORD+ TO 0NATURAL LAW10 IF LEMM+S' FOOD SUPPLIES 9CREASE1 !IR POPULATION WILL NATURALLY 9CREASE TO NUMB]S ?AT MAKE !M VULN]ABLE TO A DIE-(F4 ,SIMIL>LY1 FROM A 0BIOC5TRIC0 P]SPECTIVE1 IF !RE IS A SURPLUS ( AVAILABLE FOOD = PEOPLE1 HUMAN POPULATIONS WILL AUTOMATICALLY SWELL TO NUMB]S ?AT EV5TUALLY MAKE !M VULN]ABLE TO A DIE-(F BY MAK+ !M SO DE/RUCTIVE ( !IR 5VIRONM5T UNTIL IT CAN NO LONG] SUPPORT !M4 

,IT WAS ON ! BASIS ( ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ ?AT ,DAVE ORIG9ALLY SPOKE ( LETT+ 0NATURE SEEK ITS [N BALANCE10 ( LETT+ 0! PEOPLE .<9 ,E?IOPIA.> JU/ />VE40 ,IF ONE GOES NO FUR!R ?AN 0BIOC5TRISM0 = ONE'S PRIM>Y GUIDE TO ECOLOGICAL WISDOM1 ?IS IS PRESUMABLY A 0NATURAL0 PO9T ( VIEW4 ,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT ,BILL ,DEVALL DIDN'T F9D ANY?+ WRONG ) ,DAVE'S CONCLUSIONS AB\T ,E?IOPIAN *ILDR51 EI!R :ILE HE CONDUCT$ ! ORIG9AL 9T]VIEW 9 ,SIMPLE ,LIV+ OR AFT] ,I SO 9CONV5I5TLY 5T]$ ! FRAY -- OR ?AT SU* /ATEM5TS W]E SO LI<TLY CRITICIZ$1 IF AT ALL1 BY ,>NE ,NAESS1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 OR O!R LEAD+ EXPON5TS ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,SU* ATTITUDES >E SIMPLY A LOGICAL EXT5SION ( BIOC5TRISM4 

,BUT H]E9 LIES ! RUB3 ,>E PEOPLE REALLY ONLY BIOLOGICAL BE+S8 ,>E !Y SUBJECT TO EXACTLY ! SAME FLUCTUATIONS 9 POPULATION ?AT WE F9D 9 ! ANIMAL & PLANT WORLD8 ,I C]TA9LY DO NOT WI% TO D5Y ?AT1 9 FAIRLY LOCALIZ$ REGIONAL ECONOMIES1 BAD WEA!R1 PE/ 9FE/ATIONS1 & UNS\ND ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES CAN RESULT 9 ! DEA?S ( 9NUM]ABLE PEOPLE4 ,BUT PEOPLE1 F> MORE ?AN ANY O!R ANIMAL SPECIES ( :I* ,I AM AW>E1 >E 9T5SELY CULTURAL BE+S4 ,HAV+ EM]G$ \T ( A LONG PROCESS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* !Y W]E (T5 SUBJECT TO SO-CALL$ 0NATURAL LAWS0 9 AN EVOLUTION>Y PHASE ?AT WE CAN CALL 0FIR/ NATURE10 HUMANS HAVE CREAT$ A CULTURAL & SOCIAL L9E ( EVOLUTION ( !IR [N4 ,?IS EVOLUTION IS BAS$ ON HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SOCIETIES ?AT ,I HAVE CALL$ 0SECOND NATURE40 

,N[1 ! EXI/5CE ( SECOND NATURE DOESN'T MEAN ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E ANY LESS ANIMAL-LIKE OR 0NATURAL0 ?AN LEMM+S4 ,BUT ADD$ TO !IR PRIMATE BODIES & POSSIBLY 9BORN COMMUNAL T5D5CIES IS A HI<LY COMPLEX CULTURAL NEXUS ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 SYMBOLIC =MS ( COMMUNICATION1 HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 CITIES1 TE*NOLOGIES1 & G5D] ROLES ?AT GREATLY DET]M9E !IR POPULATION GR[? & OV]ALL 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACT4 

,T]RIBLE AS ,I BELIEVE A GREAT DEAL ( HUMAN HI/ORY HAS BE51 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! OV]:ELM+ FACT ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES -- ITSELF A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION -- IS NO LONG] SIMPLY SUBJECT TO 0NATURAL LAWS40 ,HUMAN BE+S CAN PLAY AN APPALL+LY DE/RUCTIVE ROLE = NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS1 OR BY ! SAME TOK51 !Y CAN PLAY A PR(\NDLY CON/RUCTIVE ROLE4 ,?IS IS NOT PREORDA9$ BY 0NATURAL LAW40 ,SIMIL>LY1 PEOPLE CAN HAVE AN APPALL+LY DE/RUCTIVE OR A PR(\NDLY CON/RUCTIVE IMPACT UPON !IR [N ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 =MS ( COMMUNICATION1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 CITIES1 & TE*NOLOGIES4 ,!Y CAN CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 OR !Y CAN EASILY DE/ROY !IR [N T5URE ON ! PLANET4 

,?IS SUP]ADD$ 0CULTURAL0 5SEMBLE M>K$LY DI/+UI%ES HUMAN BE+S FROM ALL ANIMALS 9 T]MS ( !IR LIFEWAYS & !IR IMPACT ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 UNLIKE LEMM+S1 HUMAN BE+S CAN R$I/RIBUTE !IR FOOD SUPPLIES OR !Y CAN ACCUMULATE !IR RES\RCES = A PRIVILEG$ FEW :ILE D5Y+ !M TO ! OPPRESS$ MANY4 ,!Y CAN ALSO E/ABLI% CODES ( SEXUAL BEHAVIOR ?AT DET]M9E POPULATION GR[? RATES OR *ANGE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT PROMPT PEOPLE TO HAVE MANY *ILDR54 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ?IS 5TIRELY NEW L9E ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION -- SECOND NATURE -- HAS HAD A VA/1 ALL-5COMPASS+ EFFECT UPON ALL BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 9CLUD+ FIR/ NATURE ITSELF4 

,S9CE ?IS IS TRUE1 WE CANNOT SIMPLY WI% AWAY HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS SU* BY EVOK+ IMAGES ( A 0RETURN0 TO ! WILD ,PLEI/OC5E OR ! B5IGN ,NEOLI?IC4 ,RA!R1 WE MU/ HONE/LY ASK \RSELVES3 ,H[ CAN HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BE BR\<T 9TO ! ECOLOGY PICTURE8 ,MU/ WE SEP>ATE \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS8 ,MU/ WE REG>D HUMAN POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS AS M]ELY MATT]S ( 0NATURAL LAW80 ,MU/ WE IGNORE HUMAN SUFF]+ & !REBY UNCONSCI\SLY BLUNT \R S5SITIVITY TO SUFF]+ 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD8 

,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT ALL DEEP ECOLOGI/S HOLD ! VIEWS ,I HAVE LAID \T H]E1 ( C\RSE4 ,DAVE HAS C]TA9LY MODIFI$ SOME ( HIS VIEWS 9 V]Y SIGNIFICANT WAYS4 ,9DE$1 A FEW DEEP ECOLOGI/S EV5 TELL US ?AT !Y >E NO LESS SOCIALLY CONSCI\S ?AN SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S4 ,YET ?IS IS R>E1 & :5 Y\ ASK !M H[ !IR SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS RELATES TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES1 !Y USUALLY BECOME VAGUE AT BE/4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ UN=TUNATE FEATURES ( DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT ITS ACADEMIC ACOLYTES1 KN[+ SO V]Y LITTLE AB\T SOCIAL !ORY 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MANY ( !M >E ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGI/S71 HAVE CREAT$ A NOTION ( 0BIOC5TRICITY0 9 :I* HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T PLAYS A SECOND>Y ROLE1 IF ANY1 TO NATURAL DEVELOPM5T2 9 :I* POPULATION GR[? IS TREAT$ EXCLUSIVELY AS ?\< IT W]E A BIOLOGICAL ISSUE2 & 9 :I* NON-HUMAN SUFF]+ IS PLAC$ ON A P> ) HUMAN SUFF]+ 9 ALMO/ PURELY ZOOLOGICAL T]MS4 

,GIV5 ?AT ,I BELIEVE ?AT 0BIOC5TRISM0 IS FLAW$ AT ITS CONCEPTUAL ROOTS1 MY DEEP ECOLOGY CRITICS USUALLY REG>D ME AS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC40 ,BUT MY PO9T IS NOT TO D5IGRATE ! /RUGGLE TO SAVE & EV5 9CREASE WILD >EAS1 OR ! /RUGGLE TO SAVE =E/S FROM ! LUMB] COMPANIES & DEVELOP]S1 OR ! /RUGGLE TO PRES]VE & EXT5D ! RANGE ( WILDLIFE & PROMOTE NATURAL DIV]SITY4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 UP = SU* POSITIONS = YE>S4 ,9DE$1 IT IS A %AMEFUL SL&] TO EV5 SUGGE/ ?AT ,I DO NOT SUPPORT ! /RUGGLES ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 & ITS MILITANTS4 

,?US1 TO ?OSE :O DISMISS ME AS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC10 ,I MU/ ASK3 ,:Y MU/ ,I BE =C$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 0BIOC5TRISM0 & 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM80 ,I NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,E>? WAS 0MADE0 = HUMAN EXPLOITATION4 ,9 FACT1 AS A DY$-9-!-WOOL SECUL>I/1 ,I NEV] BELIEV$ IT WAS 0MADE0 AT ALL4 ,I ALSO DON'T BELIEVE ?AT HUMANS %\LD 0DOM9ATE0 NATURE -- ! ULTIMATE IMPOSSIBILITY ( ?IS IS A KEY IDEA 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,GIV5 MY LONG/&+ FASC9ATION ) ! WOND]S ( NATURAL EVOLUTION &1 YES1 WILD]NESS1 :AT NE$ DO ,I HAVE = A 0BIOC5TRISM0 ?AT DEFLECTS ME FROM ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT NON-HUMAN & HUMAN NATURE >E AS 9EXTRICABLY B\ND TO EA* O!R AS ! V5TRICLES ( ! HE>T >E B\ND TO ! AURICLES & ?AT BO? HUMAN & NON-HUMAN NATURE DES]VE MORAL CONSID]ATION4 ,AN 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 ?AT IS BAS$ ON ! RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ,E>? WAS 0MADE0 TO BE DOM9AT$ BY 0,HUMANITY0 IS AS REMOTE FROM MY ?9K+ AS A 0BIOC5TRISM0 ?AT TURNS HUMAN SOCIETY 9TO JU/ ANO!R COMMUNITY ( ANIMALS4 ,WE NE$ A MU* BETT] P]SPECTIVE1 ,I ?9K4 ,:E!R !RE WILL BE ANY WILD >EAS OR WILDLIFE LEFT 9 A C5TURY OR SO DEP5DS DECISIVELY UPON ! K9D ( SOCIETY WE WILL HAVE -- NOT ON :E!R WE LECTURE ! HUMAN SPECIES OV] ITS FAIL+S1 CALL IT A 0CANC]0 OR WORSE ON ! PLANET1 OR EXTOLL ! VIRTUES ( ! ,PLEI/OC5E OR ,NEOLI?IC4 ,IT WILL DEP5D NOT ONLY ON \R ATTITUDE T[>D NON-HUMAN LIFE BUT ON ! EXT5T TO :I* C\NTLESS SOCIAL OPPRESSIONS >E P]MITT$ TO EXI/ ?AT COMPEL PEASANTS TO CUT D[N =E/S 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 & ?AT DE/ROY !IR TRADITIONAL LIFEWAYS 9 ! B>GA94 

,EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TALLY -- & WE HAD BETT] GET D[N TO FUNDAM5TALS IF WE WI% TO BE 0RADICAL0 9 ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! WORD -- :E!R !RE WILL BE WILD >EAS OR WILDLIFE LEFT 9 A C5TURY OR SO DEP5DS UPON :E!R WE CONT9UE TO PRES]VE ! 0GR[-OR-DIE0 ECONOMY 7BE IT FREE-M>KET CORPORATE CAPITALISM OR BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM7 9 :I* AN 5T]PRISE OR A C\NTRY ?AT DOESN'T GR[ ECONOMICALLY IS DEV\R$ BY ITS RIVALS 9 ! DOME/IC M>KET OR 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL >5A4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL HUMANITY CAN ACTUALIZE ITS EVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES AS HI<LY CREATIVE & ECOLOGICALLY-ORI5T$ BE+S1 ! ANTAGONISMS 5G5D]$ BY SOCIAL OPPRESSION 9 ALL ITS =MS WILL LIT]ALLY TE> D[N ! PLANET -- BO? = HUMAN & = NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS ALIKE4 

,TO BLAME TE*NOLOGY P] SE = ?IS T]RIBLE DI/ORTION ( SECOND NATURE2 TO DEAL ) HUMAN POPULATION GR[? AS IF IT W]E NOT 9FLU5C$ PR(\NDLY BY CULTURAL FACTORS2 TO R$UCE ! BASIC SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO L>GELY1 (T5 PURELY BIOLOGICAL ONES -- ALL ?IS IS TO DEFLECT ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! FACT ?AT \R ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS HAVE !IR PRIM>Y S\RCE 9 SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( 0DOM9AT+ NATURE0 HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN -- 9 HI]>*IES ?AT BR\<T ! Y\NG 9TO SUBJUGATION TO G]ONTOCRACIES1 ?AT BR\<T WOM5 9TO SUBJUGATION TO PATRI>*IES1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9TO SUBJUGATION TO MILIT>Y *IEFDOMS1 WORK+ PEOPLE 9TO SUBJUGATION TO CAPITALI/ OR BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS ( EXPLOITATION1 & SO =?4 

,GRANT$1 WE NE$ PR(\ND CULTURAL *ANGES & A NEW S5SIBILITY ?AT WILL TEA* US TO RESPECT NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS2 ?AT WILL CREATE NEW VALUES 9 ! PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ( GOODS2 ?AT WILL GIVE RISE TO NEW LIFE-FO/]+ TE*NOLOGIES RA!R ?AN DE/RUCTIVE ONES2 ?AT WILL REMOVE CONFLICTS BETWE5 HUMAN POPULATIONS & ! NON-HUMAN WORLD2 & ?AT WILL ABET NATURAL DIV]SITY & EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,I HAVE WRITT5 ON !SE NE$S = SCORES ( PAGES 9 BOOKS & >TICLES4 ,BUT DOES ANYONE S]I\SLY ?9K !SE CULTURAL *ANGES CAN BE A*IEV$ 9 A SOCIETY ?AT PITS PEOPLE AGA9/ ONE ANO!R AS BUY]S & SELL]S1 AS EXPLOIT$ & EXPLOIT]S1 AS SUBJUGAT$ & SUBJUGATORS AT ALL LEVELS ( LIFE8 

,TO DEFLECT \R ATT5TION FROM !SE CRUCIAL SOCIAL QUE/IONS ) A 0BIOC5TRISM0 ?AT BASICALLY IGNORES !M AT BE/ OR ?AT BLAMES A VAGUE 0,HUMANITY0 = PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY A ROTT5 SOCIAL SY/EM AT WOR/ IS TO LEAD ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ONTO AN IDEOLOGICAL SIDETRACK4 ,WE HAVE NO NE$ = 0BIOC5TRISM10 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM10 OR = ?AT MATT] ANY 0C5TRISM10 NOR = ANY IDEOLOGY ?AT DIV]TS POPUL> ATT5TION FROM ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 

,AT ! RISK ( BE+ REPETITIVE1 LET ME /RESS ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY'S LIMIT$1 & SOMETIMES DI/ORT$1 SOCIAL UND]/&+ EXPLA9S :Y NO O!R 0RADICAL0 ECOLOGY PHILOSOPHY C\LD BE MORE CONG5IAL TO ! RUL+ ELITES ( \R TIME4 ,H]E IS A P]SPECTIVE ON ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT BLAMES \R 0VALUES0 )\T GO+ TO ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( !SE VALUES4 ,IT D5\NCES POPULATION GR[? )\T EXPLA9+ :Y ! POOR & OPPRESS$ PROLIF]ATE 9 SU* HUGE NUMB]S OR :AT SOCIAL *ANGES C\LD HUMANELY /ABILIZE ! HUMAN POPULATION4 ,IT BLAMES TE*NOLOGY )\T ASK+ :O DEVELOPS IT & = :AT PURPOSES4 ,IT D5\NCES CONSUM]S )\T DEAL+ ) ! GR[-OR-DIE ECONOMY ?AT USES ITS VA/ M$IA APP>ATUS TO GET !M TO CONSUME AS A MON/R\S SUB/ITUTE = A CULTURALLY & SPIRITUALLY MEAN+FUL LIFE4 

,TO FAIL TO EXPLORE !SE ISSUES1 GIVE COH]5T EXPLANATIONS ( !M1 OR PROVIDE A CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION 9 DEAL+ ) !M1 IS TO COMPLETELY BYPASS ! CORE PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT ECOLOGICALLY-M9D$ PEOPLE TODAY4 ,IT AM\NTS TO SEP>AT+ ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T FROM ! /RUGGLES ( WOM5 = COMPLETE G5D] EQUALITY1 PEOPLE ( COLOR = RACIAL EQUALITY1 ! POOR = ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 SUBCULTURES LIKE GAYS & LESBIANS = SOCIAL EQUALITY1 ! OPPRESS$ ( ALL K9DS = HUMAN EQUALITY4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! LIT]ATURE PRODUC$ BY MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S TAKES LITTLE -- IF ANY -- NOTE ( LEAD POISON+ 9 <ETTOS4 ,IT R>ELY1 IF EV]1 DEALS ) WORKPLACE POLLUTION1 & ! SPECIAL 5VIRONM5TAL HAZ>DS ?AT FACE WOM51 E?NIC M9ORITIES1 & CITY DWELL]S4 ,LAUDABLE AS ,E>? ,FIR/6'S REV]5CE = WILD >EAS & WILDLIFE MAY BE1 ! FAILURE ( DEEP ECOLOGY TO PROVIDE A RADICAL SOCIAL ORI5TATION TO ITS ADMIR]S (T5 LEAVES !M AS M]E ACOLYTES ( A WILD]NESS CULT4 ,FUR!R1 9 ITS TOTALLY MISPLAC$ ATTACK ON 0,HUMANITY0 DEEP ECOLOGY ALI5ATES MANY SYMPA!TIC ACTIVI/S :O MAY RESPECT WILD >EAS & WILDLIFE AS MU* AS DEEP ECOLOGI/S DO1 BUT :O >E UNWILL+ TO FLIRT ) MISAN?ROPY & SELF-HATR$4 

,LIMITS ( SPACE DO NOT P]MIT ME TO CITE ALL MY REASONS = REG>D+ DEEP ECOLOGY AS F> FROM 0DEEP40 ,:AT ,I MU/ /RESS IS ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS NEI!R 0BIOC5TRIC0 NOR 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC40 ,RA!R1 IT IS NATURALI/IC4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS NATURALI/ ORI5TATION1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS NO LESS CONC]N$ ) ISSUES LIKE ! 9TEGRITY ( WILD >EAS & WILDLIFE ?AN >E 0BIOC5TRI/S40 ,AS A HIK]1 AN ECOLOGI/1 & ABOVE ALL A NATURALI/ :O DEV\TLY BELIEVES 9 FRE$OM1 ,I CAN TALK AS PASSIONATELY AS ANY DEEP ECOLOGI/ AB\T ! TRAILS ,I HAVE FOLL[$1 ! VI/AS ,I HAVE GAZ$ AT1 OR ! SO>+ HAWKS ,I HAVE WAT*$ = H\RS FROM CLIFFS & M\NTA9 PEAKS4 ,YET SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ALSO NATURALI/IC 9 ! V]Y IMPORTANT S5SE ?AT IT /RESSES HUMANITY'S & SOCIETY'S PR(\ND ROOTS 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,H5CE MY USE ( ! T]M 0SECOND NATURE0 TO EMPHASIZE ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE \T ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,?IS SECOND ASPECT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S NATURALI/IC P]SPECTIVE NOT ONLY *ALL5GES MISAN?ROPY2 IT *ALL5GES CONV5TIONAL SOCIAL !ORY AS WELL4 ,! PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY D5IES ?AT !RE CAN BE A COMPLETE SEP>ATION -- LET ALONE A DESIRABLE OPPOSITION -- BETWE5 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN EVOLUTION4 ,AS NATURALI/S1 WE RESPECT ! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S HAVE EVOLV$ \T ( FIR/ OR NON-HUMAN NATURE AS MAMMALS & PRIMATES TO =M A NEW DOMA9 COMPOS$ ( MUTABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 TE*NOLOGIES1 VALUES1 =MS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY RECOGNIZES ?AT WE >E BO? BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL BE+S4 ,9DE$1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S GO SO F> AS TO C>EFULLY ANALYZE ! IMPORTANT SOCIAL HI/ORY ?AT HAS PITT$ HUMANITY NOT ONLY AGA9/ ITSELF BUT1 V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 AGA9/ NON-HUMAN NATURE AS WELL4 

,OV] ! C5TURIES1 AS ,I HAVE SAID MANY TIMES BE=E1 SOCIAL CONFLICTS HAVE FO/]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*IES & CLASSES BAS$ ON DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION 9 :I* ! GREAT MAJORITY ( HUMAN BE+S HAVE BE5 AS RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$ AS ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY C>EFULLY FOCUSES ON ?IS SOCIAL HI/ORY & REVEALS ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,?IS HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & SY/EM HAS BE5 EXT5D$ \T FROM ! SOCIAL DOM9ATION ( PEOPLE -- P>TICUL>LY ! Y\NG1 WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 & YES1 MALES G5]ALLY AS WORK]S & SUBJECTS -- 9TO ! REALM ( NON-HUMAN NATURE4 ,?US1 UNLIKE MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S UND]/& ?AT UNTIL WE UND]TAKE ! PROJECT ( LIB]AT+ HUMAN BE+S FROM DOM9ATION & HI]>*Y -- NOT ONLY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & CLASS RULE1 AS OR?ODOX SOCIALI/S W\LD HAVE IT -- \R *ANCES ( SAV+ ! WILD >EAS ( ! PLANET & WILDLIFE >E REMOTE AT BE/4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T MU/ HAVE PROGRAMS = REMOV+ ! OPPRESSIONS ?AT PEOPLE SUFF] EV5 :ILE SOME ( US >E PRIM>ILY FOCUS$ ON ! DAMAGE ?IS SOCIETY IS 9FLICT+ ON WILD >EAS & WILDLIFE4 ,WE %\LD NEV] LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! PROJECT ( HUMAN LIB]ATION HAS N[ BECOME AN ECOLOGICAL PROJECT1 JU/ AS1 CONV]SELY1 ! PROJECT ( DEF5D+ ! ,E>? HAS ALSO BECOME A SOCIAL PROJECT4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS A =M ( ECO-AN>*ISM WEAVES !SE TWO PROJECTS TOGE!R1 FIR/ BY MEANS ( AN ORGANIC WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT ,I CALL DIALECTICAL NATURALISM2 SECOND1 BY MEANS ( A MUTUALI/IC SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ?AT ,I CALL ! E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY2 ?IRD1 BY MEANS ( A NEW TE*NICS ?AT ,I CALL ECO-TE*NOLOGY2 & LA/1 BY MEANS ( NEW =MS ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION ?AT ,I CALL ECO-COMMUNITIES4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 WORKS ON CITIES AS WELL AS ECOLOGY1 ON ,UTOPIAS AS WELL AS POLLUTION1 ON A NEW POLITICS AS WELL AS NEW TE*NOLOGIES2 ON A NEW ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY AS WELL AS A NEW ECONOMY4 ,A COH]5T ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY MU/ ADDRESS ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 MANY GRASSROOTS ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S TODAY CAN NOT SEE ANY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ECO-AN>*ISM & ! OPPRESSIVE1 9DU/RIAL NI<TM>ES ( ,/AL9ISM OR BETWE5 NATURALISM & 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM40 ,!Y >E ?US CUT (F FROM ! VITAL & IMPORTANT 9SI<TS ?AT CAN BE GLEAN$ FROM ! ECOLOGICALLY-ORI5T$1 LEFT LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,EV5 ,JUDI ,B>I1 ) H] LEFTI/ BACKGR\ND1 SEEMS TO HAVE TR\BLE MAK+ SU* IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS4 ,9 AN OP5 LETT] TO ,DAVE AFT] HIS RESIGNATION FROM ,E>? ,FIR/61 %E >GU$ ?AT ,E>? ,FIR/6 HAD NO CONNECTION TO ! LEFT1 SAY+1 0,WE >E TOO IRREV]5T & WE HAVE TOO MU* ( A S5SE ( HUMOR TO BE CONSID]$ LEFTI/S40 .<#h#f.> ,I MU/ REM9D ,B>I1 H[EV]1 ( ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT HUMOR & PLAYFULNESS HAVE BE5 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT = G5]ATIONS4 

,NOT ALL LEFTI/S >E POK]-FAC$ ,/AL9I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 OR UNIMAG9ATIVE LIB]AL RE=M]S4 ,WASN'T IT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 ! L>GELY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 0,WOBBLIES10 :O PREP>$ ONE ( ! MO/ HIL>I\S SONGBOOKS 9 LABOR HI/ORY1 :OSE %5ANIGANS DROVE ! UNION-BU/]S MAD ) FURY -- & :OSE PRANKS =M ! HAUNT+1 IF L>GELY UNCONSCI\S1 9SPIRATION ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 ITSELF8 ,WASN'T IT ! AN>*IC ,NEW ,LEFT ( ,P>IS 9 ,MAY-,JUNE #aifh ?AT PA9T$ ! CITY ) SU* M>VEL\S SLOGANS AS 0,IMAG9ATION ,TO ,P[]60 0,BE ,REALI/IC6 ,DEM& ,! ,IMPOSSIBLE60 & 0,I ,TAKE ,MY ,DESIRES ,TO ,BE ,REALITY ,BECAUSE ,I ,BELIEVE ,9 ,! ,REALITY ,( ,MY ,DESIRES80 ,WASN'T IT ! AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 AFT] ALL1 :O SAID ?AT %E DIDN'T WANT TO BE 9 ANY REVOLUTION 9 :I* %E C\LDN'T DANCE8 

,9 CLOS+1 ,I JU/ WANT TO REPEAT ?AT ! ONGO+ DEBATE & DIALOGUE IS NOT A MATT] ( P]SONALITIES1 AT LEA/ NOT SO F> AS ,I'M CONC]N$2 IT IS A MATT] ( V]Y REAL POLITICAL CONC]NS AB\T :]E ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS HEAD+4 ,MU* AS ,I LOVE WILD >EAS & WILDLIFE1 MU* AS ,I RECALL ! MAGNIFIC5T VI/AS & ! QUIET S5SE ( FRE$OM ,I'VE ALWAYS FELT 9 \R =E/S1 ,I WILL NOT IGNORE ! SOCIAL CAUSES & ! HUMAN SUFF]+ ?AT LIE AT ! ROOTS ( \R ECOLOGICAL CRISIS & ! ABS5CE ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,I WILL NOT /& UP AS A JUDGM5TAL PUNDIT 9 AN ACADEMIC IVORY T[] OR AS A MISAN?ROPIC WILD]NESS ACTIVI/ & PREA* AGA9/ A DESPICABLE 0,HUMANITY0 :ILE LECTUR+ TO IT AB\T ! GLORIES ( A VAGUE AB/RACTION CALL$ 0,NATURE40 

,NATURE IS V]Y REAL & CONCRETE TO ME1 A LIV+1 EV]-*ANG+ & WONDR\S DEVELOPM5T -- AS >E ITS V]Y REAL PRODUCTS CALL$ HUMAN BE+S4 ,I REFUSE TO MY/IFY EI!R 0NATURE0 OR 0HUMANITY0 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R 9 ! NAME ( A SIMPLI/IC1 ONE-SID$ PAIR ( E?ICAL ALT]NATIVES CALL$ 0BIOC5TRISM0 & 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM40 ,I REJECT ! NE$ TO MAKE A *OICE BETWE5 SU* AB/RACTIONS ) SO LITTLE VALIDITY4 ,I CLAIM ! RI<T TO BE A NATURALI/ & A LEFTI/ :O RISES ABOVE BO? VAGUE SIMPLIFICATIONS & :O RELATES ! PROBLEMS ( ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS TO ?OSE ( SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS 9 ! NAME ( A SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,ONE ( MY MAJOR GOALS IS TO FO/] ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NON-HI]>*ICAL E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY AMONG HUMANS & BETWE5 HUMANITY & NON-HUMAN LIFE4 ,?IS %\LD BE ! FUNDAM5TAL />T+ PO9T1 ! UN%AKABLE COMMON GR\ND1 ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ CONTRIBUTION ( ?IS DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,DAVE ,=EMAN & MYSELF IS ?AT IT PROVES IF RADICAL ECOLOGI/S CAN AGREE ON ?IS AS !IR COMMON GR\ND1 WE CAN WORK TOGE!R & -- REG>DLESS ( \R O!R DISAGREEM5TS -- PRODUCTIVELY LE>N FROM EA* O!R4 ,9 ?IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 LIES ! HOPE ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

  

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.<#e#d.> ,>NE ,NAESS1 0,F9D+ ,COMMON ,GR\ND10 ,GRE5 ,SYN!SIS1 ,NO4 #c1 ,M>* #a#i#h#i1 #i4 

.<#e#e.> ,RAYMOND ,DASMANN WORKS ) BIOREGIONALI/ ,PET] ,B]G AT ! ,PLANET ,DRUM ,F\NDATION :I* PUBLI%ES ! ,RAISE ! ,/AKES NEWSPAP] & BE5 HELP$ ORGANIZE ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN BIOREGIONAL MOVEM5T4 

.<#e#f.> ,= A LOOK AT ,=EMAN'S 9ITIAL POSITION ON IMMIGRATION1 SEE ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 0,IS ,SANCTU>Y ! ,ANSW]810 ,E>? ,FIR/1 ,NOVEMB] #a1#a#i#h#g1 #b#a-#b#b4 

.<#e#g.> ,= A FULL PRES5TATION ( ,EHR5FELD'S CRITICAL VIEW ( HUMANISM1 SEE ,DAVID ,EHR5FELD1 ,! ,>ROGANCE ( ,HUMANISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h74 

.<#e#h.> ,= A FULL PRES5TATION ( ,SIMON'S CRITICAL VIEW ( ECOLOGICAL LIMIT TO GR[? !ORIES1 SEE ,JULIAN ,SIMON1 ,! ,ULTIMATE ,RES\RCE1 7,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a74 

.<#e#i.> ,>NE ,NAESS1 ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE1 #b#i4 

.<#f.> ,= A FULL DISCUSSION ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SEE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S3 ,! ,H]OIC ,YE>S1 #a#h#f#h-#a#i#c#f 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] ,COLOPHON1 #a#i#g#g72 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 $41 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g#d74 

.<#f#a.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#g#c71 #d#a4 ,= A FULL DISCUSSION ( ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>X'S NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 SEE 0,M>XISM AS ,B\RGEOIS ,SOCIOLOGY0 9 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 #a#i#e-#b#a4 

.<#f#b.> ,= A FULL PRES5TATION ( ,=EMAN'S VISION ( ,BIG ,WILD]NESS1 SEE 0,DREAM+ ,BIG ,WILD]NESS0 9 ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 ,CONFESSIONS ( AN ,ECO-,W>RIOR 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>MONY ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#a71 #a#g#g-#a#i#b4 

.<#f#c.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA0 9 ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g71 #b#b#e-#b#h#h2 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM0 9 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#h71 #a#f#d-#a#h#d4 

.<#f#d.> ,= MORE 9=MATION AB\T ! MOVEM5T = 5VIRONM5TAL JU/ICE1 SEE ,ROB]T ,BULL>D1,DUMP+ 9 ,DIXIE3 ,RACE1 ,CLASS & ,5VIRONM5TAL ,QUALITY 7,B\LD]3 ,WE/VIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#i72 ,DANA ,AL/ON1 $41 ,WE ,SPEAK ,= ,\RSELVES3 ,SOCIAL FU/ICE1 ,RACE & ,5VIRONM5T4 

.<#f#e.> ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 0,CIVIL ,DISOB$I5CE0 9 ,! ,PORTABLE ,?OREAU 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#e71 #a#b4 

.<#f#f.> ,DAVE ,=EMAN ,9T]VIEW BY ,BILL ,DEVALL 9 ,SIMPLE ,LIV+4 

.<#f#g.> ,= A GOOD HI/ORY ( ! ,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O PROGRAM1 SEE ,W>D ,*UR*ILL & ,JIM ,V&] ,WALL1 ,! ,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O ,PAP]S3 ,DOCUM5TS FROM ! ,F,B,I'S ,SECRET ,W>S ,AGA9/ ,DISS5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,BO/ON1 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#i72 = A GOOD ACTIVI/'S GUIDE TO PROTECT+ Y\R MOVEM5T FROM SU* TACTICS1 SEE ,BRIAN ,GLICK1 ,W> AT ,HOME3 ,COV]T ,ACTION ,AGA9/ ,U4,S4 ,ACTIVI/S & ,:AT ,WE ,CAN ,DO ,AB\T ,IT 7,BO/ON3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i74 

.<#f#h.> ,WILLIAM ,OPHULS1 ,ECOLOGY & ! ,POLITICS ( ,SC>CITY 7,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,W4,H4 ,FREEMAN1 #a#i#g#g71 #i4 

.<#f#i.> ,WILLIAM ,CATTON1 ,JR41 ,OV]%OOT3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,BASIS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,*ANGE 7,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h71 #a#b#f4 

.<#g.> ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD1 ,A ,S& ,C\NTY ,ALMANAC 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#i71 #b#b4 

.<#g#a.> ,IBID41 #b#b#d-#b#b#e4 

.<#g#b.> ,= A FULL PRES5TATION ( ,TAYLOR'S 9T]PRETATION ( ! 0BIOC5TRIC \UOOK10 SEE ,PAUL ,TAYLOR1 ,RESPECT = ,NATURE3 ,A ,!ORY ( ,5VIRONM5TAL ,E?ICS 7,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f74 

.<#g#c.> ,>NE ,NAESS1 0,F9D+ ,COMMON ,GR\ND10 #i4 

.<#g#d.> 0,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY0 FROM ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY'S #aiia ,SUMM] ,PROGRAM CATALOG4 

.<#g#e.> ,JUDI ,B>I1 0,EXP& ,E>? ,FIR/610 #e4 

.<#g#f.> ,IBID4 

.<#g#g.> ,JUDI ,B>I1 0,:Y ,I AM NOT A ,MISAN?ROPE10 ,E>? ,FIR/61 ,FEBRU>Y #b1#a#i#i#a1 #b#e4 

.<#g#h.> ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 #a#e#f4 

.<#g#i.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,BILL ,DEVALL & ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 #a#g#a4 

.<#h.> ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 0,LETT] TO ! ,$ITOR10 ,BLOOMSBURY ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#h#f4 

.<#h#a.> ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 ,ONE ,LIFE ,AT ,A ,TIME1 ,PLEASE1 #d#c4 

.<#h#b.> ,MISS ,ANN ,?ROPY 7PSEUD471 0,POPULATION & ,A,I,D,S10 ,E>? ,FIR/61 ,MAY #a1 #a#i#h#g1 #c#b4 

.<#h#c.> ,DAVE ,=EMAN ,9T]VIEW BY ,BILL ,DEVALL 9 ,SIMPLE ,LIV+4 

.<#h#d.> ,= AN EXAMPLE ( ,FOX'S TREATM5T ( ,BOOK*9'S CRITICISMS ( DEEP ECOLOGY1 SEE ,W>WICK ,FOX1 ,T[>DS A ,TRANSP]SONAL ,ECOLOGY1 #d#i4 

.<#h#e.> ,BILL ,DEVALL1 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY & ,ITS ,CRITICS10 ,E>? ,FIR/61 ,DECEMB] #b#b1#a#i#h#g1 #a#h4 

.<#h#f.> ,JUDI ,B>I1 0,EXP& ,E>? ,FIR/610 #e4 

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