,DEEP ,ECOLOGY @& ,AN>*ISM 
,A ,POLEMIC 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%]'S ,NOTE 

,?IS ,FRE$OM ,PRESS TITLE HAS GR[N \T ( ,! ,RAV5 #ag ISSUE ON ,! ,USE ( ,L&4 ,RODNEY ,AIT*TEY'S1 & ,BRIAN ,MORRIS'S CONTRIBUTIONS W]E SUBMITT$ = 9CLUSION 9 ?AT ISSUE AS WAS ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE'S4 ,S9CE WE ALREADY HAD MORE MAT]IAL TO FILL AN ISSUE ( ,! ,RAV5 79 FACT ?AT ,RAV5 5D$ UP BE+ #aab PAGES LONG7 IT SEEM$ TO US ?AT WE HAD MAT]IAL = A ,FRE$OM ,PRESS TITLE ON ,ECOLOGY1 BUT ONLY IF WE C\LD P]SUADE \R COMRADE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 TO ADD HIS COMM5TS TO !SE ?REE CONTRIBUTIONS1 :I* HE HAS DONE1 & WE >E SURE ?AT ! DISCUSSION WILL CONT9UE 9 ! PAGES ( ,! ,RAV5 & ( ,FRE$OM4 

,?IS VOLUME OP5S ) A *ALL5G+ CONTRIBUTION ',CAN ,LIFE ,SURVIVE8' :I* >RIV$ AFT] ,! ,RAV5 #ag HAD GONE TO PRESS1 BUT SURELY TIMELY :5 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA MILLIONS ( ACRES ( PRODUCTIVE L& >E BE+ 'SET ASIDE' 7?AT IS TAK5 \T ( PRODUCTION & F>M]S PAID TO DO SO7 :ILE A L>GE SECTION ( HUMANITY IS />V+ OR ?REAT5$ ) />VATION1 & 5DS ) A FASC9AT+ HI/ORY ( ! ,APPLE 9 :I* ONE CAN DISC]N ! EVIL 9FLU5CES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 CONC]N$ ONLY ) PRODUCTION = PR(IT4 ,! SAME /ORY C\LD BE TOLD 9 AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE  ( QUANTITY V]SUS QUALITY4 

,CAN ,LIFE ,SURVIVE8  
BY ,ROB]T ,H>T 

,ONLY ! 9DOMITABLE WILL TO SURVIVE ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 C\PL$ ) !IR 9/9CT = MUTUAL AID AT TIMES ( CRISIS1 CAN SAVE LIFE ON E>? AT ?IS MO/ CRUCIAL P]IOD ( WORLD HI/ORY4 

,IT IS USELESS TO PUT ANY TRU/ 9 ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,BL9D$ BY !IR 9CESSANT SE>* = %ORT-T]M PR(ITS & PETTY AU?ORITY1 !Y WILL NEV] BE 9DUC$ TO TAKE ! DRA/IC /EPS ?AT >E ESS5TIAL4 

,?R\<\T HI/ORY1 VISION>IES & PROPHETS1 :O HAVE C>$ PASSIONATELY AB\T ! FUTURE ( ! HUMAN RACE1 HAVE S\<T GUIDANCE1 NOT FROM ! RI* & P[]FUL1 BUT FROM OPPRESS$ & DESPIS$ M9ORITIES4 

,ONLY UND] WELLNI< 9TOL]ABLE 'M>G9AL CONDITIONS'1 DOES HUMAN NATURE PLUMB ITS FULL POT5TIALITIES ( 9N] /R5G? & PRACTICAL WISDOM1 ?AT CAN 5ABLE IT TO PULL ?R\< AGA9/ SEEM+LY 9SUP]ABLE ODDS4 

,AS A Y\NG MAN1 ,KROPOTK9 9FURIAT$ HIS >I/OCRATIC FA!R BY REJECT+ A LIFE ( LUXURY & EASE AT ! C\RT ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 FAVOR ( A PO/+ TO A MILIT>Y UNIT 9 ,SIB]IA4 

,9 ! !N L>GELY UNEXPLOR$ EA/]N FA/NESSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 HE S\<T & F\ND PRO( ( ! !SIS ?AT MUTUAL AID1 RA!R ?AN CONFLICT & COMPETITION1 IS ! CRUCIAL FACTOR 9 EVOLUTION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT ,G&HI1 ,KAGAWA & ,BABA ,AMTE S\<T \T ! 'L[E/ ( ! L['1 NOT ONLY \T ( COMPASSION = !IR PLI<T1 BUT BECAUSE !Y F\ND 9 !M 9SPIRATION & 5C\RAGEM5T = ! COLOSSAL REG5]ATIVE TASKS :I* !Y W]E UND]TAK+4 

,!Y W]E E/ABLI%+ NEW POLES1 BY :I* ! DYNAMICS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T C\LD BE REGULAT$4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME SIMIL> POLES ( A*IEVEM5T >E BE+ SET BY ! WOM5 ( ,AFRICA & ! ,HIMALAYAS :O1 \T ( SELFLESS D$ICATION TO !IR FAMILIES1 UND]TAKE EV]-L5G!N+ & EV] MORE EXHAU/+ J\RNEYS ON FOOT 9 SE>* ( WOOD & WAT]4 

,9 BO? ! DEVELOPM5TAL & 5VIRONM5TAL SPH]ES1 ! P5DULUM SW+S CONT9UALLY BETWE5 ',NOR?' & ',S\?'1 ! RI* WORLD & ! POOR4 ',NOR!RN' /ATESM51 ADM9I/RATORS & 9DU/RIALI/S SEE ! PROBLEMS ONLY 9 ! LI<T ( *>ITY & POPULATION CONTROL3 H[ LITTLE MONEY !Y CAN DEC5TLY SP5D ON 'RELIEF :ILE PUTT+ MO/ ( ! BLAME ON ! ',S\?' = !IR ECONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & = NOT *ECK+ ! 'POPULATION EXPLOSION'4 

,SU* ATTITUDES BETRAY GROSS IGNORANCE ( ! TRUE FACTS4 ,5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION IS OV]:ELM+LY ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ',NOR?'3 ITS PRODIGI\S EMISSIONS ( POLLUT+ GASES & O!R *EMICALS1 ) ITS :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( TREES & *EMICAL CONTAM9ATION ( SOILS1 COMB9$ ) ITS RU?LESS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL EXPLOITATION ( ! ',S\?'4 ,! ',NOR?'S' FIR/ DUTY IS NOT TO LECTURE ! ',S\?' & ADM9I/] MEAG] *>ITY1 BUT TO GET (F ITS BACK4 

,IF ! ,S\? W]E ALL[$ TO WORK \T ITS [N SALVATION1 FRE$ FROM DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY BY ! ,NOR?1 BUT ALSO BY ITS [N ,NOR?-SPONSOR$ DICTATORS & 'ELITES'1 !RE IS AMPLE EVID5CE ?AT IT W\LD F9D SOLUTIONS TO ITS ECONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM :I* ! ,NOR? C\LD LE>N VALUABLE LESSONS4 

,DESPITE ALL ! 5CROA*M5TS & 9VASIONS ( ,NOR!RN POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IMP]IALISMS1 A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( MANY ,S\!RN SOCIETIES IS /ILL ! L>GELY SELF-GOV]N+ & SELF-SUFFICI5T LOCAL COMMUNITY4 ,SU* A COMMUNITY PROVIDES COMPREH5SIVE ANSW]S TO ECONOMIC1 ECOLOGICAL & EV5 POPULATION PROBLEMS4 ,B\ND TOGE!R BY TIES ( MUTUAL AID1 ! MEMB]S HAVE ! WISDOM & S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY NOT TO BURD5 !IR SUCCESSORS ) MULTITUDES ( M\?S ?AT WILL BE UNABLE TO BE F$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! COOP]ATIVE LABOR ( F>M+1 GR[+ & CRAFTSMAN%IP1 (T5 9VOLV+ MUSIC & O!R CULTURAL ACTIVITIES1 TOGE!R ) ! NATURAL BEAUTY ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 SATISFIES ! 9HABITANTS' EMOTIONAL & CREATIVE URGES 9 WAYS UNIMAG9$ BY S\L-/>V$ ,NOR!RN CITY DWELL]S4 

,SU* COMMUNITIES (T5 EXI/ 9 REMOTE OR DIFFICULT >EAS1 REJECT$ BY ! ,NOR? AS (F]+ SP>SE OR RISKY F9ANCIAL RETURNS ON 9VE/M5T4 ,IT IS ! H>D%IPS ( LIFE 9 SU* >EAS ?AT /R5G!N ! 9HABITANTS' COHESIV5ESS4 ,! DAY MAY WELL COME :5 MANY PEOPLE 9 ! ,NOR? WILL BE GLAD TO /UDY !IR SURVIVAL TE*NIQUES4 ,ALREADY LIFE 9 MANY ,NOR!RN 9N] CITIES IS BECOM+ SO 9TOL]ABLE ?AT MANY PEOPLE >E BE+ DRAWN TO ADOPT ',S\!RN' WAYS ( LIFE4 ,A PROSPECTUS = A SUMM] CAMP 9 ! ,%ROP%IRE C\NTRYSIDE ISSU$ BY ,:OSE ,WORLD81 A GR\P ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ,MAN*E/]1 ASKS3 

,DO Y\ BELIEVE 9 ! NE$ = A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY8 ,DO Y\ LONG = A WORLD ?AT'S TRULY EQUAL & JU/2 :]E WE ALL LIVE SU/A9ABLY & NON-EXPLOITATIVELY2 :]E EV]YONE'S NE$S >E MET N[ & ALWAYS8 

,IT !N /ATES ! AIMS ( ! CAMP3 

,TO PROVIDE ALL ( US :O COME ) AN EXP]I5CE ( :AT SIMPLE1 NON-MAT]IALI/IC1 COMMUNAL LIV+ -- CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+1 TRY+ TO LOOK AFT] EA* O!R EMOTIONALLY ETC4 -- C\LD BE LIKE & HAVE FUN :ILE DO+ SO4 

,TO PROVIDE SUPPORT & 5C\RAGEM5T = ALL ( US WORK+ T[>DS A VISION ( A JU/1 SU/A9ABLE1 NONVIOL5T WAY ( LIFE4 

,TO BUILD A NETWORK ( PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES :O WANT TO PROMOTE ACTIVE NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE & SIMPLE1 ANTI-MAT]IALI/ WAYS ( LIV+4 

,AS REG>DS ! ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES ( ,?IRD ,WORLD VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 MANY ( !M SATISFY !IR BASIC NE$S1 & SOME EV5 HAVE SURPLUSES = SALE1 FROM AGR(ORE/RY SY/EMS ?AT PROVIDE AN 9T5SITY ( L&-USE UNKN[N 9 ! ,NOR?4 ,VILLAGES 9 ,JAVA1 ONE ( ! MO/ D5SELY POPULAT$ RURAL >EAS 9 ! WORLD1 >E SURR\ND$ BY D5SE GRE5 SCRE5S ( =E/ G>D5S1 OR PEK>ANGAN1 9 :I* MANY ( ! #e DIFF]5T SPECIES ( FOOD PLANT :I* ! PEOPLE CONSUME >E GR[N4 

,!SE =E/ G>D5S PROVIDE ! BE/ COMPREH5SIVE1 CON/RUCTIVE ANSW] TO ONE ( TODAY'S PR$OM9ANT 5VIRONM5TAL PREOCCUPATIONS3 :AT TO DO ) ! RA9=E/4 ,WELL-MEAN+ ,NOR!RN 5VIRONM5TALI/S GET V]Y HOT UND] ! COLL> :5 RA9=E/S >E M5TION$1 ASS]T+ =CEFULLY ?AT1 AT ALL CO/S1 !Y MU/ BE PRES]V$ 9 TOTO4 ,BUT ! =E/S >E F> TOO VALUABLE RES\RCES TO BE KEPT 9 GLASS CASES4 ,! TRIBAL PEOPLES :O MAKE !M !IR HOMES HAVE AN 5CYCLOP$IC KN[L$GE ( ALL ! RI<T ANSW]S4 ,!Y KN[ ALMO/ EV]Y PLANT & :AT ITS USES >E4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y USE ! WILD PLANTS TO PROVIDE %ADE & %ELT] = ECONOMIC CROPS SU* AS BANANAS1 P9EAPPLES & C(FEE4 ,MORE ?AN HALF ,TANZANIA'S C(FEE \TPUT IS D]IV$ FROM ! FAM\S ,*AGGA G>D5S ON ! SLOPES ( ,M\NT ,KILIMANJ>O4 ,! =E/ G>D5 IS ! WORLD'S MO/ ADVANC$ SY/EM = SUPPLY+ BASIC NE$S1 NOT ONLY FOOD1 BUT FUEL1 TIMB]1 TEXTILES1 5]GY & MANY O!R NECESSITIES4 ,AGR(ORE/RY1 9 FACT1 PROVIDES ! ONLY SAFE1 NONPOLLUT+1 SU/A9ABLE ANSW] TO ! ,NOR!RN 9DU/RIALISM ?AT IS CAUS+ SU* APPALL+ DAMAGE TO ! WORLD'S 5VIRONM5T1 & :I* IS RAPIDLY DIS9TEGRAT+4 

,9 FACT1 ! ONLY COMPREH5SIVE1 CON/RUCTIVE ANSW] TO BO? ! WORLD'S ECONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL CRISES IS A PO/-9DU/RIAL ORD]1 :I* F>-SI<T$ ,GRE5S HAVE ALREADY BE5 ADVOCAT+ = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 

,! COLOSSAL DANG]S TO ALL LIFE REPRES5T$ BY GRE5H\SE GASES1 RADIOACTIVE WA/ES1 ,C,F,CS1 HALONS & DE=E/ATION WILL NEV] BE OV]COME BY ! SMALL-SCALE PIECEMEAL T9K]+ MEASURES PUT =W>D BY /ATESM5 AT ! ,RIO CONF]5CE4 ,NOR WILL ! COLOSSAL & EV]-9CREAS+ SUFF]+ CAUS$ BY POV]TY1 HUNG]1 HOMELESSNESS1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 VIOL5CE & AVOIDABLE DISEASE BE OV]COME BY 'M>KET =CES'1 BANK LOANS & ,I,M,F-SPONSOR$ HYDRO-ELECTRIC S*EMES4 

,9 A WORLD ORD] ( :I* ! BASIC UNIT W\LD BE ! SMALL SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITY1 MEET+ MO/ ( ITS ESS5TIAL NE$S BY MEANS ( AGR(ORE/RY1 SMALL WORK%OPS1 & SMALL-SCALE ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY DEVICES1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE OR NO NE$ = ROAD1 RAIL OR AIR TRANSPORT US+ POLLUT+ FUELS4 ,5]GY NE$S W\LD BE MET BY 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY1 NONPOLLUT+ W9D1 WAT]1 TIDAL1 GEO!RMAL1 SOL> & BIOGAS SY/EMS4 ,ALL WA/ES W\LD BE RECYCL$4 

,ABOVE ALL1 !RE %\LD BE A TOTAL BAN ON ! B>B>\S PRACTICE ( W>1 :I* CAUSES UNSPEAKABLE DAMAGE TO ! 5VIRONM5T AS WELL AS UNTOLD HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,CIVILIZ$ ME?ODS ( SOLV+ DISPUTES BAS$ ON REASON1 MUTUAL RESPECT & PSY*OLOGY1 AS ADVOCAT$ BY RELIGI\S LEAD]S ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 %\LD BE DEVELOP$4 

,ALL LIFE ON E>? C\LD BE ANNIHILAT$ BY NUCLE> W> AS WELL AS BY 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION4 

,W> NEV] BR+S LA/+ SOLUTIONS TO ANY PROBLEM1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT ]ADICATE ! DEEP-SEAT$ PSY*OLOGICAL & MORAL CAUSES ( CONFLICT4 ,IMP]IALI/IC DRIVES1 IF SUPPRESS$ BY MILIT>Y ACTION1 REAPPE> 9 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL =MS1 :I* DO JU/ AS MU* H>M TO HUMAN BODIES & M9DS -- 9 MORE SUBTLE WAYS -- AS DOES >M$ CONQUE/4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> HAS L$ TO A P]IOD ( 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION1 HOMELESSNESS1 HUMAN MIS]Y1 DISEASE1 TORTURE1 VIOL5CE1 CRIME & CORRUPTION UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY4 

,PAUL ,H>RISON'S LATE/ BOOK ON ! WORLDWIDE ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC CRISIS IS CALL$ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ?REE REVOLUTIONS :I* HE CONSID]S CRUCIAL TO HUMAN HI/ORY >E ! ,NEOLI?IC1 ! ,9DU/RIAL1 & ! PRES5T ,5VIRONM5TAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE :5 ,/ONE ,AGE MAN1 HAV+ DEVELOP$ AXES ALMO/ AS %>P AS /EEL1 BEGAN HIS ONSLAU<T ON HIS =E/ HOME1 :I* HAS CONT9U$ ) 9CREAS+ F]OCITY EV] S9CE4 ,REJECT+ HIS HUNT]-GA!R] LIFE/YLE1 ,NEOLI?IC MAN TRI$ TO GA9 CONTROL OV] HIS 5VIRONM5T BY DOME/ICAT+ WILD ANIMALS & WILD CROPS & ?US E/ABLI%+ AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE DEVELOP$ ! CRAFTS ( SP9N+1 WEAV+1 POTT]Y & C>P5TRY1 & BUILT ! FIR/ T[NS4 

,A LITTLE LAT]1 W> APPE>$ = ! FIR/ TIME ON ! HUMAN SC5E1 AS DID ! ]OSION ( UPL& >EAS CAUS$ BY DE=E/ATION4 ,BO? !SE TR5DS W]E GREATLY 9T5SIFI$ BY ! DISCOV]Y ( METALS4 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :I* BEGAN AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 HAS HAD 9F9ITELY MORE DRA/IC EFFECTS ON BO? HUMAN LIFE & ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,:ILE IT HAS BR\<T GREAT & UND5IABLE B5EFITS 9 LESS5+ TOIL1 FACILITAT+ TRAVEL &1 ABOVE ALL1 9 GREATLY EXT5D+ ! DISSEM9ATION ( 9=MATION1 ITS :OLESALE POLLUTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T & USE ( WEAPONS ( MASS DE/RUCTION >E TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE4 ,IF HUMAN LIFE IS TO SURVIVE BEYOND ! MIDDLE ( ! NEXT C5TURY 9 ANY TOL]ABLE =M -- OR AT ALL -- BO? !SE FEATURES ( 9DU/RIALISM MU/ BE SUP]S$$4 

,?US ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,REVOLUTION1 IF IT IS TO SUCCE$1 MU/ BE AS DRA/IC & F>-REA*+ 9 POSITIVE WAYS1 AS HAVE ! TWO PREVI\S WORLD REVOLUTIONS 9 NEGATIVE WAYS4 ,IT MU/ 9VOLVE EQUALLY RADICAL TRANS=MATIONS ( LIFE-/YLES2 !SE CANNOT BE IMPOS$ FROM 'ABOVE' BUT MU/ BE VOLUNT>ILY ADOPT$ BY ! PEOPLE MO/ DEEPLY AFFECT$4 ,! MOTIVE- P[] = ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE A WORLDWIDE ]UPTION ( CON/RUCTIVE1 NONVIOL5T ,PEOPLE'S ,P[]1 COMP>ABLE TO ! ,G&HIAN 'SATYA-GRAHAS' 9 ,9DIA 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS & ! OV]?R[ ( ,COMMUNISM 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 #a#i#h#i4 

,ALREADY !RE >E MANY 9DICATIONS 9 MANY C\NTRIES ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T IS BUILD+ UP4 

,ABOVE ALL1 !RE IS 9CREAS+ WORLDWIDE AW>5ESS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE ( TREES = HEAL+ ! 5VIRONM5T1 ASSUR+ WAT] SUPPLIES1 AMELIORAT+ ! CLIMATE1 PURIFY+ ! ATMOSPH]E1 ABSORB+ ,C#b1 EXHAL+ OXYG51 REG5]AT+ DEGRAD$ SOILS1 /OPP+ ]OSION -- & SUPPLY+ BASIC HUMAN NE$S ( FOOD1 FUEL1 BUILD+ MAT]IALS1 TEXTILES1 OILS & PLA/ICS4 

,A PIONE] CAMPAIGN = ! PRES]VATION ( TREES 9VOLV+ ,PEOPLE'S ,P[] -- MA9LY ,WOM5'S ,P[] -- WAS LAUN*$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS 9 AN APPALL+LY DEGRAD$ SECTOR ( ! ,HIMALAYAS4 ,CALL$ ! ,*IPKO MOVEM5T 7,*IPKO MEANS 'EMBRACE'71 IT BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY :5 A GR\P ( WOM5 EMBRAC$ TREES TO PREV5T !M FROM BE+ FELL$4 ,FROM ?AT DRAMATIC />T ! MOVEM5T HAS SPREAD TO O!R P>TS ( ,9DIA2 IT HAS L$ TO A NUMB] ( (FICIAL BANS ON TREE-FELL+ & HAS G5]AT$ PRESSURE = A MORE 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY NATURAL RES\RCE POLICY4 

,A TREE-PLANT+ CAMPAIGN1 ALSO L>GELY 9VOLV+ WOM51 IS ! ,GRE5 ,BELT ,MOVEM5T 9 ,K5YA1 :I* HAS SPREAD RAPIDLY & :I* ITS F\ND]1 ,PR(ESSOR ,WANG>I ,MAA?AI1 IS SEEK+ TO EXT5D TO TWELVE O!R ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES4 

,!RE >E SIMIL> CAMPAIGNS 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ! ,HI<L&S ( ,SCOTL&1 ONE ( ! WORLD'S MANY 5VIRONM5TAL BLACK SPOTS1 A CAMPAIGN IS AFOOT TO RE/ORE ! ,GREAT ,WOOD ( ,CAL$ON1 :I* ONCE COV]$ ALMO/ ! 5TIRE >EA1 & BUILD UP A PROSP]\S =E/ ECONOMY1 :I* MI<T ABSORB MANY UNEMPLOY$ CITY-DWELL]S4 

,SIMIL> WILD]NESS >EAS ?R\<\T ! WORLD -- ALMO/ ALL ! RESULT ( HUMAN MISUSE ( ! L& -- C\LD BE RE/OR$ BY TREE-PLANT+ CAMPAIGNS :I* C\LD LEAD TO ! PROVISION ( HOMES & VITAL1 CON/RUCTIVE WORK = C\NTLESS MILLIONS ( HOMELESS1 DEPRIV$ PEOPLE4 

,C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 ABOVE ALL1 P]HAPS ,*9A & ,ISRAEL1 HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT EV5 ! MO/ >ID ( DES]TS CAN BE TRANS=M$ BY TREES 9TO >EAS ( F]TILITY1 PROSP]ITY & BEAUTY4 ,RE/ORATION TE*NIQUES HAVE BE5 SCI5TIFICALLY WORK$ \T1 9VOLV+ ! PLANT+ ( DR\<T-RESI/ANT TREES & %RUBS1 :I* PROVIDE 'NURSE CONDITIONS' = MORE DELICATE TREES & O!R PLANTS SUPPLY+ FRUIT & MANY O!R ECONOMIC PRODUCTS & SUPPORT+ L>GE POPULATIONS4 

,! MA9 CAUSE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS NOT ! 'POPULATION EXPLOSION'1 AS MANY ,NOR!RN ANALY/S CLAIM1 BUT GROSS UND]-USE ( ! WORLD'S L& RES\RCES4 

,AP>T FROM TOTALLY UNPRODUCTIVE DES]TS1 :I* COV] ONE-?IRD ( ! E>?'S L& SURFACE1 !RE >E VA/ >EAS ( GRASSL&1 MU* ( V]Y POOR QUALITY1 :I* IS US$ = GRAZ+ CATTLE & %EEP4 ,! AV]AGE FOOD PRODUCTION ( SU* >EAS IS AB\T HALF A HUNDR$WEI<T P] ACRE P] YE>4 ,9 ! ,HI<L&S ( ,SCOTL& IT IS RECKON$ ?AT IT TAKES FIVE ACRES ( GRASSL& & MOORL& TO SUPPORT ONE %EEP4 ,MU* ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD'S AGRICULTURAL L& IS US$ = ! MONOCROPP+ ( C]EALS1 ) AN AV]AGE PRODUCTION ( TWO TO F\R TONS P] ACRE P] YE>4 ,BUT UND] AGR(ORE/RY SY/EMS ANNUAL PRODUCTION EXCE$+ A HUNDR$ TONS P] ACRE P] YE> IS POSSIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 UND] SU* SY/EMS1 A WIDE DIV]SITY ( FOOD & O!R USEFUL PLANTS IS PRODUC$1 SUPPLY+ WELL BALANC$ DIETS1 AS WELL AS FUEL1 BUILD+ MAT]IALS & O!R NECESSITIES4 

,! FOOD PLANTS PRODUC$ BY AN AGR(ORE/RY SY/EM SUPPLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 HUMAN NUTRITION1 9 :I* MO/ DIETS1 9 ! POOR & RI* WORLDS ALIKE1 >E GRAVELY DEFICI5T4 ,!SE >E FRUIT1 :OSE NATURAL SUG>S FE$ ! BRA9 & 5]GIZE ! BODY1 & GRE5 PLANTS1 :OSE *LOROPHYLL -- ! BASIC CON/ITU5T ( ALL PHYSICAL LIFE -- HAS A SPECIAL AFF9ITY = ! BLOOD4 ,A DIET DESIGN$ = OPTIMUM POSITIVE HEAL? %\LD COMPRISE SEV5TY P]C5T ( FRUIT & GRE5 VEGETABLES1 PREF]ABLY CONSUM$ FRE% & RAW4 

,A DISA/] AFFLICT+ TODAY'S WORLD1 :I* IS AT LEA/ AS S]I\S AS ANY ACTUAL OR POT5TIAL 5VIRONM5TAL DISA/]1 IS ! COLOSSAL TOLL ( DISEASE CAUS$ BY BAD OR 9ADEQUATE FOOD4 ,! MALNUTRITION ( POV]TY 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD IS NO MORE DRA/IC 9 ITS EFFECTS ?AN ! MALNUTRITION ( AFFLU5CE 9 ! RI* SECTOR -- ! MALNUTRITION CAUS$ BY EXCESS ( FATTY1 CLOGG+1 OV]-FLAVOR$ & *EMICALLY PROCESS$ FOODS CAUSES ! 'DISEASES ( CIVILIZATION' :I* >E NO LESS LE?AL ?AN ! DISEASES CAUS$ BY DE/ITUTION & DIRT4 

,BE=E !RE CAN BE AN ,5VIRONM5TAL ,REVOLUTION !RE MU/ BE A ,HUMANI/IC ,REVOLUTION4 ,! REASON :Y EV]-GR[+ /RET*ES ( ! E>?'S SURFACE >E HELLS = HUMAN BE+S1 :E!R !Y >E SQUALID *ANTY-T[NS1 POLLUT$ & VIOL5T 9N]-CITY <ETTOS1 SQUATT]S' CAMPS1 CONC5TRATION CAMPS OR TREELESS WILD]NESSES1 IS ?AT ! P[]S :O RUN ! WORLD REG>D PEOPLE AS ?+S1 AS OBJECTS ( EXPLOITATION OR DOM9ATION4 ,A WORD CO9$ BY ,K>L ,M>X 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS V]D+LI*UNG -- '?+-MAK+'1 ?\< ,COMMUNI/ COMMISS>S HAVE PROV$ AS GUILTY 9 ?IS RESPECT AS CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS4 ,BO? GR\PS REG>D HUMAN BE+S AS M]E PAWNS TO BE US$ = ! FUR!RANCE ( !IR P]SONAL P[] & WEAL?4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !IR ONLY 9T]E/ 9 A /RET* ( BEAUTIFUL C\NTRYSIDE IS1 NOT H[ ITS BEAUTY CAN BE PRES]V$ & 5HANC$1 BUT H[ MO/ EFFECTIVELY IT CAN BE 'DEVELOP$'2 :E!R IT CAN BE MADE TO G5]ATE MORE WEAL? AS ! SITE ( A BUILD+ E/ATE1 AN 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 A FACTORY F>M1 AN AIRFIELD1 A HYDRO-ELECTRIC DAM1 A NUCLE> P[] /ATION1 A MOTORWAY1 OR A '!ME P>K'4 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! P[]S-?AT-BE T[>DS ,LIFE 9 ITS 9F9ITE COMPLEXITY1 :E!R 9 ! =M ( A HUMAN BE+ OR A TROPICAL RA9=E/1 IS ONE ( GROSS OV]-SIMPLIFICATION4 ,! HUMAN BE+ IS ONLY ( 9T]E/ AS 'CONSUM]'1 '9VE/OR'1 'LABOR'1 'VOT]'1 'SOLDI]' OR 'TAXPAY]'4 ,! =E/1 ) ITS VA/ DIV]SITY ( SPECIES1 IS ONLY ( 9T]E/ AS A PURVEYOR ( TIMB]1 OR1 BURNT TO ! GR\ND & CONV]T$ 9TO PA/URE1 AS A BRIEF PURVEYOR ( HAMBURG]S4 ,! ONLY /&>D IS %ORT-T]M PR(IT2 NO REG>D IS PAID TO LONG] & WID] PROSPECTS1 TO ! NE$S & SURVIVAL ( LIV+ BE+S4 

,IT IS AMONG ORD9>Y HUMAN BE+S1 NOT 9DU/RIAL *IEFS1 BANK]S1 BUREAUCRATS & POLITICIANS1 ?AT HUMANI/IC FEEL+S >E F\ND 9 !IR GREATE/ 9T5SITY4 ,AMONG \R TORTUR$ WORLD'S SUPREME NE$S IS ! DIV9E COMMONS5SE & COMPASSION ( ! CONSCI5TI\S MO!R & H\SEWIFE4 ,?IS IS A MANIFE/ATION ( ! P[] ( ,GAIA1 ! GRASSROOTS DYNAMIC :I* MU/ SUPPLY MU* ( ! MOTIVE-=CE ( ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,UNLIKE PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS1 ?IS MU/ BE OV]:ELM+LY NONVIOL5T & CON/RUCTIVE4 ,IT WILL COMPRISE AN EV]-9CREAS+ PR(USION ( SMALL GR[+-PO9TS1 LIKE ! NEW PLANTS ?AT IRRESI/IBLY SPR+ =? 9 AN >EA DEVA/AT$ BY VOLCANIC ]UPTION4 

,ALREADY IT IS POSSIBLE TO DETECT A MULTITUDE ( SU* GR[+-PO9TS 9 ALMO/ EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,A REPORT CRITICAL ( 9DU/RIALISM WAS 5TITL$ ,LIMITS TO ,GR[?1 BUT NO LIMITS %\LD BE PLAC$ ON ! GR[? ( NEW VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 FAMILY F>MS1 ORGANIC M>KET-G>D5S1 CONS]VATION GR\PS1 ,GRE5 ORGANIZATIONS1 & COOP]ATIVE 5T]PRISES ( ALL K9DS4 ,EV5 N[1 ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 !SE MU/ NUMB] MANY MILLIONS4 ,IF ONLY !IR EF=TS C\LD BE 9TEGRAT$ & CO-ORD9AT$ 9TO A WORLDWIDE ,NEW ,LIFE ,NETWORK1 !Y C\LD GIVE RISE TO AN ,N,G,O -- A ,NON-,GOV]NM5TAL ,ORGANIZATION -- :I* C\LD SPEAK ) REAL AU?ORITY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS4 

,AS ! PRIM>Y IMPULSE = ALL ACTIVITY COMES FROM ! HUMAN PSY*E1 ! FIR/ ESS5TIAL1 IF MANK9D IS TO SURVIVE ! COLOSSAL *ALL5GES ( ! PRES5T & FUTURE1 MU/ BE A ,MORAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 RA!R ?AN MONEY1 P[]1 /ATUS & SELF-9DULG5CE1 MU/ BE ACCEPT$ AS ! BASIC ,LAW ( ,LIFE4 ,MOD]N COMMUNICATION TE*NOLOGY HAS =CIBLY BR\<T HOME ! FACT ?AT IT IS ,ONE ,WORLD4 ,DISA/]S 9VOLV+ HUMAN SUFF]+ >E %[N ON TELEVISION SCRE5S ) EQUAL IMM$IACY1 :E!R !Y OCCUR 9 DI/ANT C\NTRIES OR ! NEXT /REET4 ,NO LONG] CAN PEOPLE %RUG (F RESPONSIBILITY = ! TRIBULATIONS ( !IR DI/ANT C\S9S4 ,9 FACT ?OSE TRIBULATIONS >E G5]ALLY CAUS$ BY NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE FACTORS 9 ! WORLDWIDE SY/EM & E?OS :I* GOV]N ! WAY ! MAJORITY ( ! WORLD'S CITIZ5S LIVE & WORK -- A SY/EM & E?OS BAS$ ON BL9D SELFI%NESS & MAT]IALISM4 

,G&HI SAID1 ',!RE IS 5\< 9 ! WORLD TO SATISFY EV]YONE'S NE$ BUT NOT EV]YONE'S GRE$'4 ,9 FACT1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL KN[-H[ EXI/S TO GIVE EV]Y HUMAN BE+ ADEQUATE FOOD1 WAT]1 %ELT]1 CLO?+1 5]GY & OPPORTUNITY = SELF-FULFILLM5T4 ,A WORLDWIDE CAMPAIGN ( RES\RCE DEVELOPM5T = NE$ C\LD BE A 'MORAL EQUIVAL5T ( W>'1 :I* W\LD BR+ DEEP PSY*OLOGICAL AS WELL AS PHYSICAL SATISFACTION TO C\NTLESS MILLIONS1 NOT LEA/ AMONG ?OSE :O AT PRES5T >E SEEK+ ! S\L-DE/ROY+ 'SATISFACTION' ( EXPLOIT+1 DOM9AT+ OR O!RWISE HURT+ !IR FELL[ HUMAN BE+S4 

,SU* A CAMPAIGN1 :OLLY CON/RUCTIVE & TRANSC5D+ 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS AS WELL AS HUMAN B>RI]S & RIVALRIES -- & 9VOLV+ ! PLANT+ ( TRILLIONS ( TREES -- C\LD U%] 9 A P]IOD ( POSITIVE PEACE & CREATIVE ACTIVITY SU* AS MANK9D HAS NEV] KN[N ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 

,! ALT]NATIVES FACE EA* ONE ( US3 A S]IES ( EV] DEEP5+ 5VIRONM5TAL & ECONOMIC DISA/]S & CONFLICTS OR A WORLD ( UNPREC$5T$ BEAUTY1 DIV]SITY & ABUNDANCE4 

,A ,POLEMIC ON ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY 

,DEEP ,ECOLOGY3 ,NOT ,MAN ,AP>T  
BY ,RODNEY ,AIT*TEY 

,IT IS ! 9T5T ( ! FOLL[+ ESSAY TO %9E DEEP ECOLOGY'S LI<T ONTO ! QUE/ION ( L& ITSELF4 ,L& FROM :I* EV]Y?+ EMANATES4 

,>NE ,NAESS LAUN*$ ! LONG RANGE 9T]NATIONAL DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9 ,NORWAY 9 #a#i#g#b1 :I* ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( 5VIRONM5TAL ACADEMICS WORLDWIDE4 ,AW>5ESS GREW ( JU/ H[ DEEP IS ! DEEP WAT] 9 :I* WE >E HABITUAT$ TO WALL[4 

,NAESS HAS COMP>$ \R POSITION TO BE+ AT ! BOTTOM ( A WELL1 ) \R WILL-P[] SUCCUMB+ TO ! L+]+ DEADLY FUMES1 :I* W\LD EXPLA9 ! PREVAL5T 9]TIA4 ,FUMES BE+1 AP>T FROM 9SIDI\S VEHICLE EXHAU/S & AIRBORNE POLLUTION1 TELEVISION & ADV]TIS+4 

,P4,D4 ,\SP5SKY'S PROGNOSIS IS USEFUL4 ',ALL ! ABSURDITIES & ALL ! CONTRADICTIONS ( PEOPLE1 & ( HUMAN LIFE 9 G5]AL1 BECOME EXPLA9$ :5 WE REALIZE ?AT PEOPLE LIVE 9 SLEEP1 DO EV]Y?+ 9 SLEEP1 & DO NOT KN[ ?AT !Y >E ASLEEP,V ,EA* IS A BUNDLE ( MEMORIES ( EXP]I5CES ) SOME 'RES]VE 5]GY'4 ,IT IS ?IS 'RES]VE 5]GY' :I* DEEP ECOLOGY TAPS1 & BR+S TO ! SURFACE1 WAK+ US UP4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY HAS BECOME AN EMOTIVE T]M & DOES C>RY MULTI-CONNOTATIONS :I* >E LIKE SP>KS FLY+ FROM A LIVE T]M9AL1 :I* IS AS ,>NE ,NAESS 9T5D$4 ,NO TWO PEOPLE >E ! SAME4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY'S PHILOSOPHY IS NOT RIGID1 AL?\< IT DOES NOT DEVIATE FROM ,NAESS' ORIG9AL 9T5TION :I* IS TO QUE/ION PRECONCEPTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS UNTIL ! ANSW] REA*ES ! LEVEL ( 9TUITION4 ,SOME?+ MADE ! ,AM]ICAN PHILOSOPH] ,JOHN ,RODMAN SAY1 9 #a#i#g#h1 ',IT IS PROBABLY A SAFE MAXIM ?AT !RE WILL BE NO REVOLUTION 9 E?ICS )\T A REVOLUTION 9 P]CEPTION4' 

,NAESS HAS SAID ?AT HIS VISION ( DEEP ECOLOGY WAS AWAK5$ BY READ+ A BOOK BY ,RA*EL ,C>SON :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,AM]ICA 9 #a#i#f#b4 ,H] TITLE1 ,MAN ,AGA9/ ! ,E>?1 WAS *ANG$ TO ,SIL5T ,SPR+4 ,%E D$ICAT$ ! BOOK TO ,ALB]T ,S*WEITZ] 9 HIS WORDS3 ',MAN HAS LO/ ! CAPACITY TO =ESEE & TO =E/ALL4 ,HE WILL 5D BY DE/ROY+ ! E>?4' 

,:5 %E HAD F9I%$ WRIT+ %E S5T ! MANUSCRIPT TO ,WILLIAM ,%AWN1 $ITOR ( ! ,NEW ,YORK]4 ,HIS 5?USIASM BUOY$ H] 9TO NOT+1 ',I KNEW FROM HIS REACTION ?AT MY MESSAGE W\LD GET ACROSS'4 ,:ILE LI/5+ TO ,BEE?OV5'S ,VIOL9 ,CONC]TO1 'SUDD5LY ! T5SION ( F\R YE>S WAS BROK5 & ,I LET ! TE>S COME444 ,! ?\<TS ( ALL ! BIRDS & O!R CREATURES & ALL ! LOVEL9ESS ?AT IS 9 NATURE CAME TO ME ) SU* A SURGE ( DEEP HAPP9ESS1 ?AT N[ ,I HAD DONE :AT ,I C\LD -- ,I HAD BE5 ABLE TO COMPLETE IT'4 ,H] BOOK /RUCK HOME1 AT PEOPLE'S PRECONCEPTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS1 & ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO SUPPRESS IT4 ,%E RECALL$ ,JOHN ,MUIR 7SEE LAT]7 :5 %E SAID AT ! 5D ( ! BOOK1 ,! 'CONTROL ( NATURE' IS A PHRASE CONCEIV$ 9 >ROGANCE1 BORN ( ! ,NE&]?AL AGE ( BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY1 :5 IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT NATURE EXI/S = ! CONV5I5CE ( MAN4 

,>NE ,NAESS SAID ( ,SIL5T ,SPR+1 ',RA*EL ,C>SON W5T DEEP & QUE/ION$ ! PREMISES ( H] SOCIETY'4 ,9 #a#i#f#d1 ,RA*EL ,C>SON DI$4 ,9 #a#i#f#i1 ,NAESS RESIGN$ AS PR(ESSOR 9 PHILOSOPHY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,OSLO AFT] BE+ !RE ?IRTY YE>S1 SO ?AT HE C\LD 'LIVE RA!R ?AN FUNCTION'4 ,DUR+ HIS TIME AT ! ,UNIV]SITY HE HAD E/ABLI%$ A NAME = HIS WORK ON ! PHILOSOPHIES ( ,SP9OZA & ,G&HI :I* HE PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 DIRECT ACTION 9 ,NORWAY4 ,ONE ( HIS ACTIONS WAS TO P9 HIMSELF HI< UP TO ONE SIDE ( A ?REAT5$ ,NORWEGIAN FJORD2 HE REFUS$ TO DESC5D UNTIL PLANS TO BUILD A DAM !RE W]E DROPP$1 :I* !Y W]E6 

,HE WAS 9 TUNE ) ! L9ES FROM ?IS POEM BY ! ,AM]ICAN POET1 ,ROB9SON ,JEFF]S 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#f#b73 

,! ,ANSW] 

,A SEV]$ H&  
,IS AN UGLY ?+1 & MAN DISSEV]$ FROM ! E>? & />S & HIS HI/ORY 444= CONTEMPLATION OR 9 FACT 444  
,(T5 APPE>S ATROCI\SLY UGLY4 ,9TEGRITY IS :OL5ESS1 ! GREATE/ BEAUTY IS  
,ORGANIC :OL5ESS1 ! :OL5ESS ( LIFE & ?+S1 ! DIV9E BEAUTY ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,LOVE ?AT1 NOT MAN  
,AP>T FROM ?AT1 OR ELSE Y\ WILL %>E MAN'S PITIFUL CONFUSIONS1 OR DR[N 9 DESPAIR :5 HIS DAYS D>K54 

,NAESS ALSO EMPHASIZES '! RESPONSIBILITY ( AN 9TEGRAT$ P]SON TO WORK \T HIS OR H] REACTION TO CONTEMPOR>Y 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS ON ! BASIS ( A TOTAL VIEW'4 

,IT IS N[ ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S S9CE ,SIL5T ,SPR+ SAID ',:AT WE HAVE TO FACE IS NOT AN OCCASIONAL DOSE ( POISON :I* HAS ACCID5TALLY GOT 9TO SOME P>TICLE ( FOOD1 BUT A P]SI/5T & CONT9U\S POISON+ ( ! :OLE HUMAN 5VIRONM5T'4 ,& IT WAS NOT A NEW PH5OM5ON !N4 ,IT HAS TAK5 C5TURIES TO VIRTUALLY /RIP ! PLANET ( ITS NATURAL COV]+4 

,FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 9 #a#d#i#b1 AN ,ITALIAN1 ,*RI/OBAL ,COLON 7,COLUMBUS7 BLAZ$ ! TRAIL = EXT]M9ATION & 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION UP TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,HE DISCOV]$ & RAVI%$1 :]E HE C\LD1 ! ISL&S ( ! ,WE/ ,9DIES4 ,9 #a#d#i#h1 ON HIS ?IRD VOYAGE1 :5 HE L&$ ON :AT BECAME ,V5EZUELA HE TOOK IT = ANO!R ISL&1 UNTIL AFT]W>DS :5 NATIVES DISABUS$ HIM4 ,UND] ! IMPRESSION HE HAD COME UPON ISL&S (F ,9DIA HE NAM$ ! NATIVES ,9DIANS1 :I* MISNOM] HAS /UCK ONTO ALL ! NATIVES ( ,S\? & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,CANADA4 ,A FELL[ ,ITALIAN1 ,AM]IGO ,VESPUCCI L&$ UP 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & HIS FIR/ NAME BECAME ATTA*$ TO ! :OLE CONT95T4 ,!RE IS A /ATUE ( HIM 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,9 #a#i#i#c1 A /ATUE ( ,COLUMBUS IS PROJECT$ = ,LONDON1 AL?\< NO LIK5ESS ( ! MAN EXI/S4 ,AT S*OOL ,I WAS GIV5 ! IMPRESSION HE WAS ,5GLI%4 ,BUT #aiic IS :5 WE >E TO BE ,EUROPEANIZ$ ) ITS C5TRALIZ$1 HUMANI/1 MAT]IALI/ VALUES1 & ,COLUMBUS W\LD !RE=E BE SE5 AS A GOOD ,EUROPEAN TO ADMIRE4 

,9 ! #a#g#hS ACC\NTS ( ! EXPLOITS ( ,COLUMBUS & HIS SUCCESSORS V>I$ SO MU* ON ! ,CONT95T ?AT ! LE>N$ ,ABBE ,GUILLAUME ,RAYNAL DECID$ TO ASSEMBLE ! DIFF]5T ACC\NTS TO F9D A COMMON ?READ4 ,IT WAS ?AT !Y HAD 'H>ASS$ ! GLOBE & /A9$ IT ) BLOOD'4 ,& ! SITUATION HAS NOT *ANG$4 ,9 ,S>AWAK N[ A QUITE HORRIFIC EXT]M9ATION PROCESS IS 9 =CE ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RA9=E/4 ,ONE ( ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLE REC5TLY SAID1 ',WE >E N[ LIKE FI% 9 ! POOL ( A DRY+ \T RIV]B$'4 ,SU* DI/RESS & DEA? TO 5ABLE ! ,JAPANESE TO MAKE !IR FAX PAP] IS DIABOLICAL4 

,RALPH ,WALDO ,EM]SON 7#a#h#c-#a#h#h#b7 9 HIS ESSAY1 ',NATURE'1 SAYS1 ',MAN IS FALL52 NATURE IS ]ECT1 & S]VES AS A DIFF]5TIAL !RMOMET]1 DETECT+ ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( ! DIV9E S5TIM5T 9 MAN'4 ,HE 9SPIR$ BO? ,H5RY ,?OREAU & ,JOHN ,MUIR2 EA* 9 !IR DIFF]+ WAYS PUT HIS PHILOSOPHY 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?OREAU1 ,EM]SON SAID1 HAD DEVELOP$ HIS [N ?\<TS A /EP FUR!R4 

,?OREAU 7#a#h#a#g-#a#h#f#b7 URG$ VIEW+ NATURE FREE ( PRECONCEPTIONS4 ,NATURE BECAME HIS 'SOCIETY'4 ,9 HIS ESSAY ',WALK+'1 HE SAID1 '444FROM ! =E/S & WILD]NESS COME ! TONICS & B>KS :I* BRACE MANK9D'4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY )\T SELF-RE=M ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HE W5T TO PRISON 9 #ahdh RA!R ?AN PAY A POLL TAX BECAUSE ( ITS GO+ T[>D ! ,MEXICAN W> EF=T4 ,9 HIS HUT BY ,WAID5 POND HE PUT 9TO PRACTICE HIS GR[+ CONVICTIONS4 

,JOHN ,MUIR 7#a#h#c#h-#a#i#a#d7 FELT ?AT ',ONE DAY'S EXPOSURE TO M\NTA9S IS BETT] ?AN C>TLOADS ( BOOKS'1 & HE BELIEV$ ?AT LACK ( IMM]SION 9 ! NATURAL WORLD WAS :AT FLAW$ ,EM]SON'S WRIT+S4 ,H[EV]1 HE SAID ( ,EM]SON1 ',HE WAS AS S9C]E AS ! TREES1 HIS EYES S9C]E AS ! SUN'4 ,MUIR WAS AW>E ( HIMSELF GO+ DEEP] 9TO ,NATURE'S SECRETS ?AN ,?OREAU HAD BE54 ,9 #ahg AN EXP]I5CE %OOK HIM1 & HE WROTE 9 A LETT] JOYFULLY1 ',I'M 9 ! WOODS WOODS WOODS1 & !Y >E 9 ME6'4 ,HE KNEW ?AT !RE WAS NO CREATURE HI<] OR L[] ?AN ANO!R2 EA* HAD EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE & BLOSSOM 9 ITS [N WAY & [N TIME4 

,MUIR *OSE TO SP5D MO/ ( HIS LIFE 9 ! M\NTA9S1 F9D+ COM=T AMONG !M4 ,WALK+ WAS NOT A WORD HE US$ = HIMSELF2 9/EAD1 SAUNT]+1 ) ITS ORIG9AL S5SE ( MUS+4 ,H]E >E WORDS ADDRESS$ TO ! BOY ,K+ ,$W>D ,V,I :I* %[ IT 9 USE BE=E DEEP ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATION WAS MADE TO GIVE WAY TO %ALL[NESS1 LOS+ A S5SE ( ROOT$NESS1 BY ! ,RE=MATION3 '444DO NOT Y\RSELFE SITT SAUNT]+E ALONE3 AS WONE ?AT WE>E 9 /UDYE MO/ DEEPE'4 

,MUIR'S 5C\NT]S ) ,9DIANS W]E RECIPROCAL 9 ADMIRATION4 ,HE WAS GIV5 ! NAME ,ANC\TAHAN BY A B& ( ! ,TL+IT TRIBE4 ,A TRANSLATION MI<T BE3 REV]$_/LE>N$ WRIT]1 WRIT+ 9 HIS NOTEBOOK2 & ( !M HE WROTE1 ',TO ! ,9DIAN M9D ALL NATURE WAS 9/9CT ) DEITY4 ,A SPIRIT WAS EMBODI$ 9 EV]Y M\NTA91 /REAM1 & WAT]FALL4' 

,MUIR'S PUBLI%$ /UDIES ( NATURAL =CES BR\<T HIM TO ! NOTICE ( ! SCI5TIFIC E/ABLI%M5T1 & HE REALIZ$ ?AT ! CONC]N ( SCI5CE WAS NOT ) ! ESS5TIAL ON5ESS ( ALL ?+S1 BUT ) BREAK+ D[N & CLASSIFICATION4 ,:AT FRU/RATION HE SUFF]$3 ',:5 WE TRY TO PICK \T ANY?+ BY ITSELF WE F9D IT HIT*$ TO EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 ! UNIV]SE'4 

,9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,MUIR ATT5D$ SOME ,SUNDAY NI<T SESSIONS ) ,H5RY ,GEORGE :O WAS HAV+ AN 9FLU5CE ON E>LY CONS]VATION ?9K+4 ,9 ,PROGRESS & ,POV]TY 7#a#h#g#i7 HE SUGGE/$ ?AT AS PEOPLE HAD EQUAL RI<TS TO BREA! ! AIR1 SO !Y %\LD TO 5JOY ! E>?4 ,HE REASON$ ?AT :ATEV] MAN MAKES OR GR[S IS HIS TO DO ) IT AS HE WILL4 ,BUT1 HE ASKS1 :O MADE ! E>?8 ,AS IT IS A 'TEMPOR>Y DWELL+ PLACE' IT IS NOT \RS TO BUY OR SELL1 7OR DESPOIL74 ,MORALLY1 NO MAN %\LD HAVE MORE L& ?AN ?AT ) :I* HE CAN COPE1 )\T EXPLOIT+ O!RS1 & HE ADVOCAT$ A ,S+LE ,TAX ON UNDES]V$ & UNE>N$ APPRECIAT+ 9COME4 ,M>X'S WRE/LE ) CAPITAL DID NOT GO DEEP 5\< TO T\* ! E>?4 ,HE OV]LOOK$ L&1 & ACTUALLY 5C\RAG$ ITS EXPLOITATION & DESPOLIATION4 ,MUIR AGRE$ ) ,GEORGE ?AT ':AT HAS DE/ROY$ ALL PREVI\S CIVILIZATIONS HAS BE5 ! CONDITIONS PRODUC$ BY ! GR[? ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF4 ,H5RY ,GEORGE WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,PRESID5T ,ROOSEVELT AS ONE ( ! C5TURY'S 'REALLY GREAT ?9K]S'4 

,MUIR WAS DRIV5 9TO IMM$IATE1 FR5ZI$ ACTION BY A NOTICE SIGN$ BY ?REE M5 CLAIM+ A VALLEY = !MSELVES TO RAISE LIVE/OCK4 ,HIS LETT] APPE>$ 9 ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,BULLET9 9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#g#e4 ,IT M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! CONC5TRATION ( HIS 5]GIES T[>D DEF5D+ WILD]NESS FROM MAN4 ,EV5TUALLY HE CAME UP AGA9/ ! COMM]CIAL CONS]VATIONI/S3 A DEEP V]SUS %ALL[ DI*OTOMY4 ,9 ,MAY #a#h#i#b1 ,MUIR1 ) SYMPA!TIC FRI5DS1 LAUN*$ ! R$\BTABLE ,SI]RA ,CLUB TO CAMPAIGN TO PRES]VE ! =E/S & WILD FEATURES4 ,MUIR WAS ELECT$ PRESID5T & REMA9$ SO UNTIL HE DI$4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,P>KS ( ,AM]ICA [E !IR EXI/5CE TO ,MUIR'S 5]GY4 ,9 #ahgf HE HAD SAID1 ',MY LIFE-WORK IS ALL OV] ! WORLD'2 & 9DE$1 ! ,JOHN ,MUIR ,TRU/ 9 ,SCOTL& WAS F\ND$ 9 #aihc ) ! OBJECT ( KEEP+ WILD]NESS WILD2 IT IS AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO4 

,& H[ ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB = MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S HAD TO FI<T ! DET]M9$ ATTEMPTS ( LUMB]M5 & /OCKM5 TO CUT D[N NE>LY HALF ( ! ,YOSEMITE ,NATIONAL ,P>K2 !Y FL\T$ ! LAW1 & !IR #e1 %EEP /RIPP$ ! E>? ( MEAD[S & =E/4 

,9 #a#h#i#d1 ,MUIR'S FIR/ BOOK1 ,! ,M\NTA9S ( ,CALI=NIA1 R\S$ ,AM]ICA TO ! NE$ = DET]M9ATION TO PRES]VE ! =E/S4 ,S]I\S OPPOSITION CAME FROM ! 9FLU5TIAL ,G5]AL ,L& ,(FICE4 ,:5 ,MUIR JO9$ ! ,=E/ ,COMMISSION ON A FACT-SE>*+ 9SPECTION1 :]EV] !Y /OPP$ !Y F\ND =E/S CUT D[N & BURN$1 L>GELY BY FRAUDUL5T MEANS4 ,MUIR WROTE HOME1 ',:]EV] ! :ITE MAN GOES1 ! GROVES VANI%'4 

,ROOSEVELT CAMP$ ) ,MUIR & TOLD HIM 9 A LETT] AFT]W>DS ?AT HE HAD 'ALWAYS BEGRUDG$ ,EM]SON'S NOT HAV+ GONE 9TO CAMP' ) HIM4 ,& AFT] A LAT] VISIT TO ,CALI=NIA HE PRON\NC$ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ITS WAT] SUPPLY3 '! WAT] SUPPLY CANNOT BE PRES]V$ UNLESS ! =E/S >E PRES]V$'4 

,9 ,MAY #a#i#a#c1 ,MUIR WAS MADE ,DOCTOR ( ,LAWS BY ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA :O SAID ( HIM3 ',JOHN ,MUIR1 BORN 9 ,SCOTL&1 RE>$ 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS91 BY F9AL *OICE A ,CALI=NIAN1 ,WIDELY TRAVEL$ ,OBS]V] ( ! WORLD WE DWELL 91 ,MAN ( ,SCI5CE & ( ,LETT]S1 ,FRI5D & ,PROTECTOR ( ,NATURE1 ,UNIQUELY GIFT$ TO ,9T]PRET UNTO O!RS ,H] M9D & WAYS'4 ,9 #aiad HE DI$4 ,HE HAD SAID1 ',A LITTLE PURE WILDNESS IS ! ONE GREAT PRES5T WANT' = PEOPLE TO REALIZE ?AT ',EV]Y?+ IS SO IMMEASURABLY UNIT$'4 ,TIME ,MAGAZ9E ANN\NC$ 9 #a#i#f#e3 ',! REAL FA!R ( CONS]VATION IS CONSID]$ TO BE ,JOHN ,MUIR1 A ,CALI=NIAN NATURALI/'4 

,EM]SON HAD ABSORB$ ,9DIAN TEA*+S 9TO HIS WRIT+1 ,?OREAU ABSORB$ ,EM]SON ) RES]VATIONS1 ,MUIR LIKEWISE & DEEP5$ ON ,?OREAU'S UND]/&+2 !N CAME ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD :O HAD ABSORB$ ,MUIR'S WRIT+S :I* HE HAD HAD CORROBORAT$ BY ,P4,D4 ,\SP5SKY'S ,T]TIUM ,ORGANUM1 & HIS CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,ROB9SON ,JEFF]S1 :OSE 9FLU5CES APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ,H]ACLITUS1 ,SP9OZA1 ,S*OP5HAU]1 & ,NIETZS*E4 

,ALDO ,LEOPOLD 7#a#h#h#f-#a#i#d#h7 SAID1 ',WE ABUSE L& BECAUSE WE REG>D IT AS A COMMODITY BELONG+ TO US4 ,:5 WE SEE L& AS A COMMUNITY TO :I* WE BELONG1 WE MAY BEG9 TO USE IT ) LOVE & RESPECT'4 ,HIS ,L& ,E?IC IS MU* QUOT$ & APPE>S 9 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 ,! ,UP%OT1 ( ,A ,S& ,C\NTY ,ALMANAC4 ,IT WAS A DI/ILLATION ( NE>LY HALF A C5TURY ( HIS LIFETIME SP5T 9 =E/RY & WILD LIFE CONS]VATION3 ',! L& E?IC SIMPLY 5L>GES ! B\ND>IES ( ! COMMUNITY TO 9CLUDE SOILS1 WAT]S1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS1 OR COLLECTIVELY3 ! L&'4 

,P4,D4 ,\SP5SKY WAS A CONTEMPOR>Y ALSO4 ,LEOPOLD ACCEPT$ HIS ASSURANCE ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ DEAD OR ME*ANICAL 9 NATURE2 !RE WAS LIFE & FEEL+ 9 EV]Y?+3 A M\NTA91 A TREE1 A RIV]1 ! FI% 9 ! RIV]1 DROPS ( WAT]1 RA91 A PLANT1 FIRE -- EA* SEP>ATELY MU/ POSSESS A M9D ( ITS [N4 ,A SECTION 9 ,S& ,C\NTY ,ALMANAC IS TITL$ ',?9K+ LIKE A M\NTA9'1 AS IS A REC5T BOOK AB\T DEEP ECOLOGY4 

,IT WAS ALSO ,ROB9SON ,JEFF]S' CONVICTION ?AT ! DEVALUATION ( HUMAN-C5T]$ ILLUSIONS1 ! TURN+ \TW>D FROM MAN TO :AT IS B\NDLESSLY GREAT]1 IS ! NEXT /EP 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T2 & AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( FRE$OM & ( SPIRITUAL 7I4E4 MORAL & VITAL7 SANITY3 

,M\RN+ ! BROK5 BALANCE1 ! HOPELESS PRO/RATION ( ! E>? UND] M5'S H&S & !IR M9DS444 

,HE BELIEV$ HUMAN LIFE TO BE SO EASY1 SP5T1 AS IT IS1 ?\<TLESSLY4 ,HIS POETRY DEL9EATES 'CONFLICT & *>ITY1 LOVE1 JEAL\SY1 HATR$1 COMPETITION1 GOV]NM5T1 VANITY & CRUELTY1 & ?AT PU]ILE PASSION ! WILL TO P[]'4 

,AT ! FALL ( AN AGE M5 MU/ MAKE SACRIFICE TO R5EW BEAUTY1 TO RE/ORE /R5G?4 

,HE HAS BE5 CALL$ ! POET ( 9HUMANISM4 ,C]TA9LY DEEP ECOLOGY IS 'NOT MAN AP>T' FROM ! E>?1 TAK+ ONE BEYOND ?AT RELATIVE ?\<T :I* SEP>ATES & COMPETES4 

,! BEAUTY ( ?+S --   
,IS 9 ! BEHOLD]'S BRA9 -- ! HUMAN M9D'S TRANSLATION ( !IR TRAN%UMAN  
,9TR9SIC VALUE4 

,9 #aide ,JOHN ,MUIR'S 9TEGRAL APPROA* WAS REP]SONIFI$ BY ,DAVID ,BR[] :O NOT ONLY BR\<T ,MUIR TO PEOPLE'S M9DS1 BUT IT WAS F\ND ?AT HE HAD AN ADD$ ATTRIBUTE3 A GIFT = LEAD]%IP4 ,AN IDEA ( ! MAN IS SUGGE/$ BY !SE WORDS3 0,IT IS /ILL A *ALL5GE TO EMULATE ! FREELY TRANSLAT$ ,9DIAN MOTTO1 ',:]E ,I GO ,I LEAVE NO SIGN'04 ,HE BECAME ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB'S FIR/ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 9 #a#i#e#b1 & CLAIM$ ?AT HE LOOK$ T[>DS ,5GL& = H] EXAMPLE ( ,NATIONAL ,TRU/ PROTECTION ( >EAS ( BEAUTY4 

,UND] ,BR[]'S LEAD]%IP ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES SAID ( ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB ?AT IT HAD BECOME ! 'GANGBU/]S ( ! CONS]VATION MOVEM5T'4 ,9 #aifi ,BR[]'S 9TRANSIG5CE REMOV$ HIM FROM ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB4 ,HE SAID1 ',WE CANNOT GO ON FIDDL+ :ILE ! E>?'S WILD PLACES BURN 9 ! FIRES ( \R UNDISCIPL9$ TE*NOLOGY'1 & HE F\ND$ ,FRI5DS ( ! ,E>? AS WELL AS ! ,JOHN ,MUIR ,9/ITUTE = ,5VIRONM5TAL ,/UDIES4 

,HONOR>Y DEEP ECOLOGI/S SU* AS ,?OREAU1 ,MUIR1 ,LEOPOLD1 ,C>SON1 ,S*WEITZ]1 ,JEFF]S & ,BR[] ALL DISCOV]$ ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! PRESCRIB$ ,*RI/IANITY1 & F\ND SPACE 9 ,EA/]N PHILOSOPHY4 ,! ,*9ESE DI/ILL$ DEEP ,9DIAN ?\<T1 & NO:]E SO APHORI/ICALLY AS 9 ! DEEP ECOLOGICAL ,TAO ,TE ,*+4 ,EA/]N PHILOSOPHIES AID$ & AID COMPREH5SION & DEEP5 UND]/&+4 ,O!RWISE1 = ,MUIR1 HIS EMPA?IC COMMUNION ) ,NATURE W\LD HAVE F\ND NO V]BAL EXPRESSION1 ELLIPTICAL 9 P>TS AS IT IS6 

,) SO GREAT A HI/ORY ( DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T AS 9 ,AM]ICA IT IS P]HAPS NOT SURPRIS+ :Y A CONSCI\SNESS ( DEEP ECOLOGY %\LD HAVE 9FILTRAT$ !RE AS IT HAS4 ,:AT WE KN[ ( DEEP ECOLOGY HAS COME ?R\< ,AM]ICAN BOOKS1 AT LEA/ UNTIL #a#i#h#i1 :5 ,>NE ,NAESS' SEM9AL WORK ON DEEP ECOLOGY WAS PUBLI%$ H]E1 ?IRTE5 YE>S AFT] IT HAD APPE>$ 9 ,NORWAY3 ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE3 ,AN ,\TL9E ( AN ,ECOSOPHY4 7,ECO = E>? H\SEHOLD & SOPHY = WISDOM74 ,ECOSOPHICAL ?9K+ MAY NOT BE NEW BUT ,>NE ,NAESS HAS GIV5 IT A NAME :I* HAS BE5 /RIK+ A V]Y DEEP NOTE1 T\*+ ! PHILOSOPHICAL N]VE ( ! PLANET 9 DI/RESS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,$W>D ,C>P5T]'S TOMB/ONE CAN BE HE>D CREAK+444 ,CIVILIZATION1 ,ITS ,CAUSE & ,CURE WAS PUBLI%$ A C5TURY AGO1 ALSO4' ,CAN IT BE TIME8'444:5 ',MAN WILL ONCE MORE FEEL HIS UNITY ) HIS FELL[S1 HE WILL FEEL HIS UNITY ) ! ANIMALS1 ) ! M\NTA9S & ! /REAMS1 ) ! E>? ITSELF & ! SL[ PULSE ( CON/ELLATIONS1 NOT AS AN AB/RACT DOGMA ( ,SCI5CE OR ,!OLOGY1 BUT AS A LIV+ & EV] PRES5T FACT'4 

,NAESS SAYS1 ',! ESS5CE ( DEEP ECOLOGY IS TO ASK DEEP] QUE/IONS'1 TO GET AT ! ROOT ( TRU?1 NOT M]ELY ! BRAN*ES & LEAVES4 ',WE QUE/ION \R SOCIETY'S UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 WE CAN SEE ?AT 9/EAD ( AN 5]GY CRISIS WE HAVE A CRISIS ( CONSUMPTION4' 

,NAESS' ABSORPTION ( ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+ & ,*UANG ,TZU CORROBORAT$ HIS UND]/&+ ( ,SP9OZA4 ,HE WAS ACCU/OM$ TO REGUL>LY RETREAT TO HIS HUT HI< 9 ! ,NORWEGIAN M\NTA9S1 :]E 9CREAS+LY HE F\ND 'CONTR>IES 9DI/+UI%ABLY BL5D$' 7,*UANG ,TZU74 ,HE WAS GETT+ TO ! BOTTOM ( ,JOHN ,MUIR'S 'NO MY/]Y BUT ! MY/]Y ( H>MONY'4 

,*UANG ,TZU'S BL5D+ ( CONTR>IES WAS NO?+ O!R1 9 ! ,WE/]N M9D-FRAME1 ?AN ,GOD4 ,! TRU? DAWN$ AS :5 ! FIR/ RAYS ( ! RIS+ SUN EMBRACE ! E>?4 ,BY GETT+ TO KN[ NATURE ?OSE GLIMPSES ( ,GOD1 & FEEL+ ( BE+ A P>T ( ,GOD1 GR[ & DEEP54 ,! ULTIMATE1 SPEE*LESS JOY CAN BE LIK5$ TO SUCCESS AFT] PA9/AK+ MON?S1 EV5 YE>S1 TO MA/] A 'DIFFICULT' MUSICAL 9/RUM5T1 & SUDD5LY ! PURE/ NOTES >E HE>D2 & !RE IS LEFT ONLY WOND] :Y IT ELUD$ ONE = SO LONG1 SO SIMPLE IT HAS BECOME4 

,A SOM]SAULT ( ! M9D1 ONCE A*IEV$ IT IS !RE TO /AY4 ,= A DEEP ECOLOGI/ IT IS AN EMOTIONAL ATTA*M5T OR EXPANSION ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* UND]LIES BE+ & 9T]RELATION ) NATURE4 ,NAESS CALLS IT ,SELF-REALIZATION :5 ONE'S SELF IS WID5$ & DEEP5$4 ,PROTECTION ( NATURE BECOMES SECOND NATURE1 IT BECOMES NATURALLY PROTECTION ( ONE'S V]Y [N SELF6 ,DI/9CTIONS >E OV]COME3 ONE'S SELF & O!R CEASE TO BE CONSID]$ AS SEP>ATE4 ,?US1 ONE ID5TIFIES ) ! ?REAT5$ =E/1 & ACTS ACCORD+LY4 

,)\T L& WE W\LD NOT EXI/4 ,)\T DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS !RE W\LD BE NO DES]TS4 ,! ]OSION ( MAN'S JU/ NATURE BR\<T ) IT ! ]OSION ( ! L&4 ,) GRE$ UNB\ND$ IT IS NO WOND] ?AT WE >E :]E WE >E4 ,! WORD RECESSION IS N[ B&I$ AB\T1 BUT NOT UND]/OOD = :AT IT IS4 ,MAT]IAL GR[? IS SAID TO BE R\ND ! CORN]4 

,MAN DID NOT 9T5D TO *ANGE ! WEA!R1 BUT N[ ?AT ?AT FACT IS BE+ ACKN[L$G$ NO?+ V]Y MU* IS BE+ DONE4 ,PR(IT1 LIKE A NECKLACE1 MU/ NOT BE TI<T5$1 BUT ,CAPITAL'S SELF-IMPOS$ RECESSION EXPECTS EV]YONE TO TI<T5 !IR BELTS4 ,RE=MS >E ANN\NC$ :I* GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT SOME?+ IS HAPP5+1 :5 NO?+ IS AT ALL4 

,:5 ,>NE ,NAESS L$ ! ,NORWEGIAN ,HIMALAYA ,EXP$ITION 9 #a#i#d#i1 HE SAID1 ',ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL OBJECTS ( ! EXP$ITION WILL BE TO DISCOV] AT :AT HEI<T ! ORD9>Y BURN] CONKS \T1 & H[ ! SECOND FUNCTIONS AT GREAT] HEI<TS'4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! ORD9>Y BURN]1 MAN'S SUICID+ ! PLANET1 IS CONK+ \T1 & DEEP ECOLOGY IS ! SECOND BURN]4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO PRACTICE DEEP ECOLOGY ) ITS 'TOTAL VIEW'2 TO BE SELF-RELIANT1 ROOT$ 9 PLACE & NATURE1 SIMPLE 9 MEANS1 RI* 9 5DS4 7,G&HI74 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*ISM & ,TRADES ,UNIONISM  
BY ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE 

,?IS ESSAY IS A REVISION ( ?REE BOOK REVIEWS PUBLI%$ 9 ,REBEL ,WORK] BETWE5 #aihi & #a#i#i#a4 

,P>T ,I3 ,BOOK*93 ,! ,AN>*I/-,ECOLOGI/ ( ! LATE #fS & #gS 

,BOOK*9 HAS DES]V$LY EM]G$ AS A MAJOR ?9K] & WRIT] ( ! LATE ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY4 ,HIS IDEAS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AN>*ISM1 & TRADE-UNIONISM1 AL?\< CONTROV]SIAL & SOMETIMES /RAI<T=W>DLY WRONG OR DI%ONE/1 >E NONE!LESS WOR?Y ( \R CLOSE & CONSID]$ ATT5TION4 

,AL?\< ,BOOK*9 HAS REC5TLY BECOME OP5LY HO/ILE T[>DS TRADE-UNIONISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 9 FACT TO ANY CLASS ANALYSIS AT ALL1 ?IS HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE4 ,SOME ( HIS E>LI] ?9K+ ON !SE SUBJECTS1 AL?\< DEEPLY CRITICAL ( SYNDICALISM1 W]E 9SI<TFUL COMM5TS UPON ! VALUE ( TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE1 UNLIKE HIS REC5T QUITE UNNECESS>Y ATTACKS ON AN>*ISM4 ,HIS ESSAY  ,SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! ,NEW ,TE*NOLOGY1 WRITT5 9 #aigi IS P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ! SYNDICALI/ CONCEPTION ( ! 'FACTORY' OR ! 'WORKPLACE' AS BE+ ( OV]RID+ IMPORTANCE AS A FOCUS = POLITICAL & SOCIAL ACTIVITY 9 A FUTURE AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS AN OV]LY OPTIMI/IC VIEW ( ! LIB]ATORY POT5TIAL ( L>GE- SCALE 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4 ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS ! FACTORY HAS DE/ROY$ ! CRAFTSMAN & ! >TISAN & DEGRAD$ ! NATURE ( WORK & LABOR ?R\< RELY+ ON A SY/EM ( MASS-9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ?AT R$UCES HUMAN BE+S TO M]E 5G9E P>TS3 

,( ! TE*NICAL *ANGES ?AT SEP>ATE \R [N ]A FROM ! PA/ ONES NO S+LE DEVICE WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ?AT ( ! LEA/ ME*ANICAL ( ALL -- ! FACTORY4 ,NEI!R ,WATT'S /EAM 5G9E NOR ,BESSEM]'S FURNACE WAS MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! SIMPLE PROCESS ( RATIONALIZ+ LABOR 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL 5G9E = ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,MA*9]Y1 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 HEI<T5$ ?IS PROCESS VA/LY -- BUT ! SY/EMIC RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR TO S]VE 9 EV] SPECIALIZ$ TASKS DEMOLI%$ ! TE*NICAL /RUCTURE ( SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETIES & ULTIMATELY ( WORKMAN%IP -- ! 'SELFHOOD' ( ! ECONOMIC REALM 4444 ,TRUE CRAFTSMAN%IP IS LOV+ WORK1 NOT ON]\S TOIL4 ,IT >\SES ! S5SES1 NOT DULLS !M4 ,IT ADDS DIGNITY TO HUMANITY1 NOT DEMEANS IT4 ,IT GIVES FREE RANGE TO ! SPIRIT1 NOT ABORTS IT4 ,)9 ! TE*NICAL SPH]E IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( SELFHOOD P> EXCELL5CE -- ( 9DIVIDUATION1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & FRE$OM4 ,!SE WORDS DANCE ?R\<\T EV]Y ACC\NT ( WELL-CRAFT$ OBJECTS & >TI/IC WORKS4 

,! FACTORY WORK] LIVES M]ELY ON ! MEMORY ( SU* TRAITS4 ,! D9 ( ! FACTORY DR[NS \T EV]Y ?\<T1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ANY SONG2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR D5IES ! WORK] ANY RELATION%IP TO ! COMMUNITY2 ! RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR DULLS HIS OR H] S5SES & EXHAU/S HIS OR H] BODY4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM :ATEV] = ANY ( ! >TISAN'S MODES ( EXPRESSION -- FROM >TI/RY TO SPIRITUALITY -- O!R ?AN AN 9T]ACTION ) OBJECTS ?AT R$UCE ! WORK] TO A M]E OBJECT4444 ,M>XISM & SYNDICALISM ALIKE1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR COMMITM5T TO ! FACTORY AS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL >5A1 MU/ RECA/ SELF-MANAGEM5T TO MEAN ! 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T ( ! SELF4444 ,BO? IDEOLOGIES %>E ! NOTION ?AT ! FACTORY IS ! 'S*OOL' ( REVOLUTION & 9 ! CASE ( SYNDICALISM1 ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 RA!R ?AN ITS UNDO+4 ,MO/ %>E A COMMON COMMITM5T TO ! FACTORY'S /RUCTURAL ROLE AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL MOBILIZATION4444 ,! FACTORY NOT ONLY S]VES TO MOBILIZE & TRA9 ! PROLET>IAT BUT TO DEHUMANIZE IT4 ,FRE$OM IS TO BE F\ND NOT )9 ! FACTORY BUT \TSIDE IT4 

7,T[>DS AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h1 PP #a#b#c-#f PASSIM7 

,BOOK*9 CONCLUDES ?AT ! FACTORY SY/EM UPON :I* 9DU/RIAL SYNDICALISM RE/S1 IS 9TR9SICALLY AU?ORIT>IAN & DEHUMANIZ+4 ,! SYNDICALI/S HAVE CONFUS$ ! FACTORY1 ! 'REALM ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY'1 ) ! 'REALM ( SOCIAL FRE$OM'1 :I* IS NATURE1 WILD]NESS1 COMMUNITY & ! LIB]AT$ CITY4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! SYNDICALI/ VISION1 ! FACTORY C\LD NOT ON ANY ACC\NT EV] BE REG>D$ AS ! PRIM>Y LOCUS ( POLITICAL ACTION & FRE$OM4 ,ONLY ! REEM]G5CE ( A FREELY COMMUNICAT+1 NON-HI]>*ICAL & ECONOMICALLY-9TEGRAT$ SOCIAL EXI/5CE W\LD BE G5U9ELY CAPABLE ( GU>ANTEE+ LIB]TY & PROSP]ITY4 ,BESIDES1 ,BOOK*9 LAT] >GUES1 ! COAL-/EEL-OIL TE*NOLOGY UPON :I* ! FACTORY SY/EM WAS BAS$ IS ECONOMICALLY R$UNDANT1 ?R\< RES\RCE DEPLETION4 ,SOL> & W9D 5]GIES ETC41 AL?\< CAPABLE ( BE+ US$ 9 L>GE SCALE 9DU/RIAL MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES1 >E MU* MORE EFFICI5TLY APPLI$ ON A LOCAL OR SMALL SCALE BASIS4 ,AN ECONOMIC 9FRA/RUCTURE CONSI/+ ( A L>GE NUMB] ( MU* SMALL] WORK%OPS PRODUC+ 9DIVIDUALLY CRAFT$ TOOLS FROM LOCAL NONPOLLUT+ P[] S\RCES1 )9 ! CONTEXT ( AN ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ COMMUNITY1 NOT ONLY REPRES5T$ A TRULY ECOLOGICAL VISION ( HUMAN SOCIAL DE/9Y1 BUT ONE ?AT ALSO SAW NO NE$ = ! VA/ & 9TR9SICALLY DEHUMANIZ+ 9DU/RIAL MANUFACTUR+ PLANTS & FACTORIES ( A PA/ ]A4 ,! FACTORY NO LONG] REPRES5T$ EV5 ! REALM ( NECESSITY -- 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9ANTS HAV+ R5D]$ ! FACTORY SY/EM ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ECOLOGICALLY & VIS A VIS ECONOMICALLY R$UNDANT4 

,BOOK*9 9 ?IS P5ETRAT+ ESSAY MAKES FAIR COMM5T4 ,! PICTURES ?AT HAVE UNTIL REC5TLY ADORN$ \R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ J\RNALS -- ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S1 HEADS HELD HI< & AN>*I/ BANN]S 9 H&1 M>*+ \T ( R[S ( FACTORIES TRIUMPHANTLY BEL*+ \T BLACK SMOKE 9 UNISON -- EXHIBIT A S+UL> 9ABILITY TO APPRECIATE ! SCOPE & *ALL5GE ( ! ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION ?AT ?REAT5S TO 5GULF BO? AN>*ISMS ALIKE4 ,! REASONS = ?IS >E HI/ORICAL & PRACTICAL & >E NOT DUE TO ANY !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :I* WITNESS$ RAPID 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 7A PEASANTRY1 AN URBAN PROLET>IAT1 & A ,M>XI/ & SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION ?AT REG>D$ ! ECOLOGICAL & AN>*I/ IDEAL ( ECO-REGIONAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY & T[N_/ C\NTRY BALANCE AS TOO ,UTOPIAN1 OR AS 9DICATIVE ( A BACKW>D LOOK+1 PRE-9DU/RIAL IDEOLOGY71 AN>*ISM & AN>*I/S AS AN ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE SAW FIT1 & ) GOOD REASONS1 TO DEVOTE A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( ITS EF=TS T[>DS 9DU/RIAL & TRADES-UNIONS ACTIVITY & D[N PLAY ! MORE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,?IS WAS AN EM95TLY PRACTICAL RESPONSE TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS ( ! DAY & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ?R\< NO FAULT ( !IR [N HAVE T5D$ TO FOCUS UPON 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY )9 ! FACTORY OR Y>D & HAVE TO SOME EXT5T IGNOR$ O!R1 WID] ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,AN>*ISM H[EV]1 UNLIKE ,M>XISM HAS ALWAYS TAK5 A PR(\ND 9T]E/ 9 ! PROP] RELATION%IP ( 9DU/RY TO ECOLOGY 7MO/ FAM\SLY EXHIBIT$ 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES @& ,WORK%OPS7 & ,BOOK*9 HAS 9 RESPONSE TO \R CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS BE5 QUITE CORRECT 9 /RESS+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ECOLOGICAL REGION1 GRE5 TE*NOLOGY & ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ CITIES & COMMUNITIES )9 AN>*I/ !ORY & !REBY RE/ORE A PROP] S5SE ( BALANCE TO ! AN>*I/ & ECOLOGICAL DEBATE4 

,?IS ESSAY WAS H[EV] WRITT5 OV] A DECADE AGO & ) ! O!R ESSAYS 9 ,T[>DS AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 9 :I* IT IS AN?OLOGIZ$ =MS A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! TWO PHASES ( HIS WRIT+ & ?9K+3 ,BOOK*9 ! ,AN>*I/-,ECOLOGI/ ( ! #a#i#fS & #gS & ,BOOK*9 ! ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGI/ ( ! #a#i#hS & #iS4 ,BOOK*9 ! ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGI/ IS F> LESS K9D ON AN>*ISM & TRADES UNIONISM ?AN HE MI<T O!RWISE BE4 ,BOOK*9 HAS )\T D\BT BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ANTI-/ATI/ ?9K]S ( REC5T DECADES4 ,HIS TWO PAMPHLETS ,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T & ,T[>DS A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY 7BO? WRITT5 9 #aife & REPR9T$ 9 AN AN?OLOGY ( HIS WRIT+S FROM ! P]IOD 5TITL$  ,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM7 >E CLE>1 SUCC9CT1 & EASILY UND]/&ABLE /ATEM5TS ( ! ECOLOGICAL-AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T DISPLAY+ ALL ! MO/ ADMIRABLE ASPECTS ( AN>*I/ PAMPHLETE]+ & COLLECTIVELY REPRES5T+ SOME ( ! BE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT RADICAL WRIT+S ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,BOOK*9 9 !SE E>LY PAMPHLETS AS WELL AS HIS TWO LAT] BOOKS2 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7#a#i#g#d7 & ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#h7 BR\<T UP TO DATE & 5L>G$ UPON MANY ( ! SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL 9SI<TS & IDEAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( PA/ AN>*I/ ?9K]S 7,F\RI]1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 @& ,ELISEE ,RECLUS7 CLE>LY1 LOGICALLY & CONV9C+LY %[+ ?AT AN>*ISM ) ITS NON-C5TRALI/ & NON-HI]>*ICAL PHILOSOPHY 5VISION+ A H>MONI\S /ATELESS ORD] COMPOS$ ( F$]ATION ( SELF-GOV]N+ CITIES ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ ) !IR SURR\ND+ BIO-REGIONS IS ! ONLY SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY CAPABLE ( 5SUR+ ! LONG-T]M SURVIVAL ( BO? \R SPECIES & \R PLANET4 ,MO/ ( ! ABOVE M5TION$ WORKS W]E H[EV] WRITT5 NE>LY TWO DECADES AGO & S9CE ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS ,BOOK*9 HAS SP5T HIS TIME EXP\ND+ HIS 'SELF-/YL$' ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY -- ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY -- PUBLI%+ MANY BOOKS ON ! SUBJECT2 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b71 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS 7#a#i#h#f71 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#h#i7 & ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7#a#i#i74 

,P>T ,I,I3 ,BOOK*91 ! ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGI/ ( ! #hS & #iS 

,AL?\< NONE ( ! BASIC T5ETS ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORY ( SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY >E 9 ANYWAY 9COMPATIBLE ) SOCIAL-AN>*ISM & AL?\< NOT D5Y+ ! IMPORTANCE ( AN>*ISM1 9 HIS MORE REC5T WORKS HE R>ELY M5TIONS ! WORD1 & !N ONLY 9 PASS+4 ,HIS EXPLICIT REJECTION ( 'WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION' & 'TRADE UNIONS' %[S A WID5+ EMOTIONAL & PHILOSOPHICAL GAP BETWE5 HIS !ORY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ) ! TRADITIONS ( AN>*ISM4 

,NONE ! LESS1 MANY ?+S ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAS TO SAY AB\T A RANGE ( ISSUES >E RELEVANT TO AN>*ISM & AN>*I/S4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( HIS EXT5D$ DISCUSSIONS ON ! ROLE ( PATRI>*Y 9 CREAT+ A HI]>*ICAL1 EXPLOITATIVE & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL SY/EM :I* >E VALUABLE & EXPLORE ISSUES1 SOME:AT UND]PLAY$ BY ,KROPOTK9 & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 9 !IR ANALYSIS ( ! EVOLUTION & MA9T5ANCE ( AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 7,RECLUS H[EV] 9 ! WAY HE USES G5D] ASCRIPTION1 HE @& %E1 AB\T NATURE IS MORE 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AN O!RWISE SUPPOS$47 

,IT IS 9 HIS REJECTION ( CLASS ANALYSIS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,BOOK*9 REALLY SEEKS TO =M A CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ,AN>*ISM & HIS FAVOR$ !ORY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,9 ! MO/ ACCESSIBLE ( HIS REC5T WORKS1 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 HIS ATTACKS ON ,AN>*ISM1 ! ,I,W,W & ,TRADES-UNIONISM >E SIMPLY \TRAGE\S4 

,AN>*ISM1 CLAIMS ,BOOK*91 BECAUSE ( ITS 9SI/5CE UPON CLASS ANALYSIS & A BELIEF 9 ! OV]RID+ REVOLUTION>Y IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 REPRES5TS ) ,M>XISM JU/ ANO!R TIR$ OLD SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPHY :I* IS NO LONG] RELEVANT TO ! PRES5T DAY3 

',! POLITICS WE MU/ PURSUE IS GRASSROOTS1 F]TILIZ$ BY ! ECOLOGICAL1 FEM9I/1 COMMUNIT>IAN & ANTI-W> MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE PAT5TLY DISPLAC$ ! TRADITIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T ( HALF A C5TURY AGO4 ,H]E ! SO CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES ( \R ]A -- SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM -- FALL UPON H>D TIMES4 ,BESIDES1 !IR 'CON/ITU5CY' IS LIT]ALLY BE+ 'PHAS$ \T'4 ,! FACTORY 9 ITS TRADITIONAL =M IS GRADUALLY BECOM+ AN >*AISM4 ,ROBOTS WILL SOON REPLACE ! ASSEMBLY L9E AS ! AG5TS ( MASS 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE FUTURE G5]ATION ( 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAN MAY BE A M>G9AL /RATUM M>K+ ! 5D ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 

,! NEW 'CLASSLESS CLASS' WE N[ D$UCE IS UNIT$ MORE BY CULTURAL TIES ?AN ECONOMIC ONES3 E?NICS1 WOM51 C\NT]CULTURAL PEOPLE1 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 ! AG$1 UNEMPLOYABLES OR UNEMPLOY$1 ! '<ETTO' PEOPLE1 ETC4 ,IT IS ?IS 'C\NT]CULTURE' 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M ) ITS BATT]Y ( ALT]NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 TE*NOLOGIES1 P]IODICALS1 FOOD CO-OP]ATIVES1 HEAL? & WOM5'S C5T]S ?AT SEEMS TO (F] COMMON RESI/ANCE TO ,CAES>ISM & CORPORATISM4 ,! REEM]G5CE ( '! PEOPLE' 9 CONTRA/ TO ! /EADY DECL9E ( '! PROLET>IAT' V]IFIES ! ASC5DANCY ( COMMUNITY OV] FACTORY1 ( T[N & NEI<BORHOOD OV] ASSEMBLY L9E4 ,! H& FITS ! GLOVE P]FECTLY -- & CL5*$ IT MAKES ! REAL FI/ ( \R TIME4  7,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 ,*4#d1 PASSIM7 

,EXACTLY :AT S5SE >E WE TO MAKE ( SU* SWEEP+ DISMISSALS ( SEV]AL C5TURIES ( SU/A9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5TS ( CAPITAL & /ATE BY ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE IS QUITE UNCLE>4 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAVE TO MY KN[L$GE ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ TO FO/] COMMUNITY & HAS NEV] MADE ! ABSURD CLAIM ?AT SOCIETY C\LD BE 'ORGANIZ$ FROM ! FACTORY FLOOR'4 ,! PRIM>Y UNIT ( ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! FREE1 ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ CITY OR T[N -- H[ ELSE C\LD ONE HOPE TO ORGANIZE SOCIAL LIFE 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! NATION-/ATE88 ,BESIDES1 9 ! ABS5CE ( /ATE-SUPPORT$ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM TRADES UNIONS & WORK]S' CO-OP]ATIVES -- BE !Y BAK]S1 GROC]S1 COA* BUILD]S1 PO/AL WORK]S OR TRAM DRIV]S W\LD SEEM TO BE A QUITE NATURAL1 9DE$ LOGICAL & RATIONAL WAY ( 5ABL+ ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE TO CO-ORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC & 9DU/RIAL LIFE ( !IR CITY1 = ! B5EFIT ( !MSELVES RA!R ?AN = ! /ATE OR A H&FUL ( CAPITALI/ B>ONS & IT IS SIMPLY DI%ONE/ ( ,BOOK*9 TO CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM HAS EMPHASIZ$ ! HI/ORICAL DE/9Y ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AT ! EXP5SE ( COMMUNITY & FREE CITY LIFE4 ,BEYOND ?IS1 TRADE UNIONS >E COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE -- FEM9I/S1 PEACE ACTIVI/S & ECOLOGI/S 9CLUD$ & >E SIMPLY A MEANS BY :I* PEOPLE CAN COME TO ORGANIZE !IR TRADE OR 9DU/RY 9 A SPIRIT ( EQUALITY1 PEACE & COOP]ATION4 

,AL?\< ?ANKFULLY1 T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E NO LONG] =C$ TO CLAW AT ROCK ) CRUDE PICKS 9 ! B[ELS ( ! E>? ,I FAIL TO SEE :Y ,BOOK*9 IS CONFID5T ?AT ! 'WORK]' IS AN OBSOLETION4 ,H[ IS ONE TO TRAVEL OR PHONE ANO!R CITY 9 ,BOOK*9'S IDEAL WORLD ( LIB]AT$1 SELF- SUFFICI5T CITY-COMMUNES UNLESS WE HAVE TO REPAIR ! ROADS1 RAILWAY OR TELEPHONE CABLES8 ,PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS WI% TO DIRECT OBJECTS ?R\< ORGANIZ$ SPACE & H5CE A PO/AL S]VICE WILL ALWAYS BE NECESS>Y 7IF WE EV] COME TO COLONIZE O!R PLANETS EV5 MORE NECESS>Y74 ,ECONOMIC & 9DU/RIAL LIFE IS UN=TUNATELY GLOBAL 9 NATURE & ! IDEA ?AT ONE C\LD ORGANIZE AN 9T]-CONT95TAL RAILWAY NETWORK FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL T[N OR CITY IS AS ABSURD AS ! PROPOSITION ?AT ONE C\LD ORGANIZE SOCIAL LIFE FROM ! FACTORY FLOOR -- AN IDEA ?AT HE MI/AK5LY CR$ITS TO 9DU/RIAL-SYNDICALISM4 

,! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 AL?\< IT MAY C]TA9LY NEV] REPRES5T ! =CE ( NUMB]S ?AT IT DID A C5TURY AGO IS H>DLY LIKELY TO DISAPPE> & ,AN>*ISM SIMPLY /ATES ?AT 9 ! ABS5CE ( CAPITALISM & ! NATION /ATE ! WORK]S 9 EA* 9DU/RY MU/ ORGANIZE !IR AFFAIRS = ! GOOD ( !MSELVES1 !IR CITY1 !IR ECOLOGICAL REGION & ! :OLE ( HUMANITY4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT A WORK]'S P>TY -- IT IS AN IDEA ?AT EMBRACES ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE -- ! FREE CITY1 ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE1 ! HOBBY GR\P & TRADES-UNIONS 9 SO F> AS !Y >E USEFUL TO \R SPECIES & OP]ATE FREELY ( GOV]NM5T 9 A NON HI]>*ICAL MANN]4 

,BOOK*9 IS MORE CON/RUCTIVE :5 HE PO9TS TO ! 'GRE5-NETWORK' AS PROVID+ A NEW & SIGNIFICANT SPR+BO>D TO REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 

,OV] ! PA/ #c YE>S1 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ( PEOPLE CONNECT$ BY NO?+ ELSE ?AN A LOVE ( ! ,E>? HAVE SET AB\T PUTT+ !IR PHILOSOPHIES 9TO ACTION UPON A LOCAL BASIS4 ,LOCAL GR\PS ( HORTICULTURALI/S GR[+ NATIVE TREES = FREE DI/RIBUTION1 ORGANIC FOOD CO-OP]ATIVES1 =E/ ACTION GR\PS & A PLE?ORA ( SPECIALIZ$ ECOLOGICAL J\RNALS & Z9ES1 ETC41 BR++ PEOPLE TOGE!R FROM ALL BACKGR\NDS1 RACES & CLASSES4 ,! LOCAL1 POPUL> DEC5TRALIZ$ NATURE ( ?IS GRE5 NETWORK+ REPRES5T+ A P[]FUL & NON-C5TRALIZ$ =CE 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL *ANGE4 ,AT ! MORE RADICAL 5D ( ! GRE5-NETWORK !RE >E PEOPLE :O C>E DEEPLY AB\T ! 5VIRONM5T BUT HAVE BECOME DISILLUSION$ AB\T ! ABILITY ( ! /ATE_/CAPITALI/ ORD] TO SOLVE ! URG5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ( ! DAY & HAVE SET \T 9 ! NAME ( COMMON-S5SE & HUMANITY TO SAVE ! PLANET BY ANY REASONABLE MEANS -- LEGAL OR O!RWISE4 ,!SE PEOPLE HAVE FLUNG !MSELVES 9 FRONT ( BULLDOZ]S & RA9=E/ TIMB] %IPS4 ,!IR ANTICS & EXPLOITS HAVE UND\BT$LY CAPTUR$ ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION & !SE PEOPLE HAVE ?ANKFULLY HAD COMP>ATIVE SUCCESS 9 SAV+ SIGNIFICANT PORTIONS ( WILD]NESS FROM DE/RUCTION4 ,DUE H[EV] TO ! LACK ( A SIGNIFICANT WORK+ CLASS P[] BASE !IR EF=TS HAVE RESULT$ 9 !M HAV+ WON FEW BATTLES AT ! PRICE ( RAPIDLY LOS+ ! ECOLOGICAL W>4 ,!Y DIDN'T GET !IR MESSAGE ACROSS TO !IR POT5TIALLY MO/ P[]FUL & EFFECTIVE ALLY -- TRADES-UNIONS & ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASSES4 ,CAPITALISM & ! /ATE :I* HAVE UND\BT$LY BE5 ! CAUSE ( UNTOLD 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION HAS BE5 F\<T = C5TURIES BY WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9SPIR$ BY A VISION ( MORE EQUAL1 JU/ & EQUITABLE SOCIETY4 ,! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM & /ATE >E NOT ONLY UNJU/ & AU?ORIT>IAN BUT ALSO EXTREMELY 5VIRONM5TALLY DE/RUCTIVE ONLY SEEKS TO CONFIRM ! 9H]5T CORRECTNESS ( C5TURIES ( RADICAL WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION & TRADES-UNION OPPOSITION TO ! 5CROA*M5T ( CAPITALISM & ! MILIT>Y /ATE UPON ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL FABRIC ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,! H]OIC & CONSI/5T EF=T ( WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION TO RESI/ /ATE-SPONSOR$ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION IS A LONG & BLOODY HI/ORY 9VOLV+ ! USELESS MURD]1 RU?LESS TORTURE ( MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE :OSE ONLY CRIME WAS TO ATTEMPT TO PROTECT !IR COMMUNITIES & !IR NATURAL RES\RCES FROM BE+ SACRIFIC$ = ! %ORT-T]M B5EFIT ( ! RI* & P[]FUL4 

,ECO-ACTIVI/S >E RELATIVE NEWCOM]S TO ! >T ( ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE TO ! CAPITALI/ & MILIT>Y /ATE & HAVE YET TO DIGE/ ! H>D HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( /ATE-SPONSOR$ MULTI-NATIONAL EXPLOITATION CANNOT BE DEFEAT$ )\T ! COMMITM5T ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASSES TO ! GRE5 CAUSE4 ,IT IS ! WORK+ CLASSES :O TRANS=M RAW NATURE 7TREES1 M9]ALS1 ETC47 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS WE CONSUME -- & REG>DLESS ( ! WI%ES ( GOV]NM5T1 OR !IR CAPITALI/ MA/]S1 >E ULTIMATELY CAPABLE ( 9ITIAT+ *ANGE4 

,! TRAGIC LACK ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ECO-ACTIVI/ GR\PS & TRADES UNIONS HAS MEANT ?AT ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS SUFF]$ FROM A SIGNIFICANT LESS5+ ( ITS PRACTICAL P[]-BASE & HAS L$ TO ! ABSURD SITUATION 9 ,AU/RALIA ( GRE5 ACTIVI/S FI<T+ ) RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S ( LOGG+-UNIONS1 :OSE MEMB]S1 HI/ORY HAS %[N US1 HAVE LITTLE TO GA9 FROM L>GE SCALE EXPLOITATION ( PRIM>Y =E/ L&4 ,! ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ( ,I,W,W_/,E>? ,FIR/ ORGANIZ]S REC5TLY 9 ! ,U,S,A %\LD S]VE AS A LESSON = BO? ! GRE5IES & ! WORK]S ALIKE -- ?AT ! REAL 5EMY >E ! 9/ITUTIONS ( CAPITAL & /ATE & NOT ONE ANO!R4 ,BO? ! GRE5IES & ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE BETT] S]V$ BY JO9+ TOGE!R & WORK+ T[>DS A GRASS-ROOTS1 REVITALIZ$ & ECOLOGICALLY 9=M$ TRADES-UNION MOVEM5T :I* IF NOT CAPABLE 7= ! TIME BE+7 ( OV]?R[+ ! /ATE-MILIT>Y =CES ( ! RI* & P[]FUL IS AT LEA/ ABLE TO RESI/ ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ! PRES5T PR(\NDLY DE/RUCTIVE /ATE-CAPITALI/ ORD]4 ,?AT ! WELF>E ( ! WORK] IS 9TIMATELY DEP5D5T UPON A HEAL?Y 5VIRONM5T IS AN UNQUE/IONABLE FACT1 & BO? ECO-ACTIVI/S & TRADE-UNIONI/S MU/ *OOSE ! PA? ( /R5G? & VICTORY BY /RIV+ TO A*IEVE EV] GREAT] LEVELS ( COOP]ATION & COMMON PURPOSE )9 & BETWE5 !IR RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 

,I HAVE 5C\NT]$ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O ON A LOCAL & COOP]ATIVE BASIS >E CON/RUCTIVELY WORK+ T[>DS A GRE5] FUTURE -- !RE >E H[EV] MANY 9TELLECTUALLY DEG5]ATE & PHILOSOPHICALLY IDIOTIC CONCEPTS CONTA9$ )9 ! 'GRE5 IDEOLOGY' ?AT HOLDS MANY ( !SE PEOPLE TOGE!R -- ,E>?WOR%IPP+1 RITUALS1 A/ROLOGY & ECO- MY/ICISM1 ETC4 :I* T5D TO MAKE = A LESS ?AN COH]5T GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,! B\RGEOIS OR MIDDLE CLASS ELEM5T HAS FUR!R WEAK5$ ! PRACTICAL WOR? ( MANY ( ! MORE SUCCESSFUL 'GRE5' V5TURES ( REC5T YE>S 7E4G4 ,! ,BODY ,%OP74 ,EXP5SIVE HEAL? FOOD %OPS & TR5DY BOOK%OPS SELL+ A WEAL? ( OV]-PRIC$ 5VIRONM5TAL P>APH]NALIA REVEAL MORE A LOVE ( PR(IT -- AN ABILITY TO 'CAT* ON' TO A NEW IDEA RA!R ?AN A G5U9E & UNIMP$$ LOVE ( NATURE4 ,LACK+ 9 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ! GRE5 MOVEM5T HAS ALL TOO EASILY LET ITSELF BE 9TEGRAT$ ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & IS !RE=E CAU<T 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL & TACTICAL CONTRADICTION4 ,ITS MEMB]S1 PR$OM9ANTLY COM+ FROM B\RGEOIS BACKGR\ND1 >E UNABLE TO BE TRULY CRITICAL ( ! 9H]5TLY DE/RUCTIVE & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ! CAPITALI/ & CLASS SY/EM ( :I* !Y UNCRITICALLY =M A P>T4 

,L>GE SECTIONS ( ! 'GRE5 MOVEM5T' TAKE A SIMPLI/IC & ANTI-TE*NOLOGICAL /ANCE4 ,9DU/RIALISM AS SU* & NOT 9DU/RIAL BE+ SE5 AS A CURSE ( HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,O!R SECTIONS ( ! AN>*I/ & GRE5 MOVEM5T TAKE A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ POSITION AB\T TE*NOLOGY & 9SI/ UPON ! FACT ?AT !RE HAS BE5 A SECOND 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION -- ! COMMUNICATIONS1 COMPUT] & TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION :I* HAS A LIFE ( ITS [N ?AT MAY HAVE SUP]S$$ ITS ORIG9S 9 CAPITALISM & :I* ?REAT5S TO WREAK EV]-GREAT] LEVELS ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL DIS9TEGRATION4 ,:E!R ! TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION WILL YIELD PR$OM9ANTLY LIB]T>IAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN RESULTS IS ( C\RSE A MATT] ( SPECULATION -- & ONLY TIME WILL TELL4 ,BUT ,BOOK*9 9 ADVOCAT+ BO? CRAFTSMAN%IP & L>GE 9DU/RIAL PLANTS RUN BY ROBOTS SEEMS CONFUS$ ON ! ISSUE6 ,BOOK*9 HAS NEV] TO MY KN[L$GE EV] 5DORS$ ANY K9D ( ANTI-TE*NOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T -- ?AT MAKES HIS ANTI-UNION /ANCE ALL ! MORE PUZZL+6 ,H[ IS ONE TO DESIGN1 IMPLEM5T1 MANUFACTURE & RECYCLE 9 A NON-AU?ORIT>IAN & COOP]ATIVE MANN] ! 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY ECO-TE*NOLOGIES TO :I* HE SO FREQU5TLY REF]S UNLESS HE IS WILL+ TO 5T] DIALOGUE ) ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT :O =M ! BACKBONE ( ! PR(\NDLY DE/RUCTIVE OIL-/EEL-COAL CULTURE ( ! PRES5T DAY1 BUT :OSE =CE ( /R5G? & BRUTE LABOR C\LD TURN AMMUNITIONS FACTORIES 9TO W9D G5]ATOR MANUFACTUR+ PLANTS & \R =E/S 9TO G>D5S1 UNDREAM$ ( BY ! PROPHETS ( ALL AGES8 ,! NE$ TO MOVE AWAY FROM L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY IS OBVI\S TO ! ECOLOGI/ -- BUT \R PRES5T FACTORIES MU/ BEG9 TO DESIGN1 MANUFACTURE & DI/RIBUTE ! NEW TE*NOLOGIES ( TOMORR[4 ,A SUCCESSFUL 5D TO ?IS P]IOD ( TRANSITION & TE*NOLOGICAL SCALE READJU/M5T T[>DS ! DEC5TRALIZ$ APPLICATION ( AGRO-9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T ! COOP]ATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,UNDET]R$1 ,BOOK*9 GOES ON TO 9SULT ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S & TRADE-UNIONI/S ( ! PA/4 ',!SE IMMIGRANT SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 7PRESUMABLY REF]R+ TO SU* PEOPLE AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN OR ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN7 W]E L>GELY UNIONI/S RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>Y ,UTOPIANS' :O HAD LITTLE UND]/&+ ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS4 ,HAD ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE IGNOR$ ! 'N>R[' & 'CLASS BAS$' IDEOLOGIES ( !SE AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ =EIGN]S & UPHELD ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC VALUES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CON/ITUTION -- CONCRETELY 5%R9$ 9 ! SMALL T[N MEET+S ( ! PIONE]S -- AN AU!NTIC ,AM]ICAN RADICALISM C\LD HAVE TAK5 A FIRM] ROOT & ! CONF$]AL & DEC5TRALIZ$ VISION ( A FREE-,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC C\LD WELL HAVE BECOME A REALITY3 

,IRI% DIRECT ACTION1 ,G]MAN ,M>XISM1 ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM & ,JEWI% SOCIALISM HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CONF9$ TO ! <ETTOS ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL LIFE4 ,COMBATANTS ( A PRE-CAPITALI/ WORLD1 !SE MILITANT ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS /OOD AT ODDS ) AN EV]-*ANG+ ,ANGLO-,SAXON SOCIETY 444 :OSE CON/ITUTION HAD BE5 WR\<T FROM ! /RUGGLE = ,5GLI%M5'S ,RI<TS1 NOT AGA9/ FEUDAL SATRAPS4 ,ADMITT$LY !SE 'RI<TS' W]E MEANT = :ITE M5 RA!R ?AN PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,BUT RI<TS !Y W]E 9 ANY CASE -- UNIV]SAL1 '9ALI5ABLE RI<TS' ?AT C\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ HI<] E?ICAL & POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS ?AN ! MY?S ( A 'WORK]S' P>TY' OR ! DAY DREAM ( ',ONE ,BIG ,UNION' TO CITE ! ILLUSIONS ( SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S ALIKE4 ,HAD ! ,CONGREGATIONALI/ T[N-MEET+ CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY BE5 FO/]$ 444 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES BE5 JO9$ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES BY A G5U9E PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T 9/EAD ( BE+ FRACTUR$ 9TO %>PLY DEL9EAT$ CLASS MOVEM5TS IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO PR$ICT ! 9NOVATIVE DIRECTION ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL LIFE MI<T HAVE FOLL[$4 ,YET NEV] DID ,AM]ICAN RADICALS1 =EIGN BORN OR NATIVE1 ASK :Y SOCIALI/ IDEAS NEV] TOOK ROOT \TSIDE ! CONF9ES ( ! <ETTOS1 9 ?IS1 ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD4 

7',! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS 1 ,* #d PASSIM7 

,AGA9 :AT S5SE IS ONE TO MAKE ( SU* COMM5TS8 ,BOOK*9 ACCUSES ,AM]ICAN RADICALS ( ! PA/ ( HAV+ A <ETTO \TLOOK -- YET IT IS PRECISELY ?IS GR\P ( PEOPLE1 'E?NICS1 UNEMPLOYABLES & ! <ETTO PEOPLE' :OM ,BOOK*9 UND]L9$ 9 ! PREVI\SLY QUOT$ PASSAGE AS REPRES5T+ ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y 'CLASSLESS CLASS' ( PEOPLE :O WILL SOMEH[ ORGANIZE ! COOP]ATIVE SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL ORD]4 ,9T]E/+LY ! 'E?NIC1 UNEMPLOYABLE & <ETTO PEOPLE' ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ( :OM HE SPEAKS SO DISP>AG+LY F\ND ! BE/ WAY TO OV]COME !IR DIFFICULTIES WAS TO =M !MSELVES 9TO UNIONS ON ! BASIS ( LOCATION1 CULTURE1 TRADE & 9T]E/ & COLLECTIVELY FI<T 9 ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE = A MORE JU/ & EQUITABLE WORLD4 

,BESIDES ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION TO :I* HE REF]S1 ! ,I,W,W WAS NOT UNAPPEAL+ TO 'NATIVE' ,AM]ICANS AS ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S -- RA!R !Y W]E SY/EMATICALLY SMA%$ 9 A MO/ BRUTAL FA%ION BY ! COMB9$ =CES ( F$]AL MILIT>Y MI<T1 & ! BLACK PLANTATION WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA'S DEEP S\? :O W]E ORGANIZ$ AT GREAT RISK TO LIFE BY ,I,W,W REPRES5TATIVES HAD LITTLE /AKE 9 ! COM=TABLE MIDDLE-CLASS VISION ( SMALL T[N LIFE ( :I* ,BOOK*9 SPEAKS4 ,MOREOV] ! ,I,W,W :O C\NT$ BO? LESBIANS & ,R$ ,9DIAN ORGANIZ]S AMONG ITS RANKS WAS ! FIR/ UNION TO CALL = EQUAL PAY & CONDITIONS = WOM5 & ACTIVELY S\<T TO SET UP UNIONS = PRO/ITUTES -- & 9 DO+ SO A*IEV$ F> MORE = ! FEM9I/ CAUSE ?AN ANY AM\NT ( !ORIZ+ AB\T ! EVOLUTION ( PATRI>*Y C\LD EV] HOPE TO HAVE DONE4 

,F9ALLY AN>*ISM 9 EMBRAC+ TRADES-UNIONISM DID NOT1 AS ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS1 HAVE SOME NAIVE OR MY?ICAL FAI? 9 ! ABILITY ( WORK+ CLASS CULTURE TO SAVE ! WORLD4 ,AN>*ISM DID NOT LOOK T[>DS ! ,M>XI/ VISION ( A WORK]'S P>ADISE2 IT M]ELY SAID ?AT WORK+ PEOPLE IF !Y WANT$ TO CREATE A MORE BALANC$ & EQUITABLE WORLD !Y MU/ JO9 TOGE!R & ORGANIZE = !MSELVES4 ,TRADES ,UNIONI/S :I* W]E !N1 AS N[1 CAPABLE ( BR++ MILLIONS ( WORK]S TOGE!R 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF BUT RA!R A VEHICLE = PUTT+ IDEAS 9TO ACTION & PRODUCE MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( RESI/+ ! MILIT>Y MI<T & ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM ( ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ P[] MONOPOLY4 

,GR\PS ( PEACE PROTE/]S OR 5VIRONM5TALI/S S++ SONGS \TSIDE NUCLE> BASES1 AL?\< NOT IRRELEVANT OR UNPRODUCTIVE1 DO NOT BY !MSELVES REPRES5T AN ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS = SU/A9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM ON A C\NTRY-WIDE BASIS1 AS ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS4 ,UNLESS ! TELEPHONES1 RAILWAYS1 & O!R VITAL 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS CONT9UE TO FUNCTION FROM ! MOM5T ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ ORD] BEG9S TO CRUMBLE1 !N ALL ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS CONC]N+ AN ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ & DEC5TRALIZ$ REPUBLIC 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! /ATE 7I4E4 AN>*ISM7 WILL REMA9 NO?+ BUT A PIPE-DREAM4 

,! OV]LY AGGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL CULTURE :I* HAS L$ \R PLANET TO ! BR9K ( CATA/ROPHE MU/ C]TA9LY UND]GO RADICAL *ANGES1 BUT ?IS 9 NO WAY IMPLIES ?AT 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM %\LD DISAPPE>4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN ECOLOGICALLY 9=M$ & REG5]AT$ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T C\LD DO MU* TO 9ITIATE ! NECESS>Y *ANGES4 ,! BOYCOTT+ ( 5VIRONM5TALLY DAMAG+ SUB/ANCES & 9DU/RIAL PRACTICES2 ! 9SI/5CE ON DO+ HEAL?Y WORK 9 AN 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE MANN]2 ( PRODUC+ SOCIALLY NECESS>Y PRODUCTS BAS$ ON NE$ RA!R ?AN PR(IT2 ETC41 >E REAL ISSUES1 CAPABLE ( BE+ =C$ HOME BY TRADITIONAL MEANS4 ,/RIKES1 WALK-\TS1 & SABOTAGE W\LD UND\BT$LY BR+ AB\T ! *ANGES 9 \R 9DU/RIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE QUICK] ?AN 5VIRONM5TAL LEGISLATION & ANY NUMB] ( HEAL? FOOD /ORES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! ,GRE5 ,BANS4 ,9 FACT ! TRAGIC FAILURE ( ! GRE5 MOVEM5T TO GET !IR MESSAGE ACROSS TO ORD9>Y WORK]S & UNION MEMB]S1 HAS RESULT$ 9 A SIGNIFICANT LACK ( P[] = BO? P>TIES4 ,BOOK*9'S COMM5TS >E AT BE/ UNCON/RUCTIVE & AT WOR/ POSITIVELY H>MFUL4 

,FUR!R EVID5CE ( ,BOOK*9'S ATTEMPT TO DI/ANCE HIMSELF & HIS !ORY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY FROM ,AN>*ISM CAN BE SE5 9 HIS LATE/ BOOK1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7#a#i#i7 9 :I* HE ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS = HIS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL !ORIES4 

,DEPRESS+LY1 ! RI* ECOLOGICAL CONT5T CONTA9$ 9 AN>*I/ LIFE-PHILOSOPHY IS L>GELY UNACKN[L$G$ -- & AL?\< ,BOOK*9 REG>DS AN ANTI-HI]>*ICAL1 NON-C5TRI/1 SELF-DET]M9+ & FREELY EVOLV+ CONCEPT ( NATURE & SOCIETY AS BO? RATIONAL & DESIRABLE -- ,AN>*ISM A RI* 9TELLECTUAL S\RCE ( MANY ( !SE IDEAS 9 T]MS ( BO? ITS !ORY & PRACTICE IS DEALT ) 9 A FEW P>AGRAPHS 9 A TOK51 %ALL[ & UNCONV9C+ MANN]4 ,9/EAD ,BOOK*9 PRES5TS US ) AN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL ?\<T :I* SEES FIT TO DEVOTE PAGES UPON PAGES TO ,DID]OT'S 'S5SIBILITIES' & ,HEGEL'S ',CONCEPT ( ,SPIRIT' AT ! EXP5SE ( ,KROPOTK9'S E?ICAL NATURALISM1 ,RECLUS' BIOREGIONALISM OR ,F\RI]'S ECOLOGICAL-UTOPIANISM -- ALL ( :I* 7AS ,BOOK*9 WELL KN[S7 CONTA9 IMPORTANT TRU?S & 9SI<TS & HAVE MADE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS [N SOCIAL- ECOLOGICAL ?9K+4 ,9/EAD1 ! BOOK1 :I* IS SUBTITL$ ,ESSAYS ON ,DIALECTICAL ,NATURALISM1 9=MS ?OSE READ]S :O WI% TO F9D \T MORE AB\T ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS TO /UDY ! NOTORI\SLY CL\DY PAGES ( ,HEGEL'S ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT4 

,:AT HAS L$ TO ,BOOK*9'S DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS ( C\RSE A MATT] ( SPECULATION4 ,A G5]\S EXPLANATION ( HIS OBJECTIVES IS ?AT HE WI%ES TO PRODUCE AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS & PHILOSOPHY ?AT DOES NOT SC>E PEOPLE (F ?R\< US+ ! EMOTIONALLY LOAD$ & POPUL>LY MISUND]/OOD T]M ',AN>*Y' :IL/ 9TEGRAT+ ! MORE AN>*I/IC IDEAS & ELEM5TS FLOAT+ >\ND 9 ! PEACE1 5VIRONM5TALI/ & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS )9 A BROADLY ANTI-/ATI/ FRAMEWORK4 ,IF ?IS IS 9DE$ HIS 9T5TION !N HE HAS1 9 MY OP9ION BE5 QUITE SUCCESSFUL4 ,HIS !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS PRES5T$ 9 A RATIONAL1 SCI5TIFIC & SECUL> =MAT ?AT CAN 5T] DIALOGUE 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY ) O!R BODIES ( ?\<T 9 ! WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION4 

,! MISREPRES5TATIONS ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE DO H[EV] P]HAPS REQUIRE A LESS G5]\S ASSESSM5T ( ,BOOK*9'S MOTIVES1 UNCONSCI\S OR NOT1 ?AT GOES BEYOND ! NOT-UNCOMMON FAULT ( HAV+ AN 9SATIABLE APPETITE = CONTROV]SY4 ,BOOK*9 IS A GIFT$ & TAL5T$ WRIT] & ?9K]1 ! VALUE & 9TELLECTUAL CR$IBILITY ( HIS WORK MAY H[EV] BE COM+ 9CREAS+LY UND]M9$ BY AN UNHEAL?Y DESIRE TO BE ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD] & F\ND] ( A 'NEW' ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T4 ,! SOLE MOD]N ORG9ATOR ( ! BUNDLE ( IDEAS HE HAD *OS5 TO CALL ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 

,AL?\< TO BE FAIR ,BOOK*9 DOES ACKN[L$GE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GREAT AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN & BIO-GEOGRAPH] 9 ALL ! ABOVE M5TION$ WORKS1 HE DOES SO ONLY 9 PASS+ & C]TA9LY EXHIBITS NO REAL DESIRE TO DEAL ) ,KROPOTK9'S ?\<T 9 ! DETAIL & AT ! L5G? IT DES]VES4 ,!RE >E ( C\RSE NO REAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL !ORY4 ,! BATTLES BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 FRE$OM & TYRANNY1 LIB]TY & AU?ORITY ETC41 HAVE BE5 ) US S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( HUMAN-TIME & ,KROPOTK9 NO MORE ?AN ,BOOK*9 CAN CLAIM TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ ! LIB]T>IAN & AN>*I/ DEBATE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( HIS ANALYSIS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( PATRI>*Y 7& ,RECLUS' CONCEPTS ( ! ORGANIC1 COMPLEM5T>Y NATURE ( ! MAN-WOMAN-NATURE RELATION%IP >E 9 MANY WAYS SIMIL> TO ,BOOK*9'S7 ALL ( ! BASIC COMPON5TS ( ,BOOK*9'S SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL VISION -- DIV]SITY1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY1 MUNICIPAL-SOCIALISM1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 DIRECT-DEMOCRACY -- W]E FULLY ELABORAT$ 9 ! WORKS ( ! GREAT AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! PA/ -- ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 -- ALL ( :OM ADVOCATE A GLOBAL F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S & ECOLOGICALLY 9TEGRAT$ CITIES & T[NS -- & ,BOOK*9 HAS DONE LITTLE MORE ?AN UPDATE !SE IDEAS & PRES5T !M 9 A MOD]N =M4 ,A TASK ,I MI<T SAY ?AT IS NO SMALL A*IEVEM5T & ONE ?AT HE HAS P]=M$ ADMIRABLY4 

,TO BE SURE AN>*ISM 9 COMMON ) MO/ O!R MOVEM5TS & PRACTICES HAS MU* TO GA9 FROM 9CORPORAT+ ! 9SI<TS ( FEM9I/ ANALYSIS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( AU?ORITY & HI]>*Y 9TO ITS VISION ( A SOCIAL & ECOLOGICALLY H>MONI\S SOCIETY -- & ,BOOK*9 9 ATTEMPT+ TO 9TEGRATE A BROADLY SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ P]SPECTIVE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES HAS DONE MU* VALUABLE WORK 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,MANY VIEW-PO9TS CONTA9$ 9 ! SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ ANALYSIS ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY1 HAVE H[EV]1 ALWAYS EXI/$ 7?\< LAT5TLY7 )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & AN>*ISM IS CONSID]ABLY LESS GUILTY ( HAV+ IGNOR$ WOM5'S ISSUES ?AN MO/ O!R SOCIAL PROTE/ MOVEM5TS ( ! REC5T PA/4 ,TO USE SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ IDEAS ON HI]>*Y1 AU?ORITY & ! /ATE & BL5D !M ) CONCEPTS )9 ! BROAD] AN>*I/ TRADITION1 AS ,BOOK*9 HAS DONE1 AL?\< NECESS>Y1 IS NOT A P>TICUL>LY EXACT+ 9TELLECTUAL TASK4 ,LIT]ALLY TO FIL* ALL ! MAJOR ECOLOGICAL 9SI<TS ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE1 SUP]FICIALLY DRESS !M UP 9 A SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ CUM NEO-HEGELIAN G>B & GO ON TO MORE OR LESS CLAIM !M AS HIS [N IS REPREH5SIBLE4 ,TO ACTIVELY MISREPRES5T ! MOVEM5T FROM :]E !SE IDEAS ORIG9ALLY CAME IS TO EXHIBIT AN 9TELLECTUAL S*IZOPHR5IA & COMMIT AN 9TELLECTUAL \TRAGE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,LIKE ,GRE%AM'S ,LAW1 NOT ONLY DOES BAD MONEY DRIVE \T GOOD1 BUT FUTURI/IC 'SC5>IOS' WILL DE/ROY ! ,UTOPIAN DIM5SION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,NEV] 9 ! PA/ HAS IT BE5 SO NECESS>Y TO RETA9 ! UTMO/ CL>ITY1 COH]5CE1 & PURPOSEFULNESS ?AT IS REQUIR$ ( \R ]A4 ,9 A SOCIETY ?AT HAS MADE SURVIVAL1 ADAPTATION1 & CO-EXI/5CE A MODE ( DOM9ATION & ANNIHILATION1 !RE CAN BE NO COMPROMISES ) CONTRADICTIONS -- ONLY !IR TOTAL RESOLUTION 9 A NEW ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OR ! 9EVITABILITY ( HOPELESS SURR5D]4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9  
,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

,REFLECTIONS ON ',DEEP ,ECOLOGY'  
BY ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO ,GEORGE ,BRAD=D WROTE A LUCID & TR5*ANT CRITIQUE ( 'DEEP ECOLOGY' 9 A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY4 .<#a.> ,IT WAS SPECIFICALLY AIM$ AT ! DEEP ECOLOGY ESP\S$ BY WRIT]S LIKE ,BILL ,DEVALL1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS & ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 & IT E*O$ MANY ( ! CRITICISMS E>LI] VOIC$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 .<#b.> ,BO? ,BRAD=D & ,BOOK*9 ESS5TIALLY *ALL5GE ! BIOC5TRIC APPROA* ( ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S -- :I* 5TAILS ! NOTION ( 'BIOSPECIES EQUALITY' ,?IS 9 ESS5CE WAS ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S' ANSW] TO ! AN?ROPOC5TRISM SO DOM9ANT 9 ,WE/]N CULTURE1 AN?ROPOC5TRISM BE+ ! IDEA ?AT HUMANS >E SEP>ATE FROM1 & SUP]IOR TO ! RE/ ( NATURE1 & ?AT ?IS !RE=E JU/IFI$ US+ NATURE SIMPLY AS A RES\RCE4 ,:AT ,BRAD=D & ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/ IS ?AT ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S SIMPLY REPLICATE 7& 9V]SE7 ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE4 ,BUT :]EAS ! ADVOCATES ( ! ,PROME!AN E?IC IMPLY ! CONTROL & DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY HUMANS1 CONTEMPOR>Y DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 MANY ( !M ACOLYTES ( 'NATURAL LAW' !ORY1 HAVE AN 9SIDI\S IMAGE ( A HUMANITY ?AT IS 'DOM9AT$ BY NATURE'4 ,SU* 'ANTI-HUMANISM' ,BOOK*9 & ,BRAD=D FEEL IS P]V]SE1 UNECOLOGICAL1 & AT EXTREMES LEADS TO MISAN?ROPY4 ,! IDEA ?AT HUMANS %\LD 'OBEY' ! 'LAWS ( NATURE' IS AN IDEA ?AT !Y BO? S]I\SLY *ALL5GE4 ,& !Y GO ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT BY FOCUS+ 5TIRELY ON ! CATEGORY 'HUMANITY' ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S IGNORE1 OR COMPLETELY OBSCURE1 ! SOCIAL ORIG9S ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,! NOTION ?AT ,AFRICAN *ILDR5 %\LD BE LEFT TO />VE BECAUSE !Y >E OV]-POPULAT+ ! CONT95T1 ?AT DISEASE IS A NATURAL *ECK ON HUMANS & HELPS TO MA9TA9 ! 'BALANCE ( NATURE'1 ?AT 'IMMIGRANTS' TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %\LD BE KEPT \T BECAUSE !Y ?REAT5 '\R' RES\RCES -- ALL ADVOCAT$ BY DEEP ECOLOGY 5?USIA/S 9 A RA!R ,MAL?USIAN FA%ION -- >E ALL DISCUSS$ & REFUT$ BY ,BOOK*9 & ,BRAD=D4 ,SU* BIOC5TRISM & ANTI-HUMANISM1 !Y >GUE1 IS BO? REACTION>Y & AU?ORIT>IAN 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS1 & SUB/ITUTES A NAIVE UND]/&+ ( 'NATURE' = A CRITICAL /UDY ( REAL SOCIAL ISSUES & CONC]NS4 ,BRAD=D SUMS IT UP BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S 0HAVE NO REALLY 'DEEP' CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 EMPIRE1 TE*NOLOGY & CAPITAL1 R$UC+ ! COMPLEX WEB ( HUMAN RELATIONS TO A SIMPLI/IC1 AB/RACT1 SCI5TI/IC C>ICATURE0 7P4 #a74 ,BOOK*9 ( C\RSE >GUES ?AT ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS NOT CAUS$ BY AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 'HUMANITY' BUT BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* HAS R$UC$ HUMAN BE+S TO M]E COMMODITIES1 DE/ROY$ ! CULTURAL 9TEGRITY ( MANY ',?IRD ,WORLD' COMMUNITIES1 &1 VIA CORPORATE 9T]E/S1 HAS CAUS$ DEVA/ATION & DET]IORATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- ?R\< DE=E/ATION1 MONOCULTURE1 & POLLUTION4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! CRITICISMS ( ! SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S SEV]AL DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 LIKE ,W>WICK ,FOX & ,JUDI ,B>I1 HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ,BOOK*9 /ILL RETA9S AN 'AN?ROPOC5TRIC' \TLOOK1 & ?AT ! 'LEFT' HAVE NO VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY -- A SUGGE/ION ?AT 9DICATES EI!R A WOEFUL IGNORANCE OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 A SL&]\S MIS9T]PRETATION ( :AT ,BOOK*9 HAS BE5 ADVOCAT+ = OV] ?REE DECADES4 

,! POLEMICAL EX*ANGES BETWE5 ! DEEP & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S HAVE BE5 V]Y MU* A P>T ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY SC5E 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OV] ! PA/ DECADE -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ECOLOGY SC5E 9 ,BRITA9 :]E ! LIKES ( ,JONA?ON ,PORRITT1 A G5TEEL RE=M]1 SEEM TO GET ! M$IA PROM95CE4 ,BUT ?IS DEBATE TOOK AN IMPORTANT TWI/ 9 ,MAY #aihi :5 ,DAVE ,=EMAN WAS >RE/$ BY ! ,F,B,I4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL ACTIVI/ :O ADVOCATES NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION TO PROTECT WILD]NESS >EAS & RA9=E/S1 ,=EMAN HAD BE5 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ',E>? ,FIR/6' GR\P4 ,OV] ! YE>S ?IS GR\P HAD BE5 9FILTRAT$ BY ,U,S GOV]NM5T 9=M]S & AG5T PROVOCATEURS SEEK+ TO 5TRAP ! ECOLOGICAL ACTIVI/S 9TO ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES4 ,=EMAN WAS DRAGG$ \T ( HIS B$ BY >M$ ,F,B,I M5 ONE DAWN & *>G$ ) CONSPIRACY TO DAMAGE GOV]NM5T PROP]TY4 ,SIX MON?S LAT] ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & ,DAVE ,=EMAN CAME TOGE!R = A PUBLIC DEBATE1 TO DISCUSS !IR DIFF]5CES1 & TO DEF5D ! 9TEGRITY ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,:AT CAME \T ( ?IS DEBATE IS ?AT :]EAS ,=EMAN HAD L>GELY TAK5 TO HE>T ! CRITICISMS ( DEEP ECOLOGY -- & HAD BECOME A /AUN* 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' & HAD )DRAWN MANY ( HIS MORE EXTREME ANTI-HUMANI/ /ATEM5TS -- ,BOOK*9 CONT9U$ TO REIT]ATE ) /RID5CY ! K9D ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT HE HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ & DEVELOP+ OV] ! YE>S -- & ?US CAME TO >GUE = A 'NEW POLITICS'1 ! NE$ = A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY RESI/ & ULTIMATELY REPLACE BO? ! NATION-/ATE & CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAD NO PAT =MULAS = MAK+ SU* A REVOLUTION1 BUT QUE/ION$ ! FEASIBILITY ( A RE=MI/ /RATEGY1 ONE ?AT M]ELY SETS ITS SI<TS ON 'IMPROV+' ! CURR5T SY/EM ( P[] & 9EQUALITY4 .<#c.> 

,:AT IS ( 9T]E/ AB\T !SE V>I\S DEBATES IS ?AT ! FIGURE ( ,>NE ,NAESS1 :O IS ALLEG$ TO BE ! F\ND] & ! '9SPIRATION' BEH9D ! 'DEEP ECOLOGY' MOVEM5T T5DS TO HOV] ONLY 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,NAESS IS DISCUSS$ BY WRIT]S LIKE ,DEVALL1 .<#d.> BUT ?\< DEEP ECOLOGY ITSELF HAS HAD M$IA PROM95CE1 ITS F\ND] IS V]Y MU* A M>G9AL S*OL>4 ,A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO ,I SC\R$ ! BOOK%OPS 9 ,LONDON LOOK+ = SOME?+ ON1 OR BY1 ,>NE ,NAESS & DREW A COMPLETE BLANK4 ,HAPPILY HIS IMPORTANT /UDY ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE .<#e.> HAS N[ BE5 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,NORWEGIAN1 & ?IS GIVES US AN OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS ! ?\<TS ( A PHILOSOPH] ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S PAY HOMAGE TO1 BUT :OSE [N IDEAS REMA9 L>GELY UNKN[N \TSIDE HIS [N C\NTRY & A N>R[ CIRCLE ( DEEP ECOLOGY 5?USIA/S4 ,N[ APPROA*+ HIS EI<TIE? YE>1 ,>NE ,NAESS IS A ,NORWEGIAN PHILOSOPH] & M\NTA9E] :O HAS SP5T MO/ ( HIS LIFE TEA*+ PHILOSOPHY 9 ACADEMIA4 ,HIS P>TICUL> 9T]E/S W]E SEMANTICS & ! PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE1 & 9 ! #a#i#cS HE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LOGICAL POSITIVI/S -- :OSE PHILOSOPHY /&S 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ,NAESS' PRES5T VIEWS4 ,NAESS HAS PUBLI%$ IMPORTANT /UDIES ( ,G&HI & ,SP9OZA1 & ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE TWO CONTRA/+ FIGURES IS CLE>LY APP>5T 9 HIS WORK4 ,HIS :OLE MODE ( PRES5TATION -- AB/RACT1 NORMATIVE & GEOMETRIC -- AS WELL AS HIS PHILOSOPHY -- 9 SEE+ SELF-REALIZATION AS 9VOLV+ 'ID5TIFICATION' ) NATURE -- HAS AFF9ITIES ) ?AT ( ,SP9OZA4 ,9DE$ HE SUMM>IZES HIS [N PHILOSOPHY ON ONE PAGE 7#b#i71 ) AN AB/RACT S*EMA ( NUMB]$ BOXES ALL NEATLY & LOGICALLY L9K$ BY A S]IES ( L9ES1 HANG+ TOGE!R LIKE A FROZ5 MOBILE4 ,ANY?+ LESS ORGANIC IT W\LD BE H>D TO IMAG9E1 BUT IT REM9DS ONE ( ! G5TLE ,SP9OZA4 

,NAESS CALLS HIS [N PHILOSOPHY ( DEEP ECOLOGY ',PHILOSOPHY ,T' -- ! SUGGE/ION BE+ ?AT :AT HE PRES5TS 9 ! BOOK IS HIS [N UNIQUE PHILOSOPHY1 NAM$ AFT] A M\NTA9 HUT 9 ,NORWAY1 ,TV]GA/E94 7,)\T ,NAESS IS A <O/ WRIT] :O W\LD HAVE ?\<T O!RWISE87 ,! IMPLICATION ( ?IS1 H[EV]1 IS HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT EV]YONE %\LD WORK \T !IR [N PHILOSOPHY & DEVELOP1 ?R\< REFLECTION & ACTION1 !IR [N SY/EM ( ?\<T4 ,LIKE MANY CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S -- & 9 ?IS ,NAESS IS (F]+ LITTLE ?AT IS ORIG9AL -- ,NAESS /RESSES ! GRAVITY ( ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL SITUATION -- ! 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION & DEVA/ATION ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ SCALE DUE TO ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & TO ! LACK ( ANY ADEQUATE POLICIES REG>D+ HUMAN POPULATION 9CREASE4 ,?IS ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ,NAESS SUGGE/S CAN ONLY BE C\NT]$ BY A 'NEW R5AISSANCE'1 BY A 'NEW PA?' ) NEW CRIT]IA = 'PROGRESS1 EFFICI5CY & RATIONAL ACTION' -- ,NAESS /RANGELY RETA9+ SOME ( ! KEY T]MS ( ! M>KET ECONOMI/S & ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS LEADS ,NAESS TO MAKE A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 'DEEP' & '%ALL[' ECOLOGY -- :I* HE FIR/ 9TRODUC$ 9 AN >TICLE 9 #aigc -- ! LATT] BE+ A RE=MI/ ATTITUDE TO ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 ONE ?AT /ILL RETA9S A UTILIT>IAN1 AN?ROPOC5TRIC APPROA* TO NATURE1 & DOES NOT SUGGE/ ANY FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE TO ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS SIMIL> TO ?AT LONG AGO MADE BY ,BOOK*9 :O CONTRA/$ '5VIRONM5TALISM' ) A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,= ,BOOK*9 '5VIRONM5TALISM' WAS M]ELY 5VIRONM5TAL 5G9E]+ BAS$ ON A TE*NOCRATIC RATIONALITY ?AT ONLY SUGGE/$ T9K]+ ) EXI/+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TE*NOLOGIES & VALUES4 ,BUT ,BOOK*9'S ALT]NATIVE TO '5VIRONM5TALISM' 7OR '%ALL[' ECOLOGY7 SEEMS TO ME TO C>RY F> MORE 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL SUB/ANCE ?AN ! 'DEEP ECOLOGY' SUGGE/$ BY ,NAESS4 

,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( DEEP ECOLOGY ,NAESS \TL9ES AS FOLL[S3 

,?AT ! RI*NESS & DIV]SITY ( LIFE =MS HAVE AN 9TR9SIC VALUE 9 !MSELVES & ?AT !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! FL\RI%+ ( HUMANS & NON-HUMANS ALIKE1 & ?AT WE %\LD 9 NO WAY R$UCE ?IS DIV]SITY EXCEPT TO SATISFY VITAL NE$S4 ,AT PRES5T HUMANS >E 9T]F]+ 9 NON-HUMAN LIFE =MS 9 AN UNNECESS>ILY DE/RUCTIVE & EXCESSIVE WAY & ?IS NE$S TO BE UND]/OOD & CURB$4 

,?AT ! WORLD IS OV]POPULAT$ ) HUMANS & ?AT ?IS IS CAUS+ S]I\S PROBLEMS TO LIFE ON E>? -- 'LIFE' = ,NAESS BE+ US$ 9 A COMPREH5SIVE S5SE TO COV] NOT ONLY LIV+ =MS BUT RIV]S1 L&SCAPES1 CULTURES1 ECOSY/EMS1 & ! LIV+ E>? ITSELF4 

,?AT FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES >E NECESS>Y 9 BASIC ECONOMIC1 TE*NOLOGICAL & IDEOLOGICAL /RUCTURES1 & 9 9DIVIDUAL LIFE /YLES -- ,NAESS CLE>LY ADDRESS+ HIMSELF TO ?OSE 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA :O 5JOY 'HI< /&>DS ( LIV+'4 

,NAESS SUGGE/S ?AT 'ECONOMIC GR[?' IS COMPLETELY 9COMPATIBLE ) !SE BASIC PR9CIPLES1 BUT IT IS ( 9T]E/ ?AT NO:]E 9 ! BOOK DOES ,NAESS DIRECTLY ADDRESS HIMSELF TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- POV]TY1 9EQUALITY1 RACISM1 /ATE REPRESSION1 NEOCOLONIALISM1 EXPLOITATION -- ALL ( :I* >E DIRECTLY L9K$ TO 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES -- EV5 ?\< HIS' NORMATIVE' PREMISES 9DICATE HIS OPPOSITION TO !SE4 ,9 FACT1 GIV5 HIS EMPHASIS ON IDEOLOGICAL TRANS=MATIONS1 ON SELF-REALIZATION1 & ON 9DIVIDUAL LIFE /YLES1 ,NAESS (F]S LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( EXPLOR+ ! UND]LY+ CAUSES ( ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 O!R ?AN TO (F] A G5]AL 9DICTM5T ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC 'SY/EM'4 

,9 \TL9+ HIS PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW & 9 HIS ADVOCACY ( AN 'ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS' ,NAESS HAS MANY 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT ?+S TO SAY -- ON ! NE$ = A 'GE/ALT' OR RELATIONAL WAY ( ?9K+2 ON ! NE$ TO REFLECT ON1 & EXPLICITLY >TICULATE ! BASIC NORMS ( AN ALT]NATIVE ONTOLOGY1 & TO AVOID AS F> AS POSSIBLE PURELY 9/RUM5TAL NORMS2 & ON ! PROBLEMS ( MAK+ ECOLOGY ITSELF 9TO AN ALL-5COMPASS+ 'ISM'1 AS IF IT W]E A UNIV]SAL SCI5CE4 ,BUT ,NAESS' DISCUSSION IS M>R$1 & ITS FL[ CONT9UALLY DISRUPT$1 BY PHILOSOPHICAL S*OLA/ICISM & AT TIMES J>GON4 ,AS ) ! POSITIVI/S ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 FACTS 7HYPO!SES7 & VALUES 7NORMS7 RUNS LIKE A SILV] ?READ ?R\<\T ! TEXT1 AL?\< BE+ A MORAL PHILOSOPH] 9 ! TRADITION ( ,SP9OZA1 ,NAESS1 F> FROM DISMISS+ VALUES1 /RESSES !IR PRIORITY & IMPORTANCE4 ,YET AL?\< ! IDEA ?AT BASIC NORMS >E NOT LOGICALLY D]IV$ FROM FACTUAL HYPO!SES MAY BE TRUE1 ,NAESS' SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y >E !RE=E 9 SOME DEGREE >BITR>Y V]GES ON SOPHI/RY4 ,FOOD1 %ELT] & FRE$OM >E BASIC TO HUMAN LIFE1 & NORMS RELAT$ TO !SE HYPO!SES >E NOT >BITR>Y4 ,C]TA9LY HUMANS DO NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE1 BUT ONLY SOMEONE :O DOES NOT HAVE TO WORRY AB\T FOOD & %ELT]1 & HAS SOME DEGREE ( AUTONOMY1 C\LD DEF9E WELL BE+ 9 T]MS ( SU* HI< LEVEL 'ULTIMATE GOALS' AS PLEASURE1 HAPP9ESS & P]FECTION4 

,BUT QUITE AP>T FROM ! NORMATIVE LEVEL ON :I* MU* ( ,NAESS' DISCUSSION MOVES1 !RE IS ALSO HIS 9SATIABLE T5D5CY TO LAPSE 9TO ALMO/ IMP5ETRABLE PHILOSOPHICAL J>GON4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE 9 ESS5CE PROP]LY QUE/ION+ ! CLASSICAL ,C>TESIAN DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! EPI/EMOLOGICAL SUBJECT & ! OBJECTIVE WORLD -- A DI/9CTION :I* ,HEGEL & MANY G5]ATIONS ( PHILOSOPH]S & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE LONG MADE R$UNDANT ) !IR /RESS ON ! SOCIAL NATURE ( HUMANS -- ,NAESS ASKS ! 'SOME:AT ACADEMIC QUE/ION' AS TO :E!R QUALITIES SU* AS HOT OR R$ OR SOMB] ADH]E TO ! SUBJECT OR TO ! OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,& !N TO CL>IFY ?IS AB/RUSE QUE/ION1 HE WRITES3 

A TREE'S SOMB]NESS ,S IS REPRES5T$ BY ! RELATION SYMBOL ,S 7,A1,B1,C1,D14447 :]E ,A C\LD BE A LOCATION ON A MAP1 ,B LOCATION ( OBS]V]1 ,C EMOTIONAL /ATUS ( P]SON1 ,D L+UI/IC COMPET5CE ( ! DESCRIB] 444 7P4#f#e7 

,EV5 IF ONE IS 9T]E/$ 9 SU* EPI/EMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SUBJECTIVISM & OBJECTIVISM -- :I* PRESUPPOSES ! CLASSICAL EPI/EMOLOGY -- ONE GETS LO/ 9 SU* AB/RACTIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS TO MAKE A PHILOSOPHICAL PO9T -- ONE LONG AGO MADE BY ! PRAGMATI/S1 ,HEGELIAN-,M>XI/S1 & EXI/5TIALI/S4 ,:AT AB\T HIS EQUATION ( :AT CON/ITUTES WELL-BE+8 

  

,:]E ,W "7 WELL-BE+1 ,G "7 GL[ 7PASSION71 ,PB "7 BODILY PA9S & ,PM "7 M5TAL PA9S 7P4#h#a74 ,?IS IS QUANTITATIVE MY/ICISM1 EXPRESS+ :AT TO MO/ PEOPLE IS FAIRLY OBVI\S4 ,EV5 BETT] -- & EV5 MORE OBFUSCAT+ -- IS HIS DISCUSSION ( NE$S4 

,LET ,A REPRES5T A LIV+ BE+ 9 A TIME-DIM5SIONAL SPACE HAV+ F\R VITAL NE$S TO SATISFY444 ,! QUADRUPLE A #a_/#a TO A #a_/#d SYMBOLIZES ! F\R S\RCES ( NE$ SATISFACTION444 ,IF ! S\RCES >E A #b_/#a1 A #b_/#c1 A #b_/#e1 A #b_/#g1 & SEP>AT$ FROM ,A BY 9T]POS$1 QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T P>TS A #a_/#a TO A #a_/#d ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! ORGANISM IS VITALLY & NORMALLY DEP5D5T UPON ! CONTROL ( !SE P>TS & ALSO ( A #b_/#b1 A #b_/#d1 A #b_/#h1 ! P>TS ADJAC5T TO ! S\RCES ) ANO!R SET ( QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T PROP]TIES1 7P4#b#e7 

  

,?IS CONVOLUT$ DISCUSSION IS SIMPLY -- IT SEEMS -- TO ILLU/RATE ! EVID5T TRUISM ?AT '! REQUIREM5T ( CONTROL 9CREASES ) ! REMOT5ESS ( S\RCES ( SATISFACTION ( NE$S'4 

,?IS AB/RACT !ORIZ+ DOES NOT CEASE :5 ,NAESS 9 LAT] *APT]S DISCUSSES TE*NOLOGY & LIFE/YLE1 ECONOMICS & ECOPOLITICS4 ,?IS IS A PITY GIV5 ! 9T]E/+ ?+S HE HAS TO SAY4 ,HE /RESSES 9 ,G&HIAN FA%ION ! IMPORTANCE ( L9K+ *ANGES 9 P]SONAL LIFE /YLE ) POLITICAL ACTION1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION4 ,DRAW+ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTION1 CAMPAIGNS & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ,NAESS PLEADS = ! CONT9UATION ( /RUGGLES EV5 IF SPECIFIC ACTIONS & CAMPAIGNS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,BUT :5 HE COMES TO DISCUSS ! /ATE & ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM -- ,NAESS NEV] BR+S HIMSELF TO DESCRIBE IT AS CAPITALISM -- ,NAESS EXPRESSES V]Y AMBIVAL5T ATTITUDES4 ,HE CONT9UALLY EMPHASIZES1 (T5 9 /RID5T T]MS1 ?AT ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM MU/ BE FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M$4 ,! GOAL ( ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 HE WRITES1 CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T A 'DEEP *ANGE' ( PRES5T 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES4 ,SEE+ CONTEMPOR>Y 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS AS BE+ OV]COME SOLELY BY TE*NICAL MEANS REFLECTS A '%ALL[' ECOLOGICAL APPROA* -- :AT IS NE$$ >E FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 CONSCI\SNESS & ! ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,YET HE FOLL[S -- & QUOTES APPROV+LY -- ,]IK ,DAMMANN'S SUGGE/ION ?AT IT IS F> TOO SIMPLE TO CLAIM ?AT CAPITALI/S1 9DU/RIAL MAGNATES1 BUREAUCRATS & POLITICIANS ALONE HAVE ! P[] TO PRES]VE ! SY/EM1 IMPLY+ ?AT PEOPLE 9 DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES 7SO-CALL$7 >E FREE TO MAKE ! *ANGES IF !Y DESIRE4 ,BUT !N ! DISCLAIM] COMPLETELY OBSCURES ! REAL CAUSES ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS WE N[ FACE -- :I* >E 9TR9SICALLY RELAT$ TO AN ECONOMIC SY/EM1 NAMELY CAPITALISM1 :I* = C5TURIES HAS BE5 ONE ( TYRANNY & EXPLOITATION1 & :I* IS BAS$ ON ! 5DLESS PURSUIT ( PR(IT4 ,& TO ?9K ?AT P[] LIES 9 P>LIAM5TS REFLECTS A V]Y LIMIT$ CONCEPTION ( P[] UND] MONOPOLY CAPITALISM4 

,DRAW+ UP A POLITICAL TRIANGLE ( R$1 BLUE & GRE51 ,NAESS SEES 'GRE5' AS TRANSC5D+ ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 BLUE 7CAPITALISM7 & R$ 7SOCIALISM74 ,HE CAN ONLY DO ?IS BY MAK+ SOME V]Y DUBI\S EQUATIONS4 ,! GRE5S 7DEEP ECOLOGY7 HAVE AFF9ITY1 HE SUGGE/S1 ) ! BLUES 9 VALU+ P]SONAL 5T]PRISE & 9 OPPOS+ BUREAUCRACIES4 ,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 SUPPORT]S ( CAPITALISM :5 !Y TALK AB\T FRE$OM & P]SONAL 5T]PRISE & 9ITIATIVE >E NOT REALLY CONC]N$ ) ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT ONLY ) ! NE$S ( PRIVATE 'CAPITAL'4 ,:5 ! LATT] IS *ALL5G$ FRE$OM GOES BY ! BO>D1 & CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES >E HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC4 ,& :5 ,NAESS DI/ANCES HIMSELF FROM ! R$S 7SOCIALISM7 -- :I* HE SEES AS BUREAUCRATIC & AS SUPPORT+ 9DU/RIALISM & 'BIG 9DU/RY' -- :AT HE DOES IS TO EQUATE SOCIALISM ) ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AS DO MO/ APOLOGI/S = CAPITALISM4 ,YET :5 ,NAESS WRITES ?AT ! AIMS & VALUES ( ! SOCIETY CANNOT *ANGE UNLESS ! WAY ( PRODUCTION IS ALT]$1 :5 HE SPEAKS \T = DEC5TRAL ISATION & = ! IMPORTANCE ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 & :5 HE WRITES ?AT ',! ,UTOPIANS ( GRE5 SOCIETIES PO9T T[>DS A K9D ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY ) LOCAL CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS ! BE/ MEANS ( A*IEV+ ! GOALS' 7P4 #a#e#h71 ALL HE DOES ( C\RSE IS TO SUGGE/ SOCIALI/ IDEAS ?AT COMMUNI/ AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S HAVE BE5 PROPAGAT+ = A C5TURY OR MORE4 ,LIKE MANY 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ,NAESS SEEMS QUITE OBLIVI\S TO ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION & SO (F]S SUGGE/IONS = A 'NEW R5AISSANCE' ?AT >E ANY?+ BUT NEW OR ORIG9AL4 ,HE MAKES NO REF]5CE AT ALL TO ,BOOK*91 LET ALONE ANY ( ! E>LI] AN>*I/S4 

,YET P>ADOXICALLY ?IS ADVOCATE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & CRITIC ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM MAKES TWO GL>+ ADMISSIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS TO SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS H>DLY ANY CAPITALI/IC POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 7P4 #a#e#f74 ,:AT ON E>? IS LIB]ALISM1 FASCISM1 ,?AT*]ISM1 & ! SO-CALL$ '5T]PRISE CULTURE' -- NOT TO M5TION 9TELLECTUAL FA%IONS LIKE SOCIO- BIOLOGY8 ,CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY -- ) ITS EMPHASIS ON COMPETITION1 ON EFFICI5CY1 ON MANAGEM5T1 ON MONITOR+1 ON PRIVATIZATION1 & ON SO- CALL$ FREE 5T]PRISE -- P]MEATES CURR5T SOCIAL & POLITICAL ?\<T1 & LIB]T>IAN & REAL SOCIALI/ ?\<T H>DLY GETS A HE>+ 9 ANY ( ! MAJOR 9/ITUTIONS & CULTURAL >5AS4 ,DEMOCRACY 5DS AS SOON AS Y\ 5T] ! (FICE OR FACTORY GATE4 ,NAESS' [N BOOK IS 9FUS$ ) T]MS & IDEAS IMPLICITLY DRAWN FROM ! CAPITALI/ P>ADIGM -- EV5 :5 HE IS >GU+ AGA9/ ITS T5D5CIES4 ,NAESS MAKES1 = 9/ANCE1 A V]Y COG5T CRITIQUE ( ! 'QUANTIFICATION' 7& ! ATTEMPTS TO PUT A PRICE TAG ON NATURE7 ?AT IS SO DOM9ANT 9 %AP+ ! POLICIES & ATTITUDES ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES -- BUT IT IS ALL DONE V]Y MU* 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! M>KET ECONOMI/S4 

,SECONDLY1 AL?\< ADVOCAT+ DEC5TRALIZATION1 ,NAESS SUGGE/S ?AT 9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! 9CREAS+ POPULATION PRESSURE & W> 'SOME FAIRLY /RONG C5TRAL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS' 7P4 #a#e#g7 >E NECESS>Y1 & TO KEEP TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS 9 *ECK WE MAY 9 ! FUTURE HAVE TO 5VISION GLOBAL 9/ITUTIONS ) SOME P[] 'NOT ONLY TO CRITICIZE C]TA9 /ATES & COMPANIES BUT ALSO TO IMPLEM5T C]TA9 MEASURES AGA9/ ! /ATES :I* VIOLATE ! RULES' 7P4 #a#c#i74 ,?IS IS VIRTUALLY ! ADVOCACY ( A GLOBAL /ATE1 ! TOTALIT>IAN IMPLICATIONS ( :I* >E TOO <A/LY TO BEHOLD -- BUT IT IS P>ADOXICALLY SUGGE/$ BY ,NAESS 9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D 'GRE5 COMMUNITIES' FROM ! =CES ( DISRUPTION & VIOL5CE4 

,AL?\< ,NAESS >GUES = A BIOC5TRIC APPROA* T[>DS NATURE1 & /RESSES ?AT ALL LIFE =MS %\LD BE SE5 AS HAV+ 9TR9SIC VALUE -- ! PR9CIPLE ( 'BIOSPH]ICAL EGALIT>IANISM' -- HE IS AW>E ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ?IS PR9CIPLE & NEV] LAPSES LIKE O!R DEEP ECOLOGI/S 9TO MISAN?ROPY4 ,TAK5 LIT]ALLY OR S]I\SLY 'BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY' W\LD ( C\RSE LEAD TO ! QUICK DEMISE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,:AT H[EV] ,NAESS SUGGE/S IS ?AT WE USE ?IS PR9CIPLE OR NORM AS A 'GUIDEL9E' -- ?AT WE DO NOT 9FLICT UNNECESS>Y SUFF]+ UPON O!R LIV+ BE+S1 & ?AT WE TREAT ALL ASPECTS ( NATURE AS HAV+ 9TR9SIC VALUE4 ,HE IS AW>E ?AT HUMAN PRAXIS & ! HUMAN CONDITION NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES A TRANSGRESSION ( ?IS NORM1 & ?AT SOME KILL+ & EXPLOITATION ( NON-HUMAN LIFE =MS IS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,BUT HIS PO9T IS ?AT ?IS 9/RUM5TALITY %\LD BE KEPT TO A M9IMUM1 & ONLY S]VE VITAL HUMAN NE$S -- = SU/5ANCE & %ELT]4 ,UNLIKE MANY O!R ECOLOGI/S -- & MANY VEGET>IANS -- HE IS AW>E ?AT AMONG MANY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES A S5SE ( K9%IP OR ID5TIFICATION ) NATURE COEXI/S ) A HUNT+ CULTURE4 ,UNLIKE O!R ECOLOGI/S TOO1 ,NAESS DOESN'T D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( HUMANS1 OR TREAT HUMANK9D AS IF IT W]E A BLOT UPON ! L&SCAPE4 ,LIKE ,BOOK*9 HE RECOGNIZES ?AT !RE IS A C]TA9 UNIQU5ESS AB\T HUMANS ON E>? -- BUT HE /RONGLY >GUES ?AT ?IS UNIQU5ESS MU/ NOT BE US$ AS A PREMISE = ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 & = TREAT+ O!R LIFE-=MS SIMPLY AS A MEANS TO HUMAN SATISFACTION4 ,BUT RA!R IT MU/ BE US$ AS A PREMISE = A UNIV]SAL C>E ?AT O!R SPECIES CAN NEI!R UND]/& NOR AF=D 7P4 #a#g#a74 ,& ?IS CONC]N EXT5DS TO HUMANS1 = SOCIAL JU/ICE IS AN IMPORTANT COMPON5T ( HIS PHILOSOPHY -- 'NO EXPLOITATION'1 'NO SUBJECTION' & 'NO CLASS SOCIETIES' >E CON/ITU5T NORMS ( HIS RA!R AB/RACT NORMATIVE S*EMA4 

,! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL NORM = ,NAESS & ! LOGICAL />T+ PO9T ( HIS :OLE PHILOSOPHY IS ! IDEA ( ,SELF-REALIZATION -- ! SELF HAV+ A CAPITAL ,S4 ,ALL O!R NORMS >E D]IV$ FROM ?IS KEY IDEA4 ,BUT HE IS AMBIVAL5T AB\T :AT ?IS ,SELF /&S =4 ,HE WRITES ?AT ?IS ,SELF IS KN[N ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY UND] SU* NAMES AS '! ,UNIV]SAL ,SELF1 '! ,ABSOLUTE'1 '! ATMAN'4 ,BUT 9 ! RELIGI\S TRADITIONS FROM :I* !SE T]MS D]IVE ,SELF DOES NOT IMPLY AN ID5TIFICATION ) NATURE BUT RA!R HAS SPIRITUAL CONNOTATIONS1 & ! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,SELF MEANS ! ID5TIFICATION ) GOD1 ! ABSOLUTE OR ,BRAHMAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ATMAN MEANS ?AT SPIRITUAL ASPECT ( ! P]SON 7S\L7 :I* IS DI/9CT FROM ! M9D1 S5SE ORGANS & ! PHYSICAL BODY1 & SELF REALIZATION 7MOK%A1 OR SALVATION7 5TAILS ! REALIZATION ?AT ?IS S\L IS 9 FACT ,BRAHMAN -- ! SUPREME ,SELF OR WORLD SPIRIT4 ,9 ?IS ,V$ANTA TRADITION ! NATURAL WORLD IS AN ILLUSION 7MAYA74 ,9 O!R RELIGI\S TRADITIONS1 AS ,NAESS HIMSELF WRITES1 ! SPIRIT 7S\L7 WAS CONSID]$ RADICALLY DI/9CT FROM ! BODY1 & ! BODY & ! MAT]IAL WORLD W]E SE5 AS A POSITIVE H9DRANCE TO SELF-REALIZATION4 ,9 ! GNO/IC TRADITION ! BODY IS SE5 AS A TEMPOR>Y 'PRISON' OR 'TOMB' ( ! S\L 7SELF7 &1 AS ,HANS ,JONAS HAS P]CEPTIVELY WRITT51 ?IS RADICAL RELIGI\S DUALISM -- EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! ,EUROPEAN TRADITION BY ,PLATONISM1 GNO/ICISM & ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY -- IS AN ESS5TIAL PRECURSOR ( ME*ANI/IC PHILOSOPHY & AN?ROPOC5TRISM4 .<#f.> ,?IS =M ( RELIGI\S ,SELF REALIZATION IS PR(\NDLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL -- = AS ,NAESS SUGGE/S 9 WRIT+ AB\T ,PLOT9US1 IT 9VOLVES A 'DEPRECIATION ( PHYSICAL REALITY'4 ,AS HE WRITES ',A SE>* = SUP]NATURAL BE+ CAN EASILY BECOME AN 5DEAVOR HO/ILE TO MAN & 5VIRONM5T' 7P4 #a#i7 -- BUT ( C\RSE ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MO/ MY/ICAL TRADITIONS 5TAIL -- ! DETA*M5T ( SELF FROM ORGANIC LIFE4 ,:AT ,NAESS SEEMS TO BE SUGGE/+ H[EV] IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T3 = ! 'ON5ESS' HE SUGGE/S IS NOT ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! SELF ) GOD1 ! ABSOLUTE OR WORLD SPIRIT 7,BRAHMAN71 BUT RA!R ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! P]SON ) ! NATURAL WORLD 79 HIS CASE1 ESPECIALLY ) M\NTA9S74 ,& 9 ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 HE FOLL[S ,SP9OZA & SU* NATURE MY/ICS AS ,RI*>D ,JEFF]IES4 ,AL?\< HE SEEMS TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,SP9OZA WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEA ( AN 'IMMAN5T ,GOD' 7P4#b#a71 ,SP9OZA'S PHILOSOPHY WAS 9 FACT SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T1 = HE EQUAT$ GOD ) NATURE1 & ADVOCAT$ A RELIGI\S A!ISM OR A PR(ANE MY/ICISM4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ A SALVATION E?IC 9 :I* GOD IS NEI!R A TRANSC5D5TAL NOR IMMAN5T SPIRIT BUT NATURE ITSELF4 ,NAESS SEEMS TO SUGGE/ A SIMIL> E?IC -- A 'PHILOSOPHY ( ON5ESS' -- 9 :I* A DEEP ID5TIFICATION ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS FELT OR EXP]I5C$4 ,IT IS AN 'ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS'1 OR ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 'ECOLOGICAL SELF ?AT GOES BEYOND ! N>R[ EGO & ! ORD9>Y SELF 7) A SMALL ,S74 ,NAESS ?US SEEMS TO PLAY D[N ! 'SPIRITUAL' 9T]PRETATION -- ,GOD IS H>DLY M5TION$ -- & IS SKEPTICAL ( A MY/ICAL ON5ESS4 ,:AT WE HAVE TO DO1 HE WRITES1 IS TO WALK A DIFFICULT RIDGE3 ',TO ! LEFT WE HAVE ! OCEAN ( ORGANIC & MY/IC VIEWS1 TO ! RI<T ! ABYSS ( ATOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM' 7P4 #a#f#e74 

,NAESS WRITES AS A PHILOSOPH] RA!R ?AN AS A SOCIAL !ORI/1 & AL?\< HE /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNITY1 AUTONOMY1 LOCAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY & COOP]ATION1 & DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! DISCUSSION ( !SE ALWAYS T5DS TO BE RA!R AB/RACT -- 'NORMATIVE'4 ,!RE IS !RE=E V]Y LITTLE 9 ! BOOK AB\T BIOREGIONALISM1 AB\T FEM9ISM1 AB\T NEI<BORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS1 OR AB\T ! COMMUNIT>IAN MOVEM5TS & AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES ?AT HAVE BE5 ]UPT+ ?R\<\T HI/ORY TO *ALL5GE CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & HI]>*Y4 ,& ! /RESS HE PUTS ON *ANG+ ONE'S LIFE /YLE & ON 'SELF-REALIZATION' :ILE P]HAPS IMPORTANT TO ! :ITE AFFLU5T MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 CAN ALL TOO EASILY LEAD TO A POLITICS ( 'SURVIVALISM'4 ,FOLL[+ ,G&HI1 ,NAESS /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( POLITICAL ACTION1 BUT SU* ACTION AS HE 5VISAGES T5DS TO FOCUS ON 'SYMPTOMS' -- ON 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES -- RA!R ?AN DIRECTLY *ALL5G+ ! PRIM>Y SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM -- ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS & /ATE /RUCTURES ?AT SUPPORT !M4 ,9DE$ 9 ! FUTURE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT HE PO/ULATES AFT] ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! PRES5T SY/EM1 HE SEEMS TO 5VISAGE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( BO? !SE CAPITALI/ FIRMS & ! NATION /ATE -- SO ONE WOND]S H[ RADICAL OR 'DEEP' IS ! TRANS=MATION ?AT ,NAESS 5VISAGES8 

,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ,AN>*I/ ,?\<T  
BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE ,I CAN ADD TO ! \T/&+ CRITICISM ,BRIAN ,MORRIS LEVELS AT DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,9DE$1 ,MORRIS'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! DEBATE >\ND ECO-MY/ICISM G5]ALLY HAS BE5 9SI<TFUL AS WELL AS 9CISIVE1 & ,I HAVE F\ND HIS WRIT+S AN $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CE ?AT HOPEFULLY WILL REA* A V]Y WIDE AUDI5CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ADDITION TO ,BRITA94 

,I %\LD HOPE ?AT HIS REVIEW ( ,>NE ,NAESS'S ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE HAS REVEAL$ ! 9TELLECTUAL POV]TY ( ! 'FA!R ( DEEP ECOLOGY' & ! SILL9ESS ( ! 5TIRE DEEP ECOLOGY 'MOVEM5T'4 ,RODNEY ,AIT*TEY'S RA!R AIRY1 (T5 9ACCURATE1 & MY/ICAL ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY3 ,NOT ,MAN ,AP>T1 IT W\LD SEEM TO ME1 IS P]HAPS ! BE/ >GUM5T AGA9/ DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT ,I HAVE SE5 9 QUITE A :ILE4 ,BUT AFT] DEAL+ ) DEEP ECOLOGI/S 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA = QUITE A FEW YE>S1 ,I HAVE RELUCTANTLY COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ACOLYTES ( ,NAESS ET AL OP]ATE ON FAI? & >E MOTIVAT$ 9 !IR ALLEGIANCES BY !OLOGICAL RA!R ?AN RATIONAL IMPULSES4 ,!RE IS NO REASON$ >GUM5T1 ,I SUSPECT1 ?AT WILL %AKE A BELIEF-SY/EM ( ?IS K9D -- H5CE ,I WILL LEAVE DISCUSSION ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$ TO O!RS :O /ILL HAVE ! 5]GY TO DEAL ) M9DLESS DOGMAS4 

,I W\LD ADD -- OR POSSIBLY RE9=CE -- ONLY ONE OBS]VATION TO ! 9CISIVE ONES ?AT ,MORRIS MAKES4 ,ONE WOND]S :E!R DEEP ECOLOGY'S BIOC5TRIC MAXIM ?AT ALL LIV+ BE+S CAN BE EQUATABLE ) ONE ANO!R 9 T]MS ( !IR '9TR9SIC WOR?' W\LD HAVE HAD ANY MEAN+ DUR+ ! LONG ]AS ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION BE=E HUMAN BE+S EM]G$4 ,! 5TIRE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ( DEEP ECOLOGY IS 5TIRELY A PRODUCT ( HUMAN AG5CY -- A FACT ?AT IMP>TS TO ! HUMAN SPECIES A UNIQUE /ATUS 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ALL E?ICAL SY/EMS 79CLUD+ ?OSE ?AT CAN BE GR\ND$ 9 BIOTIC EVOLUTION7 >E =MULAT$ BY HUMAN BE+S 9 DI/9CTLY CULTURAL SITUATIONS4 ,REMOVE HUMAN AG5CY FROM ! SC5E1 & !RE IS NOT ! LEA/ EVID5CE ?AT ANIMALS EXHIBIT BEHAVIOR ?AT CAN BE REG>D$ AS DISCURSIVE1 MEAN+FUL1 OR MORAL4 ,:5 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ! AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH]1 TELLS US ?AT PUSSYCATS >E 7AS CIT$ BY ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,M>IE ,FLEM+ BIOGRAPHY ( ,RECLUS7 'NATURAL AN>*I/S'1 OR WORSE1 ?AT '!RE IS NOT A HUMAN S5TIM5T :I* ON OCCASION !Y .<I4E4 CATS.> DO NOT UND]/& OR %>E1 NOT AN IDEA :I* !Y DO NOT DIV9E .<SIC6.>1 NOT A DESIRE BUT :AT !Y =E/ALL IT'1 ,RECLUS IS WRIT+ E?OLOGICAL & ECOLOGICAL NONS5SE4 ,?AT AN>*I/ WRIT]S CELEBRATE ! AU?OR ( SU* AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC ABSURDITY AS 'ECOLOGICAL' IS REGRETTABLE TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT '9TR9SIC WOR?' IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN M]ELY AN AGREEABLE 9TUITION 9 MOD]N ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 IT IS AN 'ATTRIBUTE' ?AT HUMAN BE+S =MULATE 9 !IR M9DS & A 'RI<T' ?AT !Y MAY DECIDE TO CONF] ON ANIMALS & O!R CREATURES4 ,IT DOES NOT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! OP]ATIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D OR HUMANITY'S SOCIAL VALUES4 

,TO TURN FROM ! SILL9ESS ( DEEP ECOLOGY TO ! PREPO/]\S ELUCIDATION ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM ?AT ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE ADVANCES IS A ?ANKLESS TASK ?AT ,I W\LD IGNORE W]E IT NOT S*$UL$ TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 BOOK =M4 ,PUR*ASE'S PIECE1 ',SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*ISM & ,TRADE ,UNIONISM'1 IS A MALICI\S ESSAY ?AT BEG9S BY ACCUS+ ME ( WRIT+ BELLIG]5TLY & '9SULT7+7 ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S & TRADE UNIONI/S'1 !N GOES ON TO HEAP UPON ME SOME ( ! MO/ VITUP]ATIVE & AD HOM9EM ATTACKS ?AT ,I'VE 5C\NT]$ 9 A LONG TIME4 ,NOT ONLY AM ,I 'AT BE/ UNCON/RUCTIVE & AT WOR/ POSITIVELY H>MFUL'1 ,PUR*ASE W>NS HIS READ]S1 BUT WORSE1 ,I AM CONSUM$ BY 'AN 9SATIABLE APPETITE = CONTROV]SY'4 ,HAV+ ADVANC$ ?IS NO D\BT BALANC$1 UNPROVOCATIVE1 & OBJECTIVE EVALUATION ( MY ROLE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ,PUR*ASE DISPLAYS HIS PSY*OANALYTIC ACUM5 BY ALLEG+ ?AT ,I SUFF] FROM 'AN UNHEAL?Y DESIRE TO BE ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD] & F\ND] ( A 'NEW' ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T'1 ?AT ,I EXHIBIT EVID5CE ( '9TELLECTUAL S*IZOPHR5IA'1 & F9ALLY ?AT ,I 'FIL* ALL ! MAJOR ECOLOGICAL 9SI<TS ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE .<&.> DRESS !M UP 9 A SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ .<6.> CUM NEO-HEGELIAN G>B & GO ON TO MORE OR LESS CLAIM !M AS .<MY.> [N'4 ,AS IF ?IS LEVEL ( VITUP]ATION W]E NOT 5\< -- NO D\BT IT IS 9T5D$ TO SUBDUE MY [N '9SATIABLE APPETITE = CONTROV]SY'6 -- ,PUR*ASE GOES ON TO *>ACT]IZE ! BODY ( VIEWS ?AT ,I HAVE ADVANC$ OV] A DOZ5 OR SO BOOKS & SCORES ( >TICLES AS 'AN 9TELLECTUAL \TRAGE'4 

,TO CORRECT ,PUR*ASE'S (T5 CONVOLUT$ ACC\NT ( ! EVOLUTION ( MY VIEWS -- PRESUMABLY ,I WAS AN 'AN>*I/-ECOLOGI/' 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 ONLY TO MUTATE 9TO AN '\TRAGE\S' ANTI-SYNDICALI/ & H5CE ANTI-AN>*I/ 'SOCIAL ECOLOGI/' 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS -- W\LD BE AS T$I\S AS IT W\LD BE FUTILE4 ,I %ALL LEAVE IT TO S]I\S READ]S ( MY WORK TO SORT \T ! ABSURDITIES ( HIS ACC\NT4 ,SUFFICE IT H]E TO MAKE A FEW PO9TS4 ,NO ONE1 LEA/ ( ALL ,I1 BELIEVES ?AT WE CAN RADICALLY ALT] SOCIETY )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! PROLET>IAT & WORK+ PEOPLE ( ALL K9DS4 ,BUT TO ASSUME ?AT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S WILL PLAY ! 'HEGEMONIC' ROLE ?AT ,M>XI/S TRADITIONALLY ASSIGN$ TO !M -- & ?AT ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S M]ELY E*O$ -- IS TO SMO!R RADICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE ) A V5GEANCE4 ,MY CRITICISM ( !ORIES ?AT ASSIGN A HEGEMONIC ROLE TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! /RUGGLE = AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY -- G5]ICALLY D5OT$ BY LABOR HI/ORIANS AS 'PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM' -- IS SIMPLY ?AT !Y >E OBSOLETE4 ,! REASONS = ! PASSAGE ( ! ]A ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM 9TO HI/ORY HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$ NOT ONLY BY MYSELF BUT BY S]I\S RADICAL !ORI/S ( ALL K9DS -- 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S4 ,FROM DECADES ( EXP]I5CE 9 MY [N LIFE1 ,I LE>N$ ?AT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S CAN MORE EASILY BE REA*$ AS M5 & WOM51 HUSB&S & WIVES1 FA!RS & MO!RS1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 9DE$1 AS NEI<BORS & CITIZ5S4 ,!Y >E (T5 MORE CONC]N$ AB\T COMMUNITY PROBLEMS1 POLLUTION1 PUBLIC $UCATION1 DEMOCRACY1 MORALITY1 & ! QUALITY ( !IR LIVES ?AN AB\T :E!R !Y 'CONTROL' ! FACTORIES 9 :I* !Y >E RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$4 ,9DE$1 ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S & TRADE-UNION MEMB]S ) :OM ,I WORK$ = YE>S 9 F\NDRIES & AUTO PLANTS W]E MORE EAG] TO GET \T ( !IR FACTORIES AFT] WORK+ H\RS W]E OV] ?AN TO POND] PRODUCTION S*$ULES & VOCATIONAL ASSIGNM5TS4 

,IS IT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT WE HAVE MISREAD ! HI/ORICAL NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAT 7MORE A ,M>XIAN FAIL+1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AN A TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ ONE7 AS A REVOLUTION>Y HEGEMONIC CLASS8 ,IS IT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! FACTORY SY/EM1 F> FROM ORGANIZ+ & RADICALIZ+ ! PROLET>IAT1 HAS /EADILY ASSIMILAT$ IT TO 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE8 ,HAVE CAPITALISM & ! WORK+ CLASS /OOD /ILL S9CE ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 OR HAVE !Y BO? UND]GONE PR(\ND *ANGES ?AT POSE MAJOR *ALL5GES TO -- & SIGNIFICANTLY VITIATE ! CLAIMS ( -- AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AS WELL AS TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S8 ,) REM>KABLE PRESCI5CE1 ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF EXPRESS$ HIS FE>S AB\T ! POSSIBLE 'EMB\RGEOISEM5T' ( ! WORK+ CLASS &1 MORE G5]ALLY1 ?AT ! 'MASSES HAVE ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BECOME DEEPLY DEMORALIZ$1 APA!TIC1 NOT TO SAY CA/RAT$ BY ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( \R CORRUPT1 C5TRALIZ$1 /ATI/ CIVILIZATION'4 ,BAKUN9'S FE>S W]E NOT M]ELY AN EXPRESSION ( A /RATEGIC VIEW ?AT APPLIES ONLY TO HIS [N TIME1 BUT A HI/ORIC JUDGM5T ?AT /ILL REQUIRES EXPLICATION1 NOT EQUIVOCATION4 ,TODAY1 SO-CALL$ 'PROGRESSIVE' CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES HAVE SUCCE$$ QUITE ADMIRABLY BY GIV+ WORK]S AN APPRECIABLE %>E 9 HIR+1 FIR+ & SETT+ PRODUCTION QUOTAS1 BR++ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO COMPLICITY ) ITS [N EXPLOITATION4 

,PUR*ASE NOT ONLY IGNORES !SE MOM5T\S DEVELOPM5TS & ! ANALYZES ?AT ,I & O!RS HAVE ADVANC$2 HE GROSSLY MIS9T]PRETS & DEMAGOGICALLY R$EF9ES ANY CRITICISM ( SYNDICALISM1 9DE$1 TRADE-UNIONISM1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( HO/ILITY T[>D AN>*ISM AS SU*4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT ,PUR*ASE KN[S V]Y MU* AB\T ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T IS MANIPULATIVE & AN \TRI<T DI/ORTION2 BUT TO BE G5]\S1 ,I WILL SAY ?AT IT REVEALS A DEGREE ( IGNORANCE & 9TOL]ANCE ?AT DES]VES VIGOR\S REPROVAL4 ,9 FACT1 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 SYNDICALISM EM]G$ AS AN ISSUE AMONG AN>*I/S1 IT WAS FURI\SLY DEBAT$4 ,! \T/&+ LUM9>IES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AT ! ! TURN ( ! C5TURY -- SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,SEBA/IAN ,FAURE1 & O!RS -- 9ITIALLY OPPOS$ SYNDICALISM = A V>IETY ( REASONS1 MANY ( :I* %[ A GREAT DEAL ( PRESCI5CE ON !IR P>T4 ,& 9 TIME1 :5 !Y CAME TO ACCEPT IT1 MANY ( !M DID SO 9 A HI<LY PRUD5T MANN]4 ,MALATE/A1 9 HIS FUNDAM5TAL CRITICISM ( SYNDICALISM1 >GU$ ?AT ! G5]ATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 'CANNOT BE ! NORMAL1 NATURAL DEF9ITION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION'S FUNCTION'4 ,AL?\< HE EV5TUALLY ACCEPT$ AN>*OSYNDICALISM ) APP>5T RELUCTANCE1 HE CONT9U$ TO CALL = A F> MORE EXPANSIVE =M ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & PRACTICE ?AN MANY SYNDICALI/S W]E PREP>$ TO ACCEPT4 

,9 PRACTICE1 AN>*I/ GR\PS (T5 CAME 9TO \TRI<T CONFLICT ) AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS -- NOT TO SPEAK ( SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 MANY ( :I* ES*EW$ AN>*ISM4 ,E>LY 9 ! C5TURY1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*OCOMMUNI/S1 9FLU5C$ PRIM>ILY BY ,JUAN ,B>ON & ,FRANCISCO ,C>D9AL1 ! $ITORS ( ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 FURI\SLY D5\NC$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S :O W]E LAT] TO =M ! ,C,N,T AS 'DES]T]S' & 'RE=MI/S'4 ,SIMIL> CONFLICTS DEVELOP$ 9 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & P]HAPS NOT )\T REASON4 ,! RECORD ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ ABYSMAL 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM G5]ALLY4 ,9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S ( ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]O ,MUNDIAL %AMEFULLY PLAC$ !IR PROLET>IAN ',R$ ,BATTALIONS' AT ! S]VICE ( ,C>RANZA1 ONE ( ! REVOLUTION'S MO/ BLOOD?IR/Y ?UGS1 TO FI<T ! TRULY REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA ( ,ZAPATA -- ALL TO GA9 A FEW PALTRY RE=MS1 :I* ,C>RANZA )DREW ONCE ! ,ZAPATI/A *ALL5GE HAD BE5 BROK5 ) !IR COLLABORATION4 ,! GREAT ,MEXICAN AN>*I/ ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON JU/LY D5\NC$ !IR BEHAVIOR AS A BETRAYAL4 

,NOR CAN MU* BE SAID 9 DEF5SE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA94 ,!Y SWALL[$ !IR LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES BY BECOM+ 'M9I/]S' 9 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T LATE 9 #a#i#c#f1 NOT )\T ! SUPPORT ( MANY ( !IR FOLL[]S1 ,I %\LD ADD1 & 9 ,MAY #aicg !Y US$ !IR PRE/IGE TO DIS>M ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT :5 IT TRI$ TO RESI/ ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! ,CATALAN CAPITAL4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LE/ PRES5T-DAY AN>*OSYNDICALI/S GET C>RI$ AWAY BY LEG5D>Y MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 !Y %\LD BE ADVIS$ ?AT ?IS SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 LIKE O!RS ELSE:]E1 WAS BY NO MEANS COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM4 ',BIG ,BILL' ,HAYWOOD1 ITS MO/ R5[N$ LEAD]1 WAS NEV] AN AN>*I/4 ,/ILL O!R ,I,W,W LEAD]S1 MANY ( :OM TILT$ T[>D AN AN>*I/ \TLOOK1 NOT ONLY BECAME ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! #a#i#bS BUT BECAME >D5T ,/AL9I/S 9 ! #a#i#cS & LAT]4 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT S]I\S ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 EV5 ?OSE :O JO9$ ! ,C,N,T1 REG>D$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,C,N,T'S TRADE-UNIONI/ M5TALITY ON ! ,F,A,I 7,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 AS DELET]I\S & ULTIMATELY DISA/R\S4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>1 IT WAS QUE/IONABLE :E!R ! ,F,A,I CONTROLL$ ! ,C,N,T OR1 MORE LIKELY1 :E!R ! ,C,N,T1 ) ITS /RONG TRADE-UNION M5TALITY1 HAD ESS5TIALLY DILUT$ ! ,F,A,I'S AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,AS ,MALATE/A HAD SO P]CEPTIVELY DECL>$1 EV5 AS HE CAUTI\SLY ACCEPT$ ! AMALGAMATION ( AN>*I/ ) SYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES UND] ! PRESSURE ( A GR[+ SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE1 'TRADE UNIONS >E1 BY !IR NATURE1 RE=MI/ & NEV] REVOLUTION>Y' 7EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,= AN OAF LIKE ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE TO BOMBA/ICALLY EQUATE SYNDICALISM ) AN>*ISM -- AN ACT ( >ROGANCE ?AT IS AS FATU\S AS IT IS IGNORANT -- & !N TO GO ON & ESS5TIALLY EQUATE TRADE UNIONISM ) SYNDICALISM DES]VES ONLY DISDA94 

,! AU!NTIC LOCUS ( AN>*I/S 9 ! PA/ WAS ! COMMUNE OR MUNICIPALITY1 NOT ! FACTORY1 :I* WAS G5]ALLY CONCEIV$ AS ONLY P>T ( A BROAD] COMMUNAL /RUCTURE1 NOT ITS DECISIVE COMPON5T4 ,SYNDICALISM1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT N>R[$ ?IS BROAD] \TLOOK BY S+L+ \T ! PROLET>IAT & ITS 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T AS ITS LOCUS1 ALSO CRUCIALLY N>R[$ ! MORE SWEEP+ SOCIAL & MORAL L&SCAPE ?AT TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM HAD CREAT$4 ,9 L>GE P>T1 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL RETREAT REFLECT$ ! RISE ( ! FACTORY SY/EM 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! LA/ C5TURY 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 BUT IT ALSO E*O$ ! ASC5DANCY ( A P>TICUL>LY VULG> =M ( ECONOMI/IC ,M>XISM 7,M>X1 TO HIS CR$IT1 DID NOT PLACE MU* /OCK 9 TRADE UNIONISM71 TO :I* MANY NAIVE AN>*I/S & NONPOLITICAL TRADE UNIONI/S SUCCUMB$4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION BY ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ONE ( ! MOV]S & %AK]S ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 REFLECTS ?IS %IFT T[>D A PRAGMATIC ECONOMISM 9 SU* A WAY ?AT MAKES HIS VIEWS ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?OSE ( ! ,SPANI% SOCIALI/S -- &1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT BR\<T HIM 9TO COLLUSION ) ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 LIT]ALLY ONE ( ! GRAVE-DIGG]S ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,SYNDICALISM -- BE IT AN>*OSYNDICALISM OR ITS LESS LIB]T>IAN V>IANTS -- HAS PROBABLY DONE MORE TO D5ATURE ! E?ICAL CONT5T ( AN>*ISM ?AN ANY O!R S+LE FACTOR 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T1 AP>T FROM AN>*ISM'S L>GELY M>G9AL & 9EFFECTUAL 9DIVIDUALI/ T5D5CIES4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL AN>*ISM %AKES (F ?IS SYNDICALI/ H]ITAGE & EXP&S ITS COMMUNALI/IC & COMMUNI/IC H]ITAGE1 IT WILL BE LITTLE MORE ?AN A RHETORICAL & M9DLESS E*O ( VULG> ,M>XISM & ! <O/ ( AN ]A ?AT HAS LONG PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY4 

,BUT AS ! ,G]MANS SAY1G5UG6 ,I'VE HAD IT ) ,PUR*ASE & HIS K9D4 ,LET !M EXPLORE MORE ?OR\<LY ! HI/ORICAL & TEXTUAL BASES ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE BE=E !Y LEAP 9TO PR9T ) 9ANITIES ?AT REVEAL !IR APPALL+ IGNORANCE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & PRACTICAL TRAJECTORIES ( !IR [N BELIEFS4 ,& !Y %\LD ALSO TAKE SOME PA9S TO READ :AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 ON ! HI/ORY & FAIL+S ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BE=E !Y UND]TAKE TO CRITICIZE MY [N VIEWS4 ,:AT ,I /RONGLY RES5T1 H[EV]1 IS ! FATU\S IMPLICATION -- ONE ?AT EV5 MORE S5SIBLE AN>*I/S SOMETIMES IMPLY -- ?AT ,I 'FIL*' MY ECOLOGICAL VIEWS FROM' AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE'4 ,9 FACT1 ,I HAVE BE5 OV]LY EAG] TO CITE AN>*I/ ANTEC$5TS = SOCIAL ECOLOGY 7AS ,I CALL MY ECO-AN>*I/ VIEWS71 & ,I HAVE DONE SO :]EV] ,I C\LD4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 WRITT5 9 #aihb -- ?AT IS1 DUR+ ! P]IOD :51 ACCORD+ TO ,PUR*ASE1 ,I AB&ON$ MY AN>*I/ VIEWS = SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- OP5S ) AN EPIGRAPH FROM ,KROPOTK9'S ,E?ICS4 ,9 ! ,ACKN[L$GM5TS SECTION ( ?AT BOOK1 ,I OBS]V$ ?AT ',PET] ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S ON MUTUAL AID & AN>*ISM REMA9 AN ABID+ TRADITION TO :I* ,I AM COMMITT$'4 ,= REASONS ?AT ,I %ALL EXPLA91 ?IS IS A BIT ( AN OV]/ATEM5T SO F> AS ,KROPOTK9 IS CONC]N$1 BUT ! TEXT CONTA9S NO LESS ?AN N9E FAVORABLE1 (T5 LAUDATORY REF]5CES TO HIM1 9CLUD+ AN EXT5SIVE QUOTATION FROM ,MUTUAL ,AID ) :I* ,I EXPRESS$ MY W>M APPROVAL4 ,IF ,I HAVE NOT M5TION$ ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 IT WAS BECAUSE ,I KNEW NO?+ AB\T HIS WORK & VIEWS UNTIL ,I READ ,M>IE ,FLEM+'S #aihh BIOGRAPHY ( HIM = ! FIR/ TIME ONLY A FEW WEEKS AGO4 ,& 9 RETROSPECT1 ,I D\BT ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE QUOT$ OR CIT$ HIM 9 ANY CASE4 

,TRY AS ,I HAVE TO CITE MY AFF9ITY ) AN>*I/ WRIT]S ( ! PA/1 GU>DIANS ( ! AN>*I/ OSSU>Y (T5 MISS A V]Y CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS A FAIRLY 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T VIEWPO9T ?AT 5COMPASSES A PHILOSOPHY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & ( HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 ?AT EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2 A RE=MULATION ( DIALECTICS ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES2 AN ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y2 A HI/ORICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! DIALECTIC BETWE5 LEGACIES & EPI/EMOLOGIES ( DOM9ATION & FRE$OM2 AN EVALUATION ( TE*NOLOGY FROM AN HI/ORICAL1 E?ICAL1 & PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T2 A WIDE-RANG+ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 JU/ICE1 RATIONALISM1 SCI5TISM1 & 9/RUM5TALISM2 & F9ALLY1 AN $UCTION ( A VISION ( A ,UTOPIAN1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 CONF$]AL1 & ES!TICALLY GR\ND$ FUTURE SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN OBJECTIVE E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,I DO NOT PRES5T !SE IDEAS AS A M]E 9V5TORY ( SUBJECTS BUT AS A HI<LY COH]5T VIEWPO9T4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 MOREOV]1 MU/ BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! LAT] ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 & ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( QUITE A FEW IMPORTANT ESSAYS PUBLI%$ MA9LY 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 IF ONE IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 

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

,I W\LD NOT MAKE SU* AN ASS]TION1 HAD ,I NOT BE5 PROVOK$ BY ! >ROGANCE & DOGMATISM ( !SE GU>DIANS 9 MY 5C\NT]S ) !M4 ,TO SET ! RECORD /RAI<T3 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,KROPOTK9 HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON MY TURN FROM ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM -- NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 DID ,BAKUN9 OR ,PR\DHON4 ,IT WAS ,H]B]T ,READ'S 0,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM0 ?AT ,I F\ND MO/ USEFUL = ROOT+ ! VIEWS ?AT ,I SL[LY DEVELOP$ OV] ! FIFTIES & WELL 9TO ! SIXTIES 9 A LIB]T>IAN P$IGREE2 H5CE ! CONSID]ABLE ATT5TION HE RECEIV$ 9 MY #aifd ESSAY1 ',ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T'4 ,ODD AS IT MAY SEEM1 IT WAS MY REACTION AGA9/ ,M>X & ,5GELS'S CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM1 MY READ+S 9TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S 9=MATIVE HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 MY [N AVOCATION AS A BIOLOGI/1 & MY /UDIES 9 TE*NOLOGY ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! VIEWS 9 MY E>LY ESSAYS -- NOT ANY EXT5SIVE READ+S 9TO ! WORKS ( E>LY AN>*I/S4 ,HAD ,I BE5 'BORN 9TO' ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 AS SOME ( \R MORE SELF-RI<TE\S AN>*I/S CLAIM TO HAVE BE51 ,I MI<T WELL HAVE TAK5 UMBRAGE AT ,PR\DHON'S EX*ANGE-ORI5T$ CONTRACTUALISM1 & AFT] MY LONG EXP]I5CE 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ,I W\LD HAVE FELT SMO!R$ BY ! RUBBI% AB\T SYNDICALISM ADVANC$ BY ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE & HIS K9D4 

,PUR*ASE'S FATU\S ATTEMPT TO DI/+UI% MY PO/-#a#i#h WRIT+S ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY FROM MY PRESUMABLY 'TRUE-BLUE' AN>*I/ WRIT+S BE=E ?AT DATE LEAVES A NUMB] ( FACTS AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY UNEXPLA9$4 ,I WROTE MY E>LIE/1 ALMO/ BOOK-L5G? WORK ON ! ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS PRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM1 ',! ,PROBLEMS ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD'1 9 #a#i#e#b1 :ILE ,I WAS A NEO-,M>XI/ & HAD 9 NO WAY BE5 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ ?9K]S4 ,MANY ( ,M>X'S VIEWS HEAVILY CONTRIBUT$ TO MY NOTION ( PO/-SC>CITY1 V]Y MU* A 'PRE-#a#i#h' \TLOOK TO :I* ,I /ILL ADH]E4 7,C]TA9 ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 ,I MAY ADD1 HELD SIMIL> VIEWS 9 ! #a#i#cS1 AS ,I DISCOV]$ DECADES LAT] :5 ,I WROTE  ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S47 ,I SAY ALL ( ?IS )\T BE+ 9 ! LEA/ CONC]N$ ?AT MY AN>*I/ VIEWS MAY BE 'ADULT]AT$' BY SOME ( ,M>X'S CONCEPTS4 ,) ,BAKUN91 ,I %>E ! VIEW ?AT ,M>X MADE 9VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO RADICAL !ORY1 CONTRIBUTIONS ONE CAN EASILY VALUE )\T ACCEPT+ HIS AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS OR P]SPECTIVES4 ,= AN>*I/S TO FOOLI%LY DEMONIZE ,M>X -- OR EV5 ,HEGEL1 = ?AT MATT] -- IS TO AB&ON A RI* LEGACY ( IDEAS ?AT %\LD BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T1 JU/ AS ! FASC9AT+ WORK ( MANY BIOLOGI/S %\LD BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( ECOLOGICAL ?\<T4 ,:I* DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE HAVE TO ACCEPT ,M>X'S GROSS ]RORS AB\T C5TRALISM1 HIS COMMITM5T TO A 'WORK]'S P>TY'1 HIS SUPPORT ( ! NATION-/ATE1 & ! LIKE1 ANY MORE ?AN LE>N+ FROM ,HEGEL'S DIALECTIC MEANS ?AT WE MU/ NECESS>ILY ACCEPT ! EXI/5CE ( AN ',ABSOLUTE'1 A /RICT TELEOLOGICAL SY/EM1 A HYBRIDIZ$ CORPORATE-P>LIAM5T>Y MON>*Y1 OR :AT HE BROADLY CALL$ 'ABSOLUTE IDEALISM'4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 WE WILL BE DECEIV+ NOBODY BUT \RSELVES IF WE CELEBRATE ! 9SI<TS ( TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM )\T DEAL+ =?RI<TLY ) ITS %ORTCOM+S4 ,DUE HONOR %\LD C]TA9LY BE GIV5 TO ,PR\DHON = DEVELOP+ F$]ALI/IC NOTIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AGA9/ ! NATION-/ATE & DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( CRAFTSPEOPLE & PEASANTS :O W]E UND] ! ASSAULT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM -- A SY/EM ?AT ,M>X DOGMATICALLY CELEBRAT$ 9 SO MANY ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE %E] MYOPIA TO IGNORE ,PR\DHON'S COMMITM5T TO A CONTRACTUAL =M ( ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! COMMUNI/IC MAXIM ',FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S'4 ,HIS CONTRACTUALISM P]MEAT$ HIS F$]ALI/IC CONCEPTS & CAN SC>CELY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS ( 'RI<T'4 ,I SAY ?IS DESPITE SOME ATTEMPTS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE TO CA/ HIS PROCLIVITY = CONTRACTUAL EX*ANGES 9TO A QUASI-PHILOSOPHICAL NOTION ( 'SOCIAL CONTRACT'4 ,EV5 IF ,PR\DHONISM REALLY W]E A SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY1 ?IS W\LD BE QUITE UNSATISFACTORY1 9 MY EYES4 ,NOR CAN WE IGNORE ,RI*>D ,V]NON'S OBS]VATION 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ,PR\DHON'S ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ALISM ?AT ,PR\DHON VIEW$ F$]ALISM AS AN ABRIDGM5T ( HIS E>LI]1 L>GELY P]SONALI/IC AN>*ISM4 ,IF ?\<T \T C>EFULLY1 ,PR\DHON'S VIEWS SEEM TO BE PREMIS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( FREE-FLOAT+1 SEEM+LY 'SOV]EIGN' 9DIVIDUALS1 CRAFTSP]SONS1 OR EV5 COLLECTIVES /RUCTUR$ >\ND CONTRACTUAL1 EX*ANGELIKE RELATION%IPS & PROP]TY [N]%IP RA!R ?AN ON A COMMUNI/IC SY/EM ( '[N]%IP' & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 

,BAKUN91 9 TURN1 WAS AN AV[$ COLLECTIVI/1 NOT A COMMUNI/1 & HIS VIEWS ON ORGANIZATION 9 P>TICUL> W]E (T5 AT ODDS ) !MSELVES4 7,I MI<T REM9D ,PUR*ASE1 H]E1 ?AT ,F\RI] WAS 9 NO S5SE A SOCIALI/1 AN>*I/ OR EV5 A REVOLUTION>Y1 DESPITE HIS MANY RI* 9SI<TS47 ,MAXIM(F'S LAT] ASSEMBLAGE ( SMALL PORTIONS ( ,BAKUN9'S MANY WRIT+S UND] ! RUBRIC ( 'SCI5TIFIC AN>*ISM' W\LD PROBABLY HAVE A/ONI%$ ,BAKUN91 JU/ AS MANY ( ,BAKUN9'S 9SI<TS W\LD %OCK OR?ODOX AN>*I/S TODAY4 ,I1 = ONE1 W\LD G5]ALLY AGREE ) ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 'MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ALWAYS BE/ REFLECT ! REAL ATTITUDE & WILL ( ! PEOPLE'1 AL?\< ,I W\LD WANT TO RE/ATE HIS =MULATION TO MEAN ?AT MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS CAN MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT ! POPUL> WILL ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y ONES4 ,BUT H[ MANY OR?ODOX AN>*I/S W\LD AGREE ) ,BAKUN9'S VIEW -- OR EV5 MY QUALIFI$ ONE8 ,! EXTREME RESI/ANCE ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$ FROM AN>*I/ TRADITIONALI/S & 'PURI/S' ON ?IS ISSUE HAS VIRTUALLY =ECLOS$ ANY POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ A LIB]T>IAN1 P>TICIPATORY1 MUNICIPALI/1 & CONF$]AL POLITICS TODAY AS P>T ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 

,GIV5 HIS TIME & PLACE1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ F>-SEE+ ( ! !ORI/S ,I 5C\NT]$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! LATE SIXTIES1 :5 REPR9TS ( HIS WORKS BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ,AM]ICAN BOOK%OPS1 ?AT ,I BECAME FAMILI> ) HIS ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS 7& AT A LAT] TIME1 ,COL9 ,W>D'S EXCELL5T ABRIDGM5T ( ?IS BOOK71 & IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! MID-SIXTIES ?AT ,I READ PORTIONS ( ,MUTUAL ,AID -- ?AT IS1 ! C5T] PORTION ?AT DEALS ) M$IEVAL CITIES4 ,TO BE QUITE FRANK1 !SE BOOKS DID NOT APPRECIABLY AFFECT MY VIEWS2 RA!R1 !Y CONFIRM$ !M & RE9=C$ MY COMMITM5T TO AN>*ISM4 ,9 MU* ! SAME WAY1 MY #aigd BOOK ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND A V]Y L>GE ESSAY ,I WROTE 9 #a#i#e#h1 UNKN[+LY P>ALLEL$ SOME ( ,M>X'S OBS]VATIONS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY ?AT HE EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 :I* WAS NOT AVAILABLE TO ME 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION UNTIL ! #a#i#fS4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS MA9LY MY /UDY ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY ?AT N\RI%$ ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 A WORK /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,MY BOOK M5TIONS ,KROPOTK9 ONLY 9CID5TALLY AS FIGUR+ 9 ! HI/ORY ( CITY PLANN+ 9 ! LAT]-APP5D$ PAGES4 ,I CITE ?IS BACKGR\ND TO NOTE H[ NONS5SICAL ,PUR*ASE'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 MY PRE-#a#i#h & MY PO/-#a#i#h DEVELOPM5T REALLY IS1 & TO PO9T \T H[ LITTLE ,PUR*ASE SEEMS TO KN[ AB\T MY WRIT+S1 MU* LESS !IR 'P$IGREE' & ! DIV]SITY ( IDEOLOGICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & HI/ORICAL S\RCES ?AT HAVE N\RI%$ MY WRIT+S4 

,F> FROM PILLAG+ FROM ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/ WRIT]S1 ,I HAVE T5D$ 9 ! PA/1 LET ME REPEAT1 TO OV]/ATE MY OBLIGATION TO !M4 ,I NEV] AGRE$ ) FREE-BOOT+ NOTIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT RE/ AS MU* ON ORD9>Y PR(ESSIONAL & SCI5TIFIC ASSOCIATIONS AS !Y DO ON ! BROAD] NOTION ( A COMMUNE BAS$ ON CIVIC UNITY & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,MOREOV]1 A REVOLUTIONISM ?AT IS PRIM>ILY ROOT$ 9 A 'REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT' 7,BAKUN97 & A MUTUALISM ?AT IS PRIM>ILY ROOT$ 9 A 'SOCIAL 9/9CT' 7,KROPOTK97 >E LITTLE MORE ?AN VAGUE SUB/ITUTES = S]I\S EXPLANATIONS4 ,9/9CT !ORY HAS TO BE DEALT ) V]Y CAUTI\SLY1 LE/ IT DEVOLVE 9TO \TRI<T SOCIOBIOLOGY4 ,KROPOTK9'S RA!R LOOSE ATTRIBUTION ( 'SOCIAL 9/9CT' TO ANIMALS G5]ALLY 9 ORD] TO VALIDATE MUTUALISM IS P>TICUL>LY TR\BL+1 9 MY VIEW1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON A HI<LY SELECTIVE /UDY ( ANIMALS -- HE T5DS TO IGNORE A HO/ ( SOLIT>Y ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ HI<LY ADVANC$ MAMMALS4 ,EV5 MORE TR\BL+ IS ?AT HE T5DS TO CONFUSE ANIMAL TROOPS1 H]DS1 PACKS1 & TRANSI5T COMMUNITIES ) SOCIETIES3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ) HI<LY MUTABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 ALT]ABLE AS !Y >E BY VIRTUE ( ! DI/9CTLY HUMAN ABILITY TO =M1 DEVELOP1 SUBV]T1 & OV]?R[ !M ACCORD+ TO !IR 9T]E/S & WILL4 

,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 = HIS P>T1 C>RI$ C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( ,KROPOTK9'S \TLOOK TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY4 ,I AM AT A LOSS TO UND]/& H[ CATS 'UND]/& OR %>E' OR '=E/ALL' \R 'S5TIM5TS'1 'DESIRES'1 & 'IDEAS'1 AS ,RECLUS ASS]T$ !Y DO 9 ! QUOTATION ,I CIT$ NE> ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE4 ,I AM C]TA9 ?AT MY D\BTS AB\T SO SA9TLY & G5TLE AN AN>*I/ AS ,RECLUS WILL PLACE ME 9 ! BAD GRACES ( CAT [N]S1 BUT ,I F9D SU* AN?ROPOMORPHISM NAIVE4 ,HIS VIEW ?AT 'SECRET H>MONY EXI/S BETWE5 ! E>? & PEOPLE'1 ONE ?AT 'IMPRUD5T SOCIETIES' WILL ALWAYS REGRET IF !Y VIOLATE IT1 IS F> TOO VAGUE1 AT TIMES EV5 MY/ICAL1 TO BE REG>D$ AS MORE ?AN A G5]\S S5TIM5T4 ,ONE MAY SURELY RESPECT SU* S5TIM5TS1 BUT C\NTLESS WRIT]S 79CLUD+ SOME V]Y REACTION>Y NATURE ROMANTICS7 HAVE REIT]AT$ !M MORE EMPHATICALLY TO REG>D !M AS ECO-AN>*I/ 9 NATURE4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY1 ECO-!OLOGY1 & AIR-HEAD$ SPIRITUALI/S HAVE F\ND MORE 'SECRET H>MONIES' BETWE5 HUMANITY & NONHUMAN NATURE ?AN ,I KN[ :AT TO DO )4 ,I W\LD C]TA9LY PRAISE ,RECLUS AS AN AN>*I/ & A RESOLUTE REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT ,I W\LD BE DISQUIET$ IF HIS P>TICUL> VIEWS ON ! NATURAL WORLD W]E ID5TIFI$1 AP>T FROM !IR GOOD 9T5TIONS1 ) ECO-AN>*ISM4 

,YES1 LET US GIVE ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,RECLUS1 ,MALATE/A1 & O!R LEAD+ AN>*I/ ?9K]S DUE HONOR & RESPECT = :AT !Y DID 9 !IR TIME & :AT !Y HAVE TO (F] TO \RS4 ,BUT CANNOT AN>*ISM GO FUR!R ?AN ! T]RA9 !Y *>T$ \T A C5TURY AGO8 ,IF SOME ( US TRY TO DO SO1 MU/ WE LIVE UND] ! TYRANNY ( OSSU>Y GU>DIANS LIKE ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE1 :O CAN BE EXPECT$ TO LIFT A BONY F+] FROM \T ( ! CRYPT & REPROVE US = IGNOR+ N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S' PASSAGES ON ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO NATURE -- A H9T H]E1 AN ANTEC$5T FRAGM5T !RE1 EV5 A SIZABLE PASSAGE -- :OSE =MULATIONS >E 9ADEQUATE TODAY & W]E (T5 QUITE ]RONE\S TO BEG9 )8 ,WE CAN C]TA9LY BUILD ON VIEWS ADVANC$ BY ! GREAT AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! PA/4 ,BUT MU/ WE IGNORE ! NE$ = MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ NOTIONS ( CONF$]ALISM1 ANTI-/ATISM1 DEC5TRALISM1 DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM1 & S5SITIVITY TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 ?AN ?OSE ?AT !Y ADVANC$8 ,!RE >E MANY NOTIONS ?AT W]E C5TRAL TO !IR VIEWS ?AT WE >E OBLIG$ TO DISC>D4 ,SU* ADVANCES1 HOPEFULLY1 & ! COH]5CE !Y PROVIDE >E P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T AS A :OLE4 ,IS AN>*ISM TO BE IMMUNIZ$ FROM FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS & REVISIONS BY ! GU>DIANS ( ITS OSSU>Y8 ,I W\LD HOPE NOT1 ESPECIALLY S9CE AN>*ISM -- ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION -- IS ! EX]CISE ( FRE$OM NOT ONLY 9 ! SOCIAL REALM BUT ALSO 9 ! REALM ( ?\<T4 ,TO LOCK AN>*ISM 9TO A CRYPT & CONDEMN ANY 9NOVATIVE BODY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS AS BOOTY 'FIL*$' FROM A SACR$ PREC9CT IS AN AFFRONT TO ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT & ALL ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION /&S =4 

,TIMES DO *ANGE4 ,! PROLET>IAT &1 MORE M>G9ALLY1 ! PEASANTRY TO :I* AN>*OSYNDICALISM TURN$ AS A 'HI/ORICAL SUBJECT'1 OR AG5TS = REVOLUTION1 >E NUM]ICALLY DIM9I%+ AT BE/ OR >E BE+ 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM AT WOR/4 ,! MO/ CRUCIAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM >E NOT ?OSE )9 ! SY/EM BUT BETWE5 ! SY/EM & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TODAY1 A BROAD CONS5SUS IS GR[+ AMONG ALL OPPRESS$ PEOPLE -- BY NO MEANS /RICTLY 9DU/RIAL WORK]S -- ?AT ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATION HAS PRODUC$ MONUM5TAL PROBLEMS1 PROBLEMS ?AT MAY WELL BR+ ! BIOSPH]E AS WE KN[ IT TO AN 5D4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/1 L>GELY ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 & RE/ORE A VIABLE BIOSPH]E1 AN 9T]E/ >\ND :I* PEOPLE ( HI<LY DISP>ATE BACKGR\NDS & SOCIAL /RATA MAY YET UNITE1 AN>*OSYNDICALISM IS SIMPLY >*AIC1 BO? AS A MOVEM5T & AS A BODY ( IDEAS4 ,IF AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE CANNOT KEEP PACE ) -- LET ALONE GO BEYOND -- HI/ORIC *ANGES ?AT HAVE ALT]$ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & MORAL L&SCAPE & EFFAC$ A GOOD P>T ( ! WORLD 9 :I* TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM WAS DEVELOP$1 ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T WILL 9DE$ BECOME :AT ,!ODOR ,ADORNO CALL$ IT -- 'A <O/'4 ,IF EV]Y ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A COH]5T1 CONTEMPOR>Y 9T]PRETATION ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION IS FRAGM5T$1 %ATT]$1 & P>CEL$ \T TO ANTEC$5TS :OSE VIEWS W]E (T5 MORE APPROPRIATE TO !IR TIMES ?AN !Y >E TO \RS1 ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION WILL FADE BACK 9TO HI/ORY AS SURELY AS ! AN>*IC ,ANABAPTI/S HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,!N CAPITALISM & ! ,RI<T WILL 9DE$ HAVE SOCIETY COMPLETELY UND] !IR CONTROL1 & SELF-/YL$ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS MAY WELL BECOME RELICS 9 AN IDEOLOGICAL MUSEUM ?AT WILL BE AS REMOTE TO ! COM+ C5TURY AS ,JACOB9ISM IS TO \R [N4 

,JULY #a#a1#a#i#i#b 

,! ,APPLE ,FALLS FROM ,GRACE  
BY ,*RIS ,WILB]T 

,! ,HI/ORY & ,*ANG+ ,MEAN+ ( ! ,APPLE AS A ,CULTIVAT$ ,FRUIT2 ,*ANG+ ,ATTITUDES T[>DS ,NATURE FROM ,ANCI5T ,SOCIETIES TO ! ,PRES5T ,DAY 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,APPLE P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY O!R FRUIT HAS BE5 9TIMATELY B\ND UP ) HUMANS4 ,?OREAU CALL$ ! ,APPLE TREE '! MO/ CIVILIZ$ ( ALL TREES' BE+ LONG] CULTIVAT$ ?AN ANY O!R & SO MORE HUMANIZ$4 .<#g.> ,?IS RELATION%IP HAS BE5 %[N 9 MANY WAYS4 ,9 ,ANCI5T CULTURES1 SU* AS ! ,GREEKS1 ,ROMANS1 & ,CELTS1 ! ,APPLE WAS ! S\RCE ( MU* FOLKLORE1 MAGIC & SYMBOLISM1 :I* REFLECT$ ! VALUES & WORLDVIEW ( ! CULTURES !MSELVES4 

,AS HUMAN SOCIETY HAS *ANG$1 SO TOO HAS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE1 9 ?IS S5SE HI/ORICAL & CULTURAL *ANGE LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL *ANGE1 .<#h.> & !SE *ANGES CAN BE SE5 9 ! WAY ?AT FRUITS & O!R CROPS >E GR[N4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! ,APPLE IS US$ H]E P>TLY AS A METAPHOR = NATURE AS A :OLE4 

,! *ANGES ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ONW>DS1 ! RISE ( CAPITALISM1 ! SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTION & ! FUSION ( SCI5CE & CAPITALISM HAS TAK5 ! ,APPLE FROM A FRUIT IMBU$ ) SPIRITUAL & SYMBOLIC MEAN+ -- ! FRUIT ( HEAL? & IMMORTALITY -- TO A FRUIT GIV5 ONLY A S+LE FUNCTION1 ?AT ( PRODUCTION ( PR(IT & A FRUIT FE>$ BECAUSE ( ! *EMICALS ?AT >E APPLI$ TO IT4 ,N[ G5ETIC 5G9E]+ PROMISES TO MAKE ! ,APPLE ALMO/ UNRECOGNIZABLE AS A ,TREE1 9 ! DRIVE TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION1 /&>DIZATION & REMOVE LABOR CO/S4 

,! OLD SYMBOLISM HAS NOT COMPLETELY GONE H[EV]1 9/EAD IT TOO HAS BE5 COMMODIFI$ & N[ ADORNS ! '9DU/RIES ( ! NEW AGE'1 ,APPLE ,COMPUT]S BE+ BUT ONE EXAMPLE4 

,9 !SE WAYS CAPITALISM HAS SEP>AT$ US FROM ! S\RCE & KN[L$GE ( PRODUCTION ( ESS5TIALS SU* AS FOOD1 WE >E 5C\RAG$ TO TRU/ ! EXP]TS :O >E MOTIVAT$ MA9LY BY PR(ITS .<#i.> & WE >E LE>N+ ?AT WE %\LD NOT4 ,)\T SU* KN[L$GE ( PRODUCTION = FOOD1 NO MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL CONSEQU5CES ( ONE'S DECISIONS ( :AT TO BUY SEEMS POSSIBLE4 .<#a.> 

,ALT]NATIVES DO EXI/1 & WAYS ( BREAK+ \T ( ?IS IMP]SONAL1 MORALLY IRRESPONSIBLE SY/EM1 TO BR+ ! KN[L$GE & MEAN+ ( FOOD PRODUCTION & NATURE BACK 9TO \R LIVES1 CAN & MU/ BE F\ND4 ,!SE CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM WID] POLITICAL REALITIES H[EV]1 NOR %\LD IT BE SE5 ?AT TO GO BACK TO SOME MY?ICAL GOLD5 AGE IS ! ANSW]4 ,BUT WE CAN LE>N FROM ! PA/ BY SEE+ :AT HAS BE5 & :AT HAS GONE WRONG & LOOK TO A FUTURE TO SEE :AT CAN BE4 

#b4 ,FRUIT ,CULTIVATION3 ,MY?1 ,MAGIC & ,FOLKSYMBOLS 

,9 ! ESS5TIAL PROSE  
( ?+S1 ! ,APPLE ,TREE  
/&S UP1 EMPHATIC  
AMONG ! ACCID5TS ( ! AFT]NOON1 SOLV5T  
NOT TO BE D5I$4 .<#a#a.> 

,WILD FRUITS HAVE PROBABLY ALWAYS BE5 COLLECT$ BY HUMANS & /ILL >E1 ! ,APPLE WAS P>TICUL>LY VALU$ = ITS NUTRITIONAL & /ORABLE QUALITIES1 & BECAUSE IT CAN BE DRI$ & KEPT OV] W9T]4 .<#a#b.> ,CULTIVATION ( ! ,APPLE PROBABLY DATES BACK TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE .<#a#c.> & MO/ LIKELY BEGAN 9 ! >EA ( ! ,CAUCASUS & ,NOR!RN ,9DIA :]E =E/S ( WILD ,APPLES >E F\ND4 .<#a#d.> ,! ,APPLE WAS CULTIVAT$ 9 ,EGYPT 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ,B,C & ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS W]E ALSO ADEPT AT GRAFT+ & PROPAGATION ( ,APPLE TREES4 ,! ,ROMAN ,PALLADIUS WROTE ( ?IRTY-SEV5 V>IETIES 9 ! F\R? C5TURY ,B,C4 

,IT IS NOT KN[N :E!R ! ,APPLE WAS CULTIVAT$ 9 ,BRITA9 BE=E ! ,ROMANS 9VAD$1 ?\< ! CRAB APPLE 7,MALUS SYLVE/RIS7 IS NATIVE & WAS HI<LY VALU$ BY ! ,CELTS4 ,! ,ROMANS DID 9TRODUCE !IR [N =M ( FRUIT CULTIVATION BUT AFT] !Y LEFT LITTLE IS KN[N ( FRUIT GR[+ 9 ,BRITA9 UNTIL ! ,NORMAN 9VASION AP>T FROM A FEW SCATT]$ REF]5CES TO OR*>DS 9 ,MONA/]IES4 .<#a#e.> ,!RE IS ONLY ONE REF]5CE TO AN OR*>D 9 ! ,DOMESDAY BOOK2 H[EV] IT IS ?\<T ?AT ?IS REFLECTS ! COMMONPLACE NATURE ( FRUIT GR[+ ON AN 9DIVIDUAL BASIS RA!R ?AN AS A COOP]ATIVE PURSUIT4 .<#a#f.> 

,TREES HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! SPIRITUAL HI/ORY ( MO/ CULTURES & TREES BE>+ LIFE-FOODS W]E ALWAYS SACR$4 .<#a#g.> ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT HUMANS 9 AN E>LY /AGE ( CIVILIZATION1 LIV+ A H>D LIFE CLOSE TO NATURE1 CON/RUCT$ NO DEF9ITE PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE ?AT C\LD EXPLA9 ALL ! PH5OM5A OR WORK+S ( NATURE ) :I* !Y CAME 9TO CONTACT4 ,!IR 'RUDE' SCI5CE ?US EXPLA9$ ITSELF L>GELY 9 SATISFY+ !IR SIMPLE WANTS & NE$S 9 W>D+ (F DANG]S & APPEAS+ ! WRA? ( EVIL P[]S4 .<#a#h.> ,9 SU* COMMUNITIES ! NATURAL WORLD WAS VIEW$ 9 AN?ROPOMORPHIC T]MS1 SPIRITS P]MEAT$ MATT]1 SU* ?AT ! E>? WAS SE5 AS ANIMATE1 .<#a#i.> A LIV+ ORGANISM & NURTUR+ MO!R1 & ?IS VIEW S]V$ AS A CULTURAL CON/RA9T RE/RICT+ ! EXPLOITATIVE ACTION ( HUMANS4 .<#b.> ,)9 SU* A COSMOLOGY1 NO?+ WAS SE5 AS ISOLAT$ & AP>T1 BUT 9 ITS RELATION TO ! :OLE ( LIFE1 ( :I* EA* OBJECT =M$ AN 9TEGRAL P>T4 .<#b#a.> ,?US1 EV]YDAY ?+S W]E 9VE/$ ) A DEEP SYMBOLISM OR COSMOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 .<#b#b.> ,?IS PAGANISM OR ANIMISM WAS TO SOME EXT5T 9CORPORAT$ )9 ,*RI/IANITY :5 IT >RIV$ 9 ,EUROPE & ,BRITA91 BUT A M>K$ %IFT DID OCCUR ) NATURE BE+ SE5 AS MAN'S 7SIC7 DOM9ION & ?US SEP>ATE FROM NATURE4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY KN[N M5TIONS ( ! ,APPLE 9 MY? IS ! ,*RI/IAN /ORY ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 9 :I* ,ADAM & ,EVE P>TAKE ( ! ,FRUIT ( ! ,TREE ( ,KN[L$GE ( ,GOOD & ,EVIL1 :I* IS MO/ COMMONLY SE5 AS ! ,APPLE1 .<#b#c.> & >E !N CA/ \T ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,9NOC5CE BY ,GOD 9TO ! WORLD ( EXP]I5CE4 ,RUSSELL HAS 9T]PRET$ ?IS MY?1 ALONG ) SIMIL> O!R ONES FROM O!R CULTURES ALONG ) AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES ( SOCIETIES 9 ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA1 AS BE+ CONNECT$ ) ,K9%IP4 ,%E >RIVES AT SOME SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSIONS 9 CONNECTION ) FRUIT TREES3 

,FROM EVID5CE AB\T MOD]N SOCIETIES ?AT PRACTICE SIMPLE F>M+1 ,I WAS ABLE TO %[ ?AT ! ,FRUIT TREE IS ! OLDE/ =M ( PROP]TY FIX$ TO A PLACE1 & ! !FT ( FRUIT ! OLDE/ =M ( CRIME 9 F>M+ SOCIETIES 7! ORIG9AL S974 ,MOREOV]1 S9CE ,FRUIT TREES MAY LA/ MORE ?AN A G5]ATION1 ! FRUIT TREE IS ! OLDE/ =M ( H]ITABLE FIX$ PROP]TY4 ,S9CE IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT FRUIT TREES BE C>$ =1 IT BECOMES IMPORTANT TO CONTROL & C]TIFY K9%IP SUCCESSION4 ,H5CE ! FRUIT TREE GIVES RISE TO ! FAMILY TREE4 ,AT ?IS /AGE ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 TO 5SURE REGUL> K9%IP SUCCESSION1 MAT+ REGULATIONS BEG9 TO BE CONNECT$ ) PROP]TY4 .<#b#d.> 

,?US1 9 ,$5 MAT+ REGULATIONS >E BROK51 ! ,TREE ( ,LIFE MAY BE SAID TO REPRES5T /ABLE SUCCESSION ( 9H]ITANCE 7IMMORTALITY71 :I* 5SURES A K9D ( ET]NAL LIFE & R5EWAL = ! TREES & ?OSE :O SUCCE$ 9 T5D+ !M4 ,! /ORY ( ,$5 MAY !RE=E BE TELL+ ( ! EXPULSION ( GR\PS :O 9FR+$ ! RULES ( MAT+4 .<#b#e.> 

,AS ! CLASSICAL SYMBOL ( Y\? & R5EWAL ! ,APPLE NATURALLY RAT$ HI< 9 ,GREEK MY?OLOGY4 ,! ,APPLE WAS A BRIDAL SYMBOL & (F]+1 SACR$ TO ,V5US AS LOVE & DESIRE4 .<#b#f.> ,! ,APPLE BE+ R\ND 9 %APE1 LIKE MANY FRUITS1 REPRES5TS TOTALITY & UNITY & IS SACR$ TO ,APOLLO ! ,SUN GOD .<#b#g.> 7,IBID71 :ILE ! ,TEMPLE ( ,>TEMIS WAS )9 AN OR*>D4 .<#b#h.> 

,9 ,CELTIC MY?OLOGY1 ! ,APPLE WAS ONE ( ! C5TRAL LIFE TREES ( ! ,GAELIC ELYSIUM1 .<#b#i.> SE5 AS ! ,SILV] ,B\<1 IT HAS MAGIC & C?ONIC P[]S1 IT IS ! EMBLEM ( SECURITY1 .<#c.> IMMORTALITY & ! FRUIT ( ! O!R WORLD3 

,! ,APPLE WAS ! TALISMAN :I* L$ HIM 9TO ! WORLD ( ! IMMORTALS & F$ HIM ) ! FRUIT ( LIFE & EV]LA/+ HAPP9ESS4 .<#c#a.> 

,! ,DRUIDS PLANT$ ,APPLE TREES 9 SACR$ PLACES = !IR FRUIT & AS H>BORS = MI/LETOE :I* WAS ALSO SACR$ TO !M4 .<#c#b.> ,HALL[E'5 IS ! ,CELTIC ,APPLE FE/IVAL :I* M>KS ! CELEBRATION ( ! BEG9N+ ( W9T] & DEA? ( ! OLD YE> -- ON ! EVE ( ,NOVEMB] #a/4 ,?IS WAS ALSO ! EVE ( ,NEW ,YE>'S ,DAY 9 ,ANGLO-,SAXON TIMES & ?IS DATE WAS ALSO D$ICAT$ TO ! SPIRIT :I* PRESIDES OV] FRUIT & SE$S4 .<#c#c.> 

,ON ,TWELF? NI<T1 :I* HAS ABSORB$ MANY E>LY HALL[E'5 CU/OMS MANY FOLKRITES W]E ALSO C>RI$ \T BY PEOPLE 9 OR*>DS4 ,ONE SU* IS ,APPLE ,WASSAIL+ :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,CORNWALL1 ,DEVON & ,SOM]SET4 ,ON ?IS NI<T P>I%ION]S WALK 9 PROCESSION VISIT+ ! MA9 OR*>DS 9 ! P>I%4 ,9 EA* OR*>D ONE TREE IS SELECT$ & SALUT$ ) AN 9CANTATION1 ! TREE IS !N SPR9KL$ ) CID] TO 5SURE IT BE>S PL5TIFULLY ! 5SU+ YE>4 ,IMPLEM5TS >E !N BANG$ TO DRIVE \T EVIL SPIRITS & >\SE ! TREE SPIRITS4 ',HAIL TO !E1 GOOD ,APPLE TREE1 POCKET-FULLS1 HAT-FULLS1 PECK-FULLS1 BU%EL-BAG FULLS' GOES ONE V]SION ( ?IS ,WASSAIL+ *ORUS4 ,AFT]W>DS VA/ QUANTITIES ( CID] >E CONSUM$4 .<#c#d.> ,! ,APPLE WAS ALSO ASSOCIAT$ 9 MANY CULTURES ) HEAL? & HEAL+2 ,K+ ,>?UR'S GRIEV\S W\ND WAS TREAT$ 9 ! ,VALE ( ,AVALON1 ! ,APPLE ,VALE ( ,CELTIC MY?4 .<#c#e.> ,FRUIT ,TREES W]E ALSO PLANT$ 9 MANY PLACES UPON ! BIR? ( A NEW *ILD & ! HEAL? ( ! TREE WAS ?\<T TO REFLECT ?AT ( ! *ILD4 .<#c#f.> 

,ANO!R FAM\S MY? HAS IT ?AT ONE DAY :ILE SITT+ 9 AN OR*>D AN APPLE FELL & HIT ,ISAAC ,NEWTON 7! 'FA!R' ( MOD]N PHYSICS7 UPON ! HEAD & ?AT ?IS GAVE HIM ! 9SPIRATION = HIS ,LAW ( ,GRAVITY4 ,! IRONY ( ?IS /ORY IS ?AT ,NEWTON WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MULATORS ( ! ME*ANI/IC VIEW ( NATURE4 ,9 CONJUNCTION )1 & TO SOME EXT5T AS A RESULT (1 ! 9CREAS$ EXPLOITATION ( ! E>? UND] E>LY CAPITALISM1 ?IS NEW P>ADIGM ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T ]OD$ ! VIEW ( NATURE AS BE+ 9 A G5]ALIZ$ S5SE FEMALE1 ALIVE & RESPONSIVE TO HUMAN ACTION & ACT+ AS A NORMATIVE RE/RA9T ON HUMAN EXPLOITATION4 ,! NEW ,ME*ANI/IC ,!ORIES & ,CAPITALISM1 MORALLY UND]P9N$ BY ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,*RI/IAN ,!OLOGY1 REPLAC$ ?IS ) A VIEW ( NATURE AS AN 9ANIMATE1 DEAD1 PHYSICAL SY/EM OV] :I* 'MAN' 7SIC7 HAD DOM9ION4 ,?IS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 HAD F> REA*+ EFFECTS 9 ! WAY HUMANS EXPLOIT NATURE4 

#c4 ,! ,APPLE & ! ,RIS+ ,M>KET ,SY/EM 

,! TRANS=MATION FROM ,FEUDALISM TO ,CAPITALISM SET 9 MOTION A NUMB] ( *ANGES :I* EV5TUALLY AFFECT$ EV]Y =M ( LIFE 9 WE/]N SOCIETIES4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT !SE HI/ORICAL *ANGES 9 HUMAN IMPACT ON ! SY/EM AS A :OLE1 WE CAN SEE ?AT HI/ORICAL *ANGE BECOMES ECOLOGICAL *ANGE DUE TO ! '444DYNAMIC 9T]ACTIONS ( ! NATURAL & CULTURAL SUBSY/EMS'4 .<#c#g.> 

,! MA9 FACTOR 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! E>LY MOD]N P]IOD WAS ! GR[? 9 ! M>KET SY/EM = FOOD PRODUCTION & O!R GOODS1 SU* AS WOOL1 BAS$ ON PROP]TY RI<TS & EX*ANGES 9 L& & MONEY4 ,?IS1 ALONG ) POPULATION 9CREASES & URBANIZATION1 ADVANCES 9 AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEM5T & ! GR[? ( RURAL 9DU/RY1 GRADUALLY BROKE D[N COMMUNAL F>M+ PRACTICES ?AT W]E P>T ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 .<#c#h.> ,PEOPLE'S EXP]I5CES ( AN 9CREAS+LY MANIPULAT$ NATURE ALSO UND]M9$ ! ORGANIC WORLDVIEW & MADE WAY = ! ME*ANI/IC MODEL :I* RE9=C$ & ACCEL]AT$ ! EXPLOITATION ( NATURE & HUMAN BE+S AS RES\RCES4 .<#c#i.> ,:ILE ! SPREAD+ USE ( MONEY FACILITAT$ OP5-5D$ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL AS OPPOS$ TO ! SOME:AT MORE LIMIT$ FEUDAL AIM ( PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION 79CLUD+ CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION74 .<#d.> ,9 !SE WAYS 7& O!RS7 PRODUCTION = SUBSI/5CE WAS REPLAC$ BY RATIONALLY MAXIMIZ+ MODES ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION = ! M>KET4 

,! T5D5CY T[>DS GR[?1 EXPANSION & ACCUMULATION 9 ,CAPITALISM L$ TO CONT9U$ DISPLACEM5T ( SUBSI/5CE F>M]S1 .<#d#a.> ! GR[? ( WAG$ LABOR & ! BR++ 9TO CULTIVATION ( NEW L&S BY IMPROVEM5T & RECLAMATION AS WELL AS BY 5CLOSURE ( COMMON L&S4 .<#d#b.> ,?IS PROCESS WAS AID$ BY NEW BOOKS 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES ON AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEM5TS 79 A SCI5TIFIC S5SE7 & 9 ! CASE ( FRUIT1 9/RUCTIONS ON ORD]+1 GRAFT+ & PROPAGATION4 .<#d#c.> 

,!SE E>LY *ANGES W]E ESS5TIALLY FOCUS$ >\ND ,LONDON BE+ ! L>GE/ URBAN M>KET & 9 ?IS IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ! WORDS ( ,HU<ES3 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! FIR/ URBAN SOCIETIES W]E ALSO ! FIR/ SOCIETIES TO AB&ON A RELIGI\S ATTITUDE ( ON5ESS ) NATURE & TO ADOPT ONE ( SEP>ATION4 .<#d#d.> 

#d4 ,TRANS=MATIONS 9 ,FRUIT ,CULTIVATION 

,NORMAN ,LONDON1 ACCORD+ TO A CONTEMPOR>Y ACC\NT1 WAS FULL ( CITIZ5S G>D5S & OR*>DS4 ,ALL ! MA9 MONA/]IES1 5C\RAG$ TO BE SELF-SUFFICI5T S9CE ! TIME ( ,/ ,B5$ICT1 .<#d#e.> AT ,:ITEFRI>S1 ,BLACKFRI>S1 ,*>T]H\SE & ,HOLBORN HAD !IR [N G>D5S 9 :I* FRUIT WAS GR[N4 .<#d#f.> ,9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY FRUIT WAS EXT5SIVELY GR[N 9 ! ,ROYAL ,G>D5S AT ,T[] ,HILL & ,WE/M9/]4 .<#d#g.> ,BUT FRUIT GR[+ WAS NOT CONF9$ TO ! RI* & MONA/IC ORD]S1 ?\< FEW RECORDS SURVIVE ( PEASANT CULTIVATION1 ,LANGL& 9 ,PI]S ,PL[MAN ( #acfb M5TIONS ?AT ! POOR ATE BAK$ APPLES & *]RIES4 .<#d#h.> 

,SURPLUS FRUITS FROM ! MONA/]IES & ,ROYAL G>D5S1 & FROM ! ,MANOR F>M+ SY/EMS W]E SOLD AT ! ',M>KET ,CROSS' AT ?IS TIME & ?IS SALE ( FRUIT & O!R CROPS BECAME SO PR(ITABLE ?AT ! SY/EM ( R5T+ G>D5S & OR*>DS TO GR[ ESPECIALLY = M>KET BECAME E/ABLI%$4 .<#d#i.> ,?IS M>KET G>D5+ FIR/ DEVELOP$ 9 & >\ND ,LONDON 9 ! LATE ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES4 .<#e.> 

,CANTOR /ATES ?AT BECAUSE ?IS WAS A SMALL-SCALE AFFAIR IT WAS WELL SUIT$ TO PEASANTS ) PL5TY ( FAMILY LABOR1 PRODUC+ VEGETABLES 9 B$S SEP>AT$ BY FRUIT TREES & SUPPLEM5T$ BY PRODUCE FROM COMMUNAL FIELDS4 ,BY #afe H[EV]1 A CLASS ( WEAL?Y M>KET G>D5]S EM]G$ :O ACQUIR$ L>G] HOLD+S & :OSE SOIL !Y IMPROV$ ) F]TILIZ]S & EMPLOY$ WAGE E>N]S ( DISPLAC$ PEASANTS TO WORK !M4 .<#e#a.> ,SPECIALIZ$ FRUIT PRODUCTION WAS ALREADY WELL E/ABLI%$ 9 ,K5T BY ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ALSO SUPPLY+ ! M>KETS ( ,LONDON4 ,JORDAN /ATES ?AT ?IS REQUIR$ V]Y HEAVY & C]TA9LY V]Y PR(ITABLE CAPITAL \TLAY4 .<#e#b.> 

,H]E=D%IRE1 ,WORCE/]%IRE1 ,SOM]SET & ,DEVON W]E ALSO BECOM+ MA9 FRUIT GR[+ >EAS1 T5D+ TO FOCUS MORE ON CID] PRODUCTION DUE TO POOR] TRANSPORT & SMALL] M>KETS4 .<#e#c.> ,EA* ( !SE >EAS HAD !IR [N LOCAL V>IETIES SU* AS ,CORNI% ,>OMATIC1 ,H]E=D ,PE>MA91 ,FL[] ( ,K5T & ,DEVON%IRE ,QU>R5D51 AS WELL AS GR[+ MORE WIDESPREAD V>IETIES SU* AS ,GOLD5 ,PIPP94 

,UNTIL ! SIXTE5? C5TURY FRUIT GR[+ 9 ,BRITA9 HAD *ANG$ LITTLE FROM H[ IT WAS UND]TAK5 9 ,GREEK OR ,ROMAN TIMES1 AP>T FROM BECOM+ SOME:AT MORE 9T5SIVE4 ,H[EV]1 AT ?IS TIME NEW DEVELOPM5TS CAME AB\T :I* SIGNAL$ ! MOVE T[>DS 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC RATIONALIZATION4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE WAS ! 9TRODUCTION ( DW>F+ ROOT/OCKS FROM ,FRANCE1 CALL$ ',P>ADISE'4 ,!SE 5ABL$ MORE TREES TO BE PLANT$ 9 AN >EA ?AN BE=E4 ,LEG5DRE1 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,MANN] ( ,ORD]+ ,FRUIT ,TREES 7TRANSLAT$ 9 #a#f#f7 SUGGE/$ !SE %\LD BE SPAC$ #f-#i FEET AP>T1 9/EAD ( ! #a#h-#b#d FEET = TREES ON SE$L+S4 .<#e#d.> ,?IS PRACTICE ( DW>F+ TREES PREV5T$ ! UND]CROPP+ ( O!R PLANTS B5EA? ! TREES :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 WIDESPREAD & M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,APPLE TREE TO FIT ECONOMIC 'NE$S' ( HUMANS4 

,! DEVELOP+ ME*ANI/IC WORLDVIEW1 :I* SAW NATURE AS DISORD] & CULTIVATION AS ! IMPOSITION ( HUMAN ORD] WAS DI/+UI%$ BY 9CREAS+LY REGUL> PLANT+ =MS & MONOCULTURES1 & AN 9CREAS+ ADMIRATION ( IT4 ,NONE WAS MORE ADMIR$ ?AN ! ,QU9CUNX1 ! OLD ,ROMAN WAY ( SETT+ \T AN OR*>D4 .<#e#e.> ,?US1 9 ! TIME ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I1 ,RI*>D ,H>RIS PLANT$ OV] #a ACRES ( FRUIT TREES AT ,TEYNHAM1 ,K5T3 ',SO BEAUTIFULLY AS !Y NOT ONLY /& 9 MO/ RI<T L9ES1 BUT SEEM TO BE ( ONE SORT1 %APE & FA%ION'4 .<#e#f.> 

,9CREAS$ PLANT+ ( OR*>DS CONT9U$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 SUPPLI$ BY MANY NEW NURS]IES ESPECIALLY >\ND ,LONDON4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9CREAS$ ACREAGE ( OR*>DS & ! MONOCULTURAL SY/EM BEGAN TO HAVE ADV]SE SIDE-EFFECTS BY ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ) L>GE-SCALE DEVA/ATION BY PE/S & DISEASES1 AS A RESULT ( ! DISRUPTION ( ECOSY/EM BALANCES4 ,CANK] & ,WOOLLY ,APHID -- 9TRODUC$ ON DW>F+ ROOT/OCKS -- BECAME RIFE1 FRUIT QUALITY & YIELDS BECAME V]Y POOR4 .<#e#g.> ,!SE PROBLEMS L$ TO MORE ATT5TION BE+ GIV5 TO POSSIBLE REM$IES BY ! LIKES ( ! NEWLY-=M$ ,ROYAL ,HORTICULTURAL ,SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN ANY BASIC QUE/ION+ ( !IR CAUSES4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,5GLI% AGRICULTURE WAS WELL ON ! WAY TO BECOM+ A FULLY COMM]CIAL ACTIVITY1 ORGANIZ$ & ADM9I/]$ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! M>KET1 .<#e#h.> & DOM9AT$ BY ! TRIPLE DIVISIONS 9TO L&LORDS1 T5ANT F>M]S & HIR$ LABOR]S4 .<#e#i.> 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY FEW NEW DEVELOPM5TS CAME AB\T 9 FRUIT CULTIVATION4 ,H[EV]1 FRUIT GR[+ CONT9U$ TO 9T5SIFY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( RAPID POPULATION GR[? & URBANIZATION1 9CREAS+ P] CAPITA 9COMES1 *EAP] TRANSPORT CO/S & MORE 9TEGRAT$ M>KETS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,FR5* IMPORTS ( ,APPLES & HI< SUG> PRICES CAUS$ P]IODIC CONTRACTIONS 9 CULTIVATION4 .<#f.> ,AT ?IS TIME MANY ,APPLE V>IETIES GR[N TODAY W]E 9TRODUC$1 !SE (T5 HAV+ >IS5 AS *ANCE SE$L+S1 ,BRAMLEYS ,SE$L+1 ,COX'S ,ORANGE ,PIPP91 & ,WORCE/] ,PE>MA9 BE+ EXAMPLES4 .<#f#a.> ,! NEXT SET ( NEW DEVELOPM5TS 9 FRUIT CULTIVATION DID NOT COME AB\T UNTIL ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ) ! 9TEGRATION ( SCI5CE 9TO COMM]CIAL FRUIT PRODUCTION4 

#e4 ,! ,APPLE AS A ,MA*9E 

,MO/ DEVELOPM5TS & IMPROVEM5TS 9 FRUIT CULTIVATION BE=E ! TW5TIE? C5TURY CAME FROM 9DIVIDUAL GR[]S & G>D5]S1 AMATEUR ',SCI5TI/S' & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY FROM COMM]CIAL NURS]IES SU* AS ,LAXTONS ( ,B$=D4 .<#f#b.> ,BY ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY H[EV]1 RESE>* 9TO NEW V>IETIES BY NURS]IES WAS L>GELY GIV5 UP AS ! NEW SCI5TIFIC RESE>* /ATIONS1 F9ANC$ BY GR[]S & GOV]NM5T TOOK A LEAD+ ROLE .<#f#c.> & A MORE SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T ( COMM]CIAL OR*>DS CAME 9TO BE+4 

,! SETT+ UP ( ,FRUIT ,RESE>* /ATIONS1 PR9CIPALLY ?OSE AT ,LONG ,A%TON1 ,BRI/OL 9 #aic 79ITIALLY AS ! ,CID] ,9/ITUTE7 & ,EA/ ,MAIL+1 ,K5T 9 #a#i#a#c1 CAN BE SE5 AS P>T ( ! MORE G5]AL 'SCI5TIFIC-TE*NICAL REVOLUTION'1 9 :I* SCI5CE BECAME DIRECTLY ORGANIZ$ & DOM9AT$ BY CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS & WAS PLAC$ AT ! C5T] ( PRODUCTION4 .<#f#d.> ,?IS PROCESS ( 9TEGRATION IS DESCRIB$ BY ,BRAV]MAN3 

,SCI5CE IS ! LA/ -- & AFT] LABOR ! MO/ IMPORTANT -- SOCIAL PROP]TY TO BE TURN$ 9TO AN ADJUNCT ( CAPITAL444 ,AT FIR/ SCI5CE CO/S ! CAPITALI/ NO?+1 S9CE HE M]ELY EXPLOITS ! ACCUMULAT$ KN[L$GE ( ! PHYSICAL SCI5CES1 BUT LAT] ! CAPITALI/ SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZES & H>NESSES SCI5CE1 PAY+ = SCI5TIFIC $UCATION1 RESE>*1 LABORATORIES ETC1 \T ( ! HUGE SURPLUS SOCIAL PRODUCT :I* EI!R BELONGS DIRECTLY TO HIM OR :I* ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE CONTROLS 9 ! =M ( TAX REV5UES4 ,A =M]LY RELATIVELY FREE-FLOAT+ SOCIAL 5DEAVOR IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO PRODUCTION & ! M>KET4 .<#f#e.> 

,! ME*ANI/IC PHILOSOPHY & R$UCTIONI/ ME?OD ( SCI5CE H>MONIZ$ WELL ) ! EXP&+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9TO A RATIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T1 9 :I* ! MO/ EFFICI5T1 SCI5TIFICALLY & LOGICALLY BAS$ MEANS >E S\<T TO A*IEVE PRE-DET]M9$ CAPITALI/ 5DS4 .<#f#f.> ,?US1 9 ! SCI5TIFIC-TE*NICAL REVOLUTION1 SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T SETS ITSELF ! PROBLEM ( GRASP+ ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION AS A :OLE & CONTROLL+ EV]Y ELEM5T ( IT1 )\T EXCEPTION4 ,AS ,H4,L4 ,GANTT WROTE3 

,IMPROV+ ! SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T MEANS ! ELIM9ATION ( ELEM5TS ( *ANCE OR ACCID5T & ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ALL ! 5DS DESIR$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) KN[L$GE D]IV$ FROM A SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION ( EV]Y?+ D[N TO ! SMALLE/ DETAILS ( LABOR4 .<#f#g.> 

,! RESULT ( ?IS APPROA* IS ?AT COMM]CIAL FRUIT PRODUCTION HAS BE5 REVOLUTIONIZ$ & HAS FOLL[$ ! PRECEPTS ( RATIONALIZATION APP>5T 9 O!R 9DU/RIES & AGRICULTURAL SECTORS4 ,FRUIT GR[]S HAVE BECOME EV] MORE SPECIALIZ$1 L&HOLD+S HAVE BECOME BIGG]1 MORE CAPITAL 9T5SIVE & MORE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO SECTORS ( ! *EMICAL1 5G9E]+ & FOOD PROCESS+ 9DU/RIES4 .<#f#h.> 

,!SE DEVELOPM5TS HAVE BE5 MADE POSSIBLE BY ! SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS ( ! FRUIT RESE>* /ATIONS1 MU* ( IT SPONSOR$ BY COMPANIES SU* AS ,I,C,I1 ,MONSANTO1 ,CIBA-,GEIGY ,AGRO*EMICALS1 ,J ,SA9SBURY ,PIC1 ,HOE*/1 & ( C\RSE ,! ,M9I/RY ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ,FI%]IES & ,FOOD 7,M,A,F,F7 :O >E ! MA9 SPONSORS4 .<#f#i.> ,M,A,F,F GRANTS >E NOT GIV5 UNLESS IT CAN BE %[N ?AT ! RESE>* IS ( 'PRACTICAL' IMPORTANCE & ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T'S POLICY IS EMPHASIZ+ ?IS BY CUTT+ F9ANCIAL SUPPORT = ,EA/ ,MAIL+ & O!R RESE>* /ATIONS1 SO ?AT A HI<] PROPORTION ( FUND+ COMES FROM ! PRIVATE SECTOR & IS ?US MORE M>KET ORI5TAT$4 .<#g.> 

,CURR5TLY1 CONTROL ( ,APPLE PRODUCTION IS MA9LY FOCUS$ ON *EMICALS & HYBRIDIZATION1 ?\< ?IS IS %IFT+ T[>DS :AT IS SE5 AS ! 'ULTIMATE' CONTROL ( ! ,APPLE1 ?R\< G5ETIC 5G9E]+4 ,UP TO TWELVE *EMICALS & HORMONES CAN BE APPLI$ TO APPLES 9 A S+LE SEASON1 .<#g#a.> RI* PICK+S 9DE$ = ! *EMICAL COMPANIES4 ,!SE >E APPLI$ TO ,APPLES AT ALMO/ EV]Y /AGE ( GR[? FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D4 ,!Y >E US$ TO CONTROL PE/S & DISEASES 7( :I* !RE >E AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] DUE TO FUR!R DISRUPTION ( PR$ATOR-PREY RELATION%IPS71 TO ?9 FRUIT \T ON ! TREE1 TO CONTROL GR[?1 TO '/ICK' APPLES TO ! TREE & PREV5T W9DBL[ LOSSES1 TO PREV5T ROTT+ 9 /ORAGE & TO L5G!N %ELF LIFE4 ,?IS IS A POT5T COCKTAIL SYN]GI/ICALLY SPEAK+1 YET :AT 9ADEQUATE TE/+ DOES TAKE PLACE IS ONLY TO DEF9E LE?AL DOSES1 NOT H[ *EMICALS MAY WORK TOGE!R OR EFFECTS ( LONG T]M L[ LEVEL EXPOSURES4 

,ALREADY SEV]AL FUNGICIDES US$ REGUL>LY 9 ! FRUIT 9DU/RY1 SU* AS ,MANCOZEB1 ,CAPTAN1 & ,FOLPET1 >E KN[N C>C9OG5S4 .<#g#b.> ,BUT MO/ M5AC+ >E ! GR[? REGULATORS SU* AS ,AL> 7DAM9OZIDE71 :I* >E US$ TO SL[ ! GR[? ( LEAVES & BRAN*ES ON TREES1 & ?US =CE AN 9CREASE 9 BUDD+ & FRUIT PRODUCTION4 ,!SE REGULATORS & SOME H]BICIDES DRAMATICALLY ALT] GR[? RATES AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CELL4 .<#g#c.> ,AL> SALES W]E /OPP$ 9 ! ,U,S,A BECAUSE ( L9KS ) CANC] 9 Y\NG *ILDR5 & CAUS$ /ORMS ( PROTE/ FROM F>M]S & 9DU/RY ) ! DECISION BE+ R\NDLY CONDEMN$ BY ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL AS3 '444FALSE OR SUP]FICIAL SCI5CE PREVAIL+ OV] ! REAL ?+'4 .<#g#d.> ,A SIMIL> CONTROV]SY ]UPT$ 9 ,BRITA9 OV] ! ,AM]ICAN DECISION1 BUT AFT] A BRIEF REVIEW1 ! GOV]NM5T DECID$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aihi ?AT ALL DAM9OZIDE BAS$ PRODUCTS 7,AL> & ,DAZIDE7 W]E SAFE4 .<#g#e.> 

,DEVELOPM5TS 9 PLANT BRE$+ HAVE ALSO L$ TO MORE 9T5SIVE PLANT+ SY/EMS ) EV5 MORE DW>F+ TREES4 ,!SE CAN BE AS LITTLE AS #a MET] 9 HEI<T1 :ILE SOME BU% TREES NE$ TO BE P]MAN5TLY /AK$ & !IR BRAN*ES /RUNG UP BECAUSE !Y CANNOT SUPPORT !MSELVES4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS ALL[ LABOR 'MA9T5ANCE & PICK+' CO/S TO BE R$UC$4 ,ATTEMPTS TO ME*ANIZE H>VE/+ ALTOGE!R >E AT PRES5T LIMIT$ TO FRUIT = CID] OR JUICE DUE TO DAMAGE TO ! FRUIT4 .<#g#f.> ,?\< FULLY AUTOMAT$ *EMICAL SPRAY]S HAVE REC5TLY BE5 DEVELOP$4 .<#g#g.> 

,REC5T RESE>* HAS TURN$ TO G5ETIC CONTROL ( ,APPLE *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,H]E1 BY MAPP+ G5ES RESPONSIBLE = CONTROL ( TREE HABIT1 PE/ & DISEASE RESI/ANCE1 & FRUIT *>ACT]I/ICS1 G5ES WILL BE SELECT$ & TRANSF]R$ TO GIVE ! RI<T REQUIREM5TS = HI< YIELDS1 PE/ RESI/ANCE & E>LY CROPP+1 ?IS '444WILL ALL[ ! NORMALLY SL[ PROCESS ( CONV5TIONAL BRE$+ TO BE ACCEL]AT$'4 .<#g#h.> 

,SO F> ?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 ! NEW COLUMN> V>IETIES1 COMPACT1 BRAN*LESS 'TREES' :I* HAVE TAK5 ?IRTY YE>S TO DEVELOP4 ,!Y REQUIRE NO PRUN+1 CROP E>LY1 NE$ V]Y LITTLE SPACE & >E ?US BE+ M>KET$ UND] ! LEG5D3 ',N[ EV5 ! SMALLE/ G>D5 CAN HAVE AN OR*>D'4 .<#g#i.> ,!SE MUTATIONS H[EV]1 BE> LITTLE RELATION TO A TREE AT ALL1 HAV+ BE5 /RIPP$ D[N TO A PURELY FUNCTIONAL LEVEL4 ,LIKE ! DW>F V>IETIES ( COMM]CIAL OR*>DS1 !Y HAVE NO MEAN+ BEYOND A /RAI<T ECONOMIC ONE4 

,! EFFECTS ( 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC RATIONALIZATION HAVE ALSO BE5 EVID5T 9 ! NUMB]S ( V>IETIES GR[N COMM]CIALLY & AVAILABLE 9 %OPS4 ,OV] #f V>IETIES ( ,APPLE >E KN[N1 YET MOD]N COMM]CIAL OR*>DS >E DOM9AT$ BY ONLY N9E V>IETIES4 .<#h.> ,5GLI% OR*>DS >E DOM9AT$ BY ,COX'S ,ORANGE ,PIPP9 & ITS COLOR$ =MS1 MAK+ UP #f#c.0 ( DESS]T APPLE PRODUCTION 9 #a#i#h#f1 :ILE ,BRAMLEYS ,SE$L+S MADE UP #i.0 ( CUL9>Y APPLES4 .<#h#a.> ,ONLY ANO!R SIX OR SEV5 DESS]T APPLES >E WIDELY AVAILABLE2 MO/ ( !SE BE+ IMPORT$ (T5 FROM AS F> AWAY AS ,CANADA OR ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 

,?IS 9CREAS+ SPECIALIZATION 9 ONLY A FEW V>IETIES IS A RELATIVELY REC5T TR5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 ,PRO!RO C\LD BOA/ ?AT AS MANY AS #b V>IETIES ( ,APPLE W]E COLLECT$ 9 A S+LE OR*>D1 .<#h#b.> N[ HE W\LD BE LUCKY TO F9D MORE ?AN TWO OR ?REE V>IETIES 9 MO/ OR*>DS4 ,?IS LOSS ( LOCAL V>IETIES ( ,APPLES ?AT W]E (T5 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO !IR >EA CAN BE SE5 AS YET ANO!R FACTOR 9 ! LOSS ( DI/9CTIV5ESS & ID5TIFICATION ( REGIONS ?AT HAS FOLL[$ FROM ! APPLICATION ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T TO AGRICULTURE4 .<#h#c.> 

,! WORK ( ! OR*>D LABOR] HAS ALSO BE5 TRANS=M$1 ) DEVELOPM5TS TO R$UCE 'MA9T5ANCE' & H>VE/+ LABOR CO/S BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DESKILL$ & SEASONALLY 9T5SE4 ,LITTLE 9=MATION AB\T !SE *ANGES IS AVAILABLE H[EV]1 ) ONLY BRIEF REF]5CES 9 WORKS SU* AS ,RONALD ,BLY!'S ,AK5FIELD4 ,! OLD] OR*>D WORK]S SPOK5 TO 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS RESE>* ALL BEMOAN$ ! LACK ( ACTIVITY ( MO/ ( ! YE> & ! MU* MORE 9T5SE & FA/ H>VE/+ SEASON 9 COMP>ISON TO E>LI] DAYS :5 ! JOB WAS MORE V>I$1 SKILL$ & SPREAD MORE EV5LY ?R\<\T ! YE>4 .<#h#d.> 

,! SORT+ ( FRUIT IS N[ C>RI$ \T ON FACTORY PRODUCTION L9E SY/EMS 9 ON-F>M REFRIG]AT$ /ORES :I* >E USUALLY RUN ON A COOP]ATIVE BASIS BETWE5 LOCAL F>M]S4 ,H]E ! FRUIT IS SORT$ 9TO ITS V>I\S CLASSES UND] ,E,C QUALITY /&>DS & ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,DEVELOPM5T & ,ADVISORY ,S]VICES ,FRUIT ,GR\P PROVIDES ADVICE TO EMPLOY]S ON H[ TO RUN !SE L9ES ON /RICT 'TIME & MOTION' SY/EMS TO GET ! BE/ RESULTS FROM ! MA9LY FEMALE1 P>T-TIME & L[-PAID WORK=CE4 

#f4 ,! ,COMMODIFICATION ( ,APPLE ,SYMBOLISM 

,AS SOCIETY HAS *ANG$1 ! OLD SYMBOLS ( ANCI5T & PRE-MOD]N CULTURES HAVE TO A GREAT EXT5T LO/ !IR MEAN+ .<#h#e.> & HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY NEW SYMBOLS ?AT REFLECT ! SURR\ND+S ( CONTEMPOR>Y1 MAT]IALI/IC CULTURE4 ,YET AS ,COOP] /ATES1 A L>GE BODY ( SYMBOLISM HAS BECOME TRADITIONAL OV] ! AGES & ?IS CON/ITUTES AN 9T]NATIONAL LANGUAGE TRANSC5D+ ! NORMAL LIMITS ( COMMUNICATION4 .<#h#f.> 

,IT MAY BE ?AT ?IS TRADITIONAL =M ( SYMBOLISM 7:I* IS MO/ (T5 NATURE SYMBOLISM & 9CLUDES ! ,APPLE7 IS SELECTIVELY COMMODIFI$ BY CAPITALISM1 9 ?AT IT IS US$ TO IMBUE OR ASSOCIATE TE*NOLOGIES1 GOODS & S]VICES ) SYMBOLIC QUALITIES ( O!R PH5OM5A1 TO MAKE PRODUCTS MORE ATTRACTIVE TO BUY]S4 ,= EXAMPLE ! ,APPLE IS US$ BY ,APPLE ,MACK9TO% ,COMPUT]S & = ,MIDL& ,BANK'S OR*>D ACC\NT1 AMONG O!RS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 AS A M>KET+ OR ADV]TIS+ PLOY TO ASSOCIATE !SE PRODUCTS ) ! TRADITIONAL SYMBOLIC QUALITIES ( ! ,APPLE1 ( HEAL?1 WISDOM & F]TILITY1 AS WELL AS ! NATURALISM & SIMPLICITY ( ! ,APPLE TO MAKE !SE PRODUCTS & S]VICES MORE APPEAL+ & MORE SALABLE4 

,?IS USE CAN ALSO BE SE5 9 ! G>D5S ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY SUBURBAN E/ATES ( ,LONDON & O!R CITIES4 ,H]E ,APPLE1 ,PE> & ,PLUM TREES W]E (T5 PLANT$ BY BUILD]S1 POSSIBLY TO ACC5TUATE ! RU/IC FEEL+ ( !SE >EAS4 ,= AS ,JACKSON NOTES1 A MAJOR ATTRACTION ( SUBURBAN LIFE HAD ALWAYS BE5 ! OPPORTUNITY IT SEEM$ TO (F] ( 5JOY+ ! PLEASANT] ASPECTS ( RURAL LIFE :IL/ REMA9+ 9 T\* ) ! AM5ITIES ( URBAN CIVILIZATION4 .<#h#g.> ,SOME ( !SE E/ATES1 AS !Y SPREAD FUR!R \T 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 W]E ACTUALLY BUILT ON OLD OR*>DS & SOME TREES W]E LEFT 9 PLACE AS AT ,BROADL&S E/ATE1 ,POND]S ,5D 9 ,NOR? ,LONDON4 .<#h#h.> 

,?\< IT IS EASY TO MOCK OR D5IGRATE ?IS US+ ( FRUIT TREES 9 ! SUBURBS1 AS ,W>D /ATES1 ,5GLI% G>D5S (T5 REMA9 A HAV5 = ! OLD] FRUIT V>IETIES NO LONG] GR[N COMM]CIALLY4 .<#h#i.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,HAMP/EAD ,G>D5 ,SOCIETY BOA/S OV] EI<TY ,APPLE V>IETIES 9 ITS MEMB]S' G>D5S4 

#g4 ,FUTURES 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 IT IS ! NATURE ( \R CURR5T ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM :I* R$UCES ! ,APPLE TO A COMMODITY ) A S+LE FUNCTION4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,APPLE TREE TO MEET ! NE$S ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 A PROCESS :I* HAS MA9LY TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ,HORTICULTURAL ,RESE>* ,/ATIONS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT BIG BUS9ESS -- P>TICUL>LY *EMICAL COMPANIES -- DO WELL \T ( ?IS RESE>*1 YET :AT DOES ! CU/OM]1 ! BUY] ( ,APPLES RECEIVE 9 RETURN = ! HUGE AM\NT ( PUBLIC 9VE/M5T8 ,*EAP] ,APPLES P]HAPS1 BUT WE ALSO GET A SMALL] *OICE ( ,APPLE V>IETIES2 'MO/' PEOPLE SEEM TO ?9K WE GET ,APPLES ?AT NO LONG] TA/E MU* AT ALL1 & WE GET ,APPLES ?AT >E SPRAY$ ) 9NUM]ABLE HAZ>D\S *EMICALS4 ,SU* DEVELOPM5TS >E LEAD+ TO A GREAT] QUE/ION+ ( H[ F> WE CAN TRU/ FOOD PRODUC]S1 *EMICAL COMPANIES ETC1 :5 !IR MOTIVE IS PR(ITS4 

,YET ?+S DO NOT HAVE TO BE ?IS WAY4 ,! ,APPLE NE$ NOT BE CONF9$ TO MASSIVE OR*>DS1 AS /AK$ UP1 *EMICALLY SOAK$ BU% TREES4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& = EXAMPLE1 AS ,I WAS 9=M$ BY A RESE>* SCI5TI/ FROM ,EA/ ,MAIL+1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A MOVE TO TAKE A BROAD] VIEW ( FRUIT CULTIVATION4 ,9/EAD ( FOLL[+ A POLICY ( TRANS=M+ ! ,APPLE TREE TO FIT ECONOMIC NE$S1 FRUIT CULTIVATION WAS BE+ SE5 AS P>T ( ! WORK+S & ES!TICS ( ! WID] L&SCAPE & ?IS WAS LEAD+ TO A MORE 'TRADITIONAL' =M ( CULTIVATION4 

,NOR %\LD WE RELY ON PRIVATE G>D5S 9 ,BRITA91 AS A REFUGE = V>IETIES NOT COMM]CIALLY AVAILABLE4 ,AS ,ALEX&] /ATES3 

,FRUIT TREES ON COMMON L& ADD MU* MORE TO ! NEI<BORHOOD & ! COMMUNITY ?AN ! SAME TREES 9 PRIVATE BACKY>DS3 PRIVATELY GR[N1 ! TREES T5D TO PRODUCE MORE FRUIT ?AN ONE H\SEHOLD CAN CONSUME4 ,ON PUBLIC L&1 ! TREES CONC5TRATE ! FEEL+ ( MUTUAL B5EFIT & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& BECAUSE !Y REQUIRE YE>LY C>E1 PRUN+ & H>VE/+ ! FRUIT TREES NATURALLY 9VOLVE PEOPLE 9 !IR COMMON L&4 .<#i.> 

,! IDEA ( COMMUNITY OR*>DS1 LIKE ! AIM ( GR[+ ONE'S [N FOOD 7OR AT LEA/ A PORTION ( IT71 AIM+ AT BUY+ FEW] 5VIRONM5TALLY & SOCIALLY DE/RUCTIVE PRODUCTS1 & 9SI/+ ON ORGANIC FOODS1 CAN BE SE5 AS AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE SOME =M ( MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = ONE'S ECONOMIC DECISIONS 9 ! M>KET4 

,AS ,TISDELL HAS NOT$1 ! M>KET SY/EM OP]ATES 9 A WAY ?AT M9IMIZES ! AM\NT ( KN[L$GE NE$$ TO MAKE AN ECONOMIC DECISION4 ,AS ! DIVID$ RESPONSIBILITY ( PRODUCTION HAS L$ TO DIVID$ RESPONSIBILITY = ITS SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACTS1 SO ! OV]ALL LACK ( KN[L$GE >IS+ \T ( ! M>KET SY/EM HAS FUR!R DIM9I%$ ! MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = !SE IMPACTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ONE BUYS ,APPLES ONE NE$ ONLY KN[ ! PRICE & QUALITY ( ,APPLES4 ,NO KN[L$GE IS REQUIR$ ( ! PRODUC]1 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS OR ITS SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACTS 7BO? ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION74 ,YET )\T SU* KN[L$GE1 SAYS ,TISDELL1 NO MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = 5VIRONM5TAL CONSEQU5CES ( ONE'S DECISIONS SEEMS POSSIBLE4 ,EV5 IF KN[L$GE IS AVAILABLE1 ! REMOT5ESS ( PRODUCTION MAY R$UCE ANY FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL EFFECTS4 .<#i#a.> 

,IT IS ?IS MORAL VOID :I* LIES AT ! HE>T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,JONES /ATES1 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ,WEB]1 ?IS IS A FUNCTION ( ! FRAGM5TATION ( REASON1 :]EBY REASON IS CON/RA9$ TO SEEK ! MO/ EFFICI5T1 SCI5TIFICALLY & LOGICALLY BAS$ MEANS TO A*IEVE PRE-DET]M9$ 5DS4 ,?IS =MAL RATIONALITY !RE=E DOES NOT EXT5D \R VISION OR GRASP ( MEAN+ 9 ! WORLD3 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MY?1 LEG5D1 FOLKLORE1 POETRY & MAGIC1 NECESS>Y = ! CREATION ( ULTIMATE MEAN+S 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES & ! EM]G5CE ( A HOLI/IC WORLDVIEW >E REJECT$4 .<#i#b.> 

,SE5 9 ?IS WAY IT IS EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM & ITS SCI5TIFICALLY BACK$ =MAL RATIONALITY1 CANNOT SOLVE ! CURR5T1 & GR[+1 SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,! PROBLEMS EMANATE FROM ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,NOR CAN GO+ BACK TO A COSMOLOGICAL VIEW BE AN ANSW]1 SU* PHILOSOPHIES W]E LONG AGO DE/ROY$ BY ,ME*ANI/IC SCI5CE4 ,ONLY ) AN ,ECOLOGICAL WAY ( ?9K+ & ACT+ :I* POSITS HUMANITY AS 9SEP>ABLE FROM NATURE CAN !SE PROBLEMS BE PROP]LY ADDRESS$4 ,IF ?IS IS FULLY UND]/OOD '444IT WILL NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE = US TO 9JURE NATURE WANTONLY1 AS ?IS W\LD MEAN 9JUR+ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( \RSELVES'4 .<#i#c.> 

,SU* A MOVE MAY SEEM F> (F TODAY4 ,YET MU* CAN & IS BE+ DONE TO $UCATE PEOPLE1 & TO 5C\RAGE AW>5ESS ( ! MORE MANIFOLD MEAN+S ( NATURE1 ESPECIALLY 9 URBAN >EAS :I* REMA9 SO ALI5AT$ FROM NATURE & ALI5AT+ = PEOPLE4 

,!RE IS NO REASON = EXAMPLE1 :Y WE %\LD NOT HAVE 'REAL' ,APPLE TREES & O!R FRUITS GR[+ ALL OV] \R CITIES4 ,AS ,ALEX&] /ATES3 

,! PRES5CE ( OR*>DS ADDS AN EXP]I5CE ?AT HAS ALL BUT VANI%$ FROM \R CITIES -- ! EXP]I5CE ( GR[?1 H>VE/1 LOCAL S\RCES ( FRE% FOOD2 WALK+ D[N A CITY /REET PULL+ AN APPLE \T ( A TREE & BIT+ 9TO IT4 .<#i#d.> 

,APPLEY>D QUOTES ! EXAMPLE ( ,*&IG>H1 ! CAPITAL ( ,9DIA'S ,PUNJAB1 :]E ! MA9 ROADS ( ! CITY >E L9$ ) PEA*ES & PLUM TREES4 .<#i#e.> ,9 ,NANK+ 9 ,*9A1 ONE SIX? ( TREES PLANT$ 9 ! CITY >E FRUIT BE>+1 9CLUD+ LIT*IS & MANGOES4 .<#i#f.> ,!RE >E PROBLEMS ( C\RSE 9 ! AM\NT ( POLLUTION FROM C>S ETC1 9 CITIES1 BUT FRUIT GR[+ CAN HELP DRAW MORE ATT5TION TO ?IS POLLUTION4 

,! MA9 TREE ID5TIFI$ ) ,LONDON IS ! ,LONDON ,PLANE 7,PLATANUS X AC]IFOLIA71 A TREE ( UNC]TA9 ORIG91 L>GE1 UNUSUAL1 BUT PURELY A DECORATIVE TREE4 ,! ,PLANE TREE IS ALSO SYMBOLIC ( MORAL SUP]IORITY4 .<#i#g.> ,H[ MU* BETT] TO HAVE ! ,APPLE TREE1 9 ITS MANY =MS1 GR[+ ALL OV] ,LONDON AGA94 ,SYMBOLIC ( HEAL?1 IMMORTALITY1 LOVE & F]TILITY -- !SE >E QUALITIES \R T[NS & CITIES %\LD SEEK TO EMULATE4 

,APP5DIX 

,! ORIG9AL 9T]E/ 9 ?IS SUBJECT HAS COME FROM ! ',SAVE ,OLD ,OR*>DS' CAMPAIGN RUN BY ! 5VIRONM5TAL >TS GR\P ,COMMON ,GR\ND4 ,9 #aihh A %ORT PROJECT WAS C>RI$ \T BY MYSELF AT ,?AMES ,POLYTE*NIC 9TO ATTITUDES TO1 & USES (1 FRUIT GR[N 9 PEOPLE'S G>D5S4 ,?IS RESE>* ?REW UP MANY MORE QUE/IONS ?AN IT ANSW]$1 BUT ! BACKGR\ND KN[L$GE GA9$ !N1 HAS ADD$ MU* TO ?IS RESE>*4 

,P>T ONE ( ?IS PAP] DEAL+ ) MY?OLOGY & SYMBOLISM WAS RESE>*$ MA9LY AT ! ,FOLKLORE ,LIBR>Y1 ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE & RELIES EXT5SIVELY ON ! #aibh WORK BY ,ELEANOR ,HULL1 :O TRULY SEEMS TO HAVE LOV$ ! SYMBOLISM SURR\ND+ APPLES4 ,MU* MORE REMA9S TO BE DISCOV]$ ON ?IS SUBJECT H[EV]4 

,! HI/ORY ( FRUIT CULTIVATION IS WELL COV]$ BY ,F4,A4 ,ROA*1 BUT COM+ FROM AN EX-DIRECTOR ( ,EA/ ,MAIL+ RESE>* /ATION1 REFLECTS A V]Y PRO-SCI5TIFIC VIEW REG>D+ DEVELOPM5TS4 ,9 REVIEW+ ! HI/ORY ,I HAVE FOLL[$ ,C>OLYN ,M]*ANT'S ME?OD ?AT HI/ORICAL *ANGE BECOMES ECOLOGICAL *ANGE1 EMPHASIZ+ HUMAN IMPACT ON ! SY/EM AS A :OLE1 :IL/ US+ ! ,APPLE AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,AS %E RI<TLY PO9TS \T1 ,NATURAL & ,CULTURAL SUBSY/EMS >E 9 DYNAMIC 9T]ACTION & CANNOT BE SEP>AT$4 

,! MOD]N DEVELOPM5TS 9 FRUIT CULTIVATION >E BY NO MEANS DEALT ) EXHAU/IVELY1 !RE BE+ SO MANY4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 H>D TO F9D WORKS TO EXPLA9 ADEQUATELY ! M9D-BOGGL+ NATURE ( SOME ( ! WORK UND]TAK5 BY !SE RESE>*]S 9 CONTROLL+ ! *>ACT]I/ICS & LIFE CYCLE ( ! ,APPLE TREE4 ,SOME ( IT APPE>S TO %[ ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 9 ITS VIOL5T1 R$UCTIONI/ ME?ODS & ITS T5D5CY TO RE%APE NATURE TO FIT CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES' NE$S4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,APPLE TREE CAN BE TRANS=M$ FROM A BEAUTIFUL #b-#c FOOT TREE1 TO AN EI<T FOOT /ICK ) NO BRAN*ES1 /UCK 9 A POT1 WAS F9ALLY TOO \TRAGE\S = IT TO BE ALL[$ TO PASS )\T COMM5T4 

,! GAPS ?AT HAVE APPE>$ >E 9 ! SECTION ON ,COMMODIFICATION ( ,SYMBOLISM1 9 :I* NO TEXTS C\LD BE F\ND4 ,ALSO ON ! WORK ( ! OR*>D WORK]1 :O SEEMS TO BE TOTALLY IGNOR$ ALONG ) ! MANY O!R HORTICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,EV5 ,H[>D ,NEWBY :O IS ONE ( ! FEW WRIT]S TO BROA* ! SUBJECT ( AGRICULTURAL WORK]S' CONDITIONS HAS NEGLECT$ HORTICULTURAL WORK]S & ?IS REMA9S SOME?+ ?AT %\LD BE RECTIFI$4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

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,A,F,R,C ,9/ITUTE ( ,HORTICULTURAL ,RESE>* -- 7#a#i#h#h7 ,ANNUAL ,REPORT #aihh ,B]RY1 ,W5DELL -- 7#a#i#f#f7 ,! ,BROK5 ,GR\ND ,CAPE4 

,BIAN*9I1 ,F ET AL -- 7#a#i#g#e7 ,! ,COMPLETE ,BOOK ( ,FRUITS & ,VEGETABLES ,NEW ,YORK1 ,CR[N4 ,BLY!1 ,R -- 7#a#i#f#h7 ,AK5FIELD ,P5GU94 

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,CANTOR1 ,L4 7#a#i#h#g7 ,! ,*ANG+ ,5GLI% ,C\NTRYSIDE #a#d-#a#g ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN 

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,FRAS]1 ,J4,G4 7#a#i#d#i7 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< ,MAC,MILLAN4 

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,H>MAN1 ,C4 7#a#i#h#i7 ,FROM ,FEUDALISM TO ,CAPITALISM ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM #de ,W9T] #aihi PP#c#e-#h#h4 

,H>VEY1 ,DAVID 7#a#i#g#c7 ,FRUIT ,GR[+ 9 ,K5T 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 93 ,ROAKE1 ,M4 & ,:YMAN1 ,J4 ,ESSAYS 9 ,K5TI% ,HI/ORY ,FRANK ,CASS4 

,H]R%]1 ,PASCAL 7#a#i#h#h7 ,DEA? ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,L&SCAPE8 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CONS]VATION ,VOL #ae 7#a7 ,SPR+ #aihh PP#f#c-#d4 

,HILL1 ,L4,D4 7#a#i#g#d7 ,GR[ ,Y\R ,[N ,FRUIT & ,VEGETABLES ,FAB] & ,FAB]4 ,HOBSBAWM1 ,E4,J4 & ,RUDE1 ,G4 7#a#i#f#h7 ,CAPTA9 ,SW+ ,NORTON & ,CO4 ,HORTICULTURAL ,PRODUCT ,NEWS 7#a#i#h#i7 ,COMPACT ,APPLE ,TREES ,MAY #aihi P#b#d4 ,HU<ES1 ,J4,D4 7#a#i#g#e7 ,ECOLOGY 9 ,ANCI5T ,CIVILIZATIONS ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,MEXICO4 ,HULL1 ,ELEANOR 7#a#i#b#h7 ,FOLKLORE ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES ,ME?U54 ,JACKSON1 ,A4,A4 7#a#i#g#c7 ,SEMI-,DETA*$ ,LONDON ,ALL5 & ,UNW94 

,JONES1 ,ALWYN 7#a#i#h#c7 ,BEYOND ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY3 ,T[>DS ,BALANCE & ,H>MONY ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #ac 7#d7 PPL#d,I-#a#d#g4 

,JORDAN1 ,W4,K4 7#a#i#g#c7 ,SOCIAL ,9/ITUTIONS 9 ,K5T #a#d#h-#a#f#f3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,SOCIAL ,ASPIRATIONS 

93 ,ROAKE1 ,M4 & ,:YMAN ,ESSAYS 9 ,K5TI% ,HI/ORY ,FRANK ,CASS4 

,LAWSON1 ,G4 7#a#i#h#i7 ,AUTOMAT$ ,SPRAY+ ,GR[] #b#c4#a#a4#a#i#h#i P#b#f4 

,LUCKWILL1 ,L4,C4 7#a#i#h#d7 ,SOME ,FACTORS 9 ,SUCCESSFUL ,CROPP+ #e ,APPLE ,SPAN #bg 7#b7 P#f#f4 

,MABEY1 ,R4 & ,GRE5OAK1 ,F4 7#a#i#h#c7 ,BACK TO ! ,ROOTS ,>5A4 

,MC,CULLY1 ,P4 & ,HILDY>D 7#a#i#h#i7 ,9TOL]ABLE ,RISKS3 ,PE/ICIDES 9 ,*ILDR5'S ,FOOD ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#i7#c7 P#i#g4 

,M]*ANT1 ,C>OLYN 7#a#i#h#b7 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE4 ,MORRIS1 ,B4 7#a#i#h#a7 ,*ANG+ ,VIEWS ( ,NATURE ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#a7#c7 PPL#c#a-#h4 ,NEWBY1 ,H[>D 7#a#i#g#i7 ,GRE5 & ,PLEASANT ,L& ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE4 ,NEWBY1 ,H[>D 7#a#i#h#g7 ,C\NTRY ,LIFE ,C>D9AL4 

,PRO!RO1 ,R4,E4 7#a#i#a#g7 ,5GLI% ,F>M+ ,PA/ & ,PRES5T ,SECOND ,$ITION1 ,LONGMANS1 ,GRE5 & ,CO4 

,ROA*1 ,F4,A4 7#a#i#h#e7 ,CULTIVAT$ ,FRUITS ( ,BRITA9 ,BLACKWELL4 

,ROB9SON1 ,G4,M4 7#a#i#h#h7 ,AGRICULTURAL ,*ANGE ,NOR? ,BRITI% ,PUBLI%]S4 

,RO!NB]G1 ,D4 7,$ITOR7 & ,NAESS1 ,A4 7#a#i#h#i7 ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE ,C4,U4,P4 

,RUSSELL1 ,CLAIRE 7#a#i#h#a7 ,! ,LIFE ,TREE & ! ,DEA? ,TREE ,FOLKLORE ,VOL #i#b7#a7 PP#e#f-#f#b4 

,S9D51 ,NEIL 7#a#i#h#i7 ,OR*>DS & ,PLACES 93 ,OR*>DS A ,GUIDE TO ,LOCAL ,CONS]VATION ,COMMON ,GR\ND4 

,SNELL1 ,PET] 7#a#i#h#i7 ,PE/ICIDE ,RESIDUES3 ,! ,SC&AL ,CONT9UES ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#i7#c7 PP#i#d-#i#g4 

,TALBOT ,:ITE1 ,J4 7#a#i#h#d7 ,C\NTRY ,LONDON ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL4 

,?OMAS1 ,KEI? 7#a#i#h#c7 ,MAN & ! ,NATURAL ,WORLD3 ,*ANG+ ,ATTITUDES 9 ,5GL& #a#e-#a#h ,ALL5 ,CANE4 

,TISDELL1 ,C4,A4 7#a#i#h#i7 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CONS]VATION3 ,ECONOMICS1 ,ECOLOGY & ,E?ICS ,5VIRON-M5TAL ,CONS]VATION ,VOL #a#f7#b7 PPL#g-#a#b4 

,WALT]S1 ,A4,H4 7#a#i#g#c7 ,ECOLOGY1 ,FOOD & ,CIVILIZATION3 AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,HI/ORY ( ,HUMAN ,SOCIETY ,KNI<T4 

,W>D1 ,R4 7#a#i#h#h7 ,A ,H>VE/ ( ,APPLES ,P5GU94 

,WELDON-,F9N1 ,R4 7#a#i#g#c7 ,! ,DOMESDAY ,BOOK3 ,A ,GUIDE ,PHILLIMORE & ,CO4 ,WICKS1 ,J4,H4 7#a#i#g#b7  ,TREES ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES 9 ,HI/ORY & ,LEG5D ,AN*OR ,PRESS4 

  

.<#a.> ,GEORGE ,BRAD=D #aihi ,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,HADLEY1 ,MASS4 ,TIMES ,*ANGE ,PRESS4 

.<#b.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 #aihi ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 ,MONTREAL1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 #aii ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,MONTREAL1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

.<#c.> ,DAVID ,LEV9E #aiia ,$4 ,DEF5D+ ! ,E>?1 ,A ,DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & ,DAVE ,=EMAN4 

.<#d.> ,BILL ,DEVALL #aihh ,SIMPLE 9 ,MEANS1 ,RI* 9 ,5DS3 ,PRACTIC+ ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY1 ,P]EGR9E ,SMI?4 

.<#e.> ,>NE ,NAESS #aihi ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV4 ,PRESS4 

.<#f.> ,HANS ,JONAS #aiff ,! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,LIFE ,UNIV4 ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

.<#g.> ,S9D51 ,NEIL -- ',OR*>DS & ,PLACES' 9 ,OR*>DS3 ,A ,GUIDE TO ,LOCAL ,CONS]VATION ,COMMON ,GR\ND #aihi P#a,O4 

.<#h.> ,M]*ANT1 ,C>OLYN -- ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE3 ,WOM51 ,ECOLOGY & ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION ,LONDON ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE #aihb P#d#c4 

.<#i.> ,CLUTT]BUCK1 ,C & ,LANG1 ,T -- ,MORE ,?AN ,WE ,CAN ,*EW3 ,! ,CRAZY ,WORLD ( ,FOOD & ,F>M+ ,PLUTO ,PRESS #aihb P#f#f4 

.<#a.> ,TISDELL1 ,C ,A -- ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CONS]VATION3 ,ECONOMICS1 ,ECOLOGY & ,E?ICS1 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CONS]VATION ,VOL #af ,NO #b ,SUMM] #aihi P#a#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,B]RY ,W5DELL -- ,! ,BROK5 ,GR\ND ,CAPE #aiff P#c#a4 

.<#a#b.> ,HILLS ,L ,D -- ,GR[ ,Y\R ,[N ,FRUIT & ,VEGETABLES ,FAB] & ,FAB] #aigd P#b#c4 

.<#a#c.> ,BIAN*9I ,F ET AL -- ,! ,COMPLETE ,BOOK ( ,FRUITS & ,VEGETABLES ,NEW ,YORK ,CR[N #aige PI #b#f4 

.<#a#d.> ,WALT]S ,A,H -- ,ECOLOGY1 ,FOOD & ,CIVILIZATION3 ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,HI/ORY ( ,HUMAN ,SOCIETY ,LONDON ,KNI<T #aigc P#b4 

.<#a#e.> ,GRE5OAK ,F -- ,=GOTT5 ,FRUIT ,&RE ,DEUTS* #aihc P#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,WELDON -- ,F9N1 ,R -- ,! ,DOMESDAY ,BOOK3 ,A ,GUIDE ,SUSSEX ,PHILLIMORE & ,CO #aigc P#e#i4 

.<#a#g.> ,COOP] ,J ,C -- ,AN ,ILLU/RAT$ ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ,TRADITIONAL ,SYMBOLS ,?AMES & ,HUDSON #ai< P#a#g#f4 

.<#a#h.> ,HULL1 ,ELEANOR -- ,FOLKLORE ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES ,LONDON ,ME?U5 #aibh P#b#b4 

.<#a#i.> ,MORRIS1 ,B -- ,*ANG+ ,VIEW ( ,NATURE ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#a7#c7 #aiha P#a#c#a4 

.<#b.> ,M]*ANT1 ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P#c4 

.<#b#a.> ,HULL1 ,ELEANOR -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#d4 

.<#b#b.> ,MORRIS1 ,B -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#c#a4 

.<#b#c.> ,D\GLAS ,J ,D 7,$ITOR7 -- ,! ,NEW ,BIBLE ,DICTION>Y ,9T]V>SITY ,PRESS #aifb P#e4 

.<#b#d.> ,RUSSELL1 ,CLAIRE -- ,! ,LIFE ,TREE & ! ,DEA? ,TREE ,FOLKLORE ,VOL #i#b7I7 #aiha P#e#f4 

.<#b#e.> ,IBID P#e#f-#g4 

.<#b#f.> ,COOP]1 ,J ,C  -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#d4 

.<#b#g.> ,IBID4 

.<#b#h.> ,FRAS]1 ,J ,G -- ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< ,ABRIDG$ ,$ITION ,MAC,MILLAN #aidi 

.<#b#i.> ,HULL1 ,E -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#b4 

.<#c.> ,GRAVES1 ,ROB]T -- ,! ,:ITE ,GODDESS #cRD $ITION ,FAB] & ,FAB] #aieb P#d#b4 

.<#c#a.> ,HULL1 ,E -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#d4 

.<#c#b.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,CULTIVAT$ ,FRUITS ( ,BRITA9 ,BLACKWELL #aihe P#a,O,O4 

.<#c#c.> ,HULL1 ,E -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#b#g & P#b#d4 

.<#c#d.> ,WICKS1 ,J ,H -- ,TREES ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLE 9 ,HI/ORY & ,LEG5D ,ESSEX ,AN*OR ,PRESS #aigb PI #b#b4 
  

,C\RTNEY1 ,M ,A -- ,CORNI% ,FEA/S & ,FOLKLORE ,YORK%IRE ,E ,P ,PUBLI%+ #aigc P#i4 

.<#c#e.> ,WICKS1 ,J ,H -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#b#b4 

.<#c#f.> ,FRAS]1 ,J ,G -- ,OP ,CIT P#f#h#b4 

.<#c#g.> ,M]*ANT1 ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P#d#c4 

.<#c#h.> ,IBID P#g#h4 

.<#c#i.> ,IBID P#d#c4 

.<#d.> ,H>MAN1 ,C -- ,FROM ,FEUDALISM TO ,CAPITALISM ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM #de ,W9T] #aihi 7P#c#e-#h#h7 P#c#g4 

.<#d#a.> ,M]*ANT1 ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P#e#b4 

.<#d#b.> ,?OMAS1 ,KEI? -- ,MAN & ! ,NATURAL ,WORLD3 ,*ANG+ ,ATTITUDES 9 ,5GL& #a#e-#a#h ,ALL5 ,LANE #aihc P#b#e#c4 

.<#d#c.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#c#d4 

.<#d#d.> ,HU<ES1 ,J ,DONALD -- ,ECOLOGY 9 ,ANCI5T ,CIVILIZATIONS ,UNIV ( ,NEW ,MEXICO ,U,S,A P#b#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,GRE5OAK1 ,F -- ,OP ,CIT P#c4 

.<#d#f.> ,TALBOT-,:ITE1 ,J -- ,C\NTRY ,LONDON ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL #aihd P#b,I4 

.<#d#g.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#b4 

.<#d#h.> ,IBID P#b#b4 

.<#d#i.> ,IBID P#b#d4 

.<#e.> ,ROB9SON1 ,G ,M -- ,AGRICULTURAL ,*ANGE ,$9BUR< ,NOR? ,BRITI% ,PUB4 #aihh P#i#f4 

.<#e#a.> ,CANTOR1 ,LEON>D -- ,! ,*ANG+ ,5GLI% ,C\NTRYSIDE #a#d-#a#g ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL #aihg P#e#f4 

.<#e#b.> ,JORDAN1 ,W ,K -- ,SOCIAL ,9/ITUTIONS 9 ,K5T #a#d#h-#a#f#f3 ,A ,/UDY ( ! ,*ANG+ ,PATT]NS ( ,SOCIAL ,ASPIRATIONS 9 ,ROAKE1 ,M & ,:YMAN1 ,J 7$ITORS7 -- ,ESSAYS 9 ,K5TI% ,HI/ORY ,LONDON ,FRANK ,CASS #aigc P#h#e4 

.<#e#c.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#d#h4 

.<#e#d.> ,IBID P#i#a4 

.<#e#e.> ,?OMAS1 ,KEI? -- ,OP ,CIT P#b#e#f4 

.<#e#f.> ,IBID P#b#e#f 

.<#e#g.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#e#i 

.<#e#h.> ,NEWBY1 ,H[>D -- ,C\NTRY ,LIFE3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ,RURAL ,5GL& ,C>D9AL #aihg P#f4 

.<#e#i.> ,HOBSBAWM1 ,E ,J @& ,RUDE1 ,G -- ,CAPTA9 ,SW+ ,NORTON & ,CO #aifh P #b#g4 

.<#f.> ,H>VEY1 ,DAVID -- ,FRUIT ,GR[+ 9 ,K5T 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 9 ,ESSAYS 9 ,K5TI% ,HI/ORY ,OP ,CIT P#b#a#d-#f4 

.<#f#a.> ,ROA*1 ,F ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#i#e4 

.<#f#b.> ,IBID P#f#e4 

.<#f#c.> ,IBID P#f#i-#g#b4 

.<#f#d.> ,BRAV]MAN1 ,H>RY -- ,LABOR & ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL ,LONDON ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS #aifd PI #e#f4 

.<#f#e.> ,IBID P#b#e#f4 

.<#f#f.> ,JONES1 ,ALWYN -- ,BEYOND ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY3 ,T[>DS ,BALANCE & ,H>MONY1 ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#c7#d7 #aihc PI#d#b4 

.<#f#g.> ,BRAV]MAN1 ,H>RY -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#g#a4 

.<#f#h.> ,NEWBY1 ,H[>D -- ,GRE5 & ,PLEASANT ,L&8 ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE #aigi P#g#e4 

.<#f#i.> ,A,F,R,C ,9/ITUTE ( ,HORTICULTURAL ,RESE>* -- ,EA/ ,MAIL+ #a#i#a#c-#h#h #aihh P#a#c4 

.<#g.> ,IBID P#c4 

.<#g#a.> ,?IS IS BAS$ ON REVIEWS ( HORTICULTURAL PRODUCT MAGAZ9ES & ON P]SONAL COMMUNICATIONS ) ,EA/ ,MAIL+ & ,FRUIT ,GR[]S4 ,!RE IS A MOVE T[>DS 9TEGRAT$ PE/ CONTROL BUT ?IS IS DEVELOP+ ONLY SL[LY4 

.<#g#b.> ,MC,CULLY1 ,P & ,HILDY>D1 ,N -- ,9TOL]ABLE ,RISKS3 ,PE/ICIDES 9 ,*ILDR5'S ,FOOD ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#i7#c7 #aihi P#i#g4 

.<#g#c.> ,SNELL1 ,PET] -- ,PE/ICIDE ,RESIDUES3 ,! ,SC&AL ,CONT9UES ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,VOL #a#i7#c7 #aihi P#i#d4 

.<#g#d.> ,FLAH]TY1 ,ANN -- ,UNIROYAL ,PU%$ 9TO ,SUSP5D+ ,AL> ,SALES 9 ,U,S ,GR[] #a#e4#f4#a#i#h#i P#d4 

.<#g#e.> ,FLAH]TY1 ,ANN -- ,AL> ,CLE>$ ( ,HEAL? ,RISK BY ! ,GOV]NM5TS ,A,C,P ,GR[] #b#a4#a#b4#a#i#h#i P#d4 

.<#g#f.> ,LUCKWILL1 ,L ,C -- ,SOME ,FACTORS 9 ,SUCCESSFUL ,CROPP+ #e ,APPLES ,SPAN #b#g7#b7 #aihd P#f#f4 

.<#g#g.> ,LAWSON1 ,G -- ,AUTOMAT$ ,SPRAY+ ,GR[] #b#c4#a#a4#a#i#h#i P#b#f4 

.<#g#h.> ,EA/ ,MAIL+ #a#i#a#c-#h#h ,OP ,CIT P#a#e4 
  

,A,F,R,C ,9/ITUTE ( ,HORTICULTURAL ,RESE>* -- ,ANNUAL ,REPORT #aihh P#c#b4 

.<#g#i.> ,COMPACT ,APPLE ,TREES -- ,HORTICULTURAL ,PRODUCT ,NEWS ,MAY #aihi P#b#d4 

.<#h.> ,MABEY1 ,R & ,GRE5OAK1 ,F -- ,BACK TO ! ,ROOTS ,>5A #aihc P#h#e4 

.<#h#a.> ,S9D51 ,NEIL -- ',OR*>DS & ,PLACES' ,OP ,CIT P#h-#i4 

.<#h#b.> ,PRO!RO1 ,R ,E -- ,5GLI% ,F>M+ ,PA/ & ,PRES5T SECOND $ITION1 ,LONDON1 ,LONGMANS1 ,GRE5 & ,CO #a#i#a#g4 

.<#h#c.> ,H]RS*]1 ,PASCALL -- ,DEA? ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,L&SCAPE8 ,5,V ,CONS]VATION ,VOL #a#e7#a7 ,SPR+ #aihh P#f#c-#d4 

.<#h#d.> ,BLY!1 ,RONALD -- ,AK5FIELD ,P5GU9 #aifi ,*APT] #a#b4 ,?IS 9=MATION IS BAS$ ON SEV]AL 9T]VIEWS UND]TAK5 9 #a#i#h#h-#h#i 9 L>GE COMM]CIAL OR*>DS 9 ,NOR? ,K5T & SO CANNOT BE TAK5 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL OR*>D WORKS4 

.<#h#e.> ,COOP]1 ,J ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P#g4 

.<#h#f.> ,JACKSON1 ,A ,A -- ,SEMI-,DETA*$ ,LONDON ,ALL5 & ,UNW9 #aigc PI#d#i4 

.<#h#g.> ,IBID PI#e4 

.<#h#h.> ,W>D1 ,R -- ,A ,H>VE/ ( ,APPLES ,P5GU9 #aihh P#a#f4 

.<#h#i.> ,P]SONAL CORRESPOND5CE ) ,NEIL ,S9D5 FROM ,COMMON ,GR\ND4 

.<#i.> ,ALEX&]1 ,C ET AL -- ,A ,PATT]N ,LANGUAGE1 ,T[NS1 ,BUILD+S1 ,CON/RUCTION ,O4,U4,P4 #aigg P#g#i#e4 

.<#i#a.> ,TISDELL1 ,C ,A -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#g4 

.<#i#b.> ,JONES1 ,ALWYN -- ,OP ,CIT P#a#d#b4 

.<#i#c.> ,RO!NB]G1 ,D 7,$ITOR7 93 ,NAESS1 ,A -- ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE ,O4,U4,P4 #aihi P#b4 

.<#i#d.> ,ALEX&]1 ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P#g#i#e4 

.<#i#e.> ,APPLEY>D1 ,D -- ,URBAN ,TREES1 ,URBAN ,=E/3 ,:AT ,DO ,!Y ,MEAN8 93 ,HOPK9S1 ,G 7,$ITOR7 ,PROC4 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,URBAN ,=E/RY ,CONF]5CE ,I ,NOV4 #a#c-#a#f #a#i#g#h4 ,WA%+TON ,D,C ,SUNY ,COLLEGE ( ,5V4 ,SCI5CE & ,=E/RY ,SYRACUSE ,N,Y 7PP #a#c#h-#a#e#e7 P#a#d#d4 

.<#i#f.> ,S9D51 ,N -- ',CONS]V+ ,FRUIT ,TREES -- ,OP ,CIT P#d4 

.<#i#g.> ,COOP]1 ,J ,C -- ,OP ,CIT P #a#c#b4 

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