,NOTES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

.<#a.> ,) ! PR$ICTABLE RESULTS ?AT !Y W]5'T ACTUALLY BUILT TO MAKE IT EASI] = ,MALAGASY PEOPLE TO GET >\ND 9 !IR [N C\NTRY1 BUT MA9LY TO GET PRODUCTS FROM ! PLANTATIONS TO PORTS TO E>N =EIGN EX*ANGE TO PAY = BUILD+ ! ROADS & RAILWAYS TO BEG9 )4 

.<#b.> ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 ONLY RECOGNIZ$ ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,HAITI 9 #a#h#f4 ,FRANCE DOGG$LY HELD ON TO ! DEM& & ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,HAITI WAS F9ALLY =C$ TO PAY ! EQUIVAL5T ( @s#b#a BILLION BETWE5 #aibe & #a#i#d#f1 DUR+ MO/ ( :I* TIME !Y W]E UND] ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y OCCUPATION4 

.<#c.> ,HALLAM #ahff ,V3 #b#f#i-#g4 ,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT FEEL IT APPROPRIATE TO PAY = ! UPKEEP ( IMPROVID5TS1 PRISON]S W]E EXPECT$ TO FURNI% ! FULL CO/ ( !IR [N IMPRISONM5T4 ,IF !Y C\LDN'T1 !Y SIMPLY />V$ TO DEA?4 

.<#d.> ,IF WE CONSID] TAX RESPONSIBILITIES TO BE DEBTS1 IT'S ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY--& IF NO?+ ELSE ! TWO >E CLOSELY RELAT$1 S9CE OV] ! C\RSE HI/ORY1 ! NE$ TO ASSEMBLE MONEY = TAX PAYM5TS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! MO/ FREQU5T REASON = FALL+ 9TO DEBT4 

.<#e.> ,F9LEY #a#i#f3#f#c2 #a#i#f#c3#b#d2 #a#i#g#d3#h2 #a#i#h#a3#a#f2 #a#i#h#c3#a#h4 ,& !SE >E ONLY ! ONES ,I MANAG$ TO TRACK D[N4 ,:AT HE SAYS = ,GREECE & ,ROME W\LD APPE> TO BE EQUALLY TRUE ( ,JAPAN1 ,9DIA1 OR ,*9A4 

.<#f.> ,GALEY #a#i#h#c4 

.<#g.> ,JACQUES DE ,VITRY1 9 ,LE ,G(F #a#i#i3#f#d4 

.<#h.> ,KYOKAI1 ,RECORD ( ,MIRACUL\S ,EV5TS 9 ,JAPAN 7C4 #hbb AD71 ,TALE #b#f1 CIT$ 9 ,LA,FLEUR #a#i#h#f3#c#f4 ,ALSO ,NAKAMURA #a#i#i#f3#b#e#g-#e#i4 

.<#i.> IBID3#c#f 

.<#a.> IBID3#c#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,SIMON ,JOHNSON1 ! ,I,M,F'S *IEF ECONOMI/ AT ! TIME1 PUT IT CONCISELY 9 A REC5T >TICLE 9 ,! ,ATLANTIC3 0,REGULATORS1 LEGISLATORS1 & ACADEMICS ALMO/ ALL ASSUM$ ?AT ! MANAG]S ( !SE BANKS KNEW :AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 !Y DIDN'T4 ,A,I,G'S ,F9ANCIAL ,PRODUCTS DIVISION1 = 9/ANCE1 MADE @s#b4#e BILLION 9 PRETAX PR(ITS 9 #b#e1 L>GELY BY SELL+ UND]PRIC$ 9SURANCE ON COMPLEX1 POORLY UND]/OOD SECURITIES4 ,(T5 DESCRIB$ AS 'PICK+ UP NICKELS 9 FRONT ( A /EAMROLL]1' ?IS /RATEGY IS PR(ITABLE 9 ORD9>Y YE>S1 & CATA/ROPHIC 9 BAD ONES4 ,AS ( LA/ FALL1 ,A,I,G HAD \T/&+ 9SURANCE ON MORE ?AN @s#d BILLION 9 SECURITIES4 ,TO DATE1 ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T1 9 AN EF=T TO RESCUE ! COMPANY1 HAS COMMITT$ AB\T @s#a#h BILLION 9 9VE/M5TS & LOANS TO COV] LOSSES ?AT ,A,I,G'S SOPHI/ICAT$ RISK MODEL+ HAD SAID W]E VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE40 7,JOHNSON #b#a7 ,JOHNSON ( C\RSE PASSES OV] ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ,A,I,G KNEW P]FECTLY WELL :AT WAS EV5TUALLY GO+ TO HAPP51 BUT SIMPLY DIDN'T C>E1 S9CE !Y KNEW ! /EAMROLL] WAS GO+ TO FLATT5 SOMEONE ELSE4 

.<#a#b.> ,9 CONTRA/1 ,5GL& ALREADY HAD A NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY LAW 9 #a#e#g#a4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A ,U4,S4 F$]AL BANKRUPTCY LAW 9 #ah F\ND]$2 !RE WAS ONE BRIEFLY 9 PLACE BETWE5 #ahfg & #a#h#g#h1 AIM$ TO RELIEVE 9DEBT$ ,CIVIL ,W> VET]ANS1 BUT IT WAS EV5TUALLY ABOLI%$ ON MORAL GR\NDS 7SEE ,MANN #bb = A GOOD REC5T HI/ORY74 ,BANKRUPTCY RE=M 9 ,AM]ICA IS MORE LIKELY TO MAKE ! T]MS H>%] ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND1 AS ) ! #be RE=MS1 :I* ,CONGRESS PASS$1 ON 9DU/RY URG+S1 JU/ BE=E ! GREAT CR$IT CRA%4 

.<#a#c.> ,! MORTGAGE RELIEF FUND SET UP AFT] ! BAIL\T1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS ONLY PROVID$ AID TO A T9Y P]C5TAGE ( CLAIMANTS1 & !RE HAS BE5 NO MOVEM5T T[>D LIB]ALIZATION ( BANKRUPTCY LAWS ?AT HAD1 9 FACT1 BE5 MADE F> H>%]1 UND] F9ANCIAL 9DU/RY PRESSURE1 9 #b#e1 JU/ TWO YE>S BE=E ! MELTD[N4 

.<#a#d.> 0,9 ,JAIL = ,BE+ 9 ,DEBT10 ,*RIS ,S]RES @& ,GL59 ,H[ATT1 ,M9NEAPOLIS-,/4 ,PAUL ,/> ,TRIBUNE1 ,JUNE #i1 #b#a1 WWW4/>TRIBUNE4COM_/LOCAL_/#i#e#f#i#b#f#a#i4HTML4 

.<#a#e.> 0,I,M,F W>NS SECOND BAIL\T W\LD '?REAT5 DEMOCRACY4' 0 ,ANGELA ,JAMESON & ,ELIZABE? ,JUDGE1 BUS9ESS4TIMESONL9E4CO4UK_/TOL_/BUS9ESS_/ECONOMICS_/>TICLE#f#i#b#h#a#d#g4ECE_?CID"7,O,T,C-,R,S,S@&ATTR"7#a#a#h#e#g#i#i1 ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #bi 

.<#a#f.> ,CASE1 ,FAIR1 ,G>TN]1 @& ,HEA!R #a#i#i#f3#e#f#d4 ,EMPHASIS 9 ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#a#g.> OP CIT4 

.<#a#h.> ,BEGG1 ,FIS*]1 & ,DORNBU* 7#b#e3#c#h#d72 ,MAUND]1 ,MY]S1 ,WALL1 & ,MILL] 7#a#i#i#a3#c#a72 ,P>K9 @& ,K+ 7#a#i#i#e3#f#e74 

.<#a#i.> ,/IGLITZ & ,DRIFFILL #b3#e#b#a4 ,EMPHASIS AGA9 9 ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#b.> ,>I/OTLE ,POLITICS ,I4#i4#a#b#e#g 

.<#b#a.> ,NEI!R IS IT CLE> WE >E REALLY SPEAK+ ( B>T] H]E4 ,>I/OTLE US$ ! T]M METADOSIS1 :I* 9 HIS DAY NORMALLY MEANT 0%>+0 OR 0%>+ \T40 ,S9CE ,SMI?1 ?IS HAS USUALLY BE5 TRANSLAT$ 0B>T]10 BUT AS ,K>L ,POLANYI 7#a#i#e#gA3#i#c7 HAS LONG S9CE EMPHASIZ$1 ?IS IS PROBABLY 9ACCURATE1 UNLESS ,>I/OTLE WAS 9TRODUC+ AN 5TIRELY NEW MEAN+ = ! T]M4 ,!ORI/S ( ! ORIG9 ( ,GREEK MONEY FROM ,LAUM 7#a#i#b#d7 TO ,SEA=D 7#b#d7 HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT CU/OMS ( APPORTION+ GOODS 7E4G41 W> BOOTY1 SACRIFICIAL MEAT71 PROBABLY DID PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GREEK CURR5CY4 7,= A CRITIQUE ( ! ,>I/OTELIAN TRADITION1 :I* DOES ASSUME ,>I/OTLE IS TALK+ AB\T B>T]1 SEE ,FAHAZMANE% #b#f47 

.<#b#b.> ,SEE ,JEAN-,MI*EL ,S]VET 7#a#i#i#d1 #b#a7 = ?IS LIT]ATURE4 ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 !SE ACC\NTS SUDD5LY VANI%$1 TO BE REPLAC$ BY 5DLESS SI<T+S ( 0PRIMITIVE B>T]0 9 ACC\NTS ( ,OCEANIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ! ,AM]ICAS4 

.<#b#c.> ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS ,I4#b4#a-#b4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 ! L9E SEEMS TO BE TAK5 FROM MU* OLD] S\RCES4 

.<#b#d.> 0,IF WE %\LD 9QUIRE 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN M9D ON :I* ?IS DISPOSITION ( TRUCK+ IS F\ND$1 IT IS CLE>LY ! NATURAL 9CL9ATION EV]Y ONE HAS TO P]SUADE4 ,! (F]+ ( A %ILL+1 :I* TO US APPE>S TO HAVE SO PLA9 & SIMPLE MEAN+1 IS 9 REALITY (F]+ AN >GUM5T TO P]SUADE ONE TO DO SO & SO AS IT IS = HIS 9T]E/0 7,LECTURES ON ,JURISPRUD5CE1 #e#f7 ,IT'S FASC9AT+ TO NOTE ?AT ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! NOTION ?AT EX*ANGE IS ! BASIS ( \R M5TAL FUNCTIONS1 & MANIFE/S ITSELF BO? 9 LANGUAGE 7AS ! EX*ANGE ( WORDS7 & ECONOMICS 7AS ! EX*ANGE ( MAT]IAL GOODS7 GOES BACK TO ,SMI?4 ,MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S ATTRIBUTE IT TO ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#f#c3#b#i#f74 

.<#b#e.> ,! REF]5CE TO %EPH]DS IMPLIES HE MAY BE REF]R+ TO ANO!R P>T ( ! WORLD1 BUT ELSE:]E HIS EXAMPLES1 = 9/ANCE ( TRAD+ DE] = BEAV]1 MAKE IT CLE> HE'S ?9K+ ( ! ,NOR!A/ WOODL&S ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

.<#b#f.> ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS ,I4#d4#b4 

.<#b#g.> ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS ,I4#d4#c4 

.<#b#h.> ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS ,I4#d4#g4 

.<#b#i.> ,! IDEA ( AN HI/ORICAL SEQU5CE FROM B>T] TO MONEY TO CR$IT ACTUALLY SEEMS TO APPE> FIR/ 9 ! LECTURES ( AN ,ITALIAN BANK] NAM$ ,B]N>DO ,DAVANZATI 7#a#e#b#i-#a#f#f2 SO ,WASWO #a#i#i#f72 IT WAS DEVELOP$ AS AN EXPLICIT !ORY BY ,G]MAN ECONOMIC HI/ORIANS3 ,BRUNO ,HILDEBR& 7#a#h#f#d71 :O POSIT$ A PREHI/ORIC /AGE ( B>T]1 AN ANCI5T /AGE ( CO9AGE1 & !N1 AFT] SOME REV]SION TO B>T] 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 A MOD]N /AGE ( CR$IT ECONOMY4 ,IT TOOK CANONICAL =M 9 ! WORK ( HIS /UD5T1 ,K>L ,BU*] 7#a#i#g74 ,! SEQU5CE HAS N[ BECOME UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ COMMON S5SE1 & IT REAPPE>S 9 AT LEA/ TACIT =M 9 ,M>X1 & EXPLICITLY 9 ,SIMMEL--AGA91 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ALMO/ ALL SUBSEQU5T HI/ORICAL RESE>* HAS PROV$ IT WRONG4 

.<#c.> ,?\< !Y DID MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON MANY O!RS4 ,MORGAN'S WORK 9 P>TICUL> 7#a#h#e#a1 #a#h#g#g1 #a#h#h#a71 :I* EMPHASIZ$ BO? COLLECTIVE PROP]TY RI<TS & ! EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE ( WOM51 ) WOM5'S C\NCILS L>GELY 9 CONTROL ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 SO IMPRESS$ MANY RADICAL ?9K]S--9CLUD$ ,M>X & ,5GELS--?AT !Y BECAME ! BASIS ( A K9D ( C\NT]-MY?1 ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM & PRIMITIVE MATRI>*Y4 

.<#c#a.> ,ANNE ,*APMAN 7#a#i#h7 GOES IF ANY?+ FUR!R1 NOT+ ?AT IF PURE B>T] IS TO BE DEF9$ AS CONC]N$ ONLY ) SWAPP+ OBJECTS1 & NOT ) RE>RANG+ RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT IT HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,SEE ALSO ,HEADY #b#e4 

.<#c#b.> ,LEVI-,/RAUSS #a#i#d#c2 ! TRANSLATION IS FROM ,S]VET #a#i#h#b3#c#c4 

.<#c#c.> ,ONE MU/ IMAG9E ! TEMPTATION = A SEXUAL V>IETY MU/ BE FAIRLY /RONG1 = Y\NG M5 & WOM5 ACCU/OM$ TO SP5D+ ALMO/ ALL ( !IR TIME ) MAYBE A DOZ5 O!R PEOPLE ! SAME AGE4 

.<#c#d.> ,B]NDT #a#i#e#a3#a#f#a1 CF4 ,GUDEMAN #b#a3 #a#b#d-#b#e1 :O PROVIDES AN ANALYSIS QUITE SIMIL> TO MY [N4 

.<#c#e.> ,B]NDT #a#i#e#a3#a#f#b4 

.<#c#f.> ,?\< AS WE WILL NOTE LAT]1 IT'S NOT EXACTLY AS IF 9T]NATIONAL BUS9ESS DEALS N[ NEV] 9VOLVE MUSIC1 DANC+1 FOOD1 DRUGS1 HI<-PRIC$ HOOK]S1 OR ! POSSIBILITY ( VIOL5CE4 ,= A R&OM EXAMPLE UND]L9+ ! LA/ TWO1 SEE ,P]K9S #b#e4 

.<#c#g.> ,L9DHOLM #a#i#h#b3#a#a#f4 

.<#c#h.> ,S]VET #b#a3#b-#b#a COMPILES AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( SU* T]MS4 

.<#c#i.> ,! PO9T IS SO OBVI\S ?AT IT'S AMAZ+ IT HASN'T BE5 MADE MORE (T54 ,! ONLY CLASSICAL ECONOMI/ ,I'M AW>E ( :O APPE>S TO HAVE CONSID]$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT DEF]R$ PAYM5TS MI<T HAVE MADE B>T] UNNECESS>Y IS ,RALPH ,HAWTREY 7#a#i#b#h3#b1 CIT$ 9 ,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#c#g#e74 ,ALL O!RS SIMPLY ASSUME1 = NO REASON1 ?AT ALL EX*ANGES EV5 BETWE5 NEI<BORS MU/ HAVE NECESS>ILY BE5 :AT ECONOMI/S LIKE TO CALL 0SPOT TRADES40 

.<#d.> ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#e1 ,B>? #a#i#f#i4 CF4 ,MUNN #a#i#h#f1 ,AK9 @& ,ROBB9S #a#i#i#h4 ,A GOOD SUMM>Y ( ! CONCEPT CAN BE F\ND 9 ,GREGORY #a#i#h#b3#d#h-#d#i4 ,GREGORY GIVES ONE EXAMPLE ( A HI<L& ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA SY/EM ) SIX RANKS ( VALUABLES1 ) LIVE PIGS & CASS[>Y BIRDS ON ! TOP RANK1 0PE>L-%ELL P5DANTS1 PORK SIDES1 /ONE AXES1 CASS[>Y-PLUME HEADDRESSES1 & C[RIE-%ELL HEADB&S0 ON ! SECOND1 & SO ON4 ,ORD9>ILY ITEMS ( ITEMS ( CONSUMPTION >E CONF9$ TO ! LA/ TWO1 :I* CONSI/ ( LUXURY FOODS & /APLE VEGETABLE FOODS1 RESPECTIVELY4 

.<#d#a.> ,SEE ,S]VET #a#i#i#h1 ,HUMPHRIES #a#i#h#e4 

.<#d#b.> ,! CLASSIC ESSAY H]E IS ,RAD=D #a#i#d#e4 

.<#d#c.> ,9 ! #a#fS1 AT LEA/1 ACTUALLY CALL$ ! OLD ,C>OL+IAN D5OM9ATIONS 0IMAG9>Y MONEY0--EV]YONE P]SI/+ 9 US+ P\NDS1 %ILL+S1 & P5CE 7OR LIVRES1 D5I]S1 & S\S7 = ! 9T]V5+ #h YE>S1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT = MO/ ( ?AT P]IOD1 ACTUAL CO9S W]E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 OR SIMPLY DIDN'T EXI/ 7,E9AUDI #a#i#c#f74 

.<#d#d.> ,O!R EXAMPLES ( B>T] COEXI/+ ) MONEY3 ,ORLOVE #a#i#h#f2 ,B>NES @& ,B>NES #a#i#h#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,ONE ( ! DISADVANTAGES ( HAV+ Y\R BOOK BECOMES A CLASSIC IS ?AT (T51 PEOPLE WILL ACTUALLY *ECK \T SU* EXAMPLES4 7,ONE ( ! ADVANTAGES IS ?AT EV5 IF !Y DISCOV] Y\ W]E MI/AK51 PEOPLE WILL CONT9UE TO CITE Y\ AS AN AU?ORITY ANYWAY47 

.<#d#f.> ,9NES #a#i#a#c3#c#g#h4 ,HE GOES ON TO OBS]VE3 0,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION %[S ?AT A /APLE COMMODITY C\LD NOT BE US$ AS MONEY1 BECAUSE EX HYPO!SI1 ! M$IUM ( EX*ANGE IS EQUALLY RECEIVABLE BY ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,?US IF ! FI%]S PAID = !IR SUPPLIES 9 COD1 ! TRAD]S W\LD EQUALLY HAVE TO PAY = !IR COD 9 COD1 AN OBVI\S ABSURDITY40 

.<#d#g.> ,! TEMPLES APPE> TO HAVE COME FIR/2 ! PALACES1 :I* BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT OV] TIME1 TOOK OV] !IR SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION4 

.<#d#h.> ,SMI? WAS NOT DREAM+ AB\T !SE3 ! CURR5T TE*NICAL T]M = SU* +OTS IS 0HACKSILB]0 7E4G41 ,BALMU? #b#a74 

.<#d#i.> ,COMP>E ,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#a#g = ,EGYPTIAN P>ALLELS4 

.<#e.> E4G41 ,HUDSON #b#b3#b#e1 #b#d3#a#a#d 

.<#e#a.> ,9NES #a#i#a#c3#c#h#a 

.<#e#b.> ,PET] ,SPUF=D'S MONUM5TAL ,MONEY & ,ITS ,USE 9 ,M$IEVAL ,EUROPE 7#a#i#h#h71 :I* DEVOTES HUNDR$S ( PAGES TO GOLD & SILV] M9+1 M9TS1 & DEBASEM5T ( CO9AGE1 MAKES ONLY TWO OR ?REE M5TIONS ( V>I\S SORTS ( LEAD OR LEA!R TOK5 MONEY OR M9OR CR$IT >RANGEM5TS BY :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE APPE> TO HAVE CONDUCT$ ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( !IR DAILY TRANSACTIONS4 ,AB\T !SE1 HE SAYS1 0WE CAN KN[ NEXT TO NO?+0 7#a#i#h#h3#c#c#f74 ,AN EV5 MORE DRAMATIC EXAMPLE IS ! TALLY-/ICK1 ( :I* WE WILL HE> A GOOD DEAL3 ! USE ( TALLIES 9/EAD ( CA% WAS WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BUT !RE HAS BE5 ALMO/ NO SY/EMATIC RESE>* ON ! SUBJECT1 ESPECIALLY \TSIDE ,5GL&4 

.<#e#c.> ,HE9SOHN @& ,/EIG] 7#a#i#h#i7 EV5 SUGGE/ ! MA9 REASON !IR FELL[ ECONOMI/S HAV5'T AB&ON$ ! /ORY IS ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE NOT YET PROVID$ AN EQUALLY COMPELL+ ALT]NATIVE4 ,/ILL1 ALMO/ ALL HI/ORIES ( MONEY CONT9UE TO BEG9 ) FANCIFUL ACC\NTS ( B>T]4 ,ANO!R EXP$I5T IS TO FALL BACK ON PURE CIRCUL> DEF9ITIONS3 IF 0B>T]0 IS AN ECONOMIC TRANSACTION ?AT DOES NOT EMPLOY CURR5CY1 !N ANY ECONOMIC TRANSACTION ?AT DOESN'T 9VOLVE CURR5CY1 :ATEV] ITS =M OR CONT5T1 MU/ BE B>T]4 ,GLYN ,DAVIES 7#a#i#i#f3#a#a-#a#c7 ?US DESCRIBES EV5 ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT*ES AS 0B>T]40 

.<#e#d.> ,WE (T5 =GET ?AT !RE WAS A /RONG RELIGI\S ELEM5T 9 ALL ?IS4 ,NEWTON HIMSELF WAS 9 NO S5SE AN A!I/--9 FACT1 HE TRI$ TO USE HIS MA!MATICAL ABILITIES TO CONFIRM ?AT ! WORLD REALLY HAD BE5 CREAT$1 AS ,BI%OP ,US%] HAD E>LI] >GU$1 SOMETIME >\ND ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #dd BC4 

.<#e#e.> ,SMI? FIR/ USES ! PHRASE 09VISIBLE H&0 9 HIS ,A/RONOMY 7,I,I,I4#b71 BUT 9 ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS ,I,V4#a4#a1 HE IS EXPLICIT ?AT ! 9VISIBLE H& ( ! M>KET IS ?AT ( 0,PROVID5CE40 ,ON ,SMI?'S !OLOGY 9 G5]AL SEE ,NI*OLLS #b#c3#c#e-#d#c2 ON ITS POSSIBLE CONNECTION TO ,M$IEVAL ,ISLAM1 SEE *APT] #a BEL[4 

.<#e#f.> ,SAMUELSON #a#i#d#h3#d#i4 ,SEE ,HE9SOHN & ,/EIG] #aihi = A CRITIQUE ( ?IS POSITION2 ALSO ,+HAM #b#d4 

.<#e#g.> ,PIG\ #a#i#d#i4 ,BOIANOVSKY #aiic PROVIDES A HI/ORY ( ! T]M4 

.<#e#h.> 0,WE DO NOT KN[ ( ANY ECONOMY 9 :I* SY/EMATIC B>T] TAKES PLACE )\T ! PRES5CE ( MONEY0 7,FAYAZMANE% #b#f3#h#g7--BY :I* HE MEANS1 9 ! S5SE ( MONEY ( ACC\NT4 

.<#e#i.> ,ON ! GOV]NM5T ROLE ( FO/]+ ! 0SELF-REGULAT+ M>KET0 9 G5]AL1 SEE ,POLANYI #a#i#d#i4 ,! /&>D ECONOMIC OR?ODOXY1 ?AT IF ! GOV]NM5T JU/ GETS \T ( ! WAY1 A M>KET WILL NATURALLY EM]GE1 )\T ANY NE$ TO CREATE APPROPRIATE LEGAL1 POLICE1 & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS FIR/1 WAS DRAMATICALLY DISPROV$ :5 FREE-M>KET IDEOLOGUES TRI$ TO IMPOSE ?IS MODEL 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! #a#i#iS4 

.<#f.> ,9NES AS USUAL PUTS IT NICELY3 0,! EYE HAS NEV] SE51 NOR ! H& T\*$ A DOLL>4 ,ALL ?AT WE CAN T\* OR SEE IS A PROMISE TO PAY OR SATISFY A DEBT DUE = AN AM\NT CALL$ A DOLL>40 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 HE NOTES1 0,ALL \R MEASURES >E ! SAME4 ,NO ONE HAS EV] SE5 ON \NCE OR A FOOT OR AN H\R4 ,A FOOT IS ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 TWO FIX$ PO9TS1 BUT NEI!R ! DI/ANCE NOR ! PO9TS HAVE A CORPOREAL EXI/5CE0 7#a#i#a#d3#a#e#e74 

.<#f#a.> ,NOTE ?AT ?IS DOES ASSUME SOME MEANS ( CALCULAT+ SU* VALUES--?AT IS1 ?AT MONEY ( ACC\NT ( SOME SORT ALREADY EXI/S4 ,?IS MI<T SEEM OBVI\S1 BUT REM>KABLE NUMB]S ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S SEEM TO HAVE MISS$ IT4 

.<#f#b.> ,TO GIVE SOME S5SE ( SCALE1 EV5 ! RELATIVELY CIRCUMSCRIB$ COMM]CIAL CITY-/ATE ( ,HONG ,KONG CURR5TLY HAS R\<LY @s#b#c4#c BILLION 9 CIRCULATION4 ,AT R\<LY #g MILLION PEOPLE1 ?AT'S MORE ?AN ?REE ?\S& ,HONG ,KONG DOLL>S P] 9HABITANT4 

.<#f#c.> 0,/ATE !ORY MAY BE TRAC$ TO ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY & TO .<,ADAM.> ,MULL]'S ,NEW ,!ORY ( ,MONEY1 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO EXPLA9 MONEY VALUE AS AN EXPRESSION ( COMMUNAL TRU/ & NATIONAL WILL1 & CULM9AT$ 9 .<,G4,F4.> ,KNAPP'S ,/ATE ,!ORY ( ,MONEY1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN 9 #a#i#e4 ,KNAPP CONSID]$ IT ABSURD TO ATTEMPT TO UND]/& MONEY ')\T ! IDEA ( ! /ATE4' ,MONEY IS NOT A M$IUM ?AT EM]GES FROM EX*ANGE4 ,IT IS RA!R A MEANS = ACC\NT+ = & SETTL+ DEBTS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* >E TAX DEBTS0 7,+HAM #b#d3#d#g47 ,+HAM'S BOOK IS AN ADMIRABLE /ATEM5T ( ! ,*>TALI/ POSITION1 & MU* ( MY >GUM5T H]E CAN BE F\ND 9 MU* GREAT] DETAIL 9 IT4 ,H[EV]1 AS WILL LAT] BECOME APP>5T1 ,I ALSO P>T COMPANY ) HIM 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS4 

.<#f#d.> ,9 ,FR5*3 LIVRES1 S\S1 & D5I]S4 

.<#f#e.> ,E9AUDI #a#i#c#f4 ,CIPOLLA 7#a#i#f#g7 CALLS IT 0<O/ MONEY40 

.<#f#f.> ,ON TALLIES3 ,J5K9SON #a#i#a#a1 #a#i#b#d2 ,9NES #a#i#a#c2 ,GR&ELL #a#i#g#g2 ,BAXT] #a#i#h#i2 ,/ONE #b#e4 

.<#f#g.> ,SNELL 7#a#i#a#i3#b#d7 NOTES ?AT K+S :ILE T\R+ !IR DOMA9S W\LD SOMETIMES SEIZE CATTLE OR O!R GOODS BY RI<T ( 0PREEMPTION0 & !N PAY 9 TALLIES1 BUT IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO GET !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO LAT] PAY UP3 0,SUBJECTS W]E COMPELL$ TO SELL2 & ! WOR/ ( IT WAS ?AT ! ,K+'S PURVEYORS W]E 9 ! HABIT ( PAY+ NOT 9 CA% D[N1 BUT BY MEANS ( AN EX*EQU] TALLY1 OR A BEAT+ 444 ,9 PRACTICE IT WAS F\ND NO EASY MATT] TO RECOV] UND] ?IS SY/EM1 :I* L5T ITSELF TO ! WOR/ EXACTIONS1 & IS ! SUBJECT ( NUM]\S COMPLA9TS 9 \R E>LY POPUL> POETRY40 

.<#f#h.> ,IT IS ALSO 9T]E/+ TO NOTE1 9 ?IS REG>D1 ?AT ! ,BANK ( ,5GL& /ILL KEPT !IR [N 9T]NAL ACC\NTS US+ TALLY /ICKS 9 ,ADAM ,SMI?'S TIME1 & ONLY AB&ON$ ! PRACTICE 9 #a#h#b#f4 

.<#f#i.> ,SEE ,5GELS 7#a#i#g#h7 = A CLASSIC /UDY ( ?IS SORT ( PROBLEM4 

.<#g.> ,APPEAL+ P>TICUL>LY TO DEBTORS1 :O W]E UND]/&ABLY DRAWN TO ! IDEA ?AT DEBT IS SIMPLY A SOCIAL >RANGEM5T ?AT WAS 9 NO S5SE IMMUTABLE BUT CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5T POLICIES ?AT C\LD JU/ AS EASILY BE RE%UFFL$--NOT TO M5TION1 :O W\LD B5EFIT FROM 9FLATION>Y POLICIES4 

.<#g#a.> ,ON ! TAX1 ,JACOB #a#i#h#g2 = ! ,BETSIMIS>AKA VILLAGE /UDY1 ,AL?ABE #a#i#f#h2 = ANALOG\S ,MALAGASY CASE /UDIES1 ,FREMIGACCI #a#i#g#f1 ,RA9IBE #a#i#h#b1 ,S*LEMM] #a#i#h#c1 ,FEELEY-,H>NIK #a#i#i#a4 ,= COLONIAL TAX POLICY 9 ,AFRICA MORE G5]ALLY1 ,=/AT] #b#e1 #b#f4 

.<#g#b.> ,SO1 = 9/ANCE1 ,HE9SOHN @& ,/EIG] #a#i#h#i3#a#h#h-#a#h#i4 

.<#g#c.> ,SILV] WAS M9$ 9 ! ,MIDWE/ ITSELF1 & ADOPT+ BI-METALLISM1 ) BO? GOLD & SILV] AS POT5TIAL BACK+ = CURR5CY1 WAS SE5 AS A MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( FREE CR$IT MONEY1 & TO ALL[ = ! CREATION ( MONEY BY LOCAL BANKS4 ,! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY SAW ! FIR/ CREATION ( MOD]N CORPORATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & IT WAS F]V5TLY RESI/$1 ) ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! BANK+ SY/EM BE+ A MAJOR FIELD ( /RUGGLE1 & MUTUALISM--POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 7NOT PR(IT ORI5T$7 BANK+ & 9SURANCE >RANGEM5TS--ONE ( ! MA9 =MS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,! BI-METALI/S W]E ! MORE MOD]ATE SUCCESSORS ( ! ,GRE5BACK]S1 :O CALL$ = A CURR5CY DETA*$ FROM MONEY ALTOGE!R1 SU* AS ,L9COLN BRIEFLY IMPOS$ 9 W>TIME 7,DI<E 7#b#b7 PROVIDES A GOOD SUMM>Y ( ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND47 

.<#g#d.> ,!Y ONLY BECAME RUBY SLIPP]S 9 ! MOVIE4 

.<#g#e.> ,SOME HAVE EV5 SUGGE/$ ?AT ,DORO?Y H]SELF REPRES5TS ,T$DY ,ROOSEVELT1 S9CE SYLLABICALLY1 0DOR-O-!E0 IS ! SAME AS 0!E-O-DOR01 ONLY BACKW>DS4 

.<#g#f.> ,SEE ,LITTLEFIELD #aifc & ,ROCK(F #aii = A DETAIL$ >GUM5T AB\T ,! ,WIZ>D ( ,OZ AS 0MONET>Y ALLEGORY40 ,BAUM NEV] ADMITT$ ?AT ! BOOK HAD A POLITICAL SUBTEXT1 BUT EV5 ?OSE :O D\BT HE PUT ONE 9 9T5TIONALLY 7E4G41 ,P>K] #a#i#i#d2 CF4 ,TAYLOR #b#e7 ADMIT ?AT SU* A MEAN+ WAS QUICKLY ATTRIBUT$ TO IT--!RE W]E ALREADY EXPLICIT POLITICAL REF]5CES 9 ! /AGE V]SION ( #a#i#b1 ONLY TWO YE>S AFT] ! BOOK'S ORIG9AL PUBLICATION4 

.<#g#g.> ,REAGAN C\LD AS EASILY BE >GU$ TO BE A PRACTITION] ( EXTREME MILIT>Y ,KEYNESIANISM1 US+ ! ,P5TAGON'S BUDGET TO CREATE JOBS & DRIVE ECONOMIC GR[?2 ANYWAY1 MONET>Y OR?ODOXY WAS AB&ON$ V]Y QUICKLY EV5 RHETORICALLY AMONG ?OSE ACTUALLY MANAG+ ! SY/EM4 

.<#g#h.> ,SEE ,+HAM #b4 

.<#g#i.> ,KEYNES #a#i#c3 #d-#e 

.<#h.> ,! >GUM5T IS REF]R$ TO AS ! P>ADOX ( BANK+4 ,TO PROVIDE AN EXTREMELY SIMPLIFI$ V]SION3 SAY !RE WAS ONLY ONE BANK4 ,EV5 IF ?AT BANK W]E TO MAKE Y\ A LOAN ( A TRILLION DOLL>S BAS$ ON NO ASSETS ( ITS [N ( ANY K9D :ATEV]1 Y\ W\LD ULTIMATELY 5D UP PUTT+ ! MONEY BACK 9TO ! BANK AGA91 :I* W\LD MEAN ?AT ! BANK W\LD N[ HAVE ONE TRILLION 9 DEBT1 & ONE TRILLION 9 WORK+ ASSETS1 P]FECTLY BALANC+ EA* O!R \T4 ,IF ! BANK WAS *>G+ Y\ MORE = ! LOAN ?AN IT WAS GIV+ Y\ 9 9T]E/ 7:I* BANKS ALWAYS DO71 IT W\LD ALSO MAKE A PR(IT4 ,! SAME W\LD BE TRUE IF Y\ SP5T ! TRILLION--:OEV] 5D$ UP ) ! MONEY W\LD /ILL HAVE TO PUT IT 9TO ! BANK AGA94 ,KEYNES PO9T$ \T ! EXI/5CE ( MULTIPLE BANKS DIDN'T REALLY *ANGE ANY?+1 PROVID$ BANK]S COORD9AT$ !IR EF=TS1 :I*1 9 FACT1 !Y ALWAYS DO4 

.<#h#a.> ,I MI<T NOTE ?AT ?IS ASSUMPTION E*OES ! LOGIC ( NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC !ORY1 :I* ASSUMES ?AT ALL BASIC 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT DEF9E ! CONTEXT ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY W]E AGRE$ TO BY ALL P>TIES AT SOME IMAG9>Y PO9T 9 ! PA/1 & ?AT S9CE !N1 EV]Y?+ HAS & WILL ALWAYS CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 EQUILIBRIUM4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ,KEYNES EXPLICITLY REJECT$ ?IS ASSUMPTION 9 HIS !ORY ( MONEY 7,DAVIDSON #b#f74 ,CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORI/S 9CID5TALLY MAKE A SIMIL> >GUM5T1 ?AT !RE'S NO NE$ TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS ACTUALLY HAPP5$2 IT'S 5\< TO SAY IT C\LD HAVE & ACT AS IF IT DID4 

.<#h#b.> ,AGLIETTA IS A ,M>XI/1 & ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! 0,REGULATION ,S*OOL10 ,ORLEANS1 AN ADH]5T ( ! 0ECONOMICS ( CONV5TION0 FAVOR$ BY ,!V5OT & ,BOLTANSKI4 ,PRIMORDIAL DEBT !ORY HAS BE5 MA9LY DEVELOP$ BY A GR\P ( RESE>*]S SURR\ND+ ECONOMI/S ,MI*EL ,AGLIETTA & ,&RE ,ORLEANS1 FIR/ 9 ,LA ,VIOL5CE DE LA ,MONNAIE 7#a#i#i#b71 :I* EMPLOY$ A PSY*OANALYTIC1 ,GIRADIAN FRAMEWORK1 & !N 9 A VOLUME CALL$ ,SOV]EIGNTY1 ,LEGITIMACY & ,MONEY 7#a#i#i#e7 & A COLLECTION CALL$ ,SOV]EIGN ,MONEY 7,AGLIETTA1 ,&REAU1 ETC4 #a#i#i#h71 CO-$IT$ BY ELEV5 DIFF]5T S*OL>S4 ,! LATT] TWO VOLUMES AB&ON ! ,GIR>DIAN FRAMEWORK = A ,DUMONTIAN ONE4 ,9 REC5T YE>S ! MA9 EXPON5T ( ?IS POSITION HAS BE5 ANO!R ,REGULATIONI/1 ,BRUNO ,!]T 7#a#i#i#b1 #a#i#i#e1 #b#g1 #b#h74 ,UN=TUNATELY ALMO/ NONE ( ?IS MAT]IAL HAS EV] BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%1 ?\< A SUMM>Y ( MANY ( ,AGLIETTA'S CONTRIBUTIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,GRAHL 7#b74 

.<#h#c.> ,= 9/ANCE1 ,R&ALL ,WRAY 7#a#i#i1 #a#i#i#h1 #b7 & ,/EPHANIE ,BELL 7#a#i#i#i1 #b7 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR ,GE(FREY ,+HAM 7#a#i#i#f1 #a#i#i#i1 #b#d7 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,MI*AEL ,HUDSON & O!RS 9 ! ,I,S,C,A,N,E,E GR\P HAVE TAK5 UP ELEM5TS ( ! IDEA1 BUT HAVE NEV] TO MY KN[L$GE FULLY EMBRAC$ IT4 

.<#h#d.> "9RNA4 ,MALAM\D 7#a#i#h#c3#b#b7 NOTES ?AT ALREADY 9 ! E>LIE/ TEXT IT HAD BO? ! MEAN+ ( 0GOODS RECEIV$ 9 RETURN = ! PROMISE TO H& BACK EI!R ! GOODS !MSELVES OR SOME?+ ( AT LEA/ EQUIVAL5T VALUE01 AS WELL AS 0CRIME0 OR 0FAULT40 ,SO ALSO ,OLIVELLE #a#i#i#c3#d#h1 :O NOTES "9RNA 0CAN MEAN FAULT1 CRIME1 OR GUILT--(T5 AT ! SAME TIME40 ,IT IS NOT H[EV] ! SAME AS ! WORD = 0DUTY40 ,= A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( E>LY PRAY]S = RELEASE FROM DEBT1 SEE ,A?>VA ,V$A ,BOOK #f ,HYMNS #a#a#g1 #a#a#h1 & #a#a#i4 

.<#h#e.> ,SATAPA?A ,BRAHMANA #c4#f4#b4#a#f 

.<#h#f.> ,AS ,SYLVA9 ,LEVI1 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS'S M5TOR1 REM>K$1 IF ONE TAKES ! ,BRAHMANIC DOCTR9E S]I\SLY1 0! ONLY AU!NTIC SACRIFICE W\LD BE SUICIDE0 7#a#h#i#h3#a#c#c2 SO ALSO ,A4,B4 ,KEI? #a#i#b#e3#d#e#i74 ,BUT ( C\RSE NO ONE ACTUALLY TOOK ?+S ?AT F>4 

.<#h#g.> ,MORE PRECISELY1 IT (F]$ ! SACRIFIC] A WAY TO BREAK \T ( A WORLD 9 :I* EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ HIMSELF1 WAS A CREATION ( ! GODS1 TO FA%ION AN IMMORTAL1 DIV9E BODY1 ASC5D 9TO HEAV51 & ?US BE 0BORN 9TO A WORLD HE MADE HIMSELF0 7,SATAPA?A ,BRAHMANA ,V,I3#b4#b4#b#g7 :]E ALL DEBTS C\LD BE REPAID1 BUY BACK HIS AB&ON$ MORTAL BODY FROM ! GODS 7SEE1 I4E41 ,LEVI #a#h#i#h3#a#c-#c#b1 ,MALAM\D #a#i#h#c3#c#a-#c#b74 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ AMBITI\S CLAIMS EV] MADE = ! EFFICACY ( SACRIFICE1 BUT SOME PRIE/S 9 ,*9A >\ND ?AT TIME W]E MAK+ SIMIL> CLAIMS 7,PUETT #b#b74 

.<#h#h.> ,TRANSLAT$ 0SA9TS0 9 ! TEXT ) :I* ,I BEGAN ! *APT]1 BUT S9CE IT REF]S TO ! AU?ORS ( ! SACR$ TEXTS1 ! USAGE SEEMS APPROPRIATE4 

.<#h#i.> ,I AM FUS+ H]E TWO SLI<TLY DIFF]5T V]SIONS3 ONE 9 ,TATTIRIYA ,S>PHITA 7#f4#c4#a4#e71 :I* SAYS ?AT ALL ,BRAHMANS >E BORN ) A DEBT1 BUT ONLY LI/S GODS1 ,FA!RS1 & SAGES1 LEAV+ \T ! DUTY ( HOSPITALITY1 & ! O!R 9 ,SATAPA?A ,BRAHMANA 7#a4#g4#b4#a-#f7 ?AT SAYS ALL M5 >E BORN AS A DEBT1 LI/+ ALL F\R--BUT :I* SEEMS REALLY TO BE REF]R+ TO MALES ( TWICE-BORN CA/ES4 ,= A FULL DISCUSSION3 SEE ,MALAM\D #aihc & ,OLIVELLE #a#i#i#c3#d#f-#e#e1 ALSO ,MALAM\D #a#i#i#h4 

.<#i.> ,!]T #a#i#i#i3#f-#f#a 

.<#i#a.> 0,! ULTIMATE DIS*>GE ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DEBT IS SACRIFICE ( ! LIV+ TO APPEASE & EXPRESS GRATITUDE TO ! ANCE/ORS & DEITIES ( ! COSMOS0 7,+HAM #b#d3#i74 

.<#i#b.> OP CIT4 ,HE CITES ,HUDSON #b#b3#a#b-#c1 ON ! T]MS = 0GUILT0 OR 0S910 BUT AS WE'LL SEE ! PO9T GOES BACK TO ,GRI]SON 7#a#i#g#g3#b#b-#b#c74 

.<#i#c.> ,LAUM #a#i#b#d4 ,HIS >GUM5T AB\T ! ORIG9 ( MONEY 9 ,GREECE 9 TEMPLE DI/RIBUTIONS IS 9TRIGU+ & HAS F\ND CONTEMPOR>Y EXPON5TS 9 ,SEA=D 7#b#d7 & P>TLY 9 ,HUDSON 7E4G41 #b#c7 BUT IS REALLY A !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( CO9AGE4 

.<#i#d.> ,MORE ?AN ,I W\LD EV] DREAM ( TRY+ TO CITE4 ,!RE >E TWO /&>D SURVEY WORKS ON 0PRIMITIVE MONEY10 BY ,QUIGG9 & BY ,E9ZIG1 BO? ( :I*1 CURI\SLY1 CAME \T 9 #a#i#d#i4 ,BO? >E \TDAT$ 9 !IR ANALYSIS BUT CONTA9 A GREAT DEAL ( USEFUL MAT]IAL4 

.<#i#e.> ,5GLI% 0PAY0 IS FROM ,FR5* PAY]1 :I* 9 TURN IS D]IV$ FROM ,LAT9 PAC>E1 0TO PACIFY10 0TO MAKE PEACE )40 ,PAC>E 9 TURN IS RELAT$ TO PAC]E1 0TO COME TO T]MS ) AN 9JUR$ P>TY0 7,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#b#a74 

.<#i#f.> ,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#b4 

.<#i#g.> ,9 FACT1 AS ,GRI]SON NOTES1 ! AU?ORS (T5 SEEM$ TO BE 9T5TIONALLY MAK+ FUN ( !MSELVES1 AS 9 ! ,IRI% TEXT ?AT SPECIFIES ?AT ONE CAN DEM& COMP5SATION = A BEE-/+1 BUT ONLY IF ONE FIR/ D$UCTS ! CO/ ( ! DEAD BEE 7,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#b#f74 

.<#i#h.> ,WE HAVE PL5TY ( MY?S & HYMNS FROM ANCI5T ,MESOPOTAMIA1 TOO1 = 9/ANCE--BUT MO/ W]E DISCOV]$ 9 ! RU9S ( ANCI5T LIBR>IES ?AT W]E ALSO FULL ( RECORDS ( C\RT TRIALS1 BUS9ESS CONTRACTS1 & P]SONAL CORRESPOND5CE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! OLDE/ ,SANSKRIT TEXTS1 RELIGI\S LIT]ATURE IS ALL WE HAVE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 S9CE !SE W]E TEXTS PASS$ ON V]BATIM FROM TEA*] TO /UD5T = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 WE CAN'T EV5 SAY ) ANY PRECISION :5 & :]E !Y W]E WRITT54 

.<#i#i.> ,9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS C]TA9LY EXI/$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA1 BUT !Y ONLY APPE> 9 ,EGYPT 9 ,HELL5I/IC TIMES1 & 9 ! ,G]MANIC WORLD EV5 LAT]4 ,! TEXT SPEAKS ( 0! TRIBUTE ?AT ,I [E TO ,YAMA10 :I* C\LD REF] TO 09T]E/10 BUT ! COMPREH5SIVE REVIEW ( E>LY ,9DIAN LEGAL S\RCES 9 ,KANE'S ,HI/ORY ( ,DH>MASA/RA 7#a#i#g#c ,I,I,I3#d#a#a-#d#f#a7 COMES TO NO CLE> CONCLUSION ON :5 9T]E/ FIR/ APPE>$2 ,KOSAMBI 7#a#i#i#d3#a#d#h7 E/IMATES ?AT IT MI<T HAVE APPE>$ 9 #e BC BUT ADMITS ?IS IS A GUESS4 

.<#a.> ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ,EGYPT1 & ,*9A COME MO/ IMM$IATELY TO M9D4 ,! NOTION ?AT LIFE IS A LOAN FROM ! GODS DOES OCCUR ELSE:]E3 IT SEEMS TO CROP UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE1 >\ND ! SAME TIME AS MONEY & 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS DO4 0,WE >E ALL [$ AS A DEBT TO DEA?10 WROTE ! POET ,SIMONIDES1 >\ND #e BC4 0,! S5TIM5T ?AT LIFE WAS A LOAN TO BE REPAID BY DEA? .<BECAME.> AN ALMO/ PROV]BIAL SAY+0 7,MILLET #a#i#i#aA3#f74 ,NO ,GREEK AU?OR TO MY KN[L$GE CONNECTS ?IS EXPLICITLY TO SACRIFICE1 ?\< ONE C\LD CONCEIVABLY >GUE ?AT ,PLATO'S *>ACT] ,CEPHALUS DOES SO IMPLICITLY 9 ONE PASSAGE ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7#c#c#aD74 

.<#a#a.> ,HUB]T & ,MAUSS 7#a#i#f#d7 PROVIDE A GOOD SURVEY ( ! ANCI5T LIT]ATURE 9 ?IS REG>D4 

.<#a#b.> ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a3#i 

.<#a#c.> ,?IS WAS SOME?+ ( A LEGALI/IC DI/9CTION2 :AT IT REALLY MEANT 9 PRACTICE WAS ?AT FUNDS LEVI$ 9 ,P]SIA W]E TE*NICALLY CONSID]$ 0GIFTS10 BUT IT %[S ! P[] ( ! PR9CIPLE 7,BRIANT #b#f3#c#i#h-#i#i7 

.<#a#d.> ,PH>AONIC ,EGYPT & IMP]IAL ,*9A C]TA9LY DID LEVY DIRECT TAXES1 9 MONEY1 K9D1 OR LABOR1 9 DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,9 E>LY ,9DIA1 ! GANA-SAN<A REPUBLICS DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE DEM&$ TAXES ( !IR CITIZ5S1 BUT ! MON>*IES ?AT ULTIMATELY REPLAC$ !M DID 7,RHYS ,DAVIES #a#i#b#b3#a#i#h-#b74 ,MY PO9T IS ?AT TAXES W]E NOT 9EVITABLE & W]E (T5 SE5 AS M>KS ( CONQUE/4 

.<#a#e.> ,I AM FOLL[+ :AT ,I BELIEVE IS /ILL ! PR$OM9ANT VIEW2 ?\< AT LEA/ 9 SOME PLACES ,PALACES W]E 9 *>GE ( PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ FROM QUITE E>LY ON1 & ,TEMPLES QUITE SUBORD9ATE 7SEE ,MAEKAWA #a#i#g#c-#a#i#g#d74 ,!RE IS LIVELY DEBATE AB\T ?IS1 AS ) ! BALANCE ( TEMPLE1 PALACE1 CLAN1 & 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+S 9 DIFF]5T TIMES & PLACES1 BUT ,I HAVE AVOID$ GO+ 9TO SU* DEBATES1 H[EV] 9T]E/+1 UNLESS !Y HAVE A DIRECT BE>+ ON MY >GUM5T4 

.<#a#f.> ,I AM FOLL[+ ,HUDSON'S 9T]PRETATION 7#b#b71 ?\< O!RS--E4G4 ,/E9KELL] #a#i#h#a1 ,MI]OOP #b#b3#f#d--SUGGE/ ?AT 9T]E/ MAY HAVE 9/EAD ORIG9AT$ 9 R5TAL FEES4 

.<#a#g.> ,= A GOOD SUMM>Y1 ,HUDSON #a#i#i#c1 #b#b4 ,! MEAN+ ( AM>GI IS FIR/ NOT$ 9 ,FALK5/E9 7#a#i#e#d71 SEE ALSO ,KRAM] 7#a#i#f#c3#g#i1 ,LEM*E 7#a#i#g#i3#a#fN#c#d74 

.<#a#h.> ,9 ANCI5T ,EGYPT !RE W]E NO LOANS AT 9T]E/1 & WE KN[ RELATIVELY LITTLE AB\T O!R E>LY EMPIRES1 SO WE DON'T KN[ H[ UNUSUAL ?IS WAS4 ,BUT ! ,*9ESE EVID5CE IS AT ! V]Y LEA/ SUGGE/IVE4 ,*9ESE !ORIES ( MONEY W]E ALWAYS RESOLUTELY ,*>TALI/2 & 9 ! /&>D /ORY AB\T ! ORIG9S ( CO9AGE1 S9CE AT LEA/ ,HAN TIMES1 ! MY?IC F\ND] ( ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y1 UPSET TO SEE SO MANY FAMILIES HAV+ TO SELL !IR *ILDR5 DUR+ FAM9ES1 CREAT$ CO9S SO ?AT ! GOV]NM5T C\LD R$EEM ! *ILDR5 & RETURN !M TO !IR FAMILIES 7SEE *APT] #h1 BEL[74 

.<#a#i.> ,:AT IS SACRIFICE1 AFT] ALL1 BUT A RECOGNITION ?AT AN ACT SU* AS TAK+ AN ANIMAL'S LIFE1 EV5 IF NECESS>Y = \R SU/5ANCE1 IS NOT AN ACT TO BE TAK5 LI<TLY1 BUT ) AN ATTITUDE ( HUMILITY BE=E ! COSMOS8 

.<#a#a.> ,UNLESS ! RECIPI5T IS [$ MONEY BY ! CR$ITOR1 ALL[+ EV]YONE TO CANCEL !IR DEBTS 9 A CIRCLE4 ,?IS MI<T SEEM AN EXTRANE\S PO9T1 BUT ! CIRCUL> CANCELLATION ( DEBTS 9 ?IS WAY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 QUITE A COMMON PRACTICE 9 MU* ( HI/ORY3 SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DESCRIPTION ( 0RECKON+S0 9 *APT] #aa BEL[4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,I AM NOT ASCRIB+ ?IS POSITION TO ! AU?ORS ( ! ,BRAHMANAS NECESS>ILY2 ONLY PURSU+ :AT ,I TAKE TO BE ! 9T]NAL LOGIC ( ! >GUM5T1 9 DIALOGUE ) ITS AU?ORS4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,MALAM\D #a#i#h#c3#c#b4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,COMTE #a#h#i#a3#b#i#e 

.<#a#a#d.> ,9 ,FRANCE1 P>TICUL>LY BY POLITICAL ?9K]S LIKE ,ALFR$ ,F\ILLE & ,LEON ,B\RGEOIS4 ,! LATT]1 LEAD] ( ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY 9 ! #a#h#iS1 MADE ! NOTION ( SOCIAL DEBT ONE ( ! CONCEPTUAL F\NDATIONS = :AT HIS PHILOSOPHY ( 0SOLID>ISM0--A =M ( RADICAL REPUBLICANISM ?AT1 HE >GU$1 C\LD PROVIDE A K9D ( MIDDLE-GR\ND ALT]NATIVE TO BO? REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM & FREE-M>KET LIB]ALISM4 ,! IDEA WAS TO OV]COME ! VIOL5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE BY APPEAL+ TO A NEW MORAL SY/EM BAS$ ON ! NOTION ( A %>$ DEBT TO SOCIETY--( :I* ! /ATE1 ( C\RSE1 WAS M]ELY ! ADM9I/RATOR & REPRES5TATIVE 7,HAYW>D #a#i#e#i1 ,DONZELOT #a#i#i#d1 ,JOB]T #b#c74 ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM TOO WAS A ,SOLID>I/ POLITICALLY4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,AS A SLOGAN1 ! EXPRESSION IS G5]ALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,*>LES ,GIDE1 ! LATE-N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FR5* COOP]ATIVI/1 BUT BECAME COMMON 9 ,SOLID>I/ CIRCLES4 ,IT BECAME AN IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE 9 ,TURKI% SOCIALI/ CIRCLES AT ! TIME 7,AYDAN #b#c71 &1 ,I HAVE HE>D1 ?\< ,I HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO V]IFY1 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,H>T #a#i#h#f3#f#c#h4 

.<#a#a#g.> ,! TE*NICAL T]M = ?IS IS 0FIDUCI>ITY10 ! DEGREE TO :I* ITS VALUE IS BAS$ NOT ON METAL CONT5T BUT PUBLIC TRU/4 ,= A GOOD DISCUSSION ( ! FIDUCI>ITY ( ANCI5T CURR5CIES1 SEE ,SEA=D #b#d3#a#c#i-#a#d#f4 ,ALMO/ ALL METAL CO9S W]E OV]VALU$4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T SET ! VALUE BEL[ ?AT ( ! METAL1 ( C\RSE1 PEOPLE W\LD SIMPLY MELT !M D[N2 IF IT'S SET AT EXACTLY ! METAL VALUE1 ! RESULTS >E USUALLY DEFLATION>Y4 ,AS ,BRUNO ,!]T 7#b#h3#h#b#f-#b#g7 PO9TS \T1 AL?\< ,LOCKE'S RE=MS1 :I* SET ! VALUE ( ! ,BRITI% SOV]EIGN AT EXACTLY ITS WEI<T 9 SILV]1 W]E IDEOLOGICALLY MOTIVAT$1 !Y HAD DISA/R\S ECONOMIC EFFECTS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF CO9AGE IS DEBAS$ OR ! VALUE O!RWISE SET TOO HI< 9 RELATION TO ! METAL CONT5T1 ?IS CAN PRODUCE 9FLATION4 ,BUT ! TRADITIONAL VIEW1 :]E1 SAY1 ! ,ROMAN CURR5CY WAS ULTIMATELY DE/ROY$ BY DEBASEM5T1 IS CLE>LY FALSE1 S9CE IT TOOK C5TURIES = 9FLATION TO OCCUR 7,+HAM #b#d3#a#b-#c74 

.<#a#a#h.> ,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#a#d2 SIMIL> GAMBL+ *ITS1 9 ?IS CASE MADE ( BAMBOO1 W]E US$ 9 ,*9ESE T[NS 9 ! ,GOBI DES]T 7IBID3 #a#h74 

.<#a#a#i.> ,ON ,5GLI% TOK5 MONEY1 SEE ,WILLIAMSON #a#h#h#i2 ,:IT+ #a#i#g#a2 ,MA?IAS #a#i#g#iB4 

.<#a#b.> ,ON CACAO1 ,MILLON #a#i#e#e2 ON ,E?OPIAN SALT MONEY1 ,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#a#b#c-#b#f4 ,BO? ,K>L ,M>X 7#a#h#e#g3#b#b#c1 #a#h#f#g3#a#h#b7 & ,MAX ,WEB] 7#a#i#g#h3#f#g#c-#g#d7 W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT MONEY HAD EM]G$ FROM B>T] BETWE5 SOCIETIES1 NOT )9 !M4 ,K>L ,BU*] 7#a#i#d71 & >GUABLY ,K>L ,POLANYI 7#a#i#f#h71 HELD SOME?+ CLOSE TO ?IS POSITION1 AT LEA/ 9S(> AS !Y 9SI/$ ?AT MOD]N MONEY EM]G$ FROM EXT]NAL EX*ANGE4 ,9EVITABLY !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 SOME SORT ( MUTUALLY RE9=C+ PROCESS BETWE5 CURR5CIES ( TRADE & ! LOCAL ACC\NT+ SY/EM4 ,9S(> AS WE CAN TALK AB\T ! 09V5TION0 ( MONEY 9 ITS MOD]N S5SE1 PRESUMABLY ?IS W\LD BE ! PLACE TO LOOK1 ?\< 9 PLACES LIKE ,MESOPOTAMIA ?IS MU/ HAVE HAPP5$ LONG BE=E ! USE ( WRIT+1 & H5CE ! HI/ORY IS EFFECTIVELY LO/ TO US4 

.<#a#b#a.> ,E9ZIG 7#a#i#d#i3#b#f#f71 CIT+ ,KULIS*] 7#a#i#b#f3#i#b7 & ,ILW( 7#a#h#h#b3#c#f74 

.<#a#b#b.> ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS1 #b4#h4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,AS ,I REM>K$ E>LI]1 BO? ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,NIETZS*E ?US ANTICIPATE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT LANGUAGE IS ! 0EX*ANGE ( WORDS40 ,! REM>KABLE ?+ H]E IS ?AT SO MANY HAVE MANAG$ TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ?AT 9 ALL ?IS1 ,NIETZS*E IS PROVID+ A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 EV5 TO ! LOGIC ( EX*ANGE4 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 MO/ EMB>RASS+LY1 9SI/ ?AT 0! GREAT BOOK ( MOD]N E?NOLOGY IS NOT SO MU* ,MAUSS' ,! ,GIFT AS ,NIETZS*E'S ,ON ! ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS4 ,AT LEA/ IT %\LD BE10 S9CE1 !Y SAY1 ,NIETZS*E SUCCE$S 9 9T]PRET+ 0PRIMITIVE SOCIETY0 9 T]MS ( DEBT1 :]E ,MAUSS /ILL HESITATES TO BREAK ) ! LOGIC ( EX*ANGE 7#a#i#g#b3#b#b#d-#b#e74 ,ON !IR 9SPIRATION1 ,S>?\-,LAJUS 7#a#i#i#g7 HAS WRITT5 PHILOSOPHY ( DEBT AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES ( EX*ANGE1 ?AT1 %E CLAIMS1 ASSUME ! PRIOR AUTONOMY ( ! P]SON4 ,( C\RSE :AT ,NIETZS*E PROPOSES IS NOT AN ALT]NATIVE AT ALL4 ,IT'S ANO!R ASPECT ( ! SAME ?+4 ,ALL ?IS IS A VIVID REM9D] ( H[ EASY IT IS TO MI/AKE RADICALIZ$ =MS ( \R [N B\RGEOIS TRADITION AS ALT]NATIVES TO IT 7,BATAILLE _*.<#a#i#i#c_*.>1 :O ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I PRAISE AS ANO!R ALT]NATIVE TO ,MAUSS 9 ! SAME PASSAGE1 IS ANO!R NOTORI\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS SORT ( ?+74 

.<#a#b#d.> ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS #b4#e4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,NIETZS*E HAD CLE>LY BE5 READ+ TOO MU* ,%AKESPE>E4 ,!RE IS NO RECORD ( ! MUTILATION ( DEBTORS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD2 !RE WAS A GOOD DEAL ( MUTILATION ( SLAVES1 BUT !Y W]E BY DEF9ITION PEOPLE :O C\LD NOT BE 9 DEBT4 ,MUTILATION = DEBT IS OCCASIONALLY ATTE/$ TO 9 ! ,M$IEVAL P]IOD1 BUT AS WE'LL SEE1 ,JEWS T5D$ TO BE ! VICTIMS1 S9CE !Y W]E L>GELY )\T RI<TS1 & C]TA9LY NOT ! P]PETRATORS4 ,%AKESPE>E TURN$ ! /ORY >\ND4 

.<#a#b#f.> ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS #b4#a#i4 

.<#a#b#g.> ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS #b4#b#a4 

.<#a#b#h.> ,FREU*5 #a#i#f#a3#a#e#d4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> :AT LANGUAGE ?IS WAS SAID 91 CONSID]+ ?AT ,9UIT DID NOT ACTUALLY HAVE AN 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 ,IT'S ALSO 9T]E/+ BECAUSE ! PASSAGE W\LD NOT MAKE S5SE UNLESS !RE W]E SOME CONTEXTS 9 :I* GIFT EX*ANGE DID OP]ATE1 & !RE=E1 DEBTS ACCRU$4 ,:AT ! HUNT] IS EMPHASIZ+ IS ?AT IT WAS FELT IMPORTANT ?AT ?IS LOGIC DID NOT EXT5D TO ! BASIC MEANS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 SU* AS FOOD4 

.<#a#b#i.> ,TO TAKE AN EXAMPLE1 ! ,GANGES ,VALLEY 9 ! ,BUDDHA'S TIME WAS FULL ( >GUM5TS AB\T ! RELATIVE M]ITS ( MON>*ICAL & DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTIONS4 ,GAUTAMA1 ?\< ! SON ( A K+1 SID$ ) ! DEMOCRATS1 & MANY ( ! DECISION-MAK+ TE*NIQUES US$ 9 DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES ( ! TIME REMA9 PRES]V$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ,BUDDHI/ MONA/]IES 7,MUHL5B]G] @& ,PA9E #a#i#i#g47 ,W]E IT NOT = ?IS WE W\LD NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T !M1 OR EV5 BE 5TIRELY SURE ?AT SU* DEMOCRATIC POLITIES EXI/$4 

.<#a#c.> ,= 9/ANCE1 BUY+ BACK ONE'S ANCE/RAL L& 7,LEVITICUS #b#e3#b#e1 #b#f7 OR ANY?+ ONE HAD GIV5 TO ! ,TEMPLE 7,LEVITICUS #b#g74 

.<#a#c#a.> ,H]E TOO1 9 ! CASE ( COMPLETE 9SOLV5CY1 ! DEBTOR MI<T LOSE HIS [N FRE$OM AS WELL4 ,SEE ,H\/ON 7#b#f7 = A GOOD SURVEY ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE ON ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ! TIME ( ! PROPHETS4 ,I H]E FOLL[ A SYN!SIS ( HIS & ,MI*AEL ,HUDSON'S 7#a#i#i#c7 RECON/RUCTION4 

.<#a#c#b.> ,SEE = 9/ANCE1 ,AMOS #b4#f1 #h4#b1 & ,ISAIAH #e#h4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,NEHEMIAH #e3#c-#g4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,!RE CONT9UES TO BE 9T5SE S*OL>LY DEBATE AB\T :E!R !SE LAWS W]E 9 FACT 9V5T$ BY ,NEHEMIAH & HIS PRIE/LY ALLIES 7ESPECIALLY ,EZRA71 & :E!R !Y W]E EV] ACTUALLY 5=C$ 9 ANY P]IOD3 SEE ,ALEX&] #a#i#c#h2 ,NOR? #a#i#e#d2 ,F9KEL/E9 #a#i#f#a1 #a#i#f#e2 ,WE/BROOK #a#i#g#a2 ,LEMKE #a#i#g#f1 #a#i#g#i2 ,HUDSON #a#i#i#c2 ,H\/ON #aiif = A FEW EXAMPLES4 ,AT FIR/ !RE W]E SIMIL> DEBATES AB\T :E!R ,MESOPOTAMIAN 0CLEAN /ATES0 W]E ACTUALLY 5=C$1 UNTIL OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE WAS PRODUC$ ?AT !Y W]E4 ,! BULK ( ! EVID5CE N[ 9DICATES ?AT ! LAWS 9 ,DEUT]ONOMY W]E 5=C$ AS WELL1 ?\< WE CAN NEV] KN[ = C]TA9 H[ EFFECTIVELY4 

.<#a#c#e.> 0,EV]Y SEV5? YE> Y\ %ALL MAKE A CANCELLATION4 ,! CANCELLATION %ALL BE AS FOLL[S3 EV]Y CR$ITOR IS TO RELEASE ! DEBTS ?AT HE HAS [+ TO HIM BY HIS NEI<BOR0 7,DEUT]ONOMY #a#e3#a-#c74 ,?OSE HELD 9 DEBT BONDAGE W]E ALSO FRE$4 ,EV]Y #di 7OR 9 SOME READ+S #e7 YE>S CAME ! ,JUBILEE1 :5 ALL FAMILY L& WAS TO BE RETURN$ TO ITS ORIG9AL [N]S1 & EV5 FAMILY MEMB]S :O HAD BE5 SOLD AS SLAVES SET FREE 7,LEVITICUS #b#e3#i74 

.<#a#c#f.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 S9CE ! NE$ TO BORR[ WAS MO/ (T5 SP>K$ BY ! NE$ TO PAY TAXES IMPOS$ BY =EIGN CONQU]ORS4 

.<#a#c#g.> ,HUDSON NOTES 9 ,BABYLONIAN1 CLEAN SLATES W]E 0CALL$ HUBULLUM 7DEBT7 MASA'UM 7TO WA%71 LIT]ALLY 'A WA%+ AWAY ( ! DEBT .<RECORDS.>1' ?AT IS1 A DISSOLV+ ( ! CLAY TABLETS ON :I* F9ANCIAL OBLIGATIONS W]E 9SCRIB$0 7#a#i#i#c3#a#i74 

.<#a#c#h.> ,MAT!W #a#h3 #b#c-#c#d4 

.<#a#c#i.> ,TO GIVE A S5SE ( ! FIGURES 9VOLV$1 T5 ?\S& TAL5TS 9 GOLD IS R\<LY EQUIVAL5T TO ! 5TIRE ,ROMAN TAX RECEIPTS FROM !IR PROV9CES 9 :AT'S N[ ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,A HUNDR$ D5>II IS #a_/#f ( ONE TAL5T1 & !RE=E WOR? #f1 TIMES LESS4 

.<#a#d.> ,OPHEILEMA 9 ! ,GREEK ORIG9AL1 :I* MEANT 0?AT :I* IS [$10 0F9ANCIAL DEBTS10 & BY EXT5SION1 0S940 ,?IS WAS APP>5TLY US$ TO TRANSLATE ! ,>AMAIC HOYWE51 :I* ALSO MEANT BO? 0DEBT0 &1 BY EXT5SION1 0S940 ,! ,5GLI% H]E 7AS 9 ALL LAT] ,BIBLE CITATIONS7 FOLL[S ! ,K+ ,JAMES V]SION1 :I* 9 ?IS CASE IS ITSELF BAS$ ON A #a*a TRANSLATION ( ! ,LORD'S PRAY] BY ,JOHN ,WYCLIFFE4 ,MO/ READ]S WILL PROBABLY BE MORE FAMILI> ) #aeei ,BOOK ( ,COMMON ,PRAY] V]SION ?AT SUB/ITUTES 0,& =GIVE US \R TRESPASSES1 AS WE =GIVE !M ?AT TRESPASS AGA9/ US40 ,H[EV]1 ! ORIG9AL IS QUITE EXPLICITLY 0DEBTS40 

.<#a#d#a.> ,*ANG+ !SE TO 0SPIRITUAL DEBTS0 DOESN'T REALLY *ANGE ! PROBLEM4 

.<#a#d#b.> ,! PROSPECT ( SEXUAL ABUSE 9 !SE SITUATIONS CLE>LY WEI<$ HEAVILY ON ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION4 0,SOME ( \R DAU<T]S >E BR\<T UNTO BONDAGE ALREADY0 PROTE/$ ! ,ISRAELITES TO ,NEHEMIAH4 ,TE*NICALLY1 DAU<T]S TAK5 9 DEBT BONDAGE W]E NOT1 IF VIRG9S1 EXPECT$ TO BE SEXUALLY AVAILABLE TO CR$ITORS :O DID NOT WI% TO M>RY !M OR M>RY !M TO !IR SONS 7,EXODUS #b#a3#g-#i2 ,WRI<T #b#i3#a#c-#c#c7 ?\< *ATTEL SLAVES W]E SEXUALLY AVAILABLE 7SEE ,HEZS] #b#c71 & (T5 ! ROLES BLURR$ 9 PRACTICE2 EV5 :]E LAWS !ORETICALLY PROTECT$ !M1 FA!RS MU/ (T5 HAVE HAD LITTLE MEANS TO PROTECT !M OR CAUSE ?OSE LAWS TO BE 5=C$4 ,! ,ROMAN HI/ORIAN ,LIVY'S ACC\NT ( ! ABOLITION ( DEBT BONDAGE 9 ,ROME 9 #cbf BC1 = 9/ANCE1 FEATUR$ A H&SOME Y\NG MAN NAM$ ,CAIUS ,PUBLILIUS PLAC$ 9 BONDAGE = A DEBT HE'D 9H]IT$ FROM HIS FA!R1 & :O WAS SAVAGELY BEAT5 = REFUS+ ! SEXUAL ADVANCES ( HIS CR$ITOR 7,LIVY #h4#b#h74 ,:5 HE APPE>$ ON ! /REETS & ANN\NC$ :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO HIM1 CR[DS GA!R$ & M>*$ ON ! ,S5ATE TO DEM& ?AT !Y ABOLI% ! 9/ITUTION4 

.<#a#d#c.> ,P>TICUL>LY IF ! SLAVES W]E =EIGN]S CAPTUR$ 9 W>4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 ! COMMON BELIEF ?AT !RE W]E NO MORAL OBJECTIONS TO SLAV]Y 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD IS FALSE4 ,!RE W]E PL5TY4 ,BUT ASIDE FROM C]TA9 RADICALS SU* AS ! ,ESS5ES1 ! 9/ITUTION WAS ACCEPT$ AS AN UN=TUNATE NECESSITY4 

.<#a#d#d.> ,HUDSON 7#b#b3#c#g7 CITES ! ,GREEK HI/ORIAN ,DIODORUS ,SICULUS 7I4#g#i7 :O ATTRIBUTES ?IS MOTIVE TO ! ,EGYPTIAN PH>AOH ,BAK5RANEF1 ?\< HE TOO EMPHASIZES ?AT MILIT>Y CONSID]ATIONS W]E NOT ! ONLY ONES1 BUT ?AT CANCELATIONS REFLECT$ BROAD] FEEL+S AB\T JU/ICE4 

.<#a#d#e.> ,OPP5HEIM #a#i#f#d3#h#h4 ,OPP5HEIM SUGGE/S ?AT 9T]E/-FREE LOANS W]E MORE COMMON 9 ! ,LEVANT1 & ?AT 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA SOCIAL EQUALS W]E MORE LIKELY TO *>GE EA* O!R 9T]E/ BUT ON EASI] T]MS1 CIT+ AN ,OLD ,ASSYRIAN M]*ANT :O SPEAKS ( 0! RATE ONE BRO!R *>GES ANO!R0 7OP CIT74 ,9 ANCI5T ,GREECE1 FRI5DLY LOANS BETWE5 SOCIAL EQUALS W]E KN[N AS ]ANOS LOANS1 USUALLY ( SUMS RAIS$ BY AN IMPROMPTU MUTUAL-AID SOCIETY & NOT 9VOLV+ ! PAYM5T ( 9T]E/ 7,JONES #a#i#e#f3#a#g#a-#g#c2 ,VONDEL+ #a#i#f#a2 ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a3#f#g-#f#h2 ,MILLET #a#i#i#a3#a#e#c-#a#e#e74 ,>I/OCRATS (T5 MADE SU* LOANS TO ONE ANO!R1 BUT SO DID GR\PS ( SLAVES TRY+ TO POOL MONEY TO BUY BACK !IR FRE$OM 7,H>RILL #a#i#i#h3#a#f#g74 ,?IS T5D5CY1 = MUTUAL AID TO BE MO/ M>K$ AT ! V]Y TOP & V]Y BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL SCALE IS A CONSI/5T PATT]N TO ?IS DAY4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,H5CE ! CON/ANT 9VOCATION ( ! PHRASE 0Y\R BRO!R10 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,DEUT]ONOMY1 E4G41 0Y\ %ALL NOT L5D AT 9T]E/ TO Y\R BRO!R0 7#b#c3#b74 

.<#a#d#g.> ,AS WE'LL SEE 9 *APT] SEV51 ,PLATO BEG9S ,! ,REPUBLIC 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,= A POLITE BUT DEVA/AT+ ASSESSM5T1 SEE ,KAHNEMAN #b#c4 

.<#a#d#i.> ,HOMANS #a#i#e#h1 ALSO ,BLAU #a#i#f#d2 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS #a#i#f#c3#b#i#f4 ,9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! FIR/ TO PROPOSE RECIPROCITY AS A UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE WAS ,RI*>D ,?URNWALD 7#a#i#a#f71 BUT IT WAS MADE FAM\S BY ,MAL9[SKI 7#a#i#b#b74 

.<#a#e.> ,ONE REASON NO KN[N LAW CODE HAS EV] BE5 KN[N TO 5=CE ! PR9CIPLE2 ! P5ALTY WAS ALWAYS !RE TO BE COMMUT$ TO SOME?+ ELSE4 

.<#a#e#a.> ,ATWOOD 7#b#h3#a74 ,! AU?OR !N PROCE$S TO EXPLORE ! NATURE ( \R S5SE ( ECONOMIC MORALITY BY COMP>+ ! BEHAVIOR ( CAG$ APES ) MIDDLE-CLASS ,CANADIAN *ILDR5 TO >GUE ?AT ALL HUMAN RELATIONS >E 9DE$ EI!R EX*ANGE OR =CIBLE APPROPRIATION 7IBID3#d#i74 ,DESPITE ! BRILLIANCE ( MANY ( ITS >GUM5TS1 ! RESULT IS A RA!R SAD TE/IMONY TO H[ DIFFICULT IT IS = ! SCIONS ( ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES NOT TO SEE !IR [N *>ACT]I/IC WAYS ( IMAG9+ ! WORLD AS SIMPLE HUMAN NATURE4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,SETON'S FA!R1 A FAIL$ %IPP+ MAGNATE TURN$ ACC\NTANT1 WAS1 ,SETON LAT] WROTE1 SO COLD & ABUSIVE ?AT HIS SON SP5T MU* ( HIS Y\? 9 ! WOODS TRY+ TO AVOID HIM2 AFT] PAY+ ! DEBT--:I* 9CID5TALLY CAME TO @s#e#c#g4#e1 A TIDY BUT NOT 9SURM\NTABLE SUM 9 #a#h#h#a--HE *ANG$ HIS NAME & SP5T MU* ( ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE TRY+ TO DEVELOP MORE HEAL?Y *ILD-RE>+ TE*NIQUES4 

.<#a#e#c.> ,REV4 ,W4,H4 ,BEATLEY 9 ,LEVY-,BRUHL #a#i#b#c3#d#a#a 

.<#a#e#d.> ,REV4 ,FR4 ,BULLEON1 9 ,LEVY-,BRUHL #a#i#b#c3#d#b#e 

.<#a#e#e.> ,?IS PHRASE WAS NOT CO9$ BY ,M>X1 9CID5TALLY1 BUT WAS APP>5TLY A SLOGAN CURR5T 9 ! E>LY ,FR5* WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 FIR/ APPE>+ 9 PR9T 9 ! WORK ( SOCIALI/ ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 #a#h#c#i4 ,M>X ONLY TOOK UP ! PHRASE 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM 9 #a#h#g#e1 & EV5 !N US$ IT 9 A RA!R IDIOSYNCRATIC WAY3 = ! PR9CIPLE HE IMAG9$ C\LD APPLY ON ! LEVEL ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE ONCE TE*NOLOGY HAD REA*$ ! PO9T ( GU>ANTEE+ ABSOLUTE MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE4 ,= ,M>X1 0COMMUNISM0 WAS BO? ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T AIM+ TO BR+ AB\T SU* A FUTURE SOCIETY1 & ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,I AM DRAW+ H]E MORE ON ! ALT]NATE /RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 EVID5T MO/ FAM\SLY P]HAPS 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#b74 

.<#a#e#f.> ,AT LEA/1 UNLESS !RE IS SOME SPECIFIC REASON NOT TO--= 9/ANCE1 A HI]>*ICAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT SAYS SOME PEOPLE GET C(FEE & O!RS DO NOT4 

.<#a#e#g.> ,:AT ?IS MEANS ( C\RSE IS ?AT COMM& ECONOMIES--PUTT+ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES 9 *>GE ( COORD9AT+ EV]Y ASPECT ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICES )9 A GIV5 NATIONAL T]RITORY--T5DS TO BE MU* LESS EFFICI5T ?AN O!R AVAILABLE ALT]NATIVES4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE1 ?\< IF IT 0JU/ DOESN'T WORK0 AT ALL1 IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E H[ /ATES LIKE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION C\LD HAVE EXI/$1 LET ALONE MA9TA9 !MSELVES AS WORLD P[]S1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

.<#a#e#h.> ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d3#a#h#b 

.<#a#e#i.> ,SIMIL>LY1 A MIDDLE-CLASS P$E/RIAN W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO ASK A GANG MEMB] = DIRECTIONS1 & MI<T EV5 RUN 9 FE> IF ONE APPROA*$ HIM TO ASK = ! TIME1 BUT ?IS IS AGA9 BECAUSE ( AN ASSUMPTION ( A TACIT /ATE ( W> EXI/+ BETWE5 !M4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBID1 P4 #a#h#c4 

.<#a#f#a.> ,RI*>DS #a#i#c#i3#a#i#g4 ,MAX ,GLUCKMAN1 REM>K+ ON SU* CU/OMS1 CONCLUDES ?AT 9S(> AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM10 IT EXI/S 9 CONSUMPTION1 RA!R ?AN PRODUCTION1 :I* T5DS TO BE MU* MORE 9DIVIDUALLY ORGANIZ$ 7#a#i#g#a3#e#b74 

.<#a#f#b.> ,A TYPICAL EXAMPLE3 0IF A CAB9 ( HUNGRY PEOPLE MEETS ANO!R :OSE PROVISIONS >E NOT 5TIRELY EXHAU/$1 ! LATT] %>E ) ! NEWCOM]S ! LITTLE :I* REMA9S TO !M )\T WAIT+ TO BE ASK$1 AL?\< !Y EXPOSE !MSELVES !REBY TO ! SAME DANG] ( P]I%+ AS ?OSE :OM !Y HELP 4440 ,LAFITAU #aigd ,VOLUME ,I,I3#f#a4 

.<#a#f#c.> ,JESUIT ,RELATIONS 7#a#f#c#e7 #h3#a#b#g1 CIT$ 9 ,DELAGE #a#i#i#c3#e#d4 

.<#a#f#d.> ,?IS IS A COMMON >RANGEM5T 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ! WORLD 7P>TICUL>LY ! ,&ES1 ,AMAZONIA1 9SUL> ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & ,MELANESIA71 & 9V>IABLY !RE IS SOME RULE :]EBY EA* HALF IS DEP5D5T ON ! O!R = SOME?+ CONSID]$ ESS5TIAL TO HUMAN LIFE4 ,ONE CAN ONLY M>RY SOMEONE FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! VILLAGE1 OR MAYBE ONE CAN ONLY EAT PIGS RAIS$ ON ! O!R SIDE1 OR P]HAPS ONE SIDE NE$S PEOPLE FROM ! O!R SIDE TO SPONSOR ! RITUALS ?AT 9ITIATE ITS MALE *ILDR5 9TO MANHOOD4 

.<#a#f#e.> ,AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ELSE:]E1 ,GRAEB] #b#a3#a#e#i-#f2 CF4 ,MAUSS #a#i#d#g3 #a#d-#e4 

.<#a#f#f.> ,I'M SIDE-/EPP+ ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ONE-SID$ EXAMPLES DISCUSS$ 9 ,GRAEB] #b#a3#b#a#h4 

.<#a#f#g.> ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#g#b7 CO9$ ! PHRASE 0G5]ALIZ$ RECIPROCITY0 TO DESCRIBE ?IS SORT ( RELATION1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IF EV]Y?+ CIRCULATES FREELY1 EV5TUALLY1 ALL ACC\NTS WILL BALANCE \T4 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS WAS ALREADY MAK+ SU* AN >GUM5T 9 LECTURES BACK 9 ! #a#i#cS 7#a#i#d#g71 BUT HE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ! PROBLEMS3 :ILE ?IS MI<T BE TRUE ( ,IROQUOIS MOIETIES1 SOME RELATION%IPS NEV] BALANCE \T--= 9/ANCE1 BETWE5 MO!R & *ILD4 ,HIS SOLUTION1 0ALT]NAT+ RECIPROCITY0--?AT WE REPAY \R P>5TS BY HAV+ *ILDR5 \RSELVES--IS CLE>LY DRAWN FROM HIS /UDY ( ! ,V$AS1 BUT IT ULTIMATELY DEMON/RATES ?AT IF ONE HAS ALREADY DECID$ ?AT ALL RELATIONS >E BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY1 ONE CAN ALWAYS DEF9E ! T]M SO BROADLY AS TO MAKE IT TRUE4 

.<#a#f#h.> ,HO/IS3 SEE ,B5V5I/E #a#i#g#b3#g#b4 ,! ,LAT9 T]M9OLOGY CONC]N+ HOSPITALITY EMPHASIZES ! ABSOLUTE MA/]Y ( ! H\SE BY ITS 7MALE7 [N] AS ! PRECONDITION ( ANY ACT ( HOSPITALITY2 ,D]RIDA 7#b1 #b#a7 >GUES ?AT ?IS PO9TS TO A C5TRAL CONTRADICTION 9 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( HOSPITALITY1 S9CE IT IMPLIES AN ALREADY-EXI/+ ABSOLUTE DOM9IUM OR P[] OV] O!RS1 ! K9D ?AT MI<T BE SE5 AS TAK+ ITS MO/ EXPLOITATIVE =M 9 ,LOT'S (F]+ HIS [N DAU<T]S UP TO A CR[D ( ,SODOMITES TO DISSUADE !M FROM RAP+ HIS H\SEGUE/S4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS SAME PR9CIPLE ( HOSPITALITY CAN BE EQUALLY WELL DOCUM5T$ 9 SOCIETIES--SU* AS ! ,IROQUOIS--?AT W]E ANY?+ BUT PATRI>*AL4 

.<#a#f#i.> ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d3#a#e#d1 #a#e#h4 

.<#a#g.> ,?IS IS ( C\RSE ONE REASON :Y ! V]Y RI* LIKE TO ASSOCIATE MA9LY ) ONE ANO!R4 

.<#a#g#a.> ,9 A LESS HO/ILE VE9 ONE CAN SPEAK ( AN EX*ANGE ( PRISON]S1 NOTES1 OR COMPLIM5TS4 

.<#a#g#b.> ,A GOOD S\RCE ON HAGGL+3 ,U*5DO #a#i#f#g4 

.<#a#g#c.> ,BOHANNAN #a#i#f#d3#d#g4 

.<#a#g#d.> ,NOT EV5 A REAL BUS9ESS DEAL1 S9CE !SE MAY (T5 9VOLVE A GREAT DEAL ( COLLECTIVE W9+ & D9+ & GIV+ ( PRES5TS4 ,MORE ! SORT ( IMAG9>Y BUS9ESS DEAL ?AT APPE>S 9 ECONOMICS TEXTBOOKS4 

.<#a#g#e.> ,ONE NE$ ONLY GLANCE AT ! VA/ AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON 0COMPETITIVE FEA/+03 E4G41 ,VAL]I #b#a4 

.<#a#g#f.> ,B\RDIEU #aife IS ! KEY TEXT1 BUT HE REPEATS ! MA9 PO9TS 9 ,B\RDIEU #a#i#i3#i#h-#a#a4 

.<#a#g#g.> ,ONVLEE #a#i#h3#b#d4 

.<#a#g#h.> ,PETRONIUS #e#a2 ,PL9Y ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY #c#f4#a#i#e2 ,DIO #e#g4#b#a4#e-#g4 

.<#a#g#i.> 0,?IS K+ IS ( ALL M5 ! MO/ ADDICT$ TO ! MAK+ ( GIFTS & ! %$D+ ( BLOOD4 ,HIS GATE IS NEV] )\T SOME POOR MAN 5RI*$ OR SOME LIV+ MAN EXECUT$40 

.<#a#h.> ,OR EV5 ! V]Y RI*4 ,NELSON ,ROCKEFELL]1 = EXAMPLE1 US$ TO PRIDE HIMSELF ON NEV] C>RY+ A WALLET4 ,HE DIDN'T NE$ ONE4 ,EV]Y N[ & !N :5 HE WAS WORK+ LATE & WANT$ CIG>ETTES1 HE W\LD BORR[ SOME FROM ! SECURITY PEOPLE AT ! DESK AT ,ROCKEFELL] ,C5T]1 :O W\LD !N BE ABLE TO BOA/ ?AT !Y HAD L5T A ,ROCKEFELL] MONEY & W\LD R>ELY ASK = IT BACK4 ,9 CONTRA/1 0! SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,PORTUGUESE MON>* ,DOM ,MANUEL1 NEWLY RI* FROM ! ,9DIES TRADE1 ADOPT$ ! TITLE ',LORD ( ! ,CONQUE/1 ,NAVIGATION1 & ,COMM]CE ( ,E?IOPIA1 ,>ABIA1 ,P]SIA1 & ,9DIA4' ,O!RS CALL$ HIM ! 0GROC] K+40 7,HO #b#d3#b#b#g74 

.<#a#h#a.> ,SEE ,GRAEB] #b#a3#a#g#e-#g#f4 

.<#a#h#b.> ,EV5 BETWE5 /RANG]S IT'S A BIT UNUSUAL3 AS ,S]VET 7#a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#b7 HAS EMPHASIZ$1 MO/ 0PRIMITIVE TRADE0 TAKES PLACE ?R\< TRADE P>TN]%IP & SPECIALIZ$ REGIONAL MIDDLEM54 

.<#a#h#c.> ,I FRAME ?+S ?IS WAY BECAUSE ,I AM MA9LY 9T]E/$ H]E 9 ECONOMICS4 ,IF WE W]E ?9K+ SIMPLY ( HUMAN RELATIONS1 ,I SUPPOSE ONE MI<T SAY ?AT AT ONE EXTREME IS KILL+1 & AT ! O!R1 GIV+ BIR?4 

.<#a#h#d.> ,9 FACT1 IT SEEMS ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( *>ITY ?AT1 LIKE A GIFTS TO A K+1 IT CAN NEV] LEAD TO RECIPROCITY4 ,EV5 IF IT TURNS \T ?AT ! PA!TIC-LOOK+ BEGG> IS REALLY A GOD W&]+ ! E>? 9 MORTAL =M1 OR ,H>UN AL-,RA%ID1 Y\R REW>D WILL BE 5TIRELY DISPROPORTIONATE4 ,OR CONSID] ALL ?OSE /ORIES AB\T DRUNK5 MILLIONAIRES ON A B+E :O1 :5 !Y GOT !IR LIFE BACK TOGE!R1 H& \T FANCY C>S OR H\SES TO !IR E>LI] B5EFACTORS4 ,IT'S EASI] TO IMAG9E A PANH&L] GIV+ Y\ A =TUNE ?AN RETURN+ AN EXACT EQUIVAL5T TO ! DOLL> ?AT Y\ GAVE HIM4 

.<#a#h#e.> ,X5OPHON ,CYROP$IA ,V,I,I,I4#f1 ,H]ODOTUS #c4#h4#i2 SEE ,BRIANT #b#f3#a#i#c-#a#i#d1 #c#i#d-#d#d1 :O ACKN[L$GES ?AT SOME?+ BROADLY ALONG !SE L9ES PROBABLY DID TAKE PLACE1 ) A MORE IMPROMPTU GIFT SY/EM UND] ,CYRUS & ,CAMBYSES BE+ SY/EMIZ$ UND] ,D>IUS4 

.<#a#h#f.> ,M>C ,BLO* 7#a#i#f#a3#a#a#d-#a#e71 :O ADDS 0EV]Y ACT1 ESPECIALLY IF IT WAS REPEAT$ ?REE OR F\R TIMES1 WAS LIKELY TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A PREC$5T--EV5 IF 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE IT HAD BE5 EXCEPTIONAL OR EV5 FRANKLY UNLAWFUL40 

.<#a#h#g.> ,! APPROA* IS (T5 ID5TIFI$ ) ,BRITI% AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,A4,M4 ,HOC>T 7#a#i#c#f74 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT !SE BECAME !IR MA9 OR EXCLUSIVE OCCUPATIONS3 MO/ ( ! TIME1 SU* PEOPLE REMA9$ SIMPLE F>M]S LIKE EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,YET :AT !Y DID = ! K+1 OR LAT]1 ON RITUAL OCCASIONS1 = ! COMMUNITY1 WAS SE5 AS DEF9+ !IR ESS5TIAL NATURE1 !IR ID5TITY )9 ! :OLE4 

.<#a#h#h.> ,9 FACT1 WE MAY BECOME 9DIGNANT AT H] = AN ACT ( /+9ESS WE W\LD NEV] EV5 CONSID] /+Y 9 ANYONE ELSE--ESPECIALLY1 \RSELVES4 

.<#a#h#i.> ,A V]SION HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ AS3 ,S>AH ,/ILLMAN1 0,! MISS+ :ITE GIRL SYNDROME3 DISAPPE>$ WOM5 & M$IA ACTIVISM0 7,/ILLMAN1 #b#g73 PUBLICATIONS4OXFAM4ORG4UK_/OXFAM_/DISPLAY4ASP8,K"7#b,J#a#b#d#f@&SF.-#a"7CAT.-CLASS@&/.-#a"7#f#b@&SORT"7,S,O,R,T.-,D,A,T,E_/D@&M"7#h#d@&DC"7#g#a#i 

.<#a#i.> ,K>ATANI 7#b#c3#b#c-#b#e7 MAKES ?IS PO9T COMPELL+LY4 ,! ,KWAKIUTL & O!R ,FIR/ ,NATIONS ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ >E SOME?+ ( AN 9T]M$I>Y CASE-->I/OCRATIC1 BUT AT LEA/ 9 ! P]IOD WE KN[ AB\T1 US+ NON-CO]CIVE MEANS TO GA!R RES\RCES 7?\< ,COD]E #a#i#e47 

.<#a#i#a.> ,GEORGES ,DUBY 7#a#i#h7 PROVIDES ! DEF9ITIVE HI/ORY ( ?IS CONCEPT1 :I* GOES BACK TO MU* OLD] ,9DO-,EUROPEAN IDEAS4 

.<#a#i#b.> ,= A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( IMAG9>Y RECIPROCITY BETWE5 FA!R & SON1 SEE ,OLIV] #a#i#e#e3#b#c4 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY BUFFS WILL NOTICE ?AT ,I AM H]E 5DORS+ ,$MUND ,LEA*'S 7#a#i#f#a7 POSITION ON ! 0CIRCULAT+ CONNUBIUM0 PROBLEM4 ,HE LAT] APPLI$ ! SAME >GUM5T TO ! FAM\S 0KULA *A90 7#a#i#h#c74 

.<#a#i#c.> ,ACTUALLY1 !RE >E HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS ?AT >E EXPLICITLY SELF-SUBV]T+3 ! ONE BETWE5 TEA*] & /UD5T1 = EXAMPLE1 S9CE IF ! TEA*] IS SUCCESSFUL 9 PASS+ H] KN[L$GE TO ! /UD5T1 !RE IS NO FUR!R BASIS = 9EQUALITY4 

.<#a#i#d.> ,FREU*5 #a#i#f#a3 #a#e#d4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> :AT ! ORIG9AL LANGUAGE WAS H]E1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! ,9UIT DID NOT HAVE AN 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 ,ALSO1 ! PASSAGE W\LD NOT MAKE S5SE UNLESS !RE W]E SOME CONTEXTS 9 :I* GIFT EX*ANGE DID OP]ATE1 & !RE=E1 9 :I* DEBTS ACCRU$4 ,:AT ! HUNT] IS EMPHASIZ+ IS ?AT IT WAS FELT IMPORTANT ?AT ?IS LOGIC DID NOT EXT5D TO BASIC NE$S LIKE FOOD4 

.<#a#i#e.> ,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#d#a#a-#a#b 7ALSO 9 ,GRAEB] #b#a3#a#g#e74 ,HIS NAME WAS ,TEI ,RE+A4 

.<#a#i#f.> ,= ONE FAM\S EXAMPLE3 ,*AGNON #a#i#i#f3#a#g-#g#f4 

.<#a#i#g.> ,SIMIL>LY1 TWO GR\PS MI<T =M AN ALLIANCE BY CONTRACT+ A 0JOK+ RELATION10 9 :I* ANY MEMB] ( ONE C\LD AT LEA/ 9 !ORY MAKE SIMIL> \TRAGE\S DEM&S ( ! O!R 7,HEB]T #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#i#h.> ,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 9 HIS FAM\S 0,ESSAY ON ! ,GIFT0 7#a#i#b#d71 (T5 DID1 & ! RESULTS HAVE SOMETIMES CONFUS$ DEBATE = G5]ATIONS TO COME4 

.<#a#i#i.> ,MAUSS #a#i#b#e1 ! ,GREEK S\RCE BE+ ,POSIDONIUS4 ,AS USUAL ONE DOES NOT KN[ H[ LIT]ALLY TO TAKE ?IS ACC\NT4 ,MAUSS ?\<T IT LIKELY ACCURATE2 ,I SUSPECT IT MI<T HAVE HAPP5$ ONCE OR TWICE4 

.<#b.> ,AS RETOLD BY ,WILLIAM ,IAN ,MILL] 7#a#i#i#c3#a#e-#a#f74 ,! FIR/ QUOTE IS DIRECTLY FROM ! ORIG9AL1 ,EGIL'S ,SAGA1 *APT] #g#h4 ,EGIL REMA9$ AMBIVAL5T AB\T ! %IELD3 HE LAT] TOOK IT TO A W$D+ P>TY & CONTRIV$ TO DROP IT 9TO A VAT ( S\R :EY4 ,AFT]W>DS1 CONCLUD+ IT WAS RU9$1 HE /RIPP$ IT = ITS RAW MAT]IALS4 

.<#b#a.> ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,WALLACE-,HADRILL #a#i#h#i4 

.<#b#b.> ,BLAXT] #a#i#g#a3#a#b#g-#b#h4 

.<#b#c.> ,ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/1 = 9/ANCE1 DEF9ES PATRON-CLI5T RELATIONS AS 0LONG-T]M CONTRACT$ RELATIONS 9 :I* ! CLI5T'S SUPPORT IS EX*ANG$ = ! PATRON'S PROTECTION2 !RE IS AN IDEOLOGY :I* IS MORALLY *>G$ & APPE>S TO RULE \T /RICT1 OP5 ACC\NT+1 BUT BO? P>TIES KEEP SOME TACIT R\< ACC\NT2 ! GOODS & S]VICES EX*ANG$ >E NOT SIMIL>1 & !RE IS NO IMPLICATION ( FAIR EX*ANGE OR BALANCE ( SATISFACTIONS1 S9CE ! CLI5T IS M>K$LY WEAK] 9 P[] & NE$S ! PATRON MORE ?AN HE IS NE$$ BY HIM0 7,LOIZOS #a#i#g#g3#a#a#e74 ,AGA91 IT BO? IS & ISN'T AN EX*ANGE1 IT'S BO? A MATT] ( ACC\NT+ & NOT A MATT] ( ACC\NT+4 

.<#b#d.> ,IT'S EXACTLY ! SAME IF ONE TAKES A JOB AT A D\<NUT %OP2 LEGALLY1 IT MU/ BE A FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 EQUALS1 EV5 IF 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO SAY ?IS WE HAVE TO MA9TA9 ! *>M+ LEGAL FICTION ?AT ONE ( !M IS AN IMAG9>Y P]SON NAM$ 0,KRISPY ,KREME40 

.<#b#e.> ,= 9/ANCE ! WORD 0%\LD10 9 ,5GLI%1 ORIG9ALLY D]IVES FROM ,G]MAN S*ULD1 MEAN+ 0GUILT1 FAULT1 DEBT40 ,B5V5I/E PROVIDES SIMIL> EXAMPLES FROM O!R ,9DO-,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 7#a#i#f#c3#e#h74 ,EA/ ,ASIAN LANGUAGES SU* AS ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE R>ELY CONFLATE ! ACTUAL WORDS1 BUT A SIMIL> ID5TIFICATION ( DEBT ) S91 %AME1 GUILT1 & FAULT CAN BE EASILY DOCUM5T$ 7,MALAM\D #a#i#h#h74 

.<#b#f.> ,PLUT>* ,MORALIA #cc ,B1 ALSO DISCUSS$ 9 ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a3#a#e#b1 ,MILLETT #a#i#i#aA3#d#b4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,/4 ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS MADE IT A MATT] ( ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9E ?AT S9S W]E 0DEBTS ( PUNI%M5T0 [$ TO ,GOD4 

.<#b#g.> ,?IS IS ONE REASON :Y IT'S SO EASY TO DRESS UP O!R SORTS ( RELATION%IPS AS DEBTS4 ,SAY ONE WI%ES TO HELP \T A FRI5D 9 DESP]ATE NE$ ( MONEY BUT DOESN'T WANT TO EMB>RASS H]4 ,USUALLY1 ! EASIE/ WAY TO DO IT IS TO PROVIDE ! MONEY & !N 9SI/ ?AT IT'S A LOAN 7& !N LET BO? P>TIES CONV5I5TLY =GET IT EV] HAPP5$74 ,OR ?9K ( ALL ! TIMES & PLACES :]E ! RI* ACQUIRE S]VANTS BY ADVANC+ :AT IS O/5SIBLY A LOAN4 

.<#b#h.> ,ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT SOME EQUIVAL5T ( 0PLEASE0 & 0?ANK Y\0 C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ANY HUMAN LANGUAGE1 IF ONE W]E DET]M9$ TO F9D !M1 BUT !N ! T]MS Y\ F9D >E (T5 US$ SO DIFF]5TLY--= 9/ANCE1 ONLY 9 RITUAL CONTEXTS1 OR TO HI]>*ICAL SUP]IORS--?AT IT'S H>D TO ATTA* MU* SIGNIFICANCE TO ! FACT4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT OV] ! LA/ C5TURY OR SO JU/ AB\T EV]Y HUMAN LANGUAGE ?AT IS US$ 9 (FICES OR TO MAKE TRANSACTIONS 9 %OPS HAS HAD TO CREATE T]MS ?AT DO FUNCTION AS AN EXACT EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,5GLI% 0PLEASE10 0?ANK Y\10 & 0Y\'RE WELCOME40 

.<#b#i.> ,9 ,SPANI% ONE FIR/ ASKS A FAVOR 7POR FAVOR71 & !N SAYS GRACIAS1 9 ORD] AFFIRM Y\ RECOGNIZE ONE HAS BE5 DONE = Y\1 S9CE IT D]IVES FROM ! ,LAT9 WORD GRATIA1 MEAN+ 09FLU5CE1 OR FAVOR40 0,APPRECIATE0 IS MORE MONET>Y3 IF Y\ SAY 0,I REALLY APPRECIATE Y\R DO+ ?AT = ME10 Y\ >E US+ A WORD ?AT D]IVES FROM ,LAT9 APPRETI>E1 0TO SET A PRICE40 

.<#b#a.> 0,Y\'RE WELCOME10 FIR/ DOCUM5T$ 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S TIME1 D]IVES FROM ,OLD ,5GLI% WILCUMA1 WIL BE+ 0PLEASURE0 & CUMA BE+ 0GUE/40 ,?IS IS :Y PEOPLE >E /ILL WELCOM$ 9TO A H\SE4 ,IT IS ?US LIKE 0BE MY GUE/10 IMPLY+ ?AT1 NO1 IF !RE IS AN OBLIGATION IT'S ON MY P>T1 AS ANY HO/ IS OBLIG$ TO BE G5]\S TO GUE/S1 & ?AT DISPAT*+ SU* OBLIGATIONS IS A PLEASURE 9 ITSELF4 ,/ILL1 IT'S SIGNIFICANT ?AT MORALI/S R>ELY *IDE ANYONE = FAILURE TO SAY 0Y\'RE WELCOME0--?AT ONE IS MU* MORE OPTIONAL4 

.<#b#a#a.> ,BOOK ,I4#a#b4 ,?IS & O!R QUOTES >E FROM ! #bf ,P5GU9 ,SCREE* TRANSLATION1 9 ?IS CASE1 P4 #h#f4 

.<#b#a#b.> ,COMP>E ! ,M$IEVAL ,>AB PHILOSOPH] ,IBN ,MISKAWAY3 0,! CR$ITOR DESIRES ! WELL-BE+ ( ! DEBTOR 9 ORD] TO GET HIS MONEY BACK RA!R ?AN BECAUSE ( HIS LOVE = HIM4 ,! DEBTOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 DOES NOT TAKE GREAT 9T]E/ 9 ! CR$ITOR40 79 ,HOSSE9I #b#c3#c#f74 

.<#b#a#c.> ,APPROPRIATE1 S9CE ,PANURGE'S 5TIRE DISC\RSE IS NO?+ BUT A COMICAL ELABORATION ( ,M>CELO ,FIC9O'S >GUM5T ?AT ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE IS DRIV5 BY ! P[] ( LOVE4 

.<#b#a#d.> ,FROM3 ,PET] ,C>LSON1 0,! ,RELATIVELY ,*>M$ ,LIFE ( ,NEIL ,BU%10 ,! ,WA%+TON ,PO/1 ,SUNDAY ,DECEMB] #b#h1 #b#c1 ,PAGE ,D#a4 

.<#b#a#e.> ,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#b4 

.<#b#a#f.> ,TO BE FAIR TO ,GRI]SON1 HE DOES LAT] SUGGE/ ?AT SLAV]Y PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ORIG9S ( MONEY--?\< HE NEV] SPECULATES AB\T ! G5D]1 :I* SEEMS SIGNIFICANT3 SLAVE GIRLS ALSO S]V$ AS ! HI<E/ D5OM9ATION ( CURR5CY 9 ,M$IEVAL ,ICEL& 7,WILLIAMS #a#i#c#g71 & 9 ! ,RIG ,V$A1 GREAT GIFTS & PAYM5TS >E REGUL>LY DESIGNAT$ 9 0GOLD1 CATTLE1 & SLAVE GIRLS0 7,*AKRAV>TI #a#i#h#e3#e#f-#e#g74 ,BY ! WAY1 ,I SAY 0Y\NG0 BECAUSE ELSE:]E1 :5 SLAVES >E US$ AS MONET>Y UNITS1 ! UNIT IS ASSUM$ TO BE A SLAVE AB\T #a#h-#b YE>S OLD4 ,A CUMAL WAS CONSID]$ ! EQUIVAL5T 9 VALUE ( ?REE MIL* C[S OR SIX HEIF]S4 

.<#b#a#g.> ,ON CUMAL SEE ,NOLAN #a#i#b#f1 ,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#b#d#g-#d#h1 ,G]RIETS #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#e1 ,PATT]SON #a#i#h#b3#a#f#h-#f#i1 ,KELLY #a#i#i#h3#a#a#b-#a#c4 ,MO/ M]ELY EMPHASIZE ?AT CUMAL W]E JU/ US$ AS UNITS ( ACC\NT & WE DON'T KN[ ANY?+ AB\T E>LI] PRACTICES4 ,IT'S NOTABLE1 ?\<1 ?AT 9 ! LAW CODES1 :5 SEV]AL DIFF]5T COMMODITIES >E US$ AS UNITS ( ACC\NT1 !Y WILL 9CLUDE ?AT C\NTRY'S MO/ SIGNIFICANT EXPORTS1 & TRADE CURR5CY 7?AT'S :Y 9 ,RUSSIAN CODES1 ! UNITS W]E FUR & SILV]74 ,?IS W\LD IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT TRADE 9 FEMALE SLAVES 9 ! P]IOD JU/ BE=E WRITT5 RECORDS4 

.<#b#a#h.> ,SO ,B5D] #a#i#i#f4 

.<#b#a#i.> ,H]E ,I AM DRAW+ ON ! DETAIL$ E?NOGRAPHIC SURVEY WORK ( ,ALA9 ,TE/>T 7#b1 #b#a1 #b#b74 ,TE/>T DOES A MAGNIFIC5T JOB SYN!SIZ+ ! EVID5CE1 ?\< HE TOO--AS WE'LL SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]--HAS SOME EQUALLY /RANGE BL9D SPOTS 9 HIS CONCLUSIONS4 

.<#b#b.> 0,AL?\< ! RHETORICAL PHRASE 'SELL+ ONE'S DAU<T] 9TO PRO/ITUTION' HAS WIDE CURR5CY 444 ! ACTUAL >RANGEM5T IS MORE (T5 PRES5T$ AS EI!R A LOAN TO ! FAMILY OR AN ADVANCE PAYM5T = ! GIRL'S 7USUALLY UNSPECIFI$ OR MISREPRES5T$7 S]VICES4 ,! 9T]E/ ON !SE 'LOANS' IS (T5 #a P]C5T1 & ! PR9CIPAL MAY BE 9CREAS$ BY O!R DEBTS--= LIV+ EXP5SES1 M$ICAL C>E1 BRIBES TO (FICIALS--ACCRU$ ONCE ! GIRL HAS BEGUN WORK0 7,BI%OP @& ,ROB9SON #a#i#i#h3#a#e74 

.<#b#b#a.> ,SO ,MI*AEL ,HUDSON 7CIT$ 9 ,WRAY #a#i#i#i71 BUT IT'S CLE> 5\< IF ONE LOOKS AT ! LANGUAGE ( ! ORIG9AL3 0,?\ %ALT NOT COVET ?Y NEI<BOR'S H\SE1 ?\ %ALT NOT COVET ?Y NEI<BOR'S WIFE1 NOR HIS MANS]VANT1 NOR HIS MAIDS]VANT1 NOR HIS OX1 NOR HIS ASS1 NOR ANY ?+ ?AT IS ?Y NEI<BOR'S0 7,EXODUS #b3#a#g1 ,DEUT]ONOMY #e3#b#a74 

.<#b#b#b.> ,WAMPUM IS A GOOD EXAMPLE3 ,9DIANS NEV] SEEM TO HAVE US$ IT TO BUY ?+S FROM O!R MEMB]S ( ! SAME COMMUNITY1 AL?\< IT WAS REGUL>LY US$ 9 CONDUCT+ TRADE ) SETTL]S 7SEE ,GRAEB] #b#a3#a#a#g-#a#e74 ,O!RS1 LIKE ,YUROK %ELL MONEY OR SOME ,PAPUAN CURR5CIES1 >E WIDELY US$ AS CURR5CIES 9 ADDITION TO !IR SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 BUT ! FIR/ SEEMS TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! SECOND4 

.<#b#b#c.> ,! MO/ IMPORTANT TEXTS ON ! 0BRIDEPRICE DEBATE03 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#c#a1 ,RAGLAN #a#i#c#a1 ,GRAY #a#i#f#h1 ,COM>(F #a#i#h1 ,VAL]I #a#i#i#d4 ,ONE REASON :Y ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ TO *ANGE ! NAME FROM 0BRIDEPRICE0 TO 0BRIDEWEAL?0 BECAUSE ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS HAD 9 #aibf \TLAW$ ! PRACTICE AS A =M ( SLAV]Y 7,GUY] #a#i#i#d74 

.<#b#b#d.> ,ON ,TIV K9%IP & ECONOMY3 ,DUGGAN #a#i#c#b2 ,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c2 ,D[NES #a#i#c#c2 ,AKIGA #a#i#c#i2 ,L4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#b2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#e1 #a#i#e#g1 #a#i#e#i2 ,P4 @& ,L4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#c1 #a#i#f#h1 ,TSEAYO #a#i#g#e2 ,KEIL #a#i#g#i4 

.<#b#b#e.> ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#a#f = A GOOD ANALYSIS ( H[ ?IS C\LD HAPP54 ,= A LAT] COMP>ATIVE REANALYSIS 9 REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE1 SEE ,F>DON #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#h#e4 

.<#b#b#f.> ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN PUTS IT3 0,! KEM RELATION%IP ( DEBT BETWE5 A MAN & HIS WIFE'S GU>DIAN IS NEV] BROK51 BECAUSE KEM IS P]PETUAL1 ! DEBT CAN NEV] BE FULLY PAID40 7#a#i#e#g3#g#c47 ,O!RWISE ! ACC\NT IS FROM ,AKIGA 7#a#i#c#i3#a#b#f-#a#b#g74 

.<#b#b#g.> ,ROSPABE #a#i#i#c3#c#e4 

.<#b#b#h.> ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d3#a#e#c4 

.<#b#b#i.> ,AS ! E?NOGRAPH] PUTS IT1 0?AT !Y >E ACCEPT+ ! CATTLE ONLY 9 ORD] TO HONOR HIM & NOT BECAUSE !Y >E READY TO TAKE CATTLE = ! LIFE ( !IR DEAD K9SMAN40 7#a#i#d3#a#e#c7 

.<#b#c.> ,OP CIT #a#e#d-#a#e#e4 

.<#b#c#a.> ,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#c#c#b4 ,MORGAN1 A LAWY] BY TRA9+1 IS US+ A TE*NICAL T]M H]E1 0CONDONATION10 :I* ! ,OX=D ,5GLI% ,DICTION>Y DEF9ES AS 0! VOLUNT>Y OV]LOOK+ ( AN (F5SE40 

.<#b#c#b.> ,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#c#c#c4 ,! BASEL9E WAS FIVE FA?OMS = A MAN1 T5 = A WOMAN1 BUT O!R FACTORS MI<T 9T]V5E 7,T4 ,SMI? #a#i#h#c3#b#c#f2 ,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#c#c#a-#c#d2 ,P>K] #a#i#b#f74 ,ON 0M\RN+ W>S0 SEE ,RI*T] #a#i#h#c2 ! EXPRESSION 0PUTT+ HIS NAME UPON ! MAT0 IS FROM ,F5TON #a#i#g#h3#c#a#e4 ,9CID5TALLY ,I AM ASSUM+ IT'S A MAN :O DIES1 S9CE !SE >E ! EXAMPLES 9 ! S\RCES4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> IF ! SAME WAS DONE = WOM5 :O DI$ NATURALLY4 

.<#b#c#c.> ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d3#a#e#e1 #a#i#e#a3#a#i-#a#a2 ,H[ELL #a#i#e#d3#g#a-#h1 ,G\< #a#i#g#a1 ,HUT*9SON #a#i#i#f3#f#b1 #a#g#e-#g#f4 

.<#b#c#d.> ,ROSPABE #a#i#i#e3#d#g-#d#h1 CIT+ ,PET]S #a#i#d#g4 

.<#b#c#e.> ,ON M\RN+ W>3 ,RI*T] #a#i#h#c4 ,9T]E/+LY1 SOME?+ SIMIL> OCCURR$ AMONG ! ,NAMBIKW>A4 ,I M5TION$ 9 *APT] #c ?AT ! FEA/S HELD AFT] B>T] C\LD LEAD TO S$UCTIONS & JEAL\S MURD]S2 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS ADDS ?AT ! ORD9>Y WAY ( RESOLV+ SU* MURD]S IS = ! KILL] TO M>RY ! VICTIM'S WIFE1 ADOPT HIS *ILDR51 & ?US1 EFFECTIVELY1 BECOME ! P]SON ! VICTIM US$ TO BE 7#a#i#d#c3#a#b#c74 

.<#b#c#f.> ,?\< PEOPLE DID USE !M TO COMMISSION C]TA9 FANCY CRAFT GOODS 7SAY1 MUSICAL 9/RUM5TS7 FROM SPECIALI/S 9 O!R VILLAGES 7#a#i#f#c3#e#d-#e#e74 

.<#b#c#g.> ,D\GLAS #a#i#e#h3 #a#a#b2 ALSO #a#i#h#b3#d#c4 

.<#b#c#h.> ,D\GLAS 7#a#i#f#c3#e#h7 E/IMATES ?AT A SUCCESSFUL MAN WILL HAVE SP5T AT M9IMUM #c RAFFIA CLO?S 9 PAYM5TS1 & GIV5 AWAY AT LEA/ #c MORE AS GIFTS1 BY ! TIME HE REA*$ FULL SOCIAL MATURITY4 

.<#b#c#i.> ,AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S (T5 NOTE1 ! FACT ?AT ONE TRACES DESC5T ?R\< ! FEMALE L9E DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT WOM5 !MSELVES HAVE A LOT ( P[]4 ,IT CAN2 IT DID AMONG ! ,IROQUOIS1 & IT DOES AMONG ,M9ANGKABAU RI<T N[4 ,BUT IT DOESN'T NECESS>ILY4 

.<#b#d.> ,D\GLAS #a#i#f#c3#a#d#d-#d#e1 :I* IS AN ADOPTION ( #a#i#f3#c-#d4 

.<#b#d#a.> ,%E WAS 9 FACT A CONS]VATIVE ,CA?OLIC1 M>RI$ A ,TORY ECONOMI/1 & T5D$ TO LOOK ) DISDA9 ON ALL LIB]AL CONC]NS4 

.<#b#d#b.> ,AS IF TO HAMM] ?IS HOME1 A MAN WAS ACTUALLY CONSID]$ TO BE [$ A LIFE-DEBT = FA!R+ FEMALE *ILDR5 7,D\GLAS #a#i#f#c3#a#a#e7--?AT C\LD ONLY BE PAID BY ALL[+ HIM TO TAKE ONE ( HIS [N DAU<T]S' DAU<T]S AS A PAWN4 ,?IS ONLY MAKES S5SE IF WE ASSUME A PR9CIPLE ?AT ONLY M5 CAN BE [$ A LIFE1 & !RE=E1 9 ! CASE ( WOM51 ! CREATION ( LIFE WAS ASSUM$ TO BE GIV5 FREE4 ,M51 AS NOT$1 C\LD BE PAWNS & MANY W]E1 BUT !Y W]E NEV] TRAD$4 

.<#b#d#c.> ,D\GLAS #a#i#f#f3#a#e4 

.<#b#d#d.> ,ON 0VILLAGE-WIVES10 SEE P>TICUL>LY ,D\GLAS #a#i#e#a1 ALSO #a#i#f#c3#a#b#h-#d4 

.<#b#d#e.> ,D\GLAS #a#i#f#c3#g#f2 COMP>E #a#i#e#a3#a#a4 ,! AU?OR IS CLE>LY SIMPLY REPEAT+ H] 9=MANTS' EXPLANATION = ! CU/OM3 ! ,LELE DIDN'T 0HAVE TO0 MAKE SU* AN >RANGEM5T2 9 FACT1 MO/ ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES DID NOT4 

.<#b#d#f.> ,SOME VILLAGE WIVES W]E LIT]ALLY PR9CESSES1 S9CE *IEFS' DAU<T]S 9V>IABLY *OSE TO M>RY AGE-SETS 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! DAU<T]S ( *IEFS W]E ALL[$ TO HAVE SEX ) ANYONE !Y WANT$1 REG>DLESS ( AGE-SET1 & ALSO HAD ! RI<T TO REFUSE SEX1 :I* ORD9>Y VILLAGE WIVES DID NOT4 ,PR9CESSES ( ?IS SORT W]E R>E3 !RE W]E ONLY ?REE *IEFS 9 ALL ,LELE T]RITORY4 ,D\GLAS E/IMATES ?AT ! NUMB] ( ,LELE WOM5 :O BECAME VILLAGE WIVES1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS AB\T #a P]C5T 7#a#i#e#a74 

.<#b#d#g.> ,= 9/ANCE3 #a#i#f3#d1 #a#i#f#c3#a#d#e-#d#f1 #a#f#h-#g#c1 #a#i#f#d3#c#c4 ,OBVI\SLY1 M5 C\LD SOMETIMES PUT A GREAT DEAL ( PHYSICAL PRESSURE ON WOM51 AT LEA/1 IF EV]YONE ELSE AGRE$ !Y HAD A MORAL RI<T TO DO SO1 BUT EV5 H]E ,D\GLAS EMPHASIZES MO/ WOM5 HAD A GOOD DEAL ( ROOM = MANEUV]4 

.<#b#d#h.> ,ON PEACEFULNESS1 P>TICUL>LY1 #a#i#f#c3#g-#g#a4 

.<#b#d#i.> #a#i#f#c3#a#g4 

.<#b#e.> #a#i#f#c3#a#g#a4 

.<#b#e#a.> ,CO/ ( SLAVES3 #a#i#f#c3#c#f1 #a#i#h#b3#d#f-#d#g4 

.<#b#e#b.> ,P>TLY1 ?\<1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE ! MA9 PURPOSE ( MALE SLAVES WAS TO BE SACRIFIC$ AT IMPORTANT M5'S FUN]ALS 7#a#i#f#c3#c#f74 

.<#b#e#c.> ,SEE ,GRAEB] #b#a1 *APT] #d4 ,! GREAT EXCEPTION MI<T SEEM TO BE ! CATTLE MONEY ( ! ,NU]1 & SIMIL> PA/ORAL PEOPLES4 ,YET EV5 !SE W]E >GUABLY ADORNM5T ( ! P]SON ( A SORT4 

.<#b#e#d.> ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3 #a#b#a1 #a#e#h-#f4 

.<#b#e#e.> ,SO TOO :5 ,TIV PRACTIC$ M>RIAGE BY CAPTURE3 ,AKIGA ,SAI 7#a#i#c#i3#a#c#g-#d#a74 

.<#b#e#f.> ,H]E ,I'M DRAW+ ON ! CLASSIC 0SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE0 ANALYSIS BY ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#e#e1 #a#i#e#i71 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ,DORW>D 7#a#i#g#f7 & ,GUY] 7#b#d3#b#g-#c#a74 

.<#b#e#g.> ,SO ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#b#d#a2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#e3#f#f1 ,P4 @& ,L4 ,BOHANNNAN #a#i#f#h3#b#c#c1 #b#c#e4 ,AS *>ISMA 9 G5]AL3 ,EA/ 9 ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#b#c#f1 ,D[NES #a#i#g#a3#b#i4 

.<#b#e#h.> ,SEE ,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c3#b#f2 ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#b#d#f2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#h3#c2 ,D[NES #a#i#g#a3#b#g4 

.<#b#e#i.> ,ON WIT*ES 9 G5]AL3 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#g3#a#h#g-#h#h1 #a#i#e#h2 ,D[NES #a#i#g#a3 #c#b-#b#e4 ,ON FLE% DEBTS 7OR IKIP9DI73 ,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c3#h#a-#h#d2 ,D[NES #a#i#g#a3#c#f-#d4 

.<#b#f.> ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#b#e#g4 

.<#b#f#a.> ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#b#f4 

.<#b#f#b.> ,FOLL[+ H]E ,WILSON #a#i#e#a4 

.<#b#f#c.> ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#e#h3#d7 MAKES A SIMIL> BUT NOT ID5TICAL >GUM5T4 

.<#b#f#d.> ,TIV MIGRATION /ORIES 7E4G4 ,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c3#a#g-#b#f2 ,AKIGA @& ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#d2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#d7 DO NOT EXPLICITLY SAY ?IS1 BUT !Y C\LD EASILY BE READ ?IS WAY4 ,AKIGA'S /ORY 7#a#i#c#i3#a#c#g7 AB\T ,TIV MIGRANTS PA9T+ :AT LOOK$ LIKE SORES ON !IR WOM5'S BODIES SO RAID]S W\LD NOT TAKE !M IS P>TICUL>LY SUGGE/IVE4 ,DESPITE !IR LACK ( GOV]NM5T1 ,TIV DID HAVE A NOTORI\SLY EFFECTIVE W> ORGANIZATION1 & AS ,ABRAHAMS NOTES 7#a#i#c#c3#a#i71 MANAG$ TO SUCCESSFULLY PLAY ! ,FULANI & ,JUKUN AGA9/ EA* O!R BY 9T]V5+ 9 !IR [N W>S ) EA* O!R4 

.<#b#f#e.> ,SOME ( !SE RAIDS W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,= A :ILE1 IT W\LD APPE>1 ! NE>BY ,JUKUN K+DOM1 :I* MADE SEV]AL ULTIMATELY UNSUCCESSFUL EF=TS TO 9CORPORATE ! ,TIV 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 APPE> TO HAVE BE5 SELL+ ,TIV CAPTIVES TO SLAVE DEAL]S OP]AT+ ON ! COA/ 7,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c3#a#i2 ,CURT9 #a#i#f#e3#b#e#e1 #b#i#h2 ,LA?AM #a#i#g#c3#b#i2 ,TAMBO #a#i#g#f3 #b#a-#c47 ,IT'S D\BTLESS SIGNIFICANT H]E ?AT MANY ,TIV 9SI/$ 9 ! #a#i#cS ?AT ! ,JUKUN W]E !MSELVES CANNIBALS1 & ?AT ! ORIG9S ( ! MBATSAV 0ORGANIZATION0 LAY 9 C]TA9 *IEFLY TITLES ?AT ,TIV ACQUIR$ FROM !M :5 !Y F9ALLY CAME TO A POLITICAL RAPPRO*EM5T 7,ABRAHAM #a#i#c#c3#c#c-#c#e74 

.<#b#f#f.> ,JONES #a#i#e#h2 ,LA?AM #a#i#g#a2 ,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h3#a#e#g-#f#d2 ,H]B]T #b#c3#a#i#f4 ,! FAM\S ,M$IEVAL ,>AB TRAVEL] ,IBN ,BATTUTA1 :O WE'VE ALREADY MET AT ! C\RT ( ! ,K+ ( ,S+H 9 *APT] #b1 SAW PEOPLE US+ !M AS MONEY 9 ! ,NIG] REGION1 NOT F> AWAY1 9 ! #a#c#dS4 

.<#b#f#g.> ,H]B]T 7#b#c3#a#h#a7 E/IMATES ?AT ,EUROPEANS IMPORT$ AB\T #b1 TONS ( ,5GLI% BRASS & COPP] 9TO ,AFRICA BETWE5 #afii & #a#h#f#e4 ,IT WAS MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,BRI/OL1 ,*EADLE1 & ,BIRM+HAM4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY WAS EX*ANG$ = SLAVES 

.<#b#f#h.> ,I BASE ?IS NUMB] ON ! FACT ?AT #a#e#b1#g#f SLAVES >E KN[N TO HAVE BE5 EXPORT$ FROM ! ,BI<T ( ,BIAFRA AS A :OLE 9 ?OSE YE>S 7,ELTIS1 ,BEHR5T1 ,RI*>DSON @& ,KLE9 #b74 ,! SLAVE TRADE AT ,OLD ,CALAB> LA/$ R\<LY FROM #afe TO #a#h#d#a1 DUR+ :I* TIME ! PORT WAS BY F> ! L>GE/ 9 ! ,BI<T1 & ! EXPORTS FROM ! ,BI<T ITSELF DUR+ ITS HEI<T REPRES5T AB\T #b P]C5T ( ALL ,AFRICA 7,LOVEJOY @& ,RI*>DSON #a#i#i#i3#c#c#g74 

.<#b#f#i.> ,%]IDAN #a#i#e#h1 ,PRICE #a#i#h1 #a#i#h#i1 #a#i#i#a4 

.<#b#g.> ,A L>G] V>IETY ( BEADS4 

.<#b#g#a.> ,B>BOT 9 ,TALBOT #aibf ,I3 #a#h#e-#a#h#f4 

.<#b#g#b.> ,9KORI 7#a#i#h#b7 DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,BRITI% %IPS DOCK+ 9 ,OLD ,CALAB> BR\<T ON AV]AGE #d MUSKETS EA*1 & ?AT BETWE5 #ageg & #a#h#f1 ! TOTAL NUMB] IMPORT$ 9TO ! ,CALAB>-,CAM]OONS REGION WAS #b#b1#i#h#f4 ,RUM & O!R LIQUOR WAS1 H[EV]1 A V]Y M9OR IMPORT4 

.<#b#g#c.> ,ONE COMMON EXP$I5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY YE>S1 WAS = M]*ANTS TO >RIVE AT VILLAGE M>KETS ) CANOES FULL ( W>ES1 EX*ANGE !M = SLAVES1 & !N1 IF !Y DIDN'T COME UP TO QUOTA1 WAIT UNTIL NI<TFALL & SIMPLY ATTACK HOME/EADS ALONG ! RIV]1 C>RY+ (F ANYONE !Y C\LD F9D 7,CL>KSON 9 ,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h3#f#f1 ALSO CIT$ 9 ,NOAH #a#i#i3#i#d47 

.<#b#g#d.> ,! EXI/+ S*OL>LY LIT]ATURE IS ( LITTLE HELP 9 RECON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( H[ ONE =M WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! O!R1 S9CE !RE >E ONLY WORKS TREAT+ PAWN%IP EI!R AS A MATT] ( K9%IP 7E4G41 ,D\GLAS #a#i#f#d1 ,F>DON #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#h#f71 OR ( COMM]CE 7E4G41 ,FALOLA @& ,LOVEJOY #a#i#i#d71 BUT NEV] COMP>+ ! TWO4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANY BASIC QUE/IONS REMA9 UNASK$4 ,FALOLA & ,LOVEJOY1 = 9/ANCE1 SUGGE/ ?AT PAWNS' LABOR FUNCTIONS AS 9T]E/1 BUT ! BOOK CONTA9S NO 9=MATION ON :E!R 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS EV5 EXI/$ 9 ! P>TS ( ,AFRICA :]E PAWN%IP WAS PRACTIC$4 

.<#b#g#e.> ,IT'S ALSO CLE> ?AT ?IS SORT ( PAWN%IP MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM SOME?+ LIKE ! ,LELE 9/ITUTION4 ,MANY ( ! RULES >E ! SAME3 = 9/ANCE1 MU* AS AMONG ! ,LELE1 IF A GIRL WAS PL$G$1 ! CR$ITOR (T5 HAD ! OPTION ( M>RY+ H] :5 %E REA*$ MATURITY1 ?US CANCEL+ ! DEBT4 

.<#b#g#f.> ,LOVEJOY @& ,RI*>DSON #a#i#i#i3#c#d#i-#e#a2 #b#a4 

.<#b#g#g.> ,EQUIANO #a#g#h#i3#f-#a#c4 

.<#b#g#h.> ,O!RS 9CLUD$ ! ,AKUNAKUNA1 & ! ,EFIK1 :O W]E BAS$ 9 ,CALAB> ITSELF4 ,! ,>O W]E ,IGBO-SPEAK]S1 & ! REGION A PAT*WORK ( SPEAK]S ( ,IGBO & ,IBIBIO LANGUAGES4 

.<#b#g#i.> ,ON ! ,>O 9 G5]AL1 SEE ,JONES #a#i#c#i2 ,OTT5B]G #a#i#e#h2 ,AFIGBO #a#i#g#a2 ,EKEJIUBA #a#i#g#b2 ,ISI*EI #a#i#g#f2 ,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h2 ,DIKE @& ,EKEJIUBA #a#i#i2 ,NWAUWA #a#i#i#a4 

.<#b#h.> ,DIKE & ,EKEJIUBA 7#a#i#i3#a#e7 E/IMATE ?AT #g P]C5T ( ! SLAVES SOLD TO ,EUROPEANS 9 ! ,BI<T ( ,BIAFRA CAME FROM ! ,>O4 ,MO/ ( ! RE/ CAME FROM ! O!R M]*ANT SOCIETIES4 

.<#b#h#a.> ,ONE TW5TIE?-C5TURY ELD] RECALL$1 0A WOMAN :O COMMIT$ ADULT]Y W\LD BE SOLD BY H] HUSB& & ! HUSB& KEPT ! MONEY4 ,?IEVES W]E SOLD1 & ! MONEY W5T TO ! ELD]S :OSE RESPONSIBILITY IT WAS TO MAKE ! DECISION40 7,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h3 #f#i7 

.<#b#h#b.> ,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h3#g#c 

.<#b#h#c.> ,ON ,EKPE AS DEBT 5=CEM5T 9 ,CALAB> ITSELF3 ,JONES #a#i#f#h1 ,LA?AM #a#i#g#c3#c#e-#d#a1 ,LOVEJOY @& ,RI*>DSON #a#i#i#i3#c#d#g-#d#i4 ,ON ! SPREAD ( ,EKPE TO ,>O*UKWE & ?R\<\T ! REGION3 ,RUEL #a#i#f#i3#b#e-#b#e#h1 ,NOR?RUP #a#i#g#h3#a#i-#a#a1 ,NWAKA #a#i#g#h1 ,OTT5B]G @& ,KNUDSON #a#i#h#e4 ,NWAKA 7#a#i#g#h3#a#h#h7 WRITES3 0,! ,EKPE SOCIETY1 ! MO/ WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,CROSS ,RIV] >EA1 =M$ ! BASIS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,IT P]=M$ EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS 9 >EAS :]E IT OP]AT$4 ,?R\< ! AG5CY ( ITS MEMB]S1 PUNI%M5TS W]E ADM9I/]$ TO PUBLIC (F5D]S1 CU/OMS 5=C$ & ! AU?ORITY ( ! ELD]S UPHELD4 ,EKPE LAWS TO SOME EXT5T REGULAT$ ! LIVES ( MO/ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY 9 SU* MATT]S AS ! CLEAN+ ( T[NS & /REETS1 COLLECTION ( DEBTS & O!R MEASURES ( PUBLIC B5EFIT40 

.<#b#h#d.> ,LA?AM #a#i#f#c3#c#h4 

.<#b#h#e.> ,TAK5 FROM ,WALK] #a#h#g#e3#a#b 

.<#b#h#f.> ,OTT5B]G @& ,OTT5B]G #a#i#f#b3#a#b#d4 

.<#b#h#g.> ,P>TRIDGE #a#i#e3#g#b4 

.<#b#h#h.> ,IF ONE W]E SEEK+ A PAWN1 ONE C\LDN'T SIMPLY TAKE A R&OM *ILD FROM A NEI<BOR+ VILLAGE1 AS HIS OR H] P>5TS W\LD QUICKLY TRACK ! *ILD D[N4 

.<#b#h#i.> ,9 ,LOVEJOY @& ,RI*>DSON #b#a3#g#d4 ,= A P>ALLEL CASE 9 ,<ANA1 SEE ,GETZ #b#c3#h#e4 

.<#b#i.> ,REM>KABLY1 ,AKIGA ,SAI 7#a#i#c#i3#c#g#i-#h7 9SI/S ?AT1 AMONG ! ,TIV1 ?IS WAS ! ORIG9 ( SLAV]Y3 ! SEIZ+ ( HO/AGES FROM ! SAME L9EAGE AS SOMEONE :O REFUS$ TO PAY A DEBT4 ,SAY1 HE SAYS1 ! DEBTOR /ILL REFUSES TO PAY4 ,!Y WILL KEEP !IR HO/AGE FETT]$ = A :ILE1 !N1 F9ALLY1 SELL !M 9 ANO!R C\NTRY4 0,?IS IS ! ORIG9 ( SLAV]Y40 

.<#b#i#a.> ,SO ,H>RIS #a#i#g#b3#a#b#h WRIT+ ( ANO!R ,CROSS ,RIV] DI/RICT1 ,IKOM3 ONE ( ! MAJOR SUPPLI]S ( SLAVES = ,CALAB>4 ,!RE1 %E NOTES1 DEBTORS W]E (T5 OBLIG$ TO PAWN !MSELVES :5 MAT]NAL & PAT]NAL K9 9T]V5$ TO PREV5T !M FROM SELL+ (F ANY MORE ( !IR RELATIVES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !Y W]E F9ALLY 5SLAV$ & S5T TO ,CALAB>4 

.<#b#i#b.> ,WE DO NOT KN[ :AT PROPORTION4 ,K+ ,EYO ,I,I TOLD A ,BRITI% MISSION>Y ?AT SLAVES 0W]E SOLD = DIFF]5T REASONS--SOME AS PRISON]S ( W>1 SOME = DEBT1 SOME = BREAK+ !IR C\NTRY'S LAWS & SOME BY GREAT M5 :O HAT$ !M0 79 ,NOAH #a#i#i3#i#e74 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT DEBT WAS NOT 9SIGNIFICANT1 ESPECIALLY S9CE AS ,PI] ,L>SON 7#b3#a#h7 NOTES1 ALL S\RCES AT ! TIME W\LD LI/ 0W>10 S9CE IT WAS CONSID]$ ! MO/ LEGITIMATE4 ,COMP>E ,NOR?RUP 7#a#i#g#h3#g#f-#h74 

.<#b#i#c.> ,REID #a#i#h#c3#h 

.<#b#i#d.> OP CIT4 

.<#b#i#e.> ,REID #a#i#h#c3#a 

.<#b#i#f.> ,VICK]S 7#a#i#i#f7 PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T HI/ORY ( ,BALI'S IMAGE 9 ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC IMAG9ATION1 FROM 0SAVAGE ,BALI0 TO T]RE/RIAL P>ADISE4 

.<#b#i#g.> ,GE]TZ @& ,GE]TZ #a#i#g#e2 ,BOON #a#i#g#g3#a#b#a-#b#d4 ,BELO 7#a#i#c#f3#b#f7 CITES 9=MANTS 9 ! #a#i#bS ?AT 9SI/$ ?AT M>RIAGE BY CAPTURE WAS A FAIRLY REC5T 9NOVATION1 :I* EM]G$ FROM GANGS ( Y\NG M5 /EAL+ WOM5 FROM 5EMY VILLAGES &1 (T51 DEM&+ ?AT !IR FA!RS PAY MONEY TO GET !M BACK4 

.<#b#i#h.> ,BOON #a#i#g#g3#g#d 

.<#b#i#i.> ,COV>RUBIAS 7#a#i#c#g3#a#b7 NOTES ?AT AS E>LY AS #a#f#a#i1 ,BAL9ESE WOM5 W]E 9 GREAT DEM& 9 SLAVE M>KETS 9 ,REUNION4 

.<#c.> ,BOON #a#i#g#g3#b#h1 VAN D] ,KRAAN #a#i#h#c1 ,WI5] #a#i#i#e3#b#g 

.<#c#a.> ,VICK]S #a#i#i#f3#f#a4 ,I NE$ ONLY REM>K ?AT ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON ,BALI1 MO/ NOTABLY ,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ'S FAM\S ESSAY ON ! ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T AS 0DEEP PLAY0 7#a#i#g#c71 A SPACE :]E ,BAL9ESE PEOPLE CAN EXPRESS !IR 9N] DEMONS & TELL /ORIES AB\T !MSELVES1 OR HIS CONCEPTION ( PRE-COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS AS 0!AT] /ATES0 7#a#i#h7 :OSE POLITICS C5T]$ >\ND GA!R+ ! RES\RCES TO CREATE MAGNIFIC5T RITUALS1 MI<T WELL BE RE?\<T 9 ! LI<T ( ALL ( ?IS4 ,!RE IS A PECULI> BL9DNESS 9 ?IS LIT]ATURE4 ,EV5 ,BOON1 AFT] ! ABOVE QUOTE AB\T M5 HID+ !IR DAU<T]S1 PROCE$S ON ! V]Y NEXT PAGE 7#a#i#g#g3#g#e7 TO REF] TO ?AT GOV]NM5T'S 0SUBJECTS0 AS REALLY JU/ A 0SLI<TLY TAX$ AUDI5CE = ITS RITUALS10 AS IF ! LIKELY PROSPECT ( ! RAPE1 MURD] & 5SLAVEM5T ( ONE'S *ILDR5 DIDN'T REALLY MATT]1 OR1 ANYWAY1 WAS NOT ( EXPLICITLY POLITICAL IMPORT4 

.<#c#b.> ,ALL ?IS IS MEANT 9 P>T AS A CRITIQUE ( ,L\IS ,DUMONT'S >GUM5TS 7#a#i#i#b7 ?AT ! ONLY TRULY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES >E MOD]N ONES1 & EV5 ?OSE ONLY BY DEFAULT3 S9CE !IR ULTIMATE VALUE IS 9DIVIDUALISM1 & S9CE EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS VALUABLE ABOVE ALL = ! DEGREE TO :I* HE OR %E IS UNIQUE1 !RE CAN BE NO BASIS = SAY+ ?AT ANYONE IS 9TR9SICALLY SUP]IOR TO ANYBODY ELSE4 ,ONE CAN HAVE ! SAME EFFECT )\T ANY DOCTR9E ( 0,WE/]N 9DIVIDUALISM0 AT ALL4 ,! 5TIRE CONCEPT ( 09DIVIDUALISM0 NE$S TO BE S]I\SLY RE?\<T4 

.<#c#c.> ,BEATTIE #a#i#f3 #f#a4 

.<#c#d.> ,TRUE1 9 MANY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 P5ALTIES >E GIV5 TO M5 :O BEAT !IR WIVES EXCESSIVELY4 ,BUT AGA91 ! ASSUMPTION IS ?AT SOME SU* BEHAVIOR IS AT LEA/ P> = ! C\RSE4 

.<#c#e.> ,ON *>IV>I1 SEE = 9/ANCE ,DAVIS #a#i#g#e1 ,D>NTON #a#i#h#d4 ,KEI? ,?OMAS 7#a#i#g#b3#f#c71 :O CITES ?IS V]Y ,NYORO /ORY 9 AN ACC\NT ( ,5GLI% VILLAGES ( ?AT TIME1 REC\NTS A :OLE S]IES ( SOCIAL SANCTIONS1 SU* AS DUNK+ ! 0VILLAGE SCOLD10 ?AT SEEM ALMO/ 5TIRELY AIM$ AT ! VIOL5T CONTROL ( WOM51 BUT ODDLY1 HE CLAIMS ?AT *>IV>I W]E DIRECT$ AT M5 :O BEAT !IR WIVES1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ALL O!R S\RCES SAY ! OPPOSITE4 

.<#c#f.> ,NOT QUITE ALL4 ,AGA91 ONE MI<T CITE ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY ( ! SAME P]IOD AS AN EXAMPLE3 IT WAS 9 MANY S5SES A MATRI>*Y1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! EV]YDAY H\SEHOLD LEVEL1 & WOM5 W]E NOT EX*ANG$4 

.<#c#g.> ,TAK5 FROM ,TRAWICK #b3#a#h#e1 FIGURE #a#a4 

.<#c#h.> ,! DIAGRAM IS REPRODUC$ FROM ,P4 ,BOHANNAN #a#i#e#g3#h#g4 

.<#c#i.> ,AKIGA ,SAI #a#i#c#i3#a#f#a4 

.<#c#a.> ,SO TOO AMONG ! ,LELE1 :]E ,M>Y ,D\GLAS 7#a#i#f#c3#a#c#a7 REM>KS ?AT IT WAS CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE TO :IP A VILLAGE WIFE = REFUS+ WORK OR SEX1 BUT ?IS WAS NO REFLECTION ON H] /ATUS1 S9CE ! SAME WAS TRUE ( ,LELE WIVES M>RI$ TO JU/ ONE MAN1 TOO4 

.<#c#a#a.> HTTP4SUM]IANORG_/PROT-SUM4HTM1 FROM A 0,PROTO-,SUM]IAN DICTION>Y0 

.<#c#a#b.> ,FLOR5TIUS 9 ,JU/9IAN'S ,9/ITUTES 7#a4#e4#d4#a74 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT :5 ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO JU/IFY SLAV]Y1 />T+ ) ,>I/OTLE1 !Y G5]ALLY FOCUS NOT ON ! 9/ITUTION1 :I* IS NOT 9 ITSELF JU/IFIABLE1 BUT ON ! 9F]IOR QUALITIES ( SOME E?NIC GR\P BE+ 5SLAV$4 

.<#c#a#c.> ,ELWAHID #a#i#c#a4 ,CL>5CE-,SMI? 7#b#h3#a#gN#e#f7 NOTES ?AT AL-,WAHID'S BOOK ITSELF EM]G$ FROM )9 LIVELY DEBATES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ AB\T ! ROLE ( SLAV]Y 9 ,ISLAM ?AT HAD BE5 GO+ ON AT LEA/ S9CE ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

.<#c#a#d.> ,ELWAHID #a#i#c#a3 #a#a-#a1 & PASSIM4 ,AN ANALOG\S LI/ APPE>S 9 ,PATT]SON #a#i#h#b3#a#e4 

.<#c#a#e.> ,! SALE ( *ILDR5 WAS ALWAYS FELT TO BE A SIGN ( ECONOMIC & MORAL BREAKD[N2 EV5 LAT] ,ROMAN EMP]ORS LIKE ,DIOCLETIAN1 NOTES AL-,WAHID1 SUPPORT$ *>ITIES AIM$ TO PROVIDE RELIEF = POOR FAMILIES EXPLICITLY SO !Y W\LD NOT HAVE TO RESORT TO ?+S LIKE ?IS 7,ELWAH$ #a#i#c#a3 #h#i-#i#a74 

.<#c#a#f.> ,MITAMURA #a#i#g4 

.<#c#a#g.> ,DEBT SLAV]Y1 HE NOTES1 WAS PRACTIC$ 9 E>LY ,ROMAN HI/ORY1 BUT ?IS IS BECAUSE ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( ! TWELVE TABLETS1 9SOLV5T DEBTORS C\LD ACTUALLY BE KILL$4 ,9 MO/ PLACES1 :]E ?IS WAS NOT POSSIBLE1 DEBTORS W]E NOT FULLY 5SLAV$ BY R$UC$ TO PAWNS OR PEONS 7SEE ,TE/>T #b1 #b#b1 = A FULL EXPLANATION ( ! DIFF]5T POSSIBILITIES74 

.<#c#a#h.> ,AL-,WAHID CITES EXAMPLES FROM ,A!NAEUS ( ,GREEK PATI5TS :O (F]$ !MSELVES AS SLAVES TO DOCTORS :O HAD SAV$ !IR LIVES 7OP CIT3#b#c#d7 

.<#c#a#i.> ,ULPIAN IS PRECISE3 0,9 EV]Y BRAN* ( ! LAW1 A P]SON :O FAILS TO RETURN FROM 5EMY H&S IS REG>D$ AS HAV+ DI$ AT ! MOM5T :5 HE WAS CAPTUR$40 7,DIGE/ #d#i4#a#e4#a#h7 ,! ,LEX ,CORNELIA ( #h#d-#h#a BC SPECIFIES ! NE$ = REM>RIAGE4 

.<#c#b.> ,MEILLASS\X #a#i#i#f3#a#f 

.<#c#b#a.> ,PATT]SON #a#i#h#b4 0,SLAV]Y10 AS HE DEF9ES IT1 0IS ! P]MAN5T1 VIOL5T DOM9ATION ( NATALLY ALI5AT$ & G5]ALLY DI%ONOR$ P]SONS40 7#a#i#h#b3#a#c7 

.<#c#b#b.> ,HE QUOTES ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS H]E TO GREAT EFFECT3 0,A MAN )\T =CE IS )\T ! ESS5TIAL DIGNITY ( HUMANITY4 ,HUMAN NATURE IS SO CON/ITUT$ ?AT IT CANNOT HONOR A HELPLESS MAN1 AL?\< IT CAN PITY HIM2 & EV5 ?AT IT CANNOT DO LONG1 IF ! SIGNS ( P[] DO NOT >ISE40 79 ,PATT]SON #a#i#h#b3#a#c7 

.<#c#b#c.> ,PRESUMABLY AN HONORABLE WOMAN AS WELL1 ?\< 9 ! CASE ( WOM51 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! QUE/ION BECAME 9EXTRICABLY CAU<T UP 9 QUE/IONS ( FIDELITY & *A/ITY4 

.<#c#b#d.> ,PAUL ,H\LM 79 ,DUFFY1 ,MAC,%AMHRA9 & ,MOYNES #b#e3#d#c#a47 ,TRUE1 ! BALANCE ( TRADE SEEMS TO HAVE %IFT$ BACK & =?2 AT SOME P]IODS ,IRI% %IPS W]E RAID+ ,5GLI% %ORES1 & AFT] #h AD ! ,VIK+S C>RI$ (F ?\S&S1 BRIEFLY MAK+ ,DUBL9 ! L>GE/ SLAVE M>KET 9 ,EUROPE4 ,/ILL1 BY ?IS TIME1 CUMALS DO NOT APPE> TO ANY LONG] HAVE BE5 US$ AS ACTUAL CURR5CY4 ,!RE >E SOME P>ALLELS H]E ) ,AFRICA1 :]E 9 C]TA9 TIMES & PLACES AFFECT$ BY ! TRADE1 DEBTS W]E TALLI$ UP 9 SLAVES AS WELL 7,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#a#e#c74 

.<#c#b#e.> ,/4 ,PATRICK1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,IRI% *UR*1 WAS ONE ( ! FEW ( ! E>LY ,*UR* ,FA!RS :O WAS OV]TLY & UNCONDITIONALLY OPPOS$ TO SLAV]Y4 

.<#c#b#f.> ,DOH]TY #a#i#h3#g#h-#h#c4 

.<#c#b#g.> ,G]RIETS #a#i#g#h3#a#b#h1 #a#i#h#a3#a#g#a-#g#b1 #a#i#h#e3#c#c#h4 ,?IS WAS 9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/1 9CID5TALLY1 TO ,WEL% LAWS FROM ONLY TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES LAT]1 :]E ! PRICES ( ALL SU* OBJECTS >E FA/IDI\SLY SPECIFI$ 7,ELLIS #a#i#b#f3#c#g#i-#h#a74 ,! LI/ ( ITEMS 9CID5TALLY IS A R&OM SELECTION FROM ! ,WEL% CODES4 

.<#c#b#h.> ,DOH]TY #a#i#h3#g#c-#g#d 

.<#c#b#i.> ,?IS WAS TRUE 9 ,IRI% & 9 ,WEL%1 & APP>5TLY1 O!R ,CELTIC LANGUAGES AS WELL4 ,*>LES-,$W>DS 7#a#i#g#h3#a#c1 #a#i#i#c3#e#e#e7 ACTUALLY TRANSLATES 0HONOR PRICE0 AS 0FACE VALUE40 

.<#c#c.> ,! ONE EXCEPTION BE+ AN E>LY ECCLESIA/ICAL TEXT3 ,E9ZIG #a#i#d#i3#b#d#g-#d#h1 ,G]RIETS #a#i#g#h3#g#a4 

.<#c#c#a.> ,! MA9 S\RCE ON ! MONET>Y SY/EM IS ,G]RIETS 7#a#i#g#h71 A DISS]TATION ?AT UN=TUNATELY WAS NEV] PUBLI%$ AS A BOOK4 ,A TABLE ( /&>D RATES ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 CUMAL1 C[S1 SILV]1 ETC1 >E ALSO TO BE F\ND 9 ,*>LES-,$W>DS #a#i#i#c3#d#g#h-#h#e4 

.<#c#c#b.> ,G]RIETS #a#i#g#h3#e#c4 

.<#c#c#c.> ,IF Y\ HAD L5T A MAN Y\R HORSE OR SWORD & HE DIDN'T RETURN IT 9 TIME = A BATTLE1 CAUS+ LOSS ( FACE1 OR EV5 IF A MONK L5T HIS C[L TO ANO!R MONK :O DIDN'T RETURN IT 9 TIME1 CAUS+ HIM NOT TO HAVE PROP] ATTIRE = AN IMPORTANT SYNOD1 HE C\LD DEM& HIS HONOR PRICE 7,F]GUS #a#i#h#h3#a#a#h74 

.<#c#c#d.> ,! HONOR PRICE ( ,WEL% K+S WAS F> HI<] 7,ELLIS #a#i#b#f3#a#d#d74 

.<#c#c#e.> ,PROV9CIAL K+S1 :O RANK$ HI<]1 HAD AN HONOR PRICE ( #ad CUMALS1 & 9 !ORY !RE WAS A HI< K+ AT ,T>A :O RUL$ ALL ,IREL&1 BUT ! POSITION WAS (T5 VACANT OR CONTE/$ 7,BYRNE #a#i#g#c74 

.<#c#c#f.> ,ALL ( ?IS IS A SIMPLIFICATION ( :AT'S 9 FACT AN 5DLESSLY COMPLICAT$ SY/EM1 & SOME PO9TS1 ESPECIALLY CONC]N+ M>RIAGE1 ( :I* !RE >E SEV]AL V>IETIES1 ) DIFF]5T 9TEGRATIONS ( BRIDEPRICE & D[RY1 REMA9 OBSCURE4 ,9 ! CASE ( CLI5TS1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE W]E TWO 9ITIAL PAYM5TS BY ! LORD1 ! HONOR PRICE BE+ ONE ( !M2 ) 0FREE CLI5TS10 H[EV]1 ! HONOR PRICE WAS NOT PAID & ! CLI5T WAS NOT R$UC$ TO S]VILE /ATUS1 7,SEE ,KELLY #aihh = ! BE/ G5]AL SUMM>Y47 

.<#c#c#g.> ,DIMETIAN ,CODE ,I,I4#b#d4#a#b 7,H[EL #b#f3#e#e#i74 ,A SIMIL> P5ALTY IS SPECIFI$ = ! KILL+ ( PUBLIC (FICIALS FROM C]TA9 DI/RICTS 7,ELLIS #a#i#b#f3#c#f#b74 

.<#c#c#h.> 0,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT GOODS !MSELVES C\LD BE ASSIGN$ PRICES4 ,?AT IS1 :ILE ,IRI% MONEYS C\LD QUANTIFY ! /ATUS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 !Y W]E NOT US$ TO QUANTIFY ! VALUE ( GOODS40 7,G]RIETS #a#i#h#e3#c#c#h74 

.<#c#c#i.> ,SUTTON #b#d3#c#g#d4 

.<#c#d.> ,GALLANT #b4 ,ONE MI<T ALSO CONSID] H]E ! PHRASE 0AFFAIR ( HONOR10 OR = ?AT MATT]1 0HONOR KILL+0--:I* ALSO MAKE CLE> ?AT SU* S5TIM5TS >E H>DLY CONF9$ TO RURAL ,GREECE4 

.<#c#d#a.> ,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD JU/ AS EASILY TURN ! QUE/ION >\ND1 & ASK3 ,:Y IS IT SO 9SULT+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT A MAN'S SI/] IS TRAD+ SEX = MONEY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,?IS ONE REASON ,I SAY ?AT CONCEPTS ( HONOR /ILL %APE \R P]CEPTIONS 9 WAYS WE'RE NOT AW>E (--!RE >E PL5TY ( PLACES 9 ! WORLD :]E ! SUGGE/ION ?AT A MAN'S WIFE IS TRAD+ SEX = PR(IT1 OR ?AT HIS SI/] IS 5GAG$ ) MULTIPLE P>TN]S1 IS MORE LIKELY TO BE GREET$ ) BEMUS$ GOOD HUMOR ?AN ) MURD]\S RAGE4 ,WE'VE ALREADY SE5 EXAMPLES 9 ! ,GUNW+GU & ! ,LELE4 

.<#c#d#b.> ,OBVI\SLY ,I AM DI/+UI%+ ! T]M H]E FROM ! BROAD] S5SE ( PATRI>*Y US$ 9 MU* FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE1 ( ANY SOCIAL SY/EM BAS$ ON MALE SUBORD9ATION ( WOM54 ,CLE>LY ! ORIG9S ( PATRI>*Y 9 ?IS BROAD] S5SE MU/ BE S\<T 9 A MU* E>LI] P]IOD ( HI/ORY 9 BO? ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,NE> ,EA/4 

.<#c#d#c.> ,! 0,SEMITIC 9FILTRATION0 MODEL IS ALREADY TO BE F\ND 9 SU* CLASSIC S\RCES AS ,SAGGS 7#a#i#f#b74 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! PATT]N SEEMS TO BE ONE ( P]IODIC URBAN CRISIS1 ! NE>-BREAKD[N ( RIV]9E SOCIETY BE+ FOLL[$ BY REVIVAL1 APP>5TLY AFT] ! ADV5T ( A NEW WAVE ( ,SEMITIC PA/ORALI/S 7,ADAMS ET AL4 #a#i#g#d74 

.<#c#d#d.> ,ROHRLI* #aih IS A COMPELL+ EXAMPLE4 

.<#c#d#e.> ,?IS IS ( C\RSE A VA/ SIMPLIFICATION ( A !SIS MA9LY ID5TIFI$ ) ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,JACK ,GOODY 7#a#i#g#f1 #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#i74 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLE IS ?AT D[RY IS NOT SO MU* A PAYM5T BY ! BRIDE'S FA!R 7IT MI<T COME EQUALLY FROM BO? SIDES7 BUT A K9D ( PREMATURE 9H]ITANCE4 ,GOODY HAS HAD V]Y LITTLE TO SAY AB\T ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ?\<1 & ?AT LITTLE 7#a#i#i3#c#a#e-#a#g7 FOCUSES ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON UPP]-CLASS PRACTICE4 

.<#c#d#f.> ,WILCKE #a#i#h#e1 ,WE/BROOK #a#i#h#h1 ,GRE5GUS #a#i#i1 ,/OL #a#i#i#e3#a#b#e-#b#g4 ,= ,M>I3 ,LAFONT #a#i#h#g2 = ,OLD ,BABYLONIAN PRACTICE3 ,GRE5GUS #a#i#f#f1 #a#i#f#i2 = ,NUZI1 ,GROSZ #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#i4 

.<#c#d#g.> ,\R BE/ S\RCES >E FROM ! CITY ( ,NUZI C#a#e BC1 ?\< ,NUZI WAS ATYPICAL 9 C]TA9 WAYS1 MA9LY DUE TO ,HURRIAN 9FLU5CE4 ,!RE1 M>RIAGE PAYM5TS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 MADE 9 /AGES1 = 9/ANCE1 AT ! BIR? ( A FIR/ *ILD 7,GROSZ #a#i#h#a3#a#g#f7--A PATT]N FAMILI> TO AN?ROPOLOGI/S FROM ,MELANESIA1 ,AFRICA1 & NUM]\S O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

.<#c#d#h.> ,F9KEL/E9 #a#i#f#f1 ,V],/EEG #b3#a#b#a1 #a#e#cN#i#a4 ,A FA!R C\LD CLAIM MONET>Y DAMAGES AGA9/ SOMEONE :O FALSELY CLAIM$ ?AT HIS DAU<T] WAS NOT A VIRG91 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE IT W\LD L[] ! BRIDE-PRICE 7,COOP] #b#b3#a#a74 

.<#c#d#i.> ,BOTT]O #a#i#i#b3#a#a#c4 

.<#c#e.> ,/OL #a#i#i#e3#a#b#f4 

.<#c#e#a.> ,C>DASCIA #aiei ON 0MATRIMONIAL ADOPTION0 7ALSO ,M5DELSOHN #a#i#d#i3#h-#a#b1 ,GRE5GUS #a#i#g#e74 ,DUR+ TIMES ( FAM9E1 SOMETIMES EV5 ! BRIDEPRICE WAS DISP5S$ )1 & A />V+ FAMILY MI<T TURN OV] !IR DAU<T] TO A RI* H\SEHOLD 9 EX*ANGE = A PROMISE TO KEEP H] ALIVE4 

.<#c#e#b.> ,EVANS-,PRI*>D #a#i#c#a1 ,RAGLAN #a#i#c#a4 ,IT'S A LITTLE IRONIC ?AT ! DEBATE WAS OCCURR+ 9 ,5GL&1 S9CE ?IS WAS ONE ( ! FEW PLACES :]E IT WAS1 TE*NICALLY1 LEGAL TO SELL OR EV5 AUCTION (F ONE'S WIFE 7,M5EFEE #a#i#h#a2 ,/ONE #a#i#i3#a#d#c-#d#h2 SEE ,PATEMAN #a#i#h#h74 ,/ONE NOTES ?AT :ILE PUBLIC 0WIFE-SALES0 9 ,5GLI% VILLAGES W]E APP>5TLY REALLY PRE>RANG$ DIVORCES1 0! DETAILS ( ! RITUAL W]E DESIGN$ TO EMPHASIZE ! F9AL NATURE ( ! TRANSF] ( PROP]TY1 BY IMITAT+ AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE ! SALE ( A C[ OR A %EEP4 ,A HALT] WAS US$ TO LEAD ! WIFE FROM H] HOME TO ! M>KET1 & FROM ! M>KET TO ! H\SE ( H] PUR*AS]40 7#a#i#i3#a#d#e7 ,! PRACTICE1 CONF9$ TO ! POPUL> CLASSES1 CAUS$ A SC&AL :5 DOCUM5T$ 9 ,H>DY'S ,MAYOR ( ,CA/]BRIDGE1 BUT IT WAS ONLY COMPLETELY AB&ON$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 

.<#c#e#c.> ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a3#a#e#c-#e#e2 ,/I5KELL] #b#c2 ,MI]OOP #b#e3#b#g-#b#h4 ,MI]OOP NOTES ?AT ! E>LIE/ SU* CONTRACT IS DOCUM5T$ FROM TW5TY-FIR/-C5TURY ,BABYLONIA4 ,?IS IS AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE = ! E>LY HI/ORY ( WAGE LABOR4 ,AS ,I'VE WRITT5 ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #b#f3#f#f-#f#i2 #b#g3#i#a-#i#d71 WAGE-LABOR CONTRACTS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD W]E PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( ! R5TAL ( SLAVES--A PRACTICE ?AT 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA IS FIR/ DOCUM5T$ ONLY 9 NEO-,BABYLONIAN TIMES 7,OPP5HEIM #a#i#f#d3#g#h1 ,V],/EEG #b3#g-#g#a2 = AN ,EGYPTIAN P>ALLEL ,V],/EEG #b#b3#a#i#g74 

.<#c#e#d.> ,! 5TIRE ISSUE HAS BE5 COMPLICAT$ BY ,H]ODOTUS' CLAIM 7#a4#a#i#i7 ?AT ALL ,BABYLONIAN WOM5 O!R ?AN DAU<T]S ( ! ELITE W]E EXPECT$ TO PRO/ITUTE !MSELVES AT TEMPLES1 ONCE1 TO E>N ! MONEY = !IR D[RIES4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY FALSE1 BUT IT HAS CAUS$ ! T]MS ( DEBATE TO BECOME RA!R CONFUS$ BETWE5 PEOPLE 9SI/+ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( 0HI]ODULES0 OR EV5 CLAIM+ ?AT ALL PRO/ITUTION WAS EFFECTIVELY SACR$ 7E4G41 ,KRAM] #a#i#f#i1 ,LAMB]T #a#i#i#b7 & ?OSE REJECT+ ! 5TIRE NOTION AS ,ORI5TALI/ FANTASY 7,>NAUD #a#i#g#c1 ,WE/5HOLZ #a#i#h#i1 ,BE>D @& ,H5D]SON #a#i#i#g1 ,ASSANTE #b#c74 ,H[EV]1 REC5TLY PUBLI%$ TEXTS FROM ,KI% & ,SIPP> MAKE CLE> ?AT SEXUAL RITUALS 9VOLV+ TEMPLE WOM51 AT LEA/ SOME ( :OM W]E PAID = !IR S]VICES1 DEF9ITELY DID TAKE PLACE 7,GALL]Y #a#i#h2 ,Y(FEE #a#i#i#h2 ,/OL #a#i#i#e3#a#c#h-#c#i7 ,! DEVADASI ANALOGY 9CID5TALLY WAS FIR/ TO MY KN[L$GE PROPOS$ 9 ,Y(FEE #a#i#i#h3#c#c#f4 ,ON DEVADASIS 9 G5]AL3 ,ORR #b1 ,JORDAN #b#c1 ,VIJAISRI #b#d4 

.<#c#e#e.> ,KRAM] #a#i#f#c3#a#a#f1 ,BAHRANI #b#a3 #e#i-#f4 

.<#c#e#f.> ,A SIMIL> READ+ CAN BE F\ND 9 ,BOTT]O #a#i#i#b3#i#f1 BUT )\T ! AMBIVAL5CE1 :I* ,L]N] 7#a#i#h3#b#d#g7 EMPHASIZES4 

.<#c#e#g.> ,SEE ,L]N] #a#i#h1 ,VAN ,D] ,TOORN #a#i#h#i1 ,LAMB]T #a#i#i#b4 

.<#c#e#h.> ,ALSO1 9 MANY PLACES1 SMALL-SCALE FEMALE TRAD]S >E LIK5$ TO OR CONFUS$ ) PRO/ITUTES1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE MULTIPLE ONGO+ RELATION%IPS ) UNRELAT$ M5 7= A CONTEMPOR>Y ,KAZAKH EXAMPLE3 ,NAZP>Y #b#a7--& ! ROLES CAN SOMETIMES OV]LAP4 

.<#c#e#i.> ,DIAKON(F 7#a#i#h#b74 ,LOOSE B&S ( PA/ORAL NOMADS OR REFUGEES1 :O ALSO SOMETIMES D\BL$ AS SOLDI]S1 W]E (T5 REF]R$ TO G5]ICALLY AS HAPIRU OR HABIRU1 BO? 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & TO ! ,WE/4 ,?IS MI<T BE ! ORIG9 ( ! T]M 0,HEBREW10 ANO!R GR\P ?AT ACCORD+ TO !IR [N HI/ORIES HAD FL$ FROM BONDAGE1 W&]$ ) !IR FLOCKS 9 ! DES]T1 & EV5TUALLY DESC5D$ AS CONQU]ORS ON URBAN SOCIETY4 

.<#c#f.> ,H]ODOTUS #a4#a#i#i1 ALSO ,/RABO #a#f4#a4#b4 

.<#c#f#a.> ,REVELATIONS #a#g4#d-#e4 ,REVELATIONS SEEMS TO FOLL[ ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! FOLL[]S ( ,PET] MORE ?AN ?OSE ( ,PAUL4 ,I OBS]VE 9 PASS+ ?AT ,RA/AF>IANISM1 ! MA9 PROPHETIC VOICE TODAY ?AT MAKES USE ( ! IMAGE ( ,BABYLON AS CORRUPTION & OPPRESSION--?\< IT DOES T5D TO PLAY D[N ! IMAG]Y ( SEXUAL CORRUPTION--HAS 9 PRACTICE BE5 V]Y MU* AB\T ! REASS]TION ( PATRI>*AL AU?ORITY AMONG ! POOR4 

.<#c#f#b.> #a#i#h3#b#d#i-#e#d2 #a#i#h#i3#a#b#c-#d4 ,! MA9 TEXTUAL S\RCE IS ,DRIV] @& ,MILES #a#i#c#e2 ALSO ,C>DASCIA #a#i#f#i4 

.<#c#f#c.> ,9 ,SUM]IAN W$D+S1 A BRIDE'S FA!R W\LD COV] H] ) A VEIL1 & ! GROOM W\LD REMOVE IT--IT WAS BY ?IS ACT ?AT HE MADE H] HIS WIFE 7,/OL #a#i#i#e3#a#b#h74 ,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS DEMON/RATE ! DEGREE TO :I* ! VEIL WAS A SYMBOL ( 5COMPASSM5T 9 SOME MAN'S DOME/IC AU?ORITY2 IT MI<T ALSO HAVE BE5 ! S\RCE FROM :I* ! LAT] ,ASSYRIAN PRACTICE WAS EV5TUALLY ADOPT$4 

.<#c#f#d.> ,MY TAKE ON ,CONFUCIANISM FOLL[S ,D5G'S 7#a#i#i#i7 SOME:AT UNCONV5TIONAL APPROA*4 ,SEE ,WATSON #aih ON ! COMMODITIZATION ( WOM52 ,GATES #aihi ON ITS RELATION TO G5]AL DECL9E ( WOM5'S FRE$OMS DUR+ ! ,SONG2 !RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ANO!R MAJOR SETBACK DUR+ ! ,M+ DYNA/Y--= A REC5T OV]VIEW1 ,KO1 ,HAB\%1 & ,PIGGOTT 7#b#c74 ,TE/>T 7#b1 #b#a3#a#d#h-#d#i1 #a#i7 EMPHASIZES ?AT ! CASE ( ,*9A CONFIRMS HIS 0G5]AL SOCIOLOGICAL LAW10 ?AT SOCIETIES ?AT PRACTICE BRIDEPRICE WILL ALSO ALL[ DEBT SLAV]Y 7,TE/>T1 ,LECRIVA91 ,K>ADIMAS @& ,GOVOR(F #b#a71 S9CE ?IS WAS A PLACE :]E ! GOV]NM5T VA9LY TRI$ TO /OP BO?4 ,ANO!R ASPECT ( ,CONFUCIANISM WAS ?AT MALE SLAV]Y WAS SE5 AS MU* MORE DUBI\S ?AN FEMALE SLAV]Y2 ?\< IT NEV] W5T AS F> AS 9 ,KOREA1 :]E AFT] ! 9VASION ( ,HIDEYO%I1 A LAW WAS PASS$ DECREE+ ?AT ONLY WOM5 C\LD BE 5SLAV$4 

.<#c#f#e.> ,TAMBIAH 7#a#i#g#c1 #a#i#h#i7 WAS ! FIR/ TO MAKE :AT IS N[ ! /&>D CRITIQUE ( ,GOODY'S >GUM5T4 ,GOODY PREF]S TO SEE !SE AS 9DIRECT D[RY PAYM5TS S9CE !Y W]E NORMALLY PASS$ TO ! FAMILY 7#a#i#i3#a#g#h-#i#g74 

.<#c#f#f.> ,ON ,HOM]IC HONOR3 ,F9LEY #a#i#e#d3#a#a#h-#a#i1 ,ADK9S #a#i#g#b3#a#d-#a#f ,SEA=D #a#i#i#d3#f-#g4 ,CATTLE >E AGA9 ! MA9 UNIT ( ACC\NT1 & SILV]4 ,IS ALSO APP>5TLY US$ ,AS ,CLASSICI/S HAVE NOT$1 ! ONLY ACTUAL ACTS ( BUY+ & SELL+ 9 ! ,HOM]IC EPICS >E ) =EIGN]S 7,VON ,R$5 #a#i#i#e3#e#h-#g#f1 ,SEA=D #b#d3#b#f-#c1 ,F9LEY #a#i#e#d3#f#g-#g74 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,HOM]IC SOCIETY LACK$ ! LEGALI/IC PRECISION ( ! ,IRI% NOTION ( 0HONOR PRICE0 BUT ! PR9CIPLES W]E BROADLY ! SAME1 S9CE TIME C\LD MEAN NOT ONLY 0HONOR0 BUT 0P5ALTY0 & 0COMP5SATION40 

.<#c#f#g.> ,TIME IS NOT US$ = ! 0PRICE0 ( COMMODITIES 9 ! ,ILIAD OR ! ,ODYSSEY1 BUT !N PRICES ( COMMODITIES >E B>ELY M5TION$4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 US$ = 0COMP5SATION10 9 ! S5SE ( W]GELD OR HONOR-PRICE 7,SEA=D #b#d3#a#i#hN#d#f74 ,! FIR/ ATTE/$ USE ( TIME AS PUR*ASE PRICE IS 9 ! SLI<TLY LAT] ,HOM]IC ,HYMN TO ,DEMET] 7#a#c#b7 :]E1 AS ,SEA=D NOTES1 IT SEEMS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 FACT IT REF]S TO A SLAVE4 

.<#c#f#h.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,A!NIANS #b4#b4 ,HE IS REF]R+ TO ! GREAT CRISIS LEAD+ TO ,SOLON'S RE=MS1 ! FAM\S 0%AK+ (F ( BURD5S0 ( C4 #eid BC4 

.<#c#f#i.> ,GREEK *ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS 9 FACT MU* MORE EXTREME ?AN ANY?+ ?AT APPE>S TO HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! ANCI5T ,NE> ,EA/ AT ! TIME 7SEE E4G41 ,WE/]MANN #a#i#e#e2 ,F9LEY #a#i#g#d1 #a#i#h#a2 ,WI$EMANN #a#i#h#a2 ,D&AMAEV #a#i#h#d2 ,WE/BROOK #a#i#i#e71 NOT ONLY BECAUSE MO/ ,NE> ,EA/]N 0SLAVES0 W]E NOT TE*NICALLY SLAVES AT ALL BUT R$EEMABLE DEBT PAWNS1 :O !RE=E AT LEA/ 9 !ORY C\LD NOT BE >BITR>ILY ABUS$1 BUT BECAUSE EV5 ?OSE :O W]E ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD GREAT] RI<TS4 

.<#c#g.> 0,SELF-SUFFICI5CY IS AN 5D & :AT IS BE/0 7,>I/OTLE ,POLITICS #a#b#e#f-#e#h2 SEE ,F9LEY #a#i#g#d3#a#i-#a#a1 ,VEYNE #a#i#g#i1 = CLASSIC DISCUSSIONS ( :AT ?IS MEANT 9 PRACTICE47 

.<#c#g#a.> ,! >GUM5T H]E FOLL[S ,KURKE #b#b4 ,ON ! PUBLIC BRO!LS1 SEE ,HALP]9 #a#i#i1 ,KURKE #a#i#i#f4 ,!RE ACTUALLY W]E ,TEMPLE PRO/ITUTES 9 ,GREECE TOO1 MO/LY FAM\SLY 9 ,COR9?1 :]E ,/RABO 7#h4#f4#b7 CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,TEMPLE ( ,APHRODITE [N$ A ?\S& ( !M1 APP>5TLY1 SLAVES :O HAD BE5 D$ICAT$ TO ! TEMPLE BY PI\S WOR%IP]S4 

.<#c#g#b.> ,AS NOT$ 9 ! QUOTE FROM ,DAVID ,SUTTON 7#b#d7 ABOVE4 ,= A SAMPL+ ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON HONOR 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,GREEK SOCIETY1 SEE3 ,CAMPBELL #a#i#f#d1 ,P]I/IANY #a#i#f#e1 ,S*NEID] #a#i#g#a1 ,H]ZFELD #a#i#h1 #a#i#h#e1 ,JU/ #b#a4 

.<#c#g#c.> ,ON ! IMPROPRIETY ( WOM5'S WORK \TSIDE ! H\SEHOLD1 SEE ,BROCK #a#i#i#d4 ,ON SEGREGATION ( WOM5 9 G5]AL3 ,KEULS #a#i#h#e1 ,COH5 #a#i#h#g1 ,JU/ #a#i#h#i1 ,LORAUX #a#i#i#c4 

.<#c#g#d.> ,! EVID5CE IS OV]:ELM+1 BUT UNTIL REC5TLY HAS BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,LLEWELLYN-,JONES 7#b#c7 NOTES ?AT ! PRACTICE BEGAN AS AN >I/OCRATIC AFFECTATION1 BUT ?AT BY ! FIF? C5TURY1 ALL RESPECTABLE WOM5 0W]E VEIL$ DAILY & R\T9ELY1 AT LEA/ 9 PUBLIC OR 9 FRONT ( NON-RELAT$ M50 7IBID3#a#d74 

.<#c#g#e.> VAN ,R$5 #a#i#i#g3#a#g#d1 REF]5C+ ,H]ODOTUS #g4#b#c#c1 ,PLUT>*'S ,P]ICLES1 #b#f4#d4 

.<#c#g#f.> ,A WOMAN :O ONE ( !M1 ,A*ILLES1 HAD P]SONALLY R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y4 ,BRISEIS WAS FROM ! ,TROJAN T[N ( ,LYRNESSUS1 & AFT] ,A*ILLES KILL$ H] HUSB& & ?REE BRO!RS 9 ! ,GREEK ATTACK ON ! T[N1 %E WAS AW>D$ TO HIM AS A PRIZE4 7,ON LE>N+ ( ?IS1 H] FA!R LAT] HANG$ HIMSELF47 ,9 ! ,ILIAD1 ,A*ILLES 9SI/S HE LOVES H]4 ,BRISEIS' OP9IONS W]E NOT CONSID]$ WOR? RECORD+1 ?\< LAT] POETS1 UNCOM=TABLE ) ! IDEA ?AT ! GREATE/ EPIC ( ANTIQUITY WAS A CELEBRATION ( SIMPLE RAPE1 CONCOCT$ A /ORY :]EBY ,BRISEIS HAD ACTUALLY LONG BE5 9 LOVE ) ,A*ILLES FROM AF>1 & SOMEH[ MANIPULAT$ ! C\RSE ( EV5TS SO AS TO CAUSE ! BATTLE TO BEG9 )4 

.<#c#g#g.> ,HOM]IC W>RIORS W]5'T REALLY >I/OCRATS AT ALL1 OR IF !Y W]E1 AS ,CALH\N PUTS IT 7#a#i#c#d3#c#h7 !Y W]E >I/OCRATS 0ONLY 9 ! LOOSE/ S5SE ( ! WORD40 ,MO/LY !Y W]E JU/ A COLLECTION ( LOCAL *IEFTA9S & AMBITI\S W>RIORS4 

.<#c#g#h.> ,SEE ,KURKE #a#i#i#g3#a#a#b-#a#c1 #a#i#i#i3#a#i#g-#i#h = ,GREEK ELABORATIONS ON ! !ME4 ,SO TOO ,SEA=D3 0,:]EAS ! ,HOM]IC GIFT IS 9VE/$ ) ! P]SONALITY ( ITS H]OIC DONOR1 ! ONLY K9D ( P]SON ?AT MONEY RESEMBLES IS ! PRO/ITUTE4 ,= ,%AKESPE>E IT IS '! COMMON :ORE ( ALL MANK9D' 0 7#b#b3#a#e#f1 EMPHASIS 9 ! ORIG9AL4 ,= :AT IT'S WOR?1 ,SEA=D IS SLI<TLY (F H]E3 ,%AKESPE>E DESCRIB$ ! E>? AS ! 0COMMON :ORE ( ALL MANK9D10 :OSE WOMB PRODUCES GOLD1 :I* IS MONEY .<,TIMON ( ,A!NS #d4#c4#d#b-#d#e.>47 

.<#c#g#i.> ,SEA=D #bb 9 HIS REVIEW ( ,KURKE NOTES ?AT ,GREEK S\RCES REGUL>LY GO BACK & =? ON ?IS4 

.<#c#h.> ,9 ! ,ODYSSEY 7#a#a4#d#h#h-#i#a71 FAM\SLY1 ,A*ILLES1 :5 TRY+ TO 9VOKE ! L[E/ & MO/ MIS]ABLE P]SON HE CAN POSSIBLY IMAG9E1 9VOKES NOT A SLAVE BUT A !TE1 A M]E LABOR] UNATTA*$ TO ANY H\SEHOLD4 

.<#c#h#a.> ,FREE PORNE W]E ALWAYS ! DAU<T]S ( =EIGN]S OR RESID5T ALI5S4 ,SO1 9CID5TALLY1 W]E ! >I/OCRATS' C\RTESANS4 

.<#c#h#b.> ,! READ] WILL OBS]VE ?AT EV5 9 ! ANECDOTES ?AT FOLL[1 WOM5 SIMPLY DON'T APPE>4 ,WE HAVE NO IDEA :O ,POLEM>*US' WIFE WAS4 

.<#c#h#c.> ,RECALL H]E ?AT P$]A/Y WAS TE*NICALLY AGA9/ ! LAW4 ,OR1 TO BE MORE EXACT1 = A MAN TO SUBMIT TO ! PASSIVE ROLE 9 SODOMY WAS ILLEGAL2 ONE C\LD BE /RIPP$ ( ONE'S CITIZ5%IP = HAV+ DONE SO4 ,:ILE MO/ ADULT M5 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 LOVE AFFAIRS ) BOYS1 & MO/ BOYS ) M51 ALL DID SO UND] ! PRET5SE ?AT NO 9T]C\RSE WAS ACTUALLY TAK+ PLACE2 AS A RESULT1 ALMO/ ANYONE C\LD BE ACCUS$ ( =M] IMPROPRIETY4 ,! MO/ FAM\S CASE H]E IS ,AES*9ES' ,AGA9/ ,TIM>*US 7SEE VAN ,R$5 #b#c3#a#b-#b#c1 ALSO ,DILLON #b#c3#a#a#g-#b#h47 ,EXACTLY ! SAME DILEMMAS RESURFACE 9 ,ROME1 :]E ,CIC]O1 = 9/ANCE1 ACCUS$ HIS RIVAL ,M>C ,ANTONY ( HAV+ ONCE MADE HIS LIV+ AS A MALE PRO/ITUTE 7,PHILIPPICS #b4#d#d-#d#e71 & ,OCTAVIAN1 ! LAT] ,AUGU/US1 WAS WIDELY REPUT$ TO HAVE 0PRO/ITUT$0 HIMSELF1 AS A Y\?1 TO ,JULIUS ,CES>1 AMONG O!R P[]FUL PATRONS 7,SUETONIUS ,AUGU/US #f#h74 

.<#c#h#d.> ,! MO/ FAM\S CASES W]E ,A!NS1 ,COR9?1 & ,MEG>A 7,A%]I #a#i#f#i2 ,/4 ,CROIX #a#i#h#a2 ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a3#a#e#f-#e#g47 

.<#c#h#e.> ,! LAW WAS CALL$ ! PAL9TOKIA & IS KN[N MA9LY FROM ,PLUT>* 7,MORALIA #b#i#e,D1 APP>5TLY DRAW+ ON A LO/ ,>I/OTELIAN ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,MEG>IANS47 ,ALMO/ EV]Y?+ AB\T IT IS AT ISSUE 9 CURR5T S*OL>%IP 7,A%]I #a#i#f#i3#a#d-#a#f2 ,FIGU]IA #a#i#h#e3#a#d#i-#e#f1 ,MILLETTT #a#i#h#i3 #b#a-#b#b2 ,HUDSON #a#i#i#b3#c#a2 ,BRYANT #a#i#i#d3#a-#d#d74 ,HUDSON = 9/ANCE >GUES ?AT S9CE ! EV5T IS SAID TO HAVE HAPP5$ >\ND #$ BC1 AT A TIME :5 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS MI<T NOT EV5 HAVE EXI/$1 ! :OLE /ORY IS LIKELY TO BE LAT] PROPAG&A4 ,O!RS SUGGE/ ?AT IT REALLY HAPP5$ MU* LAT]4 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ ?AT ALL ,GREEK S\RCES TREAT ?IS AS A MO/ RADICAL & \TRAGE\S POPULI/ MEASURE--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT SIMIL> MEASURES BECAME /&>D ,CA?OLIC POLICY DUR+ MO/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

.<#c#h#f.> ,IT IS 5TIRELY UNCLE> :E!R LOANS AT 9T]E/ EV5 EXI/$ 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 S9CE ! FIR/ APP>5T REF]5CE TO 9T]E/ IS FROM R\<LY #dge BC1 & ! FIR/ UTT]LY CLE> ONES FROM ! LAT] P>T ( ?AT SAME C5TURY 7,BOGA]T #a#i#f#f1 #a#i#f#h2 ,F9LEY #a#i#h#a2 ,MILLETT #a#i#i#aA3 #d#d-#d#e2 ,HUDSON #a#i#i#b74 

.<#c#h#g.> ,COMP>E = EXAMPLE ,LEVITICUS #b#e3#c#e-#c#g1 :I* /IPULATES ?AT IT IS P]MISSIBLE TO MAKE AN IMPOV]I%$ 0FELL[ C\NTRYMAN0 A CLI5T OR T5ANT1 BUT NOT TO GIVE HIM AN 9T]E/-BE>+ LOAN4 

.<#c#h#h.> ,AS ,HESIOD EMPHASIZES 9 ,WORKS & ,DAYS 7,I,I #c#d#d-#f#c72 HE'S \R MA9 S\RCE ON SU* MATT]S4 ,PAUL ,MILLETT 7#a#i#i#aA3#c-#c#e7 PROVIDES A CLOSE READ+ ( ?IS PASSAGE1 TO ILLU/RATE ! AMBIGUITIES BETWE5 GIFTS & LOANS4 ,MILLETT'S BOOK ,L5D+ & ,BORR[+ 9 ,ANCI5T ,A!NS 7OP CIT7 IS ! BASIC WORK ON ?AT TOPIC4 ,S*OL>%IP ON ! ,GREEK ECONOMY HAS LONG BE5 PREOCCUPI$ BY :AT'S /ILL 7RA!R ANA*RONI/ICALLY7 CALL$ ! ,PRIMITIVI/-,MOD]NI/ DEBATE2 ,MILLETT TAKES A /RONG ,PRIMITIVI/ POSITION & HAS TAK5 PR$ICTABLE HEAT FROM ! O!R SIDE 7E4G41 ,COH5 #a#i#i#e1 ,%IPLEY #a#i#i#g1 #b#a74 ,MO/ ( ! DEBATE1 ?\<1 TURNS ON ! PREVAL5CE ( COMM]CIAL L5D+1 :I* IS TANG5TIAL TO MY PRES5T CONC]NS4 

.<#c#h#i.> ,! /ORY IS SO /RIK+ BECAUSE ,NASRUDD9 ALMO/ NEV] ELSE:]E BEHAVES 9 A WAY ?AT A CONTEMPOR>Y AUDI5CE W\LD CONSID] UNFAIR OR EXPLOITATIVE4 ,?OSE /ORIES ?AT DO ALWAYS FOCUS ON HIS RELATIONS ) HIS NEI<BOR ! MIS]--! LI/5] IS PRESUM$ TO KN[ ?AT BE+ A MIS]1 HE MU/1 NECESS>ILY1 BE UP TO NO GOOD4 

.<#c#i.> 0,AGA9/ ,NICO/RATUS0 7,DEMOS!NES #e#c74 ,MY V]SION L>GELY FOLL[S ,MILLET 7#a#i#i#aA3#e#c-#e#i7 BUT ALSO DRAWS ON ,TREVETT #a#i#i#b1 ,DILLON #b#b3#i#d-#a1 ,H>RIS #b#f3#b#f#a-#f#c74 ,! 9T]PRETATION ( ,NICO/RATUS' MOTIVES IS MY [N2 ,DILLON1 = EXAMPLE1 SUSPECTS ?AT ! 5TIRE /ORY ( HIS KIDNAPP+ & RANSOM AT ,AEG9A WAS MADE UP--?\< IF ?AT W]E ! CASE1 ONE W\LD IMAG9E ,APOLLODORUS W\LD HAVE EV5TUALLY F\ND \T & TOLD ! JURORS4 ,! TEXT DOESN'T EXPLICITLY SAY ?AT ,NICO/RATUS WAS AN >I/OCRAT1 BUT ?IS SEEMS ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ( :Y SOMEONE MI<T HAVE A COM=TABLE C\NTRY E/ATE BUT NO MONEY4 ,APOLLODORUS1 ?\<1 WAS KN[N1 FROM O!R CONTEXTS1 TO HAVE FE>$ ?AT HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S W\LD HAVE CONTEMPT = HIS L[LY BACKGR\ND1 & TRI$ TO COMP5SATE BY LAVI%--& SOME FELT1 OV]-LAVI%--G5]OSITY 7SEE ,BALL9 #a#i#g#h2 ,TREVETT #a#i#i#b74 

.<#c#i#a.> ,A!NIANS :5 TRY+ TO BE HI<-M9D$ AT LEA/ SPOKE AS IF FELL[ CITIZ5S %\LD BEHAVE ?IS WAY TO ONE ANO!R2 TO LOAN MONEY AT 9T]E/ TO A CITIZ5 9 DIRE NE$ WAS TREAT$ AS OBVI\SLY REPREH5SIBLE BEHAVIOR 7,MILLETT #a#i#i#aA3#b#f74 ,ALL PHILOSOPH]S :O T\*$ ON ! SUBJECT1 />T+ ) ,PLATO 7,LAWS #g#d#bC1 #i#b#aC7 & ,>I/OTLE 7,POLITICS #a#b#e#hC7 D5\NC$ 9T]E/ AS IMMORAL4 ,OBVI\SLY NOT EV]YONE FELT ?AT WAY4 ,H]E AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 FROM :5CE ! CU/OM HAD SPREAD 7,HUDSON #a#i#i#b71 ! DILEMMA WAS ?AT *>G+ 9T]E/ MADE OBVI\S S5SE 9 ! CASE ( COMM]CIAL LOANS1 BUT EASILY BECAME ABUSIVE 9 ! CASE ( CONSUM] LOANS4 

.<#c#i#b.> ,IT'S NOT CLE> :E!R DEBT SLAV]Y1 OR AT LEA/ DEBT PEONAGE1 WAS ANY:]E 5TIRELY ELIM9AT$1 & DEBT CRISES CONT9U$ TO OCCUR AT REGUL> 9T]VALS 9 CITIES O!R ?AN ,A!NS 7,A%]I #a#i#f#i2 ,/4 ,CROIX #a#i#h#a74 ,SOME 7,RHODES #a#i#h#a3#a#a#h-#b#g2 ,CAIRNS #a#i#i#a2 ,H>RIS #b#f3#b#d#i-#h7 BELIEVE ?AT DEBT BONDAGE WAS NOT EV5 5TIRELY ELIM9AT$ 9 ,A!NS4 ,MILLETT 7#a#i#i#aA3#g#f7 IS PROBABLY RI<T TO SAY ?AT IMP]IAL CAPITALS LIKE ,A!NS1 & LAT] ,ROME1 F5D$ (F ! DANG]S ( DEBT CRISES & RESULT+ UNRE/ LESS BY =BIDD+ ! PRACTICE ?AN BY FUNNEL+ TRIBUTE MONEY 9TO SOCIAL PROGRAMS ?AT PROVID$ A CON/ANT S\RCE ( FUNDS = ! POOR1 MAK+ USURY L>GELY UNNECESS>Y4 

.<#c#i#c.> ,MILLETT #a#i#i#aB3#a#h#i-#i#b4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE 9 ,ROMAN ,GALILEE 7,GOODMAN #a#i#h#c3#e#e71 & PRESUMABLY 9 ,ROME AS WELL 7,H[GEGO #a#i#i#b3#a#c74 

.<#c#i#d.> ! ,FURIES1 :O PURSUE ,ORE/ES TO AV5GE HIS KILL+ ( HIS MO!R1 9SI/ ?AT !Y >E COLLECT+ A DEBT DUE 9 BLOOD 7,AES*YLUS1 ,EUM5IDES #b#f1 #c#a#i47 ,MILLETT 7#a#i#i#aA3#f-#g7 COMPILES A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES4 ,KORV] 7#a#i#c#d1 CF4 ,MILLET #a#i#i#a3#b#i-#c#b7 DEMON/RATES ?AT !RE WAS NEV] ANY =MAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 0GIFT0 & 0LOAN02 ! TWO CONT9UALLY %AD$ 9TO EA* O!R4 

.<#c#i#e.> ,! TWO W]E SE5 TO BE CONNECT$3 ,H]ODOTUS1 FAM\SLY1 >GU$ ?AT = ! ,P]SIANS1 ! GREATE/ CRIME WAS TO LIE1 & ?AT !Y !RE=E =BADE ! LOAN+ ( MONEY AT 9T]E/ S9CE IT W\LD NECESS>ILY GIVE RISE TO UNTRU?FUL BEHAVIOR 7#a4#a#c#h74 

.<#c#i#f.> ,PLATO ,REPUBLIC #c#c#aC4 

.<#c#i#g.> ,PLATO ,REPUBLIC #c#d#$4 ,MY READ+ IS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ H]E BY ?AT ( ,M>C ,%ELL 7#a#i#g#h74 ,%ELL'S ESSAY IS IMPORTANT1 BUT SADLY NEGLECT$1 AS ,CLASSICI/S ONLY SEEM TO CITE EA* O!R 7AT LEA/1 ON ! SUBJECT ( ! ,CLASSICS74 

.<#c#i#h.> ,:AT ,POLEM>*US IS 9VOK+ ( C\RSE IS ! LOGIC ( ! H]OIC GIFT1 & ( ! FEUD4 ,IF SOMEONE HELPS OR H>MS Y\1 Y\ PAY !M BACK ! SAME OR BETT]4 ,POLEM>*US ACTUALLY SAYS ?AT !RE >E TWO CIRCUM/ANCES :5 IT'S EASIE/ TO DO ?IS3 9 W>1 & 9 BANK+4 

.<#c#i#i.> ,! ,REPUBLIC WAS WRITT5 9 #* BC1 & !SE EV5TS TOOK PLACE 9 #c#h#h_/#g4 ,SEE ,!SLEFF #a#i#h#i3#e1 ,DU,BOIS #b#c3#a#e#c-#e#d1 = ! DATES & REF]5CES TO ANCI5T & CONTEMPOR>Y S*OL>%IP ON ! ISSUE1 :I* CONCUR ?AT !SE EV5TS DID TAKE PLACE4 ,IT'S NOT 5TIRELY CLE> IF ,PLATO WAS TAK5 9 AN ACT ( PIRACY1 SOLD ON ! ORD]S ( AN ANGRY EX-PATRON1 OR SEIZ$ AS A PRISON] ( W> 7,AEG9A--,PLATO'S BIR?PLACE1 9CID5TALLY--WAS !N AT W> ) ,A!NS47 ,BUT ! L9ES BLURR$4 ,CURI\SLY1 ,DIOG5ES ! ,CYNIC1 A Y\NG] CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,PLATO1 WAS ALSO CAPTUR$ BY PIRATES ON A TRIP TO ,AEG9A >\ND ! SAME TIME4 ,9 HIS CASE NO ONE CAME TO HIS AID 7UNSURPRIS+ CONSID]+ ?AT HE REJECT$ ALL WORLDLY ATTA*M5TS & T5D$ TO 9SULT EV]YONE HE MET74 ,HE 5D$ UP SP5D+ ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE AS A SLAVE 9 ,COR9? 7,DIOG5ES ,LA]TIUS1 #d4#i74 ,PLATO1 ,>I/OTLE1 & ,DIOG5ES W]E ! ?REE MO/ FAM\S PHILOSOPH]S ( ! F\R? C5TURY2 ! FACT ?AT TWO ( ! ?REE HAD ! EXP]I5CE ( /&+ ON AN AUCTION BLOCK DEMON/RATES ?AT SU* ?+S REALLY C\LD HAPP5 TO ANYONE4 

.<#d.> ,PLATO REC\NTS ! EV5TS 9 HIS ,SEV5? ,LETT] TO ,DION1 BUT ,ANNIK]IS ONLY APPE>S 9 ,DIOG5ES ,LA]TIUS #c4#a#i-#b4 

.<#d#a.> ,IH]+ #a#h#g#g4 

.<#d#b.> ,RI<TS 09 REM10 OR 09 ! ?+10 >E CONSID]$ TO BE HELD 0AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD10 S9CE 0A DUTY IS 9CUMB5T ON ALL P]SONS :ATSOEV] TO AB/A9 FROM ACTS 9JURI\S TO ! RI<T0--?IS IS OPPOS$ TO RI<TS 09 P]SONEM10 :I* >E HELD AGA9/ A SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS 7,DIGBY @& ,H>RISON #a#h#i#g3#c#a74 ,G>NSEY 7#b#g3#a#g#g-#a#g#h7 NOTES ?AT ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#d7 WAS CORRECT 9 9SI/+ ?AT ! 0ABSOLUTE0 NATURE ( PROP]TY RI<TS 9 ! ,FR5* ,CIVIL ,CODE & O!R P>ADIGMATIC MOD]N LEGAL DOCUM5TS GOES BACK DIRECTLY TO ,ROMAN LAW1 BO? TO ! NOTION ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & TO ?AT ( ! EMP]OR'S ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY4 

.<#d#c.> ,! IDEA ?AT ,ROMAN PROP]TY WAS NOT A RI<T GOES BACK TO ,VILLEY 7#a#i#d#f71 & BECAME MA9/REAM 9 ,5GLI% S*OL>%IP ) ,TUCK 7#a#i#g#i3#g-#a#c7 & ,TI]NEY 7#a#i#i#g71 ?\< ,G>NSEY 7#b#g3#a#g#g-#i#e7 HAS REC5TLY MADE A CONV9C+ CASE ?AT ,ROMAN JURI/S DID SEE PROP]TY AS A RI<T 7IUS7 9 ! S5SE ?AT ONE HAD A RI<T ( ALI5ATION1 & TO DEF5D ONE'S CLAIMS 9 C\RT4 ,IT'S AN 9T]E/+ DEBATE1 L>GELY TURN+ ON ONE'S DEF9ITION ( 0RI<T10 BUT SOME:AT TANG5TIAL TO MY [N >GUM5T4 

.<#d#d.> 0,! P>ADIGMATIC RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+ IS ?AT ( [N]%IP1 YET ! OMANS !MSELVES SEEM$ NEV] TO HAVE DEF9$ IT4 ,TO !M1 IT WAS A P[] RELATION--A =M ( POTE/AS--DIRECTLY EX]CIS$ OV] ! PHYSICAL ?+ ITSELF0 7,SAMUEL #b#c3#c#b74 

.<#d#e.> ,9 E>LIE/ ,ROMAN LAW 7! ,TWELVE ,TABLETS ( C#d#e BC7 SLAVES W]E /ILL PEOPLE1 BUT ( DIM9I%$ WOR?1 S9CE 9JURIES AGA9/ !M C\NT$ AS #e P]C5T ?OSE ( A FREE P]SON 7,TWELVE ,TABLETS ,V,I,I,I4#a74 ,BY ! LATE ,REPUBLIC1 >\ND ! TIME ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! CONCEPT ( DOM9IUM1 SLAVES HAD BE5 R$EF9$ AS RES1 ?+S1 & 9JURIES TO !M HAD ! SAME LEGAL /ATUS AS 9JURIES TO F>M ANIMALS 7,WATSON #a#i#h#g3#d#f7 

.<#d#f.> ,PATT]SON3 0IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& :Y ! ,ROMANS W\LD WANT TO 9V5T ! IDEA ( A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+ 7AN ALMO/ METAPHYSICAL NOTION1 QUITE AT V>IANCE ) ! ,ROMAN WAY ( ?9K+ 9 O!R >EAS7 444 UNLESS WE UND]/& ?AT1 = MO/ PURPOSES1 ! '?+' ON !IR M9DS WAS A SLAVE0 7#a#i#h#b3#c#a74 

.<#d#g.> ,IT DOES NOT APPE> 9 ! ,TWELVE ,TABLETS OR E>LY LEGAL DOCUM5TS4 

.<#d#h.> ,DOM9US FIR/ APPE>S 9 #aaa BC1 DOM9IUM1 SOMETIME LAT] 7,BIRKS #a#i#h#e3#b#f74 ,KEI? ,HOPK9S 7#a#i#g#h7 E/IMATES ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 SLAVES MADE UP BETWE5 #c & #d P]C5T ( ! ,ITALIAN POPULATION1 P]HAPS ! HI<E/ PROPORTION ( ANY KN[N SOCIETY4 

.<#d#i.> ,DIGE/ #i4#b4#a#a PR41 ,ULPIAN 9 ! #a#h?BOOK ON ! ,$ICT4 

.<#d#a.> ,! EXAMPLES >E FROM ,DIGE/ #d#g4#b4#c#f PR41 ,ULPIAN 9 ! #d#a/ BOOK ON ,SAB9US1 & ,DIGE/ #i4#b4#c#c PR1 ,PAULUS' SECOND BOOK TO ,PLAUTIUS1 RESPECTIVELY4 

.<#d#a#a.> ,SEE ,SALL] 7#a#i#h#d7 ON DOMUS V]SUS FAMILIA4 ,! WORD FAMILIA1 & ITS V>I\S LAT] ,EUROPEAN COGNATES1 FAMILLE 9 ,FR5*1 FAMILY 9 ,5GLI%1 & SO ON1 CONT9U$ TO REF] PRIM>ILY TO A UNIT ( AU?ORITY & NOT NECESS>ILY ( K9%IP UNTIL AT LEA/ ! #a#h? C5TURY 7,/ONE #a#i#f#h1 ,FL&R9 #a#i#g#i1 ,DUBY #a#i#h#b3#b#b-#b#c1 ,OZM5T #a#i#h#c2 ,H]LIHY #a#i#h#e7 

.<#d#a#b.> ,WE/BROOK #a#i#i#i3#b#g GOES ?R\< ! ?REE KN[N CASES ( ?IS REALLY HAPP5+4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! FA!R'S AU?ORITY H]E WAS CONSID]$ ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ! /ATE4 ,IF A FA!R WAS F\ND TO HAVE EXECUT$ HIS *ILD ILLEGITIMATELY1 HE C\LD BE PUNI%$4 

.<#d#a#c.> ,OR TO 5?RALL$ !M4 ,9 FACT ! ,LAW ( ! ,TWELVE ,TABLETS 7,I,I,I4#a7 ITSELF SEEMS TO BE AN ATTEMPT TO RE=M OR MOD]ATE EV5 H>%] PRACTICES1 AS AL-,WAHID 7,ELWAH$ #a#i#c#a3#h#a-#h#b7 WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO PO9T \T4 

.<#d#a#d.> ,F9LEY NOTES ?AT ! SEXUAL AVAILABILITY ( SLAVES 0IS TREAT$ AS A COMMONPLACE 9 ! ,GRAECO-,ROMAN LIT]ATURE0 7#a#i#h3#a#d#c2 SEE ,SALL] #a#i#h#g3#i#h-#i#i1 ,GLANCEY #b#f3#e-#e#g74 

.<#d#a#e.> ,!RE IS A LIVELY DEBATE AB\T :E!R BRE$+ SLAVES WAS EV] EXT5SIVELY PRACTIC$ 9 ,ROME3 ONE COMMON !ORY ( SLAV]Y 7E4G41 ,MEILLASS\X #a#i#i#f1 ,&]SON #a#i#g#d7 >GU+ ?AT IT IS NEV] PR(ITABLE TO DO SO1 & :5 A SUPPLY ( NEW SLAVES IS CUT (F1 SLAVES WILL ORD9>ILY BE CONV]T$ 9TO S]FS4 ,!RE SEEMS NO REASON TO WEI< 9 ON ?IS H]E1 BUT = A SUMM>Y1 SEE ,BRADLEY #a#i#h#g4 

.<#d#a#f.> ,TRUE1 ,ROMAN CITIZ5S C\LD NOT LEGALLY 5?RALL$ ONE ANO!R2 BUT !Y C\LD BE 5SLAV$ BY =EIGN]S1 & PIRATES & KIDNAPP]S R>ELY PUT TOO F9E A PO9T ON SU* ?+S4 

.<#d#a#g.> ,! ,*9ESE EMP]OR ,WANG ,MANG WAS SO FA/IDI\S ON ?IS PO9T1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT HE ONCE ORD]$ ONE ( HIS [N SONS PUT TO DEA? = ! >BITR>Y MURD] ( A SLAVE 7,TE/>T #a#i#i#h3#b#c47 

.<#d#a#h.> ,! LEX ,PETRONIA4 ,TE*NICALLY IT BANS [N]S FROM ORD]+ SLAVES TO 0FI<T ! WILD BEA/S10 A POPUL> PUBLIC 5T]TA9M5T3 0FI<T10 ?\<1 IS USUALLY A EUPHEMISM1 S9CE ?OSE FI<T+ HUNGRY LIONS W]E NOT PROVID$ ) WEAPONS1 OR OBVI\SLY 9ADEQUATE ONES4 ,IT WAS ONLY A C5TURY LAT]1 UND] ,HADRIAN 7#a#a#g-#a#c#h AD71 ?AT [N]S W]E =BIDD5 TO KILL !IR SLAVES1 MA9TA9 PRIVATE DUNGEONS = !M OR PRACTICE O!R CRUEL & EXCESSIVE PUNI%M5TS4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ! GRADUAL LIMITATION ( ! P[] ( SLAVE-[N]S WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CREAS+ /ATE P[]1 EXPANSION ( CITIZ5%IP1 BUT ALSO ! RETURN ( V>I\S =MS ( DEBT-BONDAGE & ! CREATION ( DEP5D5T PEASANTRY 7,F9LEY #a#i#g#b3#i#b-#i#c2 #a#i#h#a3#a#f#d-#f#e74 

.<#d#a#i.> ,?US ,LIVY 7#d#a4#i4#a#a7 NOTES 9 #agg BC ! S5ATE ACTUALLY PASS$ A LAW TO PREV5T ,ITALIANS :O W]E NOT ,ROMAN CITIZ5S FROM SELL+ RELATIVES 9TO SLAV]Y 9 ?IS WAY 9 ORD] TO BECOME CITIZ5S4 

.<#d#b.> ,! PHRASE IS PRES]V$ 9 ! WORK ( ! ELD] ,S5ECA 7,CONTROV]SIAS #d4#g7 & NOT$ BY ,F9LEY 7#a#i#h3#i#f71 AMONG O!RS4 ,!RE IS A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION 9 ,BUTRICA #b#f3#b#a-#b#c4 

.<#d#b#a.> ,WIRSZUBSKI #a#i#e4 ,ON ! ETYMOLOGY1 SEE ,B5V5I/E #a#i#f#c3#b#f#b-#g#b4 ,SIMIL>LY ,KOPYT(F & ,MI]S 7#a#i#g#g7 EMPHASIZE ?AT 9 ,AFRICA1 0FRE$OM0 ALWAYS MEANT 9CORPORATION 9TO SOME K9 GR\P--ONLY SLAVES W]E 0FREE0 79 \R S5SE7 ( ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

.<#d#b#b.> ,FLOR5TIUS 9 ,JU/9IAN'S ,9/ITUTES 7#a4#e4#d4#a74 ,SOME SUGGE/ ?AT ! WORD 0NATURAL0 9 ! FIR/ S5T5CE WAS ONLY 9S]T$ 9 LAT] $ITIONS1 P]HAPS 9 ! F\R? C5TURY4 ,! POSITION ?AT SLAV]Y IS A PRODUCT ( =CE 5%R9$ 9 LAW1 CONTR>Y TO NATURE1 H[EV]1 GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ! F\R? C5TURY BC1 :5 ,>I/OTLE 7,POLITICS #a#b#e#cB#b-#b#c7 EXPLICITLY TAKES ISSUE ) IT 7SEE ,CAMBIANO #a#i#h#g74 

.<#d#b#c.> ,ALREADY 9 ! ?AT C5TURY1 LAWY]S LIKE ,AZO & ,BRACTON BEGAN ASK+3 ,IF ?IS IS TRUE1 W\LDN'T ?AT MEAN A S]F IS A FREE MAN TOO8 7,H>D+ #a#i#h3#d#b#d NOTE #f2 SEE ALSO ,BUCKL& #a#i#h3#a1 ,WATSON #a#i#h#g74 

.<#d#b#d.> ,ULPIAN WROTE ?AT 0EV]YONE WAS BORN FREE UND] ! LAW ( NATURE0 & ?AT SLAV]Y WAS A RESULT ( ! IUS G5TIUM 70LAW ( NATIONS071 ! COMMON LEGAL USAGES ( MANK9D4 ,SOME LAT] JURI/S ADD$ ?AT PROP]TY WAS ORIG9ALLY COMMON & ! IUS G5TIUM WAS RESPONSIBLE = K+DOMS1 PROP]TY1 & SO ON 7,DIGE/ #a4#a4#e74 ,AS ,TUCK NOTES 7#a#i#g#i3#a#i71 !SE W]E REALLY SCATT]$ IDEAS1 ONLY SY/EMIZ$ BY ,*UR* ?9K]S LIKE ,GRATIAN MU* LAT]1 DUR+ ! TWELF?-C5TURY REVIVAL ( ,ROMAN LAW4 

.<#d#b#e.> ,PR9CEPS LEGIBUS SOLUTUS E/ 70! SOV]EIGN IS NOT B\ND BY ! LAWS071 A PHRASE 9ITIALLY CO9$ BY ,ULPIAN & REPEAT$ BY ,JU/9IAN 7#a4#c PR47 ,?IS WAS A V]Y NEW NOTION 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD2 ! ,GREEKS1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD 9SI/$ ?AT :ILE M5 C\LD DO AS !Y LIK$ ) !IR WOM51 *ILDR51 & SLAVES1 ANY RUL] :O EXPLOIT$ !IR [N SUBJECTS 9 ! SAME WAY WAS ! DEF9ITION ( A TYRANT4 ,EV5 ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( MOD]N SOV]EIGNTY1 ?AT RUL]S HOLD ! ULTIMATE P[] ( LIFE & DEA? OV] !IR SUBJECTS 7:I* MOD]N HEADS ( /ATE /ILL HOLD 9 !IR P[] TO GRANT P>DONS71 WAS LOOK$ ON ) SUSPICION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 UND] ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,CIC]O >GU$ ?AT RUL]S :O 9SI/$ ON HOLD+ ! P[] ( LIFE & DEA? W]E BY DEF9ITION TYRANTS1 0EV5 IF !Y PREF] TO BE CALL$ K+S0 7,DE ,RE ,PUBLICA #c4#b#c1 ,WE/BROOK #a#i#i#i3#b#d47 

.<#d#b#f.> ,9 ! ,*RONICLE ( ,WALT] ( ,GUISBOR\< 7#a#i#e#g3#b#a#f72 SEE ,CLAN*Y #a#i#i#c3#b-#e4 

.<#d#b#g.> ,AYLM] #a#i#h4 

.<#d#b#h.> ,TO BE FAIR1 A CLASSICAL LIB]AL W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ?IS IS ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ) />T+ \T FROM ! NOTION ( FRE$OM AS ACTIVE 9/EAD ( PASSIVE 7OR AS PHILOSOPH]S PUT IT1 ?AT !RE >E 0SUBJECTIVE RI<TS07--?AT IS1 SEE+ FRE$OM NOT JU/ AS O!RS' OBLIGATIONS TO ALL[ US TO DO :ATEV] ! LAW OR CU/OM SAYS WE CAN DO1 BUT TO DO ANY?+ ?AT IS NOT SPECIFICALLY =BIDD51 & ?AT ?IS HAS HAD TREM5D\S LIB]AT+ EFFECTS4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY TRU? 9 ?IS4 ,BUT HI/ORICALLY1 IT HAS BE5 SOME?+ ( A SIDE EFFECT1 & !RE >E MANY O!R WAYS TO COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION ?AT DO NOT REQUIRE US TO ACCEPT ! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS AB\T PROP]TY4 

.<#d#b#i.> ,TUCK #a#i#g#i3#d#i1 CF4 ,TULLY #a#i#i#c3#b#e#b1 ,BLACKBURN #a#i#i#g3#f#c-#f#d4 

.<#d#c.> ,NOTE H]E ?AT 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ! JU/IFICATION WAS NOT BAS$ ON ANY ASSUMPTION ( RACIAL 9F]IORITY--RACIAL IDEOLOGIES CAME LAT]--BUT RA!R ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ,AFRICAN LAWS W]E LEGITIMATE & %\LD BE CONSID]$ B9D+1 AT LEA/ ON ,AFRICANS4 

.<#d#c#a.> ,I'VE MADE ! >GUM5T ?AT WAGE LABOR IS ROOT$ 9 SLAV]Y EXT5SIVELY 9 ! PA/--SEE E4G41 ,GRAEB] #b#f4 

.<#d#c#b.> ,?IS IS ! REASON1 AS ,C4,B4 ,MAC,PH]SON 7#a#i#f#b7 EXPLA9$1 ?AT :5 0HUMAN RI<TS ABUSES0 >E EVOK$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S1 IT IS ONLY :5 GOV]NM5TS CAN BE SE5 AS TRESPASS+ ON SOME VICTIM'S P]SON OR POSSESSIONS--SAY1 BY RAP+1 TORTUR+1 OR KILL+ !M4 ,! ,UNIV]SAL ,DECL>ATION ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS1 LIKE JU/ AB\T ALL SIMIL> DOCUM5TS1 ALSO SPEAKS ( UNIV]SAL RI<TS TO FOOD & %ELT]1 BUT ONE NEV] READS AB\T GOV]NM5TS COMMITT+ 0HUMAN RI<TS ABUSES0 :5 !Y ELIM9ATE PRICE SUPPORTS ON BASIC FOOD/UFFS1 EV5 IF IT LEADS TO WIDESPREAD MALNUTRITION1 OR = RAZ+ %ANTYT[NS OR KICK+ ! HOMELESS \T ( %ELT]S4 

.<#d#c#c.> ,ONE CAN TRACE ! NOTION BACK AS LEA/ AS F> BACK AS ,S5ECA1 :O 9 ! FIR/ C5TURY AD1 >GU$ ?AT SLAVES C\LD BE FREE 9 !IR M9DS1 S9CE =CE ONLY APPLI$ TO ! 0PRISON ( ! BODY0 7,DE B5-EFICIIS #c4#b7--?IS APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 A KEY PO9T ( TRANSITION BETWE5 ! NOTION ( FRE$OM AS ! ABILITY TO =M MORAL RELATIONS ) O!RS1 & FRE$OM AS AN 9T]NALIZATION ( ! MA/]'S P[]4 

.<#d#c#d.> ,SEE ,ROITMAN #b#c3#b#b#d = ONE AU?OR :O EXPLICITLY RELATES ?IS TO DEBT4 ,= OBJECTS AS UNIQUE PO9TS 9 A HUMAN HI/ORY1 !RE IS A VA/ LIT]ATURE1 BUT SEE ,HOSK9S #a#i#i#i1 ,GRAEB] #b#a4 

.<#d#c#e.> ,ONE CAN TELL H[ UNUSUAL SLAV]Y WAS BY 9=MANTS' ASSUMPTIONS ?AT SLAVES W\LD HAVE NO IDEA ?AT ?IS WAS TO BE !IR FATE4 

.<#d#c#f.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 HIS SOCIAL EXI/5CE WAS ! ONLY EXI/5CE HE HAD LEFT4 ,! MASS KILL+ ( SLAVES AT ! FUN]ALS ( K+S1 OR GR&EES1 HAS BE5 DOCUM5T$ FROM ANCI5T ,GAUL1 TO ,SUM]1 ,*9A1 & ! ,AM]ICAS4 

.<#d#c#g.> ,ILIAD #i3#c#d#b-#d#d4 

.<#d#c#h.> ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d#h3#c#f2 CF41 ,SAHL9S #a#i#h#a4 ,= A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ID5TIFICATION ( K+S & SLAVES1 ,FEELEY-,H>NIK #a#i#h#b4 ,OBVI\SLY1 EV]YONE IS WELL AW>E ?AT K+S DO HAVE FAMILIES1 FRI5DS1 LOV]S1 ETC--! PO9T IS ?AT ?IS IS ALWAYS SE5 AS SOME?+ ( A PROBLEM1 S9CE HE %\LD BE K+ TO ALL HIS SUBJECTS EQUALLY4 

.<#d#c#i.> ,REG>D+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ,ROMAN LAW ON ! LIB]AL TRADITION1 IT IS FASC9AT+ TO NOTE ?AT ! V]Y E>LIE/ AU?OR WE HAVE ON RECORD :O LAID \T SOME?+ LIKE ,SMI?'S MODEL1 :]E MONEY1 & ULTIMATELY CO9AGE1 IS 9V5T$ AS AN AID TO COMM]CE1 WAS ANO!R ,ROMAN JURI/1 ,PAULUS3 ,DIGE/ #a#h4#a4#a4 

.<#d#d.> ,BUT IT HAS BY NO MEANS BE5 ELIM9AT$4 7,IF ANYONE IS 9CL9$ TO D\BT ?IS1 ,I RECOMM5D !Y TAKE A /ROLL ?R\< !IR NEI<BORHOOD IGNOR+ ALL PROP]TY RI<TS1 & SEE JU/ H[ LONG IT TAKES = ! WEAPONS TO COME \T47 

.<#d#d#a.> 0,DEBT1 N4 ,AN +5I\S SUB/ITUTE = ! *A9 & :IP ( ! SLAV$RIV]10 WROTE ! NOTORI\S CYNIC ,AMBROSE ,BI]CE 7,! ,DEVIL'S ,DICTION>Y1 #a#i#a#a3#d#i74 ,C]TA9LY = ?OSE ,?AI WOM5 :O APPE>$ AT ,NEIL ,BU%'S DOOR1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HAV+ BE5 SOLD BY ONE'S P>5TS1 & WORK+ (F ONE'S P>5TS' DEBT CONTRACT1 WAS AS MU* A TE*NICALITY AS IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO4 

.<#d#d#b.> ,ONE ( ! FEW AU?ORS ,I KN[ :O'S CONFRONT$ ! QUE/ION HEAD-ON IS ,PI]RE ,DOCKES 7#a#i#g#i71 :O MAKES A CONV9C+ /ATEM5T ?AT IT HAS TO DO ) ! P[] ( ! /ATE3 AT LEA/1 SLAV]Y AS AN 9/ITUTION WAS BRIEFLY REVIV$ UND] ! ,C>OL+IAN EMPIRE & !N VANI%$ AGA9 AFT]W>DS4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY 9T]E/+ ?AT S9CE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AT LEA/1 ! 0TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM0 HAS BECOME \R HI/ORICAL P>ADIGM = EPO*AL SOCIAL *ANGE1 & NO ONE MU* ADDRESSES ! TRANSITION FROM ANCI5T SLAV]Y TO FEUDALISM1 EV5 ?\< !RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT :ATEV] IS HAPP5+ N[ MAY MU* MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE IT4 

.<#d#d#c.> ,ROB9 ,BLACKBURN MAKES ?IS >GUM5T QUITE CONV9C+LY 9 ,! ,MAK+ ( ,NEW ,WORLD ,SLAV]Y 7#a#i#i#g74 ,!RE W]E SOME EXCEPTIONS1 NOTABLY ! ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES4 ,! /ORY IS ( C\RSE MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN ,I'M REPRES5T+ IT3 ONE REASON = ! HO/ILITY WAS ?AT DUR+ MU* ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ,EUROPEANS W]E L>GELY VICTIMS ( SLAVE-RAID]S RA!R ?AN !IR B5EFICI>IES1 ) MANY CAPTIVES M>KET$ 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

.<#d#d#d.> ,! ,AEGEAN CO9S W]E /AMP$2 ! ,9DIAN1 PUN*$2 & ! ,*9ESE1 CA/4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT WE >E NOT TALK+ AB\T DIFFUSION H]E4 ,SPEAK+ ( ,9DIAN CO9S1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE HI/ORIAN REM>KS3 0,IF !RE IS ONE ?+ ?AT SEEMS CLE> FROM A PUN*-M>K$ CO91 IT IS ?AT ! P]SON :O ?\<T IT UP HAD NEV] SE5 A ,GREEK CO9--OR IF HE HAD SE5 ONE1 IT HAD NOT IMPRESS$ HIM4 ,! PUN*-M>K$ CO9 IS MADE BY AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T METALLURGICAL PROCESS0 7,S*APS #b#f3#i74 

.<#d#d#e.> ,PRUESSN] 7#a#i#b#h7 WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO PO9T ?IS \T4 

.<#d#d#f.> ,!Y APPE> TO HAVE BE5 WIDELY US$ BY ,OLD ,ASSYRIAN M]*ANTS OP]AT+ 9 ,ANATOLIA 7,VE5H( #a#i#i#g74 

.<#d#d#g.> ,P[ELL 7#a#i#g#h1 #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#i#i3#a#d-#a#h7 PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T ASSESSM5T ( ! EVID5CE1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ,BABYLONIANS DID NOT PRODUCE SCALES ACCURATE 5\< TO MEASURE ! T9Y AM\NTS ( SILV] !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO USE TO MAKE ORD9>Y H\SEHOLD PUR*ASES LIKE FRI$ FI% OR CORDS ( FIREWOOD 9 CA%4 ,HE CONCLUDES ?AT SILV] WAS L>GELY US$ 9 TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 M]*ANTS4 ,M>KET V5DORS !RE=E PRESUMABLY ACT$ AS !Y DO 9 SMALL-SCALE M>KETS 9 ,AFRICA & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 TODAY1 BUILD+ UP LI/S ( TRU/WOR?Y CLI5TS TO :OM !Y C\LD EXT5D CR$IT OV] TIME 7E4G41 ,H>T #a#i#i#i3#b#a1 ,NAZP>Y #b#a74 

.<#d#d#h.> ,HUDSON #b#b3#b#a-#b#c1 :O HYPO!SIZES ?AT ! TIME ELEM5T WAS IMPORTANT AS M]*ANTS W\LD PRESUMABLY O!RWISE DELAY TO EMPLOY ! FUNDS AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,SEE ,R5G] #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#i#d2 ,MEIROOP #b#e4 

.<#d#d#i.> ,I'M REF]R+ H]E TO ,QIRAD & ,MUD>ABA >RANGEM5TS1 SIMIL> TO ! ANCI5T & ,M$IEVAL ,M$IT]RANEAN ,COMM5DA 7,UDOVIT* #a#i#g1 ,RAY #a#i#i#g74 

.<#d#e.> ,H]ODOTUS #a4#a#c#h4 

.<#d#e#a.> ,H]ODOTUS #c4#a#b-#e4 

.<#d#e#b.> ,MI]OOP #b#b3#f#c1 #b#e3#b#i4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ,5MET5A'S TOTAL GRA9 9COME 9 ANY ONE YE> WAS R\<LY #cg MILLION LIT]S1 MAK+ ! SUM HE CLAIMS TO BE [$ MORE ?AN ONE ?\S& TIMES HIS [N PALACE'S ANNUAL REV5UE4 

.<#d#e#c.> ,LAMB]T #a#i#g#a2 ,LEM*E #a#i#g#i3#a#f4 

.<#d#e#d.> ,HUDSON #aiic PROVIDES ! MO/ DETAIL$ OV]VIEW ( ?IS LIT]ATURE4 

.<#d#e#e.> ,HUDSON #a#i#i#c3#b4 

.<#d#e#f.> ,GRI]SON #a#i#g#g3#a#g1 CIT+ ,C]NY #a#i#e#d3#i#g4 

.<#d#e#g.> ,BLEIB]G #bb 

.<#d#e#h.> ,ONE AU?ORITY /ATES CATEGORICALLY3 0,I DO NOT KN[ ( DEBT-ANNULM5T DECREES ISSU$ BY ANY ,PH>AOH0 7,JASN[ #b#a3#d#b71 & ADDS ?AT !RE IS NO EVID5CE = DEBT-BONDAGE UNTIL ! V]Y LATE ,DEMOTIC P]IOD4 ,?IS IS ! SAME P]IOD :5 ,GREEK S\RCES BEG9 TO SPEAK ( BO?4 

.<#d#e#i.> ,V],/EEG #b#b3#a#i#i2 SEE ,LORTON #a#i#g#g3#d#b-#d#d4 

.<#d#f.> ,?IS 9 C]TA9 WAYS RESEMBLES ! LEGAL LOOPHOLES CREAT$ 9 BO? ! ,M$IEVAL ,*RI/IAN & ,ISLAMIC WORLDS1 :]E 9T]E/ WAS =MALLY BANN$3 SEE *APT] #a BEL[4 

.<#d#f#a.> ,DIODORUS ,SICULUS #a4#g#i4 ,SEE ,WE/]MANN #a#i#e#e3#e-#e#a = A COMP>ISON ( ,GREEK & ,EGYPTIAN S\RCES ON ! SUBJECT4 

.<#d#f#b.> ,! HI/ORY ( ! DISSEM9ATION ( 9T]E/-BE>+ DEBT IS ONLY BEG9N+ TO BE RECON/RUCT$4 ,IT DOES NOT YET APPE> 9 ,EBLA 7C4 #be BC71 9 ,OLD OR ,MIDDLE ,K+DOM ,EGYPT1 OR 9 ,MYC5AEAN ,GREECE1 BUT IT EV5TUALLY BECOMES COMMON 9 ! ,LEVANT 9 ! LATE ,BRONZE ,AGE1 & ALSO 9 ,HITTITE ,ANATOLIA4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 IT CAME QUITE LATE TO ,CLASSICAL ,GREECE1 & EV5 LAT] TO PLACES LIKE ,G]MANY4 

.<#d#f#c.> ,9 ,*9ESE HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 9 FACT1 ?IS :OLE EPO* IS KN[N AS 0! FEUDAL P]IOD407 

.<#d#f#d.> ,! ,GUANZI1 CIT$ 9 ,S*APS #b#f3#b4 

.<#d#f#e.> ,YUNG-,TI 7#b#f7 HAS REC5TLY >GU$ ?AT !Y W]5'T1 ?\< WE W\LDN'T REALLY KN[4 ,?I]RY 7#a#i#i#b3#c#i-#d#a7 SIMPLY ASSUMES !Y W]E1 PROVID+ MU* EVID5CE ( !IR USE BO? AS UNITS ( ACC\NT & MEANS ( PAYM5T1 BUT NONE ( !IR USE = BUY+ & SELL+4 

.<#d#f#f.> ,AT ANY RATE1 C[RIES W]E DEF9ITELY BE+ US$ AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( CO9S 9 LAT] P]IODS1 & ! GOV]NM5T P]IODICALLY EI!R SUPPRESS$ !IR USE OR RE9TRODUC$ !M 7,QUIGG9 #a#i#d#i1 ,SWANN #a#i#e1 ,?I]RY #a#i#i#b3#c#i-#d#a1 ,P5G #a#i#i#d47 ,C[RIE MONEY SURVIV$1 ALONGSIDE TALLY /ICKS1 AS A COMMON =M ( CURR5CY 9 ,YUNNAN PROV9CE 9 ! F> S\? UNTIL RELATIVELY REC5T TIMES 7,B4 ,YANG #b#b71 & DETAIL$ /UDIES EXI/1 BUT--AS F> AS ,I CAN TELL--ONLY 9 ,*9ESE4 

.<#d#f#g.> ,S*EIDEL #b#d3#e4 

.<#d#f#h.> ,KAN #a#i#g#h3#i#b1 ,M>TZL(F #b#b3#a#g#h4 ,I NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT A /UDY ( ! ,9CA KHIPU SY/EM ITSELF W\LD ITSELF BE QUITE FASC9AT+ 9 ?IS REG>D2 ! /R+S W]E US$ TO RECORD BO? OBLIGATIONS WE W\LD CONSID] F9ANCIAL1 & O!RS WE W\LD CONSID] RITUAL1 S9CE AS 9 SO MANY ,EURASIAN LANGUAGES1 ! WORDS 0DEBT0 & 0S90 W]E ! SAME 9 ,QUE*UA AS WELL 7,QUITT] @& ,URTON #b#b3#b#g74 

.<#d#f#i.> ,L4 ,YANG 7#a#i#g#a3#e7 F9DS ! FIR/ RELIABLE LIT]>Y REF]5CE TO LOANS AT 9T]E/ 9 ! F\R? C5TURY BC4 ,P5G 7#a#i#i#d3#i#h-#a#a7 NOTES ?AT ! E>LIE/ SURVIV+ RECORDS 7! ORACLE BONES & 9SCRIPTIONS7 DO NOT M5TION LOANS1 BUT !RE'S NO REASON !Y W\LD2 HE ALSO ASSEMBLES MO/ ( ! AVAILABLE LIT]>Y REF]5CES1 F9DS MANY REF]5CES TO LOANS 9 E>LY P]IODS1 & CONCLUDES ?AT !RE'S NO WAY TO KN[ :E!R TO TAKE !M S]I\SLY4 ,BY ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD1 H[EV]1 !RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE = LOCAL USUR]S1 & ALL ! USUAL ABUSES4 

.<#d#g.> ,YAN TIE LUN ,I #b_/#dB#b-#f1 9 ,GALE 7#a#i#f#g73#a#b4 

.<#d#g#a.> ,GUANZI 7#g#c #a#b71 ,RICKETT 7#a#i#i#h3#c#i#g7 

.<#d#g#b.> ,SO >\ND #a BC1 0:5 FLOOD & DR\<T COME UPON !M 444 ?OSE :O HAVE GRA9 SELL AT HALF VALUE1 :ILE ?OSE :O HAVE NOT BORR[ AT EXORBITANT USURY4 ,!N PAT]NAL ACRES *ANGE H&S2 SONS & GR&SONS >E SOLD TO PAY DEBTS2 M]*ANTS MAKE VA/ PR(ITS1 & EV5 PETTY TRADESM5 SET UP BUS9ESS & REALIZE UNHE>D ( GA9S0 79 ,DUYV5DAK #a#i#b#h3#c#b74 ,LOANS AT 9T]E/ >E FIR/ DOCUM5T$ 9 ! F\R? C5TURY BC 9 ,*9A BUT MAY HAVE EXI/$ BE=E ?AT 7,YANG #a#i#g#a3#e74 ,= A P>ALLEL CASE ( *ILD-SELL+ = DEBT 9 E>LY ,9DIA1 ,RHYS ,DAVIDS #a#i#b#b3#b#a#h4 

.<#d#g#c.> ,JASP]S #a#i#d#i4 

.<#d#g#d.> ,P>KES #a#i#e#i3#g#a4 

.<#d#g#e.> ,OR1 IF ONE MU/ BE EV5 MORE PRECISE1 WE %\LD PROBABLY 5D IT 9 #fcb AD1 ) ! DEA? ( ! ,PROPHET4 

.<#d#g#f.> ,OBVI\SLY ,V$IC ,H9DUISM IS E>LI]2 ,I AM REF]R+ TO ,H9DUISM AS A SELF-CONSCI\S RELIGION1 :I* IS G5]ALLY SE5 AS HAV+ TAK5 %APE 9 REACTION TO ,BUDDHISM & ,JA9ISM >\ND ?IS TIME4 

.<#d#g#g.> ,! DATE US$ TO BE SET MU* E>LI]1 AT #fe OR EV5 #g BC1 BUT REC5T >*AEOLOGY HAS CALL$ ?IS 9TO QUE/ION4 ,LYDIAN CO9S /ILL SEEM TO BE ! E>LIE/1 ?\<1 AS MO/ ( ! O!RS HAVE BE5 SEEM TO BE ! E>LIE/ ?\<4 

.<#d#g#h.> ,PRAKA% @& ,S+H #a#i#f#h1 ,DHAVALIK> #a#i#g#d1 ,KOSAMBI #a#i#h#a1 ,GUPTA @& ,H>DAK] #a#i#i#e4 ,! LATE/ ACCEPT$ DATES = ! APPE>ANCE ( CO9AGE 9 ,9DIA1 BAS$ ON RADIOC>BON ANALYSIS1 IS CIRCA #d BC 7,]DOSY #a#i#h#h3#a#a#e1 #a#i#i#e3#a#a#c74 

.<#d#g#i.> ,KOSAMBI 7#a#i#h#a7 NOTES ?AT !RE SEEMS TO BE A DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 ! FIR/ ( !SE & ,BRONZE ,AGE ,H>APPAN CITIES3 0EV5 AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ,MOH5JO ,D>O1 :I* IS 5TIRELY A TRADE CITY AS %[N BY ITS F9E WEI<TS & POOR WEAPONS1 ! TRAD]S P]SI/$1 & CONT9U$ TO USE ! V]Y ACCURATE WEI<TS ( ?AT P]IOD40 7IBID3#i#a74 ,GIV5 :AT WE KN[ ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ) :I* ! ,H>APPAN CIVILIZATION WAS 9 CLOSE CONTACT1 IT ALSO SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT !Y CONT9U$ TO EMPLOY OLD] COMM]CIAL TE*NIQUES1 &1 9DE$1 0PROMISSORY NOTES0 DO APPE> AS FAMILI> PRACTICES 9 \R E>LIE/ LIT]>Y S\RCES1 SU* AS ! ,JAKATAS 7,RHYS ,DAVIDS #a#i#a3#a#f1 ,?AP> #a#i#i#e3#a#b#e1 ,FIS] #b#d3#a#i#d71 EV5 IF !SE >E MANY C5TURIES LAT]4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ?IS CASE1 ! M>KS W]E PRESUMABLY MEANT TO CONFIRM ! ACCURACY ( ! WEI<T1 TO %[ ?AT IT HADN'T BE5 FUR!R TRIMM$1 BUT ! 9SPIRATION ( E>LI] CR$IT PRACTICES SEEMS LIKELY4 ,KOSAMBI LAT] CONFIRMS ?IS3 0,! M>KS W\LD CORRESPOND TO MOD]N C\NT]SIGNATURES ON BILLS OR *ECKS CLE>$ ?R\< BUS9ESS H\SES40 7#a#i#i#f3#a#g#h-#g#i7 

.<#d#h.> ,\R FIR/ LIT]>Y RECORD ( CO9AGE 9 ,*9A IS ( A K+DOM ?AT RE=M$ ITS CURR5CY SY/EM 9 #ebd BC--:I* MEANS ?AT IT ALREADY HAD A CURR5CY SY/EM1 & PRESUMABLY HAD = SOME TIME 7,LI #a#i#h#e3#c#g#b74 

.<#d#h#a.> ,S*APS #b#f3#c#d4 ,= A SIMIL> REC5T >GUM5T1 ,S*O5B]G] #b#h4 

.<#d#h#b.> ,( C\RSE ! V]Y FIR/ CO9S W]E ( FAIRLY HI< D5OM9ATIONS & QUITE POSSIBLY US$ = PAY+ TAXES & FEES1 & = BUY+ H\SES & CATTLE MORE ?AN = EV]YDAY PUR*ASES 7,KRAAY #a#i#f#d1 ,PRICE #a#i#h#c1 ,S*APS #b#d1 ,VICK]S #a#i#h#e74 ,A REAL M>KET SOCIETY 9 ,GREECE1 = 9/ANCE1 C\LD ONLY BE SAID TO EXI/ :51 AS 9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 ORD9>Y CITIZ5S W5T TO ! M>KET C>RY+ M9USCULE CO9S ( /AMP$ SILV] OR COPP] 9 !IR *EEKS4 

.<#d#h#c.> ,FIR/ PROPOS$ BY ,COOK 7#a#i#e#h71 ! EXPLANATION HAS S9CE LO/ FAVOR 7,PRICE #a#i#h#c1 ,KRAAY #a#i#f#d1 ,WALLACE #a#i#h#g1 ,S*APS #b#d3#i#f-#a#a2 ?\< CF4 ,+HAM #b#d3#a7--L>GELY1 ON ! >GUM5T ?AT ONE CANNOT PAY SOLDI]S ) CO9S UNLESS !RE >E ALREADY M>KETS ) PEOPLE WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! CO9S4 ,?IS /RIKES ME AS A WEAK OBJECTION1 S9CE ! ABS5CE ( CO9AGE DOES NOT IMPLY ! ABS5CE ( EI!R MONEY OR M>KETS2 ALMO/ ALL P>TIES TO ! DEBATE 7E4G41 ,BALMU? .<#a#i#f#g1 #a#i#g#a1 #a#i#g#e1 #b#a7 :O >GUES ?AT IRREGUL> PIECES ( SILV] W]E ALREADY 9 WIDE USE AS CURR5CY1 & ,LE ,RID] 7#b#a71 ,SEA=D 7#b#d3#c#a#h-#c#g7 OR = ?AT MATT] ,S*APS 7#b#d3#b#b#b-#c#e71 :O >GUE ?AT !Y W]E NOT NUM]\S 5\< TO BE A VIABLE EV]YDAY CURR5CY1 SEEM TO GIVE MU* CONSID]ATION TO ! POSSIBILITY ?AT MO/ M>KET TRADE TOOK PLACE ON CR$IT4 ,ANYWAY1 AS ,I'VE NOT$ E>LI]1 IT W\LD BE EASY 5\< = ! /ATE TO 5SURE ?AT ! CO9S BECAME ACCEPTABLE CURR5CY SIMPLY BY 9SI/+ ?AT !Y W]E ! ONLY ACCEPTABLE MEANS ( PAYM5T = OBLIGATIONS TO ! /ATE ITSELF4 

.<#d#h#d.> ,MO/ ( ! E>LIE/ KN[N ,GREEK BANK]S W]E ( ,PHO5ICIAN DESC5T1 & IT'S QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT !Y FIR/ 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT ( 9T]E/ !RE 7,HUDSON #a#i#i#b74 

.<#d#h#e.> ,ELAYI @& ,ELAYI #a#i#i#b4 

.<#d#h#f.> ,/>R #a#i#g#g3#a#a#c2 SEE ,LEE #b4 

.<#d#h#g.> ,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT1 TO \R KN[L$GE1 ! GREAT TRAD+ NATIONS DID NOT PRODUCE MU* 9 ! WAY ( GREAT >T OR PHILOSOPHY4 

.<#d#h#h.> ,! GREAT EXCEPTION WAS ( C\RSE ,SP>TA1 :I* REFUS$ TO ISSUE ITS [N CO9AGE BUT DEVELOP$ A SY/EM :]EBY >I/OCRATS ADOPT$ A /RICT MILIT>Y LIFE/YLE & TRA9$ P]MAN5TLY = W>4 

.<#d#h#i.> ,>I/OTLE HIMSELF NOT$ ! CONNECTION :5 HE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( A ,GREEK /ATE C\LD BE PR$ICT$ BY ! MA9 >MY ( ITS MILIT>Y3 >I/OCRACIES IF !Y RELI$ ON CAVALRY 7S9CE HORSES W]E V]Y EXP5SIVE71 OLIG>*IES 9 ! CASE ( HEAVY 9FANTRY 7S9CE >MOR WAS NOT *EAP71 DEMOCRACY 9 ! CASE ( LI<T 9FANTRY OR NAVIES 7S9CE ANYONE C\LD WIELD A SL+ OR R[ A BOAT7 7,POLITICS #d4#c4#a#b#h#iB#c#c-#d#d1 #a#c4#a#b#i#gB#a#f-#b#d1 #f4#g4#a#c#b#aA#f-#a#d74 

.<#d#i.> ,KEYT 7#a#i#i#g3#a#c7 SUMM>IZ+ ,POLITICS #a#c#dB#b#g-#c#a4 

.<#d#i#a.> ,?UCYDIDES 7#f4#i#g4#g7 CLAIM$ ?AT #b1 ESCAP$ FROM ! M9ES 9 #dba BC1 :I* IS PROBABLY EXAGG]AT$1 BUT MO/ S\RCES E/IMATE AT LEA/ #a1 = MO/ ( ?AT C5TURY1 G5]ALLY WORK+ %ACKL$ & UND] ATROCI\S CONDITIONS 7,ROB9SON #a#i#g#c74 

.<#d#i#b.> ,+HAM #b#d3#i#i-#a4 

.<#d#i#c.> ,MAC,DONALD #b#f3#d#c4 

.<#d#i#d.> ,ON ,ALEX&]'S >MIES MONET>Y NE$S1 ,DAVIES #a#i#i#f3#h 9 TURN1 #h#c2 ON HIS LOGI/ICS MORE G5]ALLY1 ,5GELS #a#i#g#h4 ,! FIGURE #a#b1 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ACTUAL TROOPS BUT S]VANTS1 CAMP-FOLL[]S1 & SO =?4 

.<#d#i#e.> ,GRE5 #a#i#i#c3#c#f#f4 

.<#d#i#f.> ,! ,ROMAN 9/ITUTION WAS CALL$ NEXUM1 & WE DON'T KN[ 5TIRELY H[ IT WORK$3 I4E41 :E!R IT WAS A =M ( LABOR CONTRACT1 :]EBY ONE WORK$ (F ! DEBT = A FIX$ T]M1 OR SOME?+ MORE LIKE ,AFRICAN PAWN SY/EMS1 :]E ! DEBTOR--& HIS OR H] *ILDR5--S]V$ 9 CONDITIONS R\<LY LIKE ?OSE ( A SLAVE UNTIL R$EMPTION 7SEE ,TE/>T #bb = ! POSSIBILITIES74 ,SEE ,BUCKL] #a#h#i#e1 ,BRUNT #a#i#g#d1 ,CORNELL #a#i#i#d3#b#f#f-#f#g1 #c#c-#c#b4 

.<#d#i#g.> ,H5CE1 MO/ ( ! SC&AL\S /ORIES ?AT SP>K$ UPRIS+S AGA9/ DEBT BONDAGE C5T]$ ON DRAMATIC CASES ( PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ABUSE2 ( C\RSE1 ONCE DEBT BONDAGE WAS ABOLI%$ & H\SEHOLD LABOR WAS 9/EAD SUPPLI$ BY SLAVES1 SU* ABUSE WAS CONSID]$ NORMAL & ACCEPTABLE4 

.<#d#i#h.> ,! FIR/ BRONZE CO9S PAID TO SOLDI]S SEEM TO HAVE BE5 CO9$ >\ND #d BC 7,S*EIDEL #b#f71 BUT ?IS WAS ! TRADITIONAL DATE ACCORD+ TO ,ROMAN HI/ORIANS4 

.<#d#i#i.> ,:AT ,I AM >GU+ FLIES 9 ! FACE ( MU* ( ! CONV5TIONAL S*OL>LY WISDOM1 SUMM$ UP BE/ P]HAPS BY ,MOSES ,F9LEY :5 HE WROTE 09 ,GREECE & ,ROME ! DEBTOR CLASS REBELL$2 :]EAS 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ !Y DID NOT0--& !RE=E RE=MS LIKE ?OSE ( ,NEHEMIAH W]E AT LEA/ M9OR1 TEMPOR>Y PALLIATIVES4 ,NE> ,EA/]N REBELLION TOOK A DIFF]5T =M2 MOREOV]1 ,GREEK & ,ROMAN SOLUTIONS W]E BO? MORE LIMIT$ & MORE TEMPOR>Y ?AN HE SUPPOS$4 

.<#e.> ,IOANNAT\ #bf = A GOOD EXAMPLE4 ,CATAL9E'S CONSPIRACY ( #fc BC WAS AN ALLIANCE ( 9DEBT$ >I/OCRATS & DESP]ATE PEASANTS4 ,ON CONT9U$ ,REPUBLICAN DEBT & L& R$I/RIBUTION CAMPAIGNS3 ,MIT*ELL #a#i#i#c4 

.<#e#a.> ,H[GEGO MAKES ?IS PO9T3 0,IF LESS IS HE>D ( DEBT UND] ! ,PR9CIPATE IT MAY WELL BE BECAUSE POLITICAL /ABILITY REMOV$ ! OPPORTUNITY = ! EXPRESSION ( DISCONT5T4 ,?IS >GUM5T IS SUPPORT$ BY ! WAY 9 :I* DEBT REEM]GES AS AN ISSUE AT TIMES ( OP5 REVOLT0 7#a#i#i#b3#a#c74 

.<#e#b.> ,PLUT>*1 ,MORALIA1 #h#b#hF--#h#c#aA4 

.<#e#c.> ,!RE IS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 A VA/ & CONFLICT+ LIT]ATURE1 BUT PROBABLY ! BE/ S\RCE IS ,BANAJI 7#b#a74 ,HE EMPHASIZES 9 ! LATE EMPIRE1 0DEBT WAS ! ESS5TIAL MEANS BY :I* EMPLOY]S 5=C$ CONTROL OV] ! SUPPLY ( LABOR1 FRAGM5T+ ! SOLID>ITY ( WORK]S & 'P]SONALIZ+' RELATIONS BETWE5 [N]S & EMPLOYES0 7IBID3#b#e71 A SITUATION HE COMP>ES 9T]E/+LY TO ,9DIA4 

.<#e#d.> ,KOSAMBI #a#i#f#f1 ,%>MA #a#i#f#h1 ,MISRA #a#i#g#f1 ,ALTEK> #a#i#g#g3#a#i-#c#h4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,9DIAN HI/ORIANS1 :O REF] TO !M AS GANA-SAN<AS 70TRIBAL ASSEMBLIES071 T5D TO DISMISS !M AS W>RIOR >I/OCRACIES SUPPORT$ BY POPULATIONS ( HELOTS OR SLAVES1 ?\< ( C\RSE1 ,GREEK CITY-/ATES C\LD BE DESCRIB$ ! SAME WAY4 

.<#e#e.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y LOOK$ MORE LIKE ,SP>TA ?AN LIKE ,A!NS4 ,! SLAVES W]E ALSO COLLECTIVELY [N$ 7,*AKRAV>TI #a#i#h#e3#d#h-#d#i47 ,AGA91 ONE HAS TO WOND] H[ MU* ?IS WAS REALLY ! G5]AL RULE1 BUT ,I YIELD TO ! PR$OM9ANT S*OL>LY OP9ION ON SU* MATT]S4 

.<#e#f.> ,>?ASA/RA #b4#a#b4#b#g4 ,SEE ,S*APS #b#f3#a#h = A NICE COMP>ATIVE COMM5T>Y4 

.<#e#g.> ,?AP> #b#b3#c#d1 ,DIK%IT> #a#i#d#h4 

.<#e#h.> ,!RE W]E ALSO TAXES1 ( C\RSE1 USUALLY RANG+ FROM #a_/#f TO #a_/#d ( TOTAL YIELD 7,KOSAMBI #a#i#i#f3#c#a#f2 ,SIHAG #b#e71 BUT TAXES ALSO S]V$ AS A WAY TO BR+ GOODS TO ! M>KET4 

.<#e#i.> ,SO ,KOSAMBI #a#i#f#f3#a#e#b-#e#g4 

.<#e#a.> ,& WAGE LABOR1 TWO PH5OM5A ?AT1 AS SO (T5 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 L>GELY OV]LAPP$3 ! COMMON PHRASE = WORK]S US$ 9 TEXTS FROM ! P]IOD WAS DASA-K>MAK>A1 0SLAVE-HIREL+0 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SLAVES & LABOR]S WORK$ TOGE!R & W]E B>ELY DI/+UI%ABLE 7,*AKRAV>TI #a#i#h#e74 ,ON ! PR$OM9ANCE ( SLAV]Y1 SEE ,%>MA #a#i#e#h1 ,RAI #a#i#h#a4 ,! EXT5T IS CONTE/$1 BUT E>LY ,BUDDHI/ TEXTS DO SEEM TO ASSUME ?AT ANY WEAL?Y FAMILY W\LD NORMALLY HAVE DOME/IC SLAVES--:I* C]TA9LY WASN'T TRUE 9 O!R P]IODS4 

.<#e#a#a.> ,PUN*-M>K$ CO9S W]E ALSO EV5TUALLY REPLAC$1 AFT] ,ALEX&]'S BRIEF CONQUE/ ( ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY & HIS E/ABLI%M5T ( ,GREEK COLONI/S 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 BY ,AEGEAN-/YLE CO9S1 ULTIMATELY CAUS+ ! 5TIRE ,9DIAN TRADITION TO DISAPPE> 7,KOSAMBI #a#i#h#a1 ,GUPTA @& ,H>DAK] #a#i#h#e47 

.<#e#a#b.> ,IT'S REF]R$ TO AS ! 0,PILL> ,$ICT0 7,NORMAN #a#i#g#e3#a#f74 

.<#e#a#c.> ,!RE'S A GOOD DEAL ( DEBATE AS TO :53 ,S*OP5 7#a#i#i#d7 EMPHASIZES !RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE = SUB/ANTIAL ,BUDDHI/ MONA/]IES UNTIL ! FIR/ C5TURY AD1 P]HAPS ?REE C5TURIES LAT]4 ,?IS HAS A GREAT DEAL ( BE>+ ON MONET>IZATION TOO1 AS WE'LL SEE4 

.<#e#a#d.> 0,! PRIVATE TRAD] WAS REG>D$ AS A ?ORN 7KANTAKA71 A PUBLIC 5EMY JU/ %ORT ( A NATIONAL CALAMITY1 BY ,>?4 #d4#b1 TAX$ & F9$ = MALPRACTISES ( :I* MANY >E TAK5 = GRANT$0 7,KOSAMBI #a#i#i#f3#b#d#c74 

.<#e#a#e.> ,?OSE WI%+ TO BECOME MONKS HAD TO FIR/ AFFIRM ?AT !Y W]E NOT !MSELVES DEBTORS 7JU/ AS !Y ALSO HAD TO PROMISE !Y W]5'T RUNAWAY SLAVES72 BUT !RE WAS NO RULE SAY+ ! MONA/]Y ITSELF C\LD NOT L5D MONEY4 ,9 ,*9A1 AS WE'LL SEE1 PROVID+ EASY CR$IT T]MS = PEASANTS CAME TO BE SE5 AS A =M ( *>ITY4 

.<#e#a#f.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BUDDHI/ MONKS >E NOT ALL[$ TO SEE AN >MY1 IF !Y CAN POSSIBLY AVOID IT 7,PACITTIYA1 #d#h-#e#a74 

.<#e#a#g.> ,LEWIS #a#i#i4 

.<#e#a#h.> ,WILBUR #a#i#d#c1 ,YATES #b#b4 ,! /ATE ( ,Q91 DUR+ ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD1 NOT ONLY ALL[$ = >MY (FIC]S TO BE ALLOCAT$ SLAVES BY RANK1 BUT = M]*ANTS1 CRAFTSM51 & ! 0POOR & IDLE0 TO !MSELVES BE 0CONFISCAT$ AS SLAVES0 7,LEWIS #a#i#i3#f#a-#f#b74 

.<#e#a#i.> ,S*EIDEL 7#b#f1 #b#g1 #b#i7 HAS CONSID]$ ! MATT] AT L5G? & CONCLUD$ ?AT ,*9ESE CURR5CY TOOK ! UNUSUAL =M ?AT IT DID = TWO MAIBN REASONS3 7#a7 ! HI/ORICAL CO9CID5CE ?AT ,Q9 7:I* US$ BRONZE CO9S7 DEFEAT$ ,*U 7:I* US$ GOLD7 9 ! CIVIL W>S1 & SUBSEQU5T CONS]VATISM1 & 7#b7 ! LACK ( A HI<LY PAID PR(ESSIONAL >MY1 :I* ALL[$ ! ,*9ESE /ATE TO ACT LIKE ! E>LY ,ROMAN REPUBLIC1 :I* ALSO LIMIT$ ITSELF TO BRONZE CO9S = PEASANT CONSCRIPTS--BUT UNLIKE ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC1 WAS NOT SURR\ND$ BY /ATES ACCU/OM$ TO O!R =MS ( CURR5CY4 

.<#e#b.> ,PY?AGORAS WAS1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 ! FIR/ TO TAKE ! LATT] C\RSE1 F\ND+ A SECRET POLITICAL SOCIETY ?AT = A :ILE HAD CONTROL OV] ! LEV]S ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ! ,GREEK CITIES ( S\!RN ,ITALY4 

.<#e#b#a.> ,HADOT #a#i#i#e1 #b#b4 ,9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ,*RI/IANITY WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS A PHILOSOPHY L>GELY BECAUSE IT HAD ITS [N =MS ( ASCETIC PRACTICE4 

.<#e#b#b.> ,ON ! ,TILL]S3 ,GRAHAM #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#i#d3#f#g-#a#a4 ,!Y SEEM TO HAVE FL\RI%$ >\ND ! SAME TIME AS ,MO ,DI1 ! F\ND] ( ,MOHISM 7R\<LY #d#g-#c#i#a BC74 ,! ,TILL]S ULTIMATELY VANI%$1 LEAV+ BEH9D MA9LY A S]IES ( TREATISES ON AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGY1 BUT !Y HAD A TREM5D\S 9FLU5CE ON E>LY ,TAOISM--:I*1 9 TURN1 BECAME ! FAVORITE PHILOSOPHY = PEASANT REBELS = MANY C5TURIES TO COME1 />T+ ) ! ,YELL[ ,TURBANS ( #ahd AD4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,TAOISM WAS DISPLAC$ BY MESSIANIC =MS ( ,BUDDHISM AS ! FAVORITE IDEOLOGY ( REBELLI\S PEASANTS4 

.<#e#b#c.> ,WEI-,M+ #a#i#h#f1 ,GRAHAM #a#i#h#i1 ,S*W>TZ #a#i#h#f4 

.<#e#b#d.> ,LEG5D HAS IT ?AT AFT] ONE ,PY?AGOREAN MA!MATICIAN DISCOV]$ ! EXI/5CE ( IRRATIONAL NUMB]S1 O!R MEMB]S ( ! SECT TOOK HIM ON A CRUISE & DROPP$ HIM OV]BO>D4 ,= AN EXT5D$ DISCUSSION ( ! RELATION ( E>LY ,PY?AGOREANISM 7#e#c-#d BC7 TO ! RISE ( A CA% ECONOMY1 SEE ,SEA=D #b#d3#b#f#f-#g#e74 

.<#e#b#e.> ,AT LEA/ IF MY [N EXP]I5CE 9 ,MADAGASC> IS ANY?+ TO GO ON4 

.<#e#b#f.> ,W> IS QUITE SIMIL>3 IT'S ALSO AN >EA 9 :I* IT'S POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E EV]YONE AS PLAY+ A GAME :]E ! RULES & /AKES >E UNUSUALLY TRANSP>5T4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE IS ?AT 9 W> ONE DOES C>E AB\T ONE'S FELL[ SOLDI]S4 ,ON ! ORIG9S ( \R [N NOTION ( 0SELF-9T]E/10 SEE *APT] #aa BEL[4 

.<#e#b#g.> ,NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! UNRELAT$ ,CONFUCIAN T]M LI1 MEAN+ 0RITUAL0 OR 0ETIQUETTE40 ,LAT]1 LI BECAME ! WORD = 09T]E/0--?AT IS1 NOT ONLY 0SELF-9T]E/10 BUT ALSO 09T]E/ PAYM5T0 7E4G41 ,C>TI] #a#i#h#h3#b#f-#b#g74 ,I %\LD NOTE ?AT MY >GUM5T H]E IS SLI<TLY UNCONV5TIONAL4 ,S*W>TZ 7#a#i#h#e3#a#d#e-#e#a7 NOTES ?AT 9 ,CONFUCIUS1 0PR(IT0 HAS A PURELY PEJORATIVE MEAN+1 & HE >GUES ?AT IT WAS SUBV]SIVELY RE9T]PRET$ BY ,MO ,DI4 ,I F9D IT UNLIKELY ?AT ,CONFUCIUS REPRES5TS CONV5TIONAL WISDOM AT ?IS TIME2 :ILE HIS WRIT+S >E ! E>LIE/ WE HAVE ON ! SUBJECT1 HIS POSITION WAS CLE>LY M>G9AL = C5TURIES AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,I AM ASSUM+ 9/EAD ?AT ! ,LEGALI/ TRADITION REFLECT$ ! COMMON WISDOM EV5 BE=E ,CONFUCIUS--OR C]TA9LY1 ,M5CIUS4 

.<#e#b#h.> ,ZHAN ,GUO ,CE 70,/RATEGIES ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES07 NO4 #a#i1 #g4#a#g#e 

.<#e#b#i.> ,ANNUALS ( ,LU ,BUWEI1 #h_/#e4#d4 

.<#e#c.> ,SEE ,AMES 7#a#i#i#d7 = A DISCUSSION ( KEY T]MS3 SI LI 7SELF-9T]E/71 %I 7/RATEGIC ADVANTAGE71 & LI M9 7PUBLIC PR(IT74 

.<#e#c#a.> ,BOOK ( ,LORD ,%ANG #i#d#g-#d#h1 ,DUYV5DAK #a#i#b#h3#f#e4 

.<#e#c#b.> ,KOSAMBI'S TRANSLATION 7#a#i#f#e3#a#d#b72 ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA PREF]S 0H&BOOK ON PR(IT0 75TRY = 0,C,>V,AKA072 ,ALTEK> 7#a#i#g#g3#c71 0! SCI5CE ( WEAL?40 

.<#e#c#c.> ,NAG @& ,DIK%IT> #a#i#b#g3#a#e4 ,KOSAMBI >GUES ?AT ! ,MAURYAN POLITY WAS ?US BAS$ ON A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION3 0A MORAL LAW-ABID+ POPULATION RUL$ BY A COMPLETELY AMORAL K+0 7#a#i#i#f3#b#c#g74 ,YET SU* A SITUATION IS H>DLY UNUSUAL1 BE=E OR S9CE4 

.<#e#c#d.> ,?UCYDIDES #e4#h#e-#a#a#c 7CF4 #c4#c#f-#d#i74 ,! EV5T TOOK PLACE 9 #daf BC1 >\ND ! SAME TIME ?AT ,LORD ,%ANG & ,KAUTILYA W]E WRIT+4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,?UCYDIDES' [N OBJECTIONS TO SU* BEHAVIOR >E NOT EXPLICITLY MORAL BUT C5T] ON %[+ ?AT IT WAS NOT TO ! 0LONG-T]M PR(IT0 ( ! EMPIRE 7,KALLET #b#a3#a#i74 ,ON ,?UCYDIDES' [N UTILIT>IAN MAT]IALISM MORE G5]ALLY1 SEE ,SAHL9S #b#d4 

.<#e#c#e.> ,MOZI #f3#g,B1 9 ,HANS5 #b3#a#c#g 

.<#e#c#f.> ,M5CIUS #d4#a1 9 ,DUYV5DAK #a#i#b#h3#g#f-#g#g4 ,HE APPE>S TO BE REF]R+ TO A DI/9CTION ORIG9ALLY MADE BY ,CONFUCIUS HIMSELF3 0! SUP]IOR P]SON UND]/&S :AT IS RI<T :ILE ! 9F]IOR P]SON ONLY UND]/&S :AT IS P]SONALLY PR(ITABLE0 7,ANALECTS #g4#d4#a#f74 

.<#e#c#g.> ,! ,MOHI/ PA?--OV]TLY EMBRACE F9ANCIAL LOGIC--WAS ! LESS WELL TRODD54 ,WE'VE ALREADY SE5 H[ 9 ,9DIA & ,GREECE1 ATTEMPTS TO FRAME MORALITY AS DEBT W5T NO:]E3 EV5 ! ,V$IC PR9CIPLES >E O/5SIBLY AB\T LIB]ATION FROM DEBT1 :I* WAS ALSO1 AS WE'VE SE51 A C5TRAL !ME 9 ,ISRAEL4 

.<#e#c#h.> ,LE5H>DT #a#i#g#i3#a#f#d4 

.<#e#c#i.> ,?IS 9T]PRETATION DOES FLY FAIRLY DIRECTLY 9 ! FACE ( ! MA9 ?RU/ ( S*OL>%IP ON ! ISSUE1 :I* T5DS 9/EAD TO EMPHASIZE ! 0TRANSC5D5TAL0 NATURE ( ,AXIAL ,AGE IDEAS 7E4G41 ,S*W>TZ #a#i#g#e1 ,EIS5/ADT #a#i#h#b1 #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#h#f1 ,ROETZ #a#i#i#c1 ,BELLAH #b#e74 

.<#e#d.> ,! ,GREEK SY/EM ACTUALLY BEGAN ) ,FIRE1 ,AIR1 & ,WAT]1 & ! ,9DIAN ) ,FIRE1 ,WAT]1 & ,E>?1 ?\< 9 EA* CASE !RE W]E NUM]\S ELABORATIONS4 ,! ,*9ESE ELEM5TAL SY/EM WAS FIVEFOLD3 ,WOOD1 ,FIRE1 ,E>?1 ,METAL1 ,WAT]4 

.<#e#d#a.> ,9 ,*RI/IANITY1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,AUGU/9IAN TRADITION1 ?IS IS QUITE EXPLICIT3 ! MAT]IAL WORLD DOES NOT 9 ANY S5SE P>TAKE ( ,GOD2 ,GOD IS NOT 9 IT2 IT WAS SIMPLY MADE BY ,HIM 7,DE CIVITATE DEI #d4 #a#b7--?IS RADICAL SEP>ATION ( SPIRIT & NATURE BE+--ACCORD+ TO ,H5RI ,FRANK=T 7#a#i#d#h3#c#d#b-#d#d7--A PECULI>ITY ( ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN TRADITION4 ,?AT SAME ,AUGU/9IAN TRADITION1 ?\<1 ALSO DREW ON ,PLATO TO 9SI/ ?AT REASON1 ON ! O!R H&--! AB/RACT PR9CIPLE :I* ALL[S US TO UND]/& SU* ?+S1 & :I* IS 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM MATT]--DOES P>TAKE ( ! DIV9E 7SEE ,HOIT5GA #a#i#i#a3#a#a#b-#a#d1 = ! CONFLICT 9 ,AUGU/9E'S [N IDEAS H]E74 

.<#e#d#b.> ,%ELL'S ESSAY 0,! ,R+ ( ,GYGES0 7#a#i#g#h7 HAS ALREADY BE5 CIT$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 9 MY DISCUSSION ( ,PLATO2 ,SEA=D #a#i#i#h1 #b#d4 

.<#e#d#c.> ,?IS IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT ,MILETUS WAS ONE ( ! CITIES1 IF NOT ! FIR/ CITY1 TO PRODUCE CO9S ( SMALL 5\< D5OM9ATIONS ?AT !Y C\LD BE US$ = EV]YDAY TRANSACTIONS 7,KRAAY #a#i#f#d3#f#g74 

.<#e#d#d.> ,H]ACLITUS WAS FROM ! NE>BY ,IONIAN CITY ( ,EPHESUS & ,PY?AGORAS ORIG9ALLY FROM ! ,IONIAN ISL& ( ,SAMOS4 ,AFT] ,IONIA WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,P]SIAN EMPIRE1 L>GE NUMB]S ( ,IONIANS FL$ TO S\!RN ,ITALY1 :I* !N BECAME ! C5T] ( ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY1 AGA91 AT JU/ ! P]IOD :5 ! ,GREEK CITIES !RE BECAME ?OR\<LY MONET>IZ$4 ,A!NS BECAME ! C5T] ( ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY ONLY 9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 :I* IS ALSO :5 ,A!NS WAS MILIT>ILY DOM9ANT & ! ,A!NIAN 0[L0 CO9AGE BECAME ! MA9 9T]NATIONAL CURR5CY ( ! ,EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN4 

.<#e#d#e.> ,OR AS ,SEA=D 7#b#d3#b#h7 PUTS IT1 E*O+ ,ANAXIM&]'S DESCRIPTION ( HIS PRIMAL SUB/ANCE1 0A DI/9CT1 ET]NAL1 IMP]SONAL1 ALL-EMBRAC+1 UNLIMIT$1 HOMOG5E\S1 ET]NALLY MOV+1 AB/RACT1 REGULAT+ SUB/ANCE1 DE/9ATION = ALL ?+S AS WELL AS !IR ORIG90 7OR1 AT LEA/1 0ALL ?+S0 ?AT W]E AVAILABLE = PUR*ASE47 

.<#e#d#f.> ,SEA=D #b#d3#a#c#f-#d#f2 SEE ,PIC>D #a#i#g#e2 ,WALLACE #a#i#h#g2 ,H>RIS #b#hA3#a4 ,PURELY 0FIDUCI>Y0 MONEY IS ( C\RSE :AT A METALI/ W\LD CALL 0FIAT0 OR 0TOK50 MONEY1 OR A ,KEYNESIAN1 0*>TAL MONEY40 ,DESPITE ,F9LEY'S >GUM5TS TO ! CONTR>Y 7#a#i#h3#a#d#a1 #a#i#f71 JU/ AB\T ALL ANCI5T MONEY WAS FIDUCI>Y TO SOME EXT5T4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE :Y CO9S W\LD ORD9>ILY CIRCULATE AT A HI<] FACE VALUE ?AN !IR WEI<T 9 GOLD OR SILV]1 S9CE ! PRICE ( ! LATT] W\LD T5D TO FLUCTUATE1 BUT ! MOM5T ! CO9'S FACE VALUE WAS L[] ?AN ?AT ( ITS METAL CONT5T1 !RE W\LD BE NO REASON NOT TO MELT IT D[N4 

.<#e#d#g.> ,9 ! CASE ( TRULY L>GE /ATES LIKE ! ,ROMAN OR ,MAURYAN EMPIRES1 9FLATION DID EV5TUALLY RESULT1 BUT ! FULL EFFECTS W]E NOT FELT = AT LEA/ A C5TURY 7SEE ,+HAM #b#b3#a#a-#d1 ,KESSL] @& ,TEM9 #b#h1 ,H>RIS #b#hB = SOME GOOD DISCUSSIONS ( ! ,ROMAN SITUATION47 

.<#e#d#h.> ,SEA=D #b#d3#a#c#h-#c#i4 

.<#e#d#i.> ,I AM P>TLY 9SPIR$ H]E BY ,M>CEL ,MAUSS'S >GUM5TS AB\T ( ! CONCEPT ( SUB/ANCE 7,ALL5 #a#i#i#h74 

.<#e#e.> ,H5CE1 AS WE'LL SEE ,>I/OTLE'S POSITION ?AT A CO9 WAS ONLY A SOCIAL CONV5TION 7,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS #a#a#c#cA#b#i-#c#a7 REMA9$ V]Y MU* A M9ORITY VIEW 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,IT DID BECOME ! PR$OM9ANT VIEW LAT]1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

.<#e#e#a.> ,HE IS KN[N AS ,P,AY,ASI 9 ! ,BUDDHI/ SCRIPTURES1 ,PAESI 9 ! ,JA9A 7SEE ,BRONKHOR/ #b#g3#a#d#c-#a#e#i = A GOOD DISCUSSION ( !SE E>LIE/ ,9DIAN MAT]IALI/S2 = ! LAT] MAT]IALI/ S*OOL1 TO :I* ,KAUTILYA IS SAID TO BELONG1 SEE ,*ATTOPADHYAYA #a#i#i#d4 ,JASP]S 7#a#i#e#a3#a#c#e71 WRIT+ ( ,9DIA1 NOTES ! APPE>ANCE ( 0ALL PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS1 9CLUD+ SKEPTICISM & MAT]IALISM1 SOPHI/RY & NIHILISM0--A SIGNIFICANT LI/1 S9CE IT'S OBVI\SLY NOT A LI/ ( 0ALL0 PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS AT ALL1 BUT ONLY ! MO/ MAT]IALI/4 

.<#e#e#b.> ,9 ,! ,REPUBLIC IT IS REJECT$ \T ( H&4 ,9 ,9DIA1 AS ,I'VE >GU$1 ! ,H9DU TRADITION ONLY APPE>S TO EMBRACE IT4 ,BUDDHI/S1 ,JA9S1 & O!R OPPOSITIONAL PHILOSOPHIES DIDN'T USE ! T]M AT ALL4 

.<#e#e#c.> ,PHILO ( ,ALEX&RIA1 WRIT+ >\ND ! TIME ( ,*RI/1 SAYS ( ! ,ESS5ES3 0NOT A S+LE SLAVE IS TO BE F\ND AMONG !M1 BUT ALL >E FREE1 EX*ANG+ S]VICES ) EA* O!R1 & !Y D5\NCE ! [N]S ( SLAVES1 NOT M]ELY = !IR 9JU/ICE 9 \TRAG+ ! LAW ( EQUALITY1 BUT ALSO = !IR IMPIETY 9 ANNULL+ ! /ATUTE ( NATURE0 7,QUOD OMNIS PROBUS LIB] SIT #g#i74 ,! ,!RAPEUTAE1 ANO!R ,JEWI% GR\P1 GR\P REJECT$ ALL =MS ( PROP]TY1 BUT LOOK$ ON SLAV]Y 0TO BE A ?+ ABSOLUTELY & :OLLY CONTR>Y TO NATURE1 = NATURE HAS CREAT$ ALL M5 FREE0 7,DE ,VITA ,CONTEMPLATIVA #g74 ,! SIMIL>ITY TO ,ROMAN LAW IDEAS IS NOTABLE4 ,JEWI% GR\PS >E UNUSUALLY WELL DOCUM5T$2 IF SIMIL> SECTS EXI/$ 91 SAY1 ,?RACE1 OR ,NUMIDIA1 WE PROBABLY W\LDN'T KN[4 

.<#e#e#d.> ,LAT] LEG5D HAD IT ?AT HIS FA!R WAS A K+ & HE GREW UP 9 A PALACE1 BUT ! ,SAKYA 0K+0 ( ! TIME WAS 9 FACT A ELECT$ & ROTAT+ POSITION 7,KOSAMBI #a#i#f#e3#i#f74 

.<#e#e#e.> ,CO9S PRODUC$ BY ! B>B>IAN SUCCESSOR /ATES G5]ALLY DID NOT HAVE A GREAT DEAL ( GOLD OR SILV] 9 !M2 AS A RESULT !Y T5D$ TO CIRCULATE ONLY )9 ! PR9CIPALITY ( ! K+ OR B>ON :O ISSU$ !M & W]E L>GELY USELESS = TRADE4 

.<#e#e#f.> ,DOCKES 7#a#i#g#i3#f#b-#g7 PROVIDES A GOOD OV]VIEW ( ! SITUATION--LIT]ALLY1 S9CE CURR5T UND]/&+S ( ! EXT5T ( ,ROMAN SLAVE E/ATES 9 ,FRANCE >E BAS$ L>GELY ON A]IAL PHOTOGRAPHY4 ,OV] TIME EV5 ! FREE COMMUNITIES L>GELY 5D$ UP 9 DEBT PEONAGE ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 OR B\ND TO ! L& AS S]FS 79 ,LAT91 COLONI74 

.<#e#e#g.> ,AS WE'VE SE51 ,KOSAMBI SAW ,MAGADHA AS A PEAK ( MONET>IZATION4 ,R4,S4 ,%>MA 7#b#a3#a#a#i-#f#b7 >GUES ?AT CO9AGE REMA9$ COMMONPLACE UND] ! ,GUPTAS 7#b#h TO #ee AD7 BUT !N ABRUPTLY DISAPPE>$ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E !REAFT]4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 IF HE IS RI<T ?AT ! TOTAL NUMB] ( CO9S 9 CIRCULATION DID NOT DIM9I% UNTIL !N1 HE HIMSELF PO9TS \T 7IBID3#a#d#c7 ?AT ! TOTAL POPULATION ( ! ,GANGES ,PLA9 ALMO/ TRIPL$ OV] ?IS P]IOD1 SO EV5 ?IS W\LD M>K A /EADY DECL9E4 

.<#e#e#h.> ,= AN OV]VIEW3 ,R4,S4 ,%>MA #a#i#f#e1 ,KANE #aifh ,I,I,I3#d#a#a-#f#a1 ,*ATT]JEE #a#i#g#a4 ,S*OP5 7#a#i#i#d7 ESPECIALLY EMPHASIZES ?AT ! TE*NIQUES GR[ MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ OV] ! C\RSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 = 9/ANCE1 DEVELOP+ BOOKKEEP+ TE*NIQUES = COMB9+ COMP\ND 9T]E/ ) P>TIAL REPAYM5TS4 

.<#e#e#i.> ,DOCUM5TS ON ! REGULATION ( MONA/IC AFFAIRS PAY A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! DETAILS3 H[ :5 ! MONEY WAS L5T \T1 CONTRACTS W\LD BE SIGN$1 SEAL$1 & DEPOSIT$ 9 ! TEMPLE BE=E WITNESSES2 H[ A SURETY OR PL$GE WOR? TWICE ! AM\NT ( ! LOAN %\LD BE TURN$ OV]1 H[ 0DEV\T LAY BRO!RS0 %\LD BE ASSIGN$ TO MANAGE ! 9VE/M5T1 & SO =? 7,S*OP5 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#e#f.> ,FROM ! ,>AB D9>1 :I* 9 TURN D]IVES FROM ! ,ROMAN D5>IUS4 ,IT IS UNCLE> :E!R SU* SUMS W]E ACTUALLY PAID 9 CO9S AT ?IS PO9T3 ONE E>LY MONA/IC MANUAL1 = EXAMPLE1 SPEAK+ ( OBJECTS ?AT MI<T BE RELEGAT$ TO ! ,9EXHAU/IBLE ,TREASURIES & ?US PUT \T AT 9T]E/1 M5TIONS 0GOLD & SILV]1 :E!R 9 ! =M ( CO9S1 F9I%$ OR RAW1 9 L>GE OR SMALL QUANTITIES1 PURE OR ALLOY$1 OR :E!R 9 ! =M ( UT5SILS1 F9I%$ OR UNF9I%$0 7,MAH,AS,AM<IKA ,V9AYA1 9 ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#a#f#e.>74 

.<#e#f#a.> ,FLEET #a#h#h#h3 #b#f-#f#b1 AS TRANSLAT$ 9 ,S*OP5 #a#i#i#d3#e#c#b-#c#c4 ,ONE NE$ H>DLY REM>K ON ! IRONY ( ?IS EMPHASIS ON ET]NITY EM]G+ )9 ,BUDDHISM1 A RELIGION F\ND$ ON ! RECOGNITION ( ! IMP]MAN5CE ( ALL WORLDLY ATTA*M5TS4 

.<#e#f#b.> ,! COMM]CIAL LOANS >E DOCUM5T$ FROM AN 9SCRIPTION AT ! ,WE/ ,9DIAN MONA/]Y AT ,K>LE 7,LEVI #a#i#c#h3 #a#d#e2 ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#a#f#d.>2 ,B>REAU #a#i#f#a3#d#d#d-#d#g71 ! ASSEMBLIES FROM LAT] ,TAMIL TEMPLES 7,AYY> #a#i#h#b3#d-#f#h1 ,R4,S4 ,%>MA #a#i#f#e47 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :E!R SOME ( !SE W]E COMM]CIAL LOANS1 OR MORE LIKE ! LAT] ,BUDDHI/ CU/OM ( JISA /ILL CURR5T 9 ,TIBET1 ,BHUTAN1 & ,MONGOLIA1 :]E AN 9DIVIDUAL1 OR COLLECTIVE1 OR GR\P ( FAMILIES WI%+ TO SUPPORT A SPECIFIC C]EMONY OR1 SAY1 AN $UCATIONAL PROJECT MI<T RECEIVE A #e-RUPEE LOAN 09 P]PETUITY0 & !N BE EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE #h RUPEES A YE> TO ORGANIZE ! C]EMONY4 ,! RESPONSIBILITIES >E !N 9H]IT$1 ?\< ! 0LOAN0 CAN BE TRANSF]R$ 7,MILL] #a#i#f#a1 ,MURPHY #a#i#f#a74 

.<#e#f#c.> ,KALHANA1 ,RAJAT>ANG9I #g4#a#i#a-#i#h2 SEE ,BA%AM #a#i#d#h1 ,RIEPE #a#i#f#a3#d#dN#d#i47 ,! MONKS W]E APP>5TLY ,AJIVKAS1 :O /ILL EXI/$ AT ?IS TIME4 

.<#e#f#d.> ,NASK> #a#i#i#f1 ,R4,S4 ,%>MA #b#a3#d#e-#f#f1 ON ! ,PURANIC DESCRIPTION ( ! 0,KALI AGE10 :I* SEEMS TO BE ! WAY LAT] ,BRAHM9S REF]R$ TO ! P]IOD FROM R\<LY ,ALEX&]'S REIGN TO ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 A P]IOD ( 9SECURITY & UNRE/ :5 =EIGN DYNA/IES RUL$ MU* ( ,9DIA1 & CA/E HI]>*IES W]E WIDELY *ALL5G$ OR REJECT$4 

.<#e#f#e.> ,MANUSMRTI #h4#e4#b#e#g4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! DEBT TO O!R HUMANS VANI%ES 5TIRELY 9 !SE TEXTS4 

.<#e#f#f.> ,MANUSMRTI #h4#e4#b#g-#g#b4 ,A ,SUDRA'S TONGUE W\LD ALSO BE CUT (F = 9SULT+ A MEMB] ( ! TWICE-BORN CA/ES 7#h4#b#g74 

.<#e#f#g.> ,R4,S4 ,%>MA #a#i#e#h1 #a#i#h#g1 ,*AUHAN #b#c4 

.<#e#f#h.> 0,A ,SUDRA1 ?\< EMANCIPAT$ BY HIS MA/]1 IS NOT RELEAS$ FROM A /ATE ( S]VITUDE1 = A /ATE :I* IS NATURAL TO HIM1 BY :OM CAN HE BE DIVE/$80 7,MANUSMRTI1 ,Y,AJNAVALKYA ,SMRTI #h4#e4#d#a#i71 OR EV5 0,SUDRAS MU/ BE R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y1 EI!R BY PUR*ASE OR )\T PUR*ASE1 BECAUSE !Y W]E CREAT$ BY ,GOD = ! SAKE OR S]V+ O!RS 7#h4#e4#d#a#c74 

.<#e#f#i.> ,KAUTILYA ALL[$ #f P]C5T = COMM]CIAL LOANS1 #ab P]C5T 0= 5T]PRISES ?AT 9VOLVE J\RNEYS ?R\< =E/S10 & TWICE ?AT = ?OSE ?AT 9VOLVE %IPP+ GOODS BY SEA 7,>?ASA/RA #c4#a#a2 ONE LAT] CODE1 ,Y,AJNAVALKYA ,SMRTI #b4#c#h FOLL[S ?IS47 

.<#e#g.> ,Y,AJNAVALKYA ,SMRTI #b4#c#g1 ,MANUSMRTI #h4#a#d#c1 ,VISNUSMRTI #e4#f4#b1 SEE ,KANE #aifh ,I,I,I3#d#b#a4 

.<#e#g#a.> ,R4,S4 ,%>MA #a#i#f#e3#f#h4 ,SIMIL>LY1 E>LY LAW-CODES SPECIFI$ ?AT ANYONE :O DEFAULT$ ON A DEBT %\LD BE REBORN AS A SLAVE OR EV5 A DOME/IC ANIMAL 9 !IR CR$ITOR'S H\SEHOLD3 ONE LAT] ,*9ESE ,BUDDHI/ TEXT WAS EV5 MORE EXACT1 SPECIFY+ ?AT = EA* EI<T W5 DEFAULT$1 ONE MU/ SP5D ONE DAY AS AN OX1 OR = EA* SEV51 ONE DAY AS A HORSE 7,ZHUANG ,*UN 9 ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#b#d#dN#a#g7 

.<#e#g#b.> ,DUMONT 7#a#i#f#f74 

.<#e#g#c.> ,GYAN ,PRAKA% 7#b#c3#a#h#d7 MAKES ?IS PO9T = ! COLONIAL P]IOD3 :5 ONE-TIME CA/E HI]>*IES BEGAN TO BE TREAT$ 9/EAD AS MATT]S ( DEBT BONDAGE1 SUBORD9ATES TURN$ 9TO P]SONS :O HAD EQUAL RI<TS1 BUT :OSE RI<TS W]E TEMPOR>ILY 0SUSP5D$40 

.<#e#g#d.> ,TO BE FAIR1 ONE C\LD ALSO >GUE ?AT 9DEBT$ PEASANTS >E ALSO LIKELY TO BE 9 COMM& ( MORE RES\RCES1 & ?US BE MORE CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ A REBELLION4 ,WE KN[ V]Y LITTLE AB\T POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,M$IEVAL ,9DIA 7?\< SEE ,GUHA 7#a#i#i#i74 ,PALAT 7#a#i#h#f1 #a#i#h#h3#b#e-#a#e2 ,KOSAMBI #a#i#i#f3#c#i#b-#i#c71 BUT ! TOTAL NUMB] ( SU* REVOLTS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RELATIVELY L[ 9 COMP>ISON TO ,EUROPE & C]TA9LY 9 COMP>ISON TO ,*9A1 :]E REBELLION WAS ALMO/ CEASELESS4 

.<#e#g#e.> 0,NO ONE KN[S JU/ H[ MANY REBELLIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,*9ESE HI/ORY4 ,FROM ! (FICIAL RECORD !RE W]E SEV]AL ?\S& 9CID5TS )9 JU/ ?REE YE>S FROM #fac TO #fae AD1 PROBABLY ONE ?\S& EV5TS A YE> 7,WEI ,Z4 AD #f#e#f3 *4 0,REPORT ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,HI/ORIANS074 ,ACCORD+ TO ,P>SONS1 DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#f#b#i-#d#d1 !RE W]E AS MANY AS #b#c#d1#a#h#e 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,*9A1 AV]AG+ #dc EV5TS P] DAY1 OR #a4#h \TBREAKS P] H\R0 7,D5G #a#i#i#i3#b#b74 

.<#e#g#f.> ,FOLL[+ ,D5G 7#a#i#i#i74 

.<#e#g#g.> ,HUANG #a#i#i#i3#b#c#a4 

.<#e#g#h.> ,!SE LOANS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 AN EXT5SION ( ! LOGIC ( ! /ATE GRAN>IES1 :I* /OCKPIL$ FOOD2 SOME TO SELL AT /RATEGIC MOM5TS TO KEEP PRICES L[1 SOME TO DI/RIBUTE FREE 9 TIMES ( FAM9E2 SOME TO LOAN AT L[ 9T]E/ TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO USUR]S4 

.<#e#g#i.> ,HUANG OP CIT2 CF4 ,ZHUOYUN @& ,DULL #a#i#h3#b#b-#b#d4 ,= HIS COMPLEX CURR5CY RE=MS3 ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#a#a#a-#a#d4 

.<#e#h.> ,G5]ALLY1 9T]E/ RATES W]E SET AT A MAXIMUM ( #b P]C5T & COMP\ND 9T]E/ WAS BANN$4 ,*9ESE AU?ORITIES EV5TUALLY ALSO ADOPT$ ! ,9DIAN PR9CIPLE ?AT 9T]E/ %\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO EXCE$ ! PR9CIPAL 7,C>TI] #a#i#h#h3#b#h2 ,YANG #a#i#g#a3#i#b-#a#c74 

.<#e#h#a.> ,BRAUDEL #a#i#g#i2 ,WALL]/E9 #a#i#i#a1 #b#a4 

.<#e#h#b.> ,I AM H]E ESPECIALLY FOLL[+ ! WORK ( ,BOY ,B9 ,WONG 7#a#i#i#g1 #b#b2 ALSO ,MIELANTS #b#a1 #b#g47 ,GRANT$1 MO/ ,BRAUDELANS ONLY SEE LAT] DYNA/IES LIKE ! ,M+ AS FULLY EMBODY+ ?IS PR9CIPLE1 BUT ,I ?9K IT CAN BE PROJECT$ BACKW>DS4 

.<#e#h#c.> ,SO1 = 9/ANCE1 :ILE M>KETS !MSELVES W]E CONSID]$ B5EFICIAL1 ! GOV]NM5T ALSO SY/EMATICALLY 9T]V5$ TO PREV5T PRICE FLUCTUATIONS1 /OCKPIL+ COMMODITIES :5 !Y W]E *EAP & RELEAS+ !M IF PRICES ROSE4 ,!RE W]E P]IODS ( ,*9ESE HI/ORY :5 RUL]S MADE COMMON CAUSE ) M]*ANTS1 BUT ! RESULT WAS USUALLY A MAJOR POPUL> BACKLA% 7,D5G #a#i#i#i3#a#d#f74 

.<#e#h#d.> ,POMM]ANZ #a#i#i#h1 ,GOLD/ONE #bb = AN 9TRODUCTION TO ! VA/ LIT]ATURE ON COMP>ATIVE /&>DS ( LIV+4 ,9DIA WAS ACTUALLY DO+ RA!R WELL ALSO = MO/ ( ITS HI/ORY4 

.<#e#h#e.> ,ZUR*] #a#i#e#h3#b#h#b4 

.<#e#h#f.> ,G]NET #aief 7#a#i#i#i3 #b#d#a-#d#b72 = ! FOLL[+ DISCUSSION SEE ,G]NET #a#i#f1 ,JAN #a#i#f#e1 ,KIES*NICK #a#i#i#g1 ,B5N #a#i#i#h1 #b#g4 

.<#e#h#g.> ,TSAN-N+ 7#i#a#i-#a#a AD7 QUOT$ 9 ,JAN #a#i#f#e3#b#f#c4 ,O!RS APPEAL$ TO ! HI/ORY ( BODHISATTVAS & PI\S K+S :O HAD MADE GIFTS ( !IR [N BODIES1 SU* AS ! K+ :O1 9 TIME ( FAM9E1 LEAP$ TO HIS DEA? TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A M\NTA9 ( FLE%1 REPLETE ) ?\S&S ( HEADS1 EYES1 LIPS1 TEE?1 & TONGUES1 :I* = T5 ?\S& YE>S ONLY GREW L>G] NO MATT] H[ MU* ( IT HUMANS & ANIMALS +E/$ 7,B5N #b#g3#i#e1 #a#h2 CF4 ,OHNUMA #b#g74 

.<#e#h#h.> ,TU ,MU1 CIT$ 9 ,G]NET #aief 7#a#i#i#e3#b#d#e74 

.<#e#h#i.> ,?IS MI<T COME AS SOME?+ ( A SURPRISE1 S9CE ! PHRASE IS US$ SO (T5 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,WE/]N POPUL> USAGE1 0K>MIC DEBT0 BECOM+ SOME?+ ( A ,NEW ,AGE CLI*E4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO /RIKE A MU* MORE 9TUITIVE *ORD ) ,EURO-,AM]ICANS ?AN IT EV] DID 9 ,9DIA4 ,DESPITE ! CLOSE ASSOCIATION ( DEBT & S9 9 ! ,9DIAN TRADITION1 MO/ E>LY ,BUDDHI/ S*OOLS AVOID$ ! CONCEPT--L>GELY BECAUSE IT IMPLI$ A CONT9UITY ( ! SELF1 :I* !Y SAW AS EPHEM]AL & ULTIMATELY ILLUSORY4 ,! EXCEPTION W]E ! ,SAMMITIYA1 CALL$ 0P]SONALI/S0 AS !Y DID BELIEVE 9 AN 5DUR+ SELF1 :O DEVELOP$ ! NOTION ( AVIPR,AASA1 :]EBY ! RESULTS ( GOOD OR BAD ACTIONS--K>MA--05DURE LIKE A %EET ( PAP] ON :I* A DEBT IS 9SCRIB$0 AS AN UNCONSCI\S ELEM5T ( ! SELF ?AT PASSES FROM ONE LIFE TO ANO!R 7,LAMOTTE #a#i#i#g3#b#b-#b#d1 #h#f-#i2 ,LU/HAUS #b#b3#b#i-#a74 ,! IDEA MI<T HAVE DI$ ) ?AT SECT HAD IT NOT BE5 TAK5 UP BY ! FAM\S ,MAHAYANA PHILOSOPH] ,N,AG,>JUNA1 :O COMP>$ IT TO AN 0IMP]I%ABLE PROMISSORY NOTE0 7,KALUPAHANA #a#i#i#a3#e#d-#e#e1 #b#d#i2 ,PASADIKA #a#i#i#g74 ,HIS ,M,ADHYAMAKA S*OOL 9 TURN BECAME ! ,SANLUN OR 0,?REE ,TREATISE0 S*OOL 9 ,*9A2 ! NOTION ( K>MIC DEBT WAS TAK5 UP 9 P>TICUL> BY ! 0,?REE ,/AGES0 OR 0,?REE ,LEVELS0 S*OOL CREAT$ ! MONK ,HS9-,HS+ 7#e#d-#i#d AD7 7,HUBB>D #b#a74 

.<#e#i.> ,COMM5T>Y ON ! ,DH>MA ( ! ,9EXHAU/IBLE ,/OREH\SE ( ! ,MAHAYANA ,UNIV]SE1 AS TRANSLAT$ BY ,HUBB>D 7#b#a3#b#f#e71 ) A FEW *ANGES BAS$ ON ,G]NET 7#a#i#e#f .<#a#i#i#e3#b#d#f.>74 

.<#e#i#a.> ,9 ,HUBBORD #b#a3#b#f#f4 

.<#e#i#b.> ,DAO ,%I1 9 ,COLE #a#i#i#h3#a#a#g4 ,COLE'S BOOK PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T SUMM>Y ( ?IS LIT]ATURE 7SEE ALSO ,AH]N #a#i#g#c1 ,TEIS] #a#i#h#h1 ,KNAPP #b#d1 ,OXFELD #b#e74 ,SOME ,M$IEVAL TEXTS FOCUS EXCLUSIVELY ON ! MO!R1 O!RS ON P>5TS G5]ALLY4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ! SAME NOTION ( AN 9F9ITE & UNPAYABLE 0MILK-DEBT0 TO ONE'S MO!R ALSO APPE>S 9 ,TURKEY 7,:ITE #b#d3#g#e-#g#f74 

.<#e#i#c.> ,SUTRA = ! ,RECOMP5SE ( ,GRATITUDE CIT$ 9 ,BASK9D #b#g3#a#f#f4 ,MY 0F\R BILLION YE>S0 TRANSLATES 0KALPA10 :I* IS TE*NICALLY #d4#c#b BILLION YE>S4 ,I ALSO *ANG$ 0!M0 = P>5TS TO 0H]0 = MO!R S9CE ! CONTEXT REF]S TO A MAN :O CUT HIS [N FLE% SPECIFICALLY = HIS MO!R'S SAKE4 

.<#e#i#d.> ,*9ESE ,BUDDHI/S DID NOT 9V5T ! PAWN%OP1 BUT !Y APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO SPONSOR !M ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,ON ! ORIG9S ( PAWNBROK+ 9 G5]AL1 SEE ,H>DAK] #a#h#i#b1 ,KUZNETS #a#i#c#c4 ,ON ,*9A SPECIFICALLY3 ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#a#g-#g#c.>1 ,YANG #a#i#g#a3#g#a-#g#c1 ,:ELAN #a#i#g#i4 ,9 A REM>KABLE P>ALLEL1 ! FIR/ 0=MAL0 PAWN%OPS 9 ,EUROPE ALSO EM]G$ FROM MONA/]IES = SIMIL> PURPOSES3 ! MONTI DI PIETA OR 0BANKS ?AT TAKE PITY0 CREAT$ BY ! ,FRANCISCANS 9 ,ITALY 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 7,P5G #a#i#i#d3#b#d#e1 ALSO MAKES NOTE ( ! P>ALLEL47 

.<#e#i#e.> ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#a#d#b-#h#f.>1 ,*'5 #a#i#f#d3#b#f#b-#f#e2 ,COLL9S #a#i#h#f3#f#f-#g#a2 ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#b#d#c-#d#e4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ,TAOI/ MONA/]IES1 :I* ALSO MULTIPLI$ 9 ?IS P]IOD1 BANN$ MAK+ LOANS 7,KOHN #b#b3#g#f71 P]HAPS 9 P>T TO M>K A DI/9CTION4 

.<#e#i#f.> ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#b#b#h.>1 :]E HE FAM\SLY WROTE1 0! DONORS TO ! ,9EXHAU/IBLE ,TREASURIES W]E %>EHOLD]S1 NOT 9 ! ECONOMIC DOMA9 BUT ?AT ( RELIGION40 ,AS F> AS ,I KN[1 ! ONLY CONTEMPOR>Y S*OL> :O HAS FULLY EMBRAC$ ! PREMISE ?AT ?IS WAS 9DE$ AN E>LY =M ( CAPITALISM IS ,R&ALL ,COLL9S 7#a#i#h#f7 :O SEES SIMIL> MONA/IC CAPITALISM 9 LAT] ,M$IEVAL ,EUROPE AS WELL4 ,! ACCEPT$ ,*9ESE HI/ORIOGRAPHY HAS T5D$ TO SEE ! FIR/ 0%OOTS ( CAPITALISM0 DEVELOP+ LAT]1 9 ! ,SONG1 :I* WAS MU* LESS HO/ILE TO M]*ANTS ?AN O!R DYNA/IES1 FOLL[$ BY A FULL EMBRACE ( ! M>KET--BUT FIRM REJECTION ( CAPITALISM--9 ! ,M+ & ,Q+4 ,! KEY QUE/ION IS ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 & 9 ,TANG TIMES ?IS REMA9S SOME:AT OPAQUE1 S9CE EV5 IF /ATI/ICS W]E AVAILABLE1 :I* !Y'RE NOT1 IT'S DIFFICULT TO KN[ :AT T]MS LIKE 0S]F10 0SLAVE10 & 0WAGE-LABOR]0 ACTUALLY MEANT 9 PRACTICE4 

.<#e#i#g.> ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#a#a#f-#c#i.>1 ,*'5 #a#i#f#d3#b#f#i-#g#a1 ON L& RECLAMATION & MONA/IC SLAVES4 

.<#e#i#h.> 0,IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! PURPOSE ( ?IS G5]OSITY IS TO RELIEVE ! POOR & ORPHANS4 ,BUT 9 FACT !RE IS NO?+ TO IT BUT EXCESS & FRAUD4 ,?IS IS NOT A LEGITIMATE BUS9ESS0 ,G]NET #aief 7#a#i#i#e3#a#d-#e1 #b#a#a74 

.<#e#i#i.> ,G]NET #aief .<#a#i#i#e3#b#b.>4 

.<#f.> ,SEE ,ADAMEK #b#e1 ,WAL% #b#g4 

.<#f#a.> ,?IS IS PROBABLY :Y AB/RACTIONS LIKE ,TRU?1 ,JU/ICE1 & ,FRE$OM >E SO (T5 REPRES5T$ AS WOM54 

.<#f#b.> ,M>CO ,POLO OBS]V$ ! PRACTICE 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CE ( ,YUNNAN 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY3 0,BUT :5 !Y HAVE ANY BUS9ESS ) ONE ANO!R1 !Y TAKE A R\ND OR SQU>E PIECE ( /ICK1 & SPLIT IT 9 TWO2 & ONE TAKES ONE HALF & ! O!R TAKES ! O!R HALF4 ,BUT BE=E !Y SPLIT IT1 !Y MAKE TWO OR ?REE NOT*ES 9 IT1 OR AS MANY AS !Y WI%4 ,SO1 :5 ONE ( !M COMES TO PAY ANO!R1 HE GIVES HIM ! MONEY OR :ATEV] IT IS1 & GETS BACK ! PIECE ( /ICK ! O!R HAD0 7,B5$ETTO #a#i#c#a3#a#i#c74 ,SEE ALSO ,YANG #a#i#g#a3#i#b1 ,KAN #a#i#g#h1 ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#c#b1 #c#c1 #e#h1 ,TROMB]T #a#i#i#e3#a#b-#a#e4 ,TALLIES ( ?IS SORT SEEM1 ACCORD+ TO ,KAN1 TO HAVE PREC$$ WRIT+2 & ONE LEG5D CLAIMS ?AT ! SAME MAN1 A M9I/] TO ! ,YELL[ ,EMP]OR1 9V5T$ BO? WRIT+ & TALLY CONTRACTS SIMULTANE\SLY 7,TROMB]T #a#i#i#e3#a#c74 

.<#f#c.> ,GRAHAM #a#i#f3#a#g#i4 

.<#f#d.> ,ACTUALLY ! SIMIL>ITY WAS NOTIC$ 9 ANTIQUITY AS WELL3 ,LAOZI 7,DAODEJ+ #b#g7 SPEAKS ( ?OSE :O CAN 0C\NT )\T A TALLY1 SECURE A DOOR )\T A LOCK40 ,MO/ FAM\SLY1 HE ALSO 9SI/$ 0:5 WISE M5 HOLD ! LEFT TALLY PL$GE1 !Y DO NOT PRESS !IR DEBTORS = !IR DEBTS4 ,M5 ( VIRTUE HOLD ON TO ! TALLY2 M5 LACK+ VIRTUE PURSUE !IR CLAIMS0 7/ANZA #g#i74 

.<#f#e.> ,OR ONE MI<T BETT] SAY1 TURN+ !M AT ONE SNAP FROM MONET>Y DEBTS TO MORAL ONES1 S9CE ! V]Y FACT ?AT WE KN[ ! /ORY IMPLIES HE WAS EV5TUALLY REW>D$ 7,P5G #a#i#i#d3#a74 ,IT IS PROBABLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! WORD FU1 MEAN+ 0TALLY10 ALSO C\LD MEAN 0AN AUSPICI\S OM5 GRANT$ TO A PR9CE AS A TOK5 ( HIS APPO9TM5T BY ,HEAV50 7,MA!WS #a#i#c#a3#b#h#c74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,P5G NOTES A PASSAGE FROM ,/RATEGEMS ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES1 AB\T A LORD ATTEMPT+ TO W9 POPUL> SUPPORT3 0,F5G HURRI$ TO ,BI1 :]E HE HAD ! CL]KS ASSEMBLE ALL ?OSE PEOPLE :O [$ DEBTS1 SO ?AT HIS TALLIES MI<T BE MAT*$ AGA9/ !IRS4 ,:5 ! TALLIES HAD BE5 MAT*$1 ,F5G BR\<T =? A FALSE ORD] TO =GIVE !SE DEBTS1 & HE BURN$ ! TALLIES4 ,! PEOPLE ALL *E]$0 7IBID3#aN#i74 ,= ,TIBETAN P>ALLELS1 SEE ,UEBA* #b#h4 

.<#f#f.> ,SIMIL> ?+S HAPP5$ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E E>LY CONTRACTS W]E ALSO BROK5 9 HALF 9 IMITATION ( TALLY /ICKS3 ! PHRASE 09D5TUR$ S]VANT0 D]IVES FROM ?IS PRACTICE1 S9CE !SE W]E CONTRACT LABOR]S2 ! WORD ACTUALLY D]IVES FROM ! 09D5TATIONS0 OR NOT*ES ON ! TALLY /ICK US$ AS A CONTRACT 7,BLACK/ONE #ahbg ,I3#b#a#h74 

.<#f#g.> ,L4 ,YANG #a#i#g#a3#e#b2 ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#c#b#i-#c#a4 ,P5G P]CEPTIVELY NOTES 0?IS ME?OD ( MAT*+ TALLIES TO )DRAW CA% WAS ACTUALLY AN \TGR[? ( ! PROCESS US$ 9 BORR[+ MONEY1 EXCEPT ?AT ! MOVEM5T OV] TIME ( LOANS WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A MOVEM5T OV] SPACE0 7#a#i#i#d3#c#c74 

.<#f#h.> ,!Y W]E CALL$ 0DEPOSIT %OPS0--& ,L4 ,YANG 7#a#i#g#a3#g#h-#h7 CALLS !M 0PROTO-BANKS40 ,P5G 7#a#i#i#d3#c#b#c-#b#g7 NOTES SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES WAS ALREADY OP]AT+1 AT LEA/ = M]*ANTS & TRAVEL]S1 UND] ! ,TANG1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T HAD /RICT CONTROLS PREV5T+ BANK]S FROM RE9VE/+ ! MONEY4 

.<#f#i.> ,! PRACTICE BEGAN 9 ,SI*UAN1 :I* HAD ITS [N PECULI> =M ( CA%1 9 IRON1 NOT BRONZE1 & !RE=E MU* MORE UNWIELDY4 

.<#f#a.> ,P5G #a#i#i#d3#e#h1 ALSO #e#a#e1 #h#c#c4 ,ALL ?IS IS V]Y MU* LIKE ! TOK5 MONEY ?AT CIRCULAT$ 9 MU* ( ,EUROPE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

.<#f#a#a.> ,! MO/ IMPORTANT S*OL>LY EXPON5T ( ?IS VIEW IS VON ,GLAHN 7#a#i#i#d1 ?\< ,P5G _*.<#a#i#i#d_*.> HOLDS TO SOME?+ CLOSE71 & IT SEEMS ! PREVAIL+ ONE AMONG ECONOMI/S1 POPUL> & O!RWISE4 

.<#f#a#b.> ,DIAGRAM FROM ,MAC,DONALD #b#c3#f#e4 

.<#f#a#c.> ,ONE ( ! FAVORITE IMAGES EMPLOY$ :5 REMEMB]+ ! RULE ( ! ,LEGALI/S1 UND] ! MU*-HAT$ ,FIR/ ,DYNA/Y1 WAS ?AT !Y CON/RUCT$ GREAT BRASS CAULDRONS1 9 :I* EA* LAW WAS OP5LY & EXPLICITLY SPELL$ \T--!N US$ !M TO BOIL CRIM9ALS ALIVE4 

.<#f#a#d.> ,SEE ,BULLIET #aigi 7ALSO ,LAPIDUS #b#c3#a#d#a-#d#f7 ON ! PROCESS ( CONV]SION4 ,BULLIET ALSO EMPHASIZES 7IBID3#a#b#i7 ?AT ! MA9 EFFECT ( MASS CONV]SION WAS TO MAKE ! O/5SIBLE JU/IFICATION ( GOV]NM5T1 AS PROTECTOR & EXP&] ( ! FAI?1 SEEM 9CREAS+LY HOLL[4 ,MASS POPUL> SUPPORT = CALIPHS & POLITICAL LEAD]S ONLY REEM]G$ 9 P]IODS1 LIKE ! ,CRUSADES OR DUR+ ! RECONQUI/A 9 ,SPA91 :5 ,ISLAM ITSELF SEEM$ UND] ATTACK2 AS ( C\RSE1 = SIMIL> REASONS1 IT HAS 9 MU* ( ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD TODAY4 

.<#f#a#e.> 0,MO/ ( ! TIME ! L[] CIRCLES PAID !IR TAXES ?R\< !IR HEADS1 & LOOK$ AFT] !MSELVES4 ,SIMIL>LY ! GOV]NM5T RECEIV$ ! TAXES & PROVID$ SOME SORT ( SECURITY1 & AP>T FROM ?IS1 OCCUPI$ ITSELF ) MATT]S ( CONC]N TO ITSELF3 EXT]NAL W>1 PATRONAGE ( LE>N+ & ! >TS1 A LIFE ( LUXURI\S O/5TATION0 7,PE>SON #a#i#h#b3#e#d74 

.<#f#a#f.> ,! PROV]B APPE>S1 ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,PROPHET HIMSELF1 9 AL-,<AZALI'S ,IHYA'1 KITAB AL-',ILM1 #b#h#d1 FOLL[$ BY A LONG LI/ ( SIMIL> /ATEM5TS3 0,SA'ID ,B9 ,MUSAIYAB SAID1 ',:5 Y\ SEE A RELIGI\S S*OL> VISIT+ A PR9CE1 AVOID HIM1 = HE IS A ?IEF4' ,AL-,AUZA'I SAID1 ',!RE IS NO?+ MORE DETE/ABLE TO ,ALLAH ?AN A RELIGI\S S*OL> :O VISITS AN (FICIAL' 4440 ETC4 ,?IS ATTITUDE HAS BY NO MEANS DISAPPE>$4 ,A /RONG MAJORITY ( ,IRANIAN AYATOLLAHS1 = EXAMPLE1 OPPOSE ! IDEA ( AN ,ISLAMIC /ATE1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT W\LD NECESS>ILY CORRUPT RELIGION4 

.<#f#a#g.> ,LOMB>D #a#i#d#g1 ,GRI]SON #a#i#f4 ,?IS IS (T5 REPRES5T$ AS A WISE POLICY ( REFUSAL TO 0DEBASE0 ! CO9AGE1 BUT IT MI<T EQUALLY BE READ AS MEAN+ ?AT ! CALIPH'S SIGNATURE ADD$ NO ADDITIONAL VALUE4 ,AN EXP]IM5T ) ,*9ESE-/YLE PAP] MONEY 9 ,BASRA 9 #abid FAIL$1 AS NO ONE WAS WILL+ TO ACCEPT MONEY BACK$ ONLY BY /ATE TRU/ 7,A%TOR #a#i#g#f3#b#e#g74 

.<#f#a#h.> ,MAC,DONALD #b#c3#f#d4 ,GRADUALLY ?IS BECAME UNSUPPORTABLE & ,MUSLIM EMPIRES ADOPT$ ! MORE TYPICALLY ,M$IEVAL IQTA' SY/EM1 :]EBY SOLDI]S W]E GRANT$ ! TAX REV5UES FROM SPECIFIC T]RITORIES4 

.<#f#a#i.> ,NEI!R HAVE SLAVES BE5 EMPLOY$ AS SOLDI]S S9CE1 EXCEPT 9 TEMPOR>Y & ANOMAL\S CIRCUM/ANCE 7E4G41 BY ! ,MAN*US1 OR 9 ,B>BADOS74 

.<#f#b.> ,IT SEEMS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 7#a7 ! 09QUISITION0 ( #h#c#b1 ! FAIL$ ,ABBASID ATTEMPT TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! ULEMA2 7#b7 ! MO/ IMPORTANT MASS CONV]SION ( ! ,CALIPHATE'S SUBJECTS TO ,ISLAM1 PEAK+ >\ND #h#b#e-#h#e2 & 7#c7 ! DEF9ITIVE ASC5T ( ,TURKI% SLAVE SOLDI]S 9 ,ABBASID >MIES1 (T5 DAT$ TO #h#c#h1 ALL R\<LY CORRESPOND$ 9 TIME4 

.<#f#b#a.> ,ELWAH$ #a#i#c#a3#a#a#a-#c#e4 ,AS HE PUTS IT 7IBID3#a#b#g71 0! 9ALI5ABILITY ( LIB]TY IS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL & UNCONTE/$ PR9CIPLES ( ,ISLAM40 ,FA!RS DO NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO SELL !IR *ILDR51 & 9DIVIDUALS DO NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO SELL !MSELVES--OR AT LEA/1 IF !Y DO1 NO C\RTS WILL RECOGNIZE ANY RESULTANT [N]%IP CLAIMS4 ,I NOTE ?AT ?IS IS ! DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITE ( ! 0NATURAL LAW0 APPROA* ?AT LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 ,EUROPE4 

.<#f#b#b.> ,!RE IS A C]TA9 CONTROV]SY H]E3 SOME S*OL>S1 9CLUD+ SOME CONTEMPOR>Y ,MUSLIM S*OL>S OPPOS$ TO ! ,ISLAMIC ECONOMICS MOVEM5T1 9SI/ ?AT RIBA1 :I* IS UNEQUIVOCALLY CONDEMN$ 9 ! ,KORAN1 DID NOT ORIG9ALLY REF] TO 09T]E/0 9 G5]AL1 BUT TO A PRE-,ISLAMIC ,>ABIAN PRACTICE ( F9+ LATE PAYM5T BY D\BL+ ! MONEY [$1 & ?AT ! BLANKET CONDEMNATION ( 9T]E/ IS A MIS9T]PRETATION 7E4G41 ,RAHMAN #a#i#f#d1 ,KURAN #a#i#i#e74 ,I AM 9 NO POSITION TO WEI< 9 BUT1 IF TRUE1 ?IS W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! BAN ON USURY REALLY EM]G$ 9 ,IRAQ ITSELF AS P>T ( ! PROCESS ( ! CREATION ( GRASSROOTS ,ISLAM1 :I* W\LD ACTUALLY RE9=CE MY G5]AL >GUM5T4 

.<#f#b#c.> ,! BE/ RECORDS WE HAVE >E ACTUALLY FROM A COMMUNITY ( ,JEWI% M]*ANTS 9 ,G5IZA1 9 TWELF?-C5TURY ,EGYPT1 :O OBS]V$ ! BAN ON 9T]E/ EV5 9 DEAL+S ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! ONE >EA :]E WE REGUL>LY HE> ( 9T]E/ BE+ *>G$ IS ! ONE >EA :]E CO]CION WAS ALSO REGUL>LY EMPLOY$3 ?AT IS1 9 DEAL+S ) K+S1 VIZI]S1 & (FICIALS1 :O (T5 BORR[$ L>GE SUMS ( MONEY AT 9T]E/--ESPECIALLY1 BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY1 FROM ,JEWI% OR ,*RI/IAN BANK]S--TO PAY !IR TROOPS4 ,OBLIG+ A REQUE/ = SU* AN ILLEGAL LOAN WAS A DANG]\S BUS9ESS1 BUT REFUS+ EV5 MORE SO 7= ,ABBASID EXAMPLES1 SEE ,RAY #a#i#i#g3#f#h-#g1 MA9LY DRAW+ FROM ,FIS*EL #a#i#c#g74 

.<#f#b#d.> ,!RE W]E ALSO A :OLE HO/ ( LEGAL SUBT]FUGES 7CALL$ HIYAL7 ?AT ONE MI<T UND]TAKE IF ONE W]E ABSOLUTELY DET]M9$ TO *>GE 9T]E/3 = 9/ANCE1 BUY+ ONE'S DEBTOR'S H\SE = ! AM\NT ( ! LOAN1 *>G+ !M R5T = IT1 & !N ALL[+ !M TO BUY IT BACK = ! SAME SUM2 HAV+ ONE'S DEBTOR AGREE TO BUY A C]TA9 PRODUCT MON?LY & SELL IT TO ONE AT A DISC\NT1 & SO =?4 ,SOME S*OOLS ( ,ISLAMIC LAW BANN$ !SE \TRI<T2 O!RS M]ELY DISAPPROV$4 ,IT US$ TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT !SE ME?ODS W]E WIDELY EMPLOY$1 S9CE MO/ ECONOMIC HI/ORIANS ASSUM$ 9T]E/ TO BE A NECESS>Y ELEM5T ( CR$IT1 BUT REC5T RESE>* PROVIDES NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y W]E ESPECIALLY COMMON 7= ! OLD] VIEW3 ,KHAN #a#i#b#i1 = ! NEW3 ,RAY #a#i#i#g3#e#h-#e#i74 

.<#f#b#e.> ,MEZ #a#i#b#b3#d#d#h1 QUOT$ 9 ,LABIB #a#i#f#i3#h#i4 ,NOTE ?AT ,BASRA1 ! CITY :]E EV]YONE 9 ! M>KET PAID BY *ECK1 WAS ALSO ! CITY :]E1 A C5TURY LAT]1 ,MONGOL ATTEMPTS TO 9TRODUCE GOV]NM5T-ISSUE PAP] MONEY W]E SO DOGG$LY RESI/$4 ,! WORD SAKK IS 9CID5TALLY ! ORIG9 ( ! ,5GLI% 0*ECK40 ,! ULTIMATE ORIG9S ( SAKK >E CONTE/$3 ,A%TOR 7#a#i#g#b3#e#e#e7 SUGGE/S !Y W]E ,BYZANT9E2 ,*OSKY 7#a#i#h#h71 ,P]SIAN4 

.<#f#b#f.> ,GOITE9 7#a#i#f#f1 #a#i#f#g1 #a#i#g#c7 PROVIDES A DETAIL$ SUMM>Y ( F9ANCIAL PRACTICES AMONG ,JEWI% M]*ANTS 9 TWELF?-C5TURY ,EGYPT4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y TRANSACTION 9VOLV$ CR$IT TO SOME DEGREE4 ,*ECKS1 REM>KABLY SIMIL> EV5 9 APPE>ANCE TO ! K9D US$ TODAY1 W]E 9 COMMON USAGE--?\< SEAL$ BAGS ( METAL CO9S W]E EV5 MORE COMMON 9 EV]YDAY TRANSACTIONS4 

.<#f#b#g.> ,?\< APP>5TLY GOV]NM5TS SOMETIMES PAID WAGES BY *ECK 7,TAG ,EL-,D9 #b#g3#f#i47 ,I AM NO D\BT UND]PLAY+ ! GOV]NM5T ROLE 9 ALL ?IS3 !RE W]E1 = 9/ANCE1 ATTEMPTS TO SET UP C5TRAL GOV]NM5T BANKS1 & C]TA9LY USUALLY A COMMITM5T 9 PR9CIPLE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T %\LD 5=CE COMM]CIAL /&>DS & REGULATIONS4 ,IT SEEMS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS R>ELY CAME TO MU* 9 PRACTICE4 

.<#f#b#h.> ,UDOVIT* #a#i#g3#g#a-#g#d4 

.<#f#b#i.> ,S>AKHSI 9 ,UDOVIT* #a#i#g#e3#a#a1 :O HAS A GOOD DISCUSSION ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$4 ,LIKEWISE ,RAY #a#i#i#g3#e#i-#f4 

.<#f#c.> ,?IS %\LD SURELY ALSO BE ( 9T]E/ TO /UD5TS ( ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU1 :O MADE A FAM\S >GUM5T1 BAS$ ON HIS /UDY ( ,KABYLE SOCIETY 9 ,ALG]IA1 ?AT A MAN'S HONOR 9 SU* A SOCIETY IS A =M ( 0SYMBOLIC CAPITAL10 ANALOG\S TO BUT MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ECONOMIC CAPITAL1 S9CE IT IS POSSIBLE TO TURN HONOR 9TO MONEY BUT NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND 7,B\RDIEU #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#i74 ,TRUE1 ! TEXT ABOVE DOES NOT QUITE SAY ?IS1 BUT ONE DOES WOND] H[ MU* ?IS IS ,B\RDIEU'S [N 9SI<T1 & H[ MU* SIMPLY REFLECTS ! COMMON S5SE ( HIS 9=MANTS4 

.<#f#c#a.> ,FOLL[+ ,K4,N4 ,*AUDHURI 7#a#i#h#e3#a#i#g74 ,! EXPANSION ( ,ISLAM WAS SPE>HEAD$ BY BO? ,SUFI BRO!RHOODS & LEGAL S*OL>S2 MANY M]*ANTS D\BL$ AS EI!R OR BO?4 ,! S*OL>LY LIT]ATURE H]E IS UNUSUALLY RI*4 ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE3 ,*AUDHURI #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i2 ,RISSO #a#i#i#e2 ,SUBRAHMANYAM #a#i#i#f2 ,B>5DTSE #b#b2 ,BEAUJ>D #b#e4 

.<#f#c#b.> ,9 ,GOODY #a#i#i#f3#i#a4 

.<#f#c#c.> ,M4 ,LOMB>D #b#c3#a#g#g-#g#i4 

.<#f#c#d.> ,BURTON'S TRANSLATION2 #aicd ,I,V3#b#a#c4 

.<#f#c#e.> ,& :AT'S MORE1 (FICIALS EMPLOY$ !IR [N P]SON BANK]S1 & !MSELVES MADE EXT5SIVE USE ( CR$IT 9/RUM5TS SU* AS SUFTAJA BO? = TRANSF] ( TAX PAYM5TS1 & ! SECRET+ AWAY ( ILL-GOTT5 GA9S 7,HODGSON #aigd ,I3#c#a1 ,UDOVIT* #a#i#g#e3#h1 ,RAY #a#i#i#d3#f#i-#g#a47 

.<#f#c#f.> 0,= ,MOHAMM$ ?IS NATURAL REGULATION ( ! M>KET CORRESPONDS TO A COSMIC REGULATION4 ,PRICES RISE & FALL AS NI<T FOLL[S DAY1 AS L[ TIDES FOLL[ HI<1 & PRICE IMPOSITION IS NOT ONLY AN 9JU/ICE TO ! M]*ANT1 BUT A DISORD]+ ( ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S0 7,ESSID #a#i#i#e3#a#e#c74 

.<#f#c#g.> ,ONLY V]Y LIMIT$ EXCEPTIONS W]E MADE1 = 9/ANCE 9 TIMES ( DISA/]1 & !N MO/ S*OL>S 9SI/$ IT WAS ALWAYS BETT] TO PROVIDE DIRECT RELIEF TO ! NE$Y ?AN TO 9T]F]E ) M>KET =CES4 ,SEE ,<AZANF> @& ,ISLAHI #b#c1 ,ISLAHI #b#d3#c#a-#c#b2 = A FULL] DISCUSSION ( ,MOHAMM$'S VIEWS ON PRICE =MATION1 SEE ,TUMA #a#i#f#e1 ,ESSID #a#i#h#h1 #a#i#i#e4 

.<#f#c#h.> ,HOSSE9I #a#i#i#h3#f#g#b1 #b#c3#c#g3 0,BO? 9DICATE ?AT ANIMALS1 SU* AS DOGS1 DO NOT EX*ANGE ONE BONE = ANO!R40 

.<#f#c#i.> ,HOSSE9I #a#i#i#h1 #b#c4 ,SMI? SAYS HE VISIT$ SU* A FACTORY HIMSELF1 :I* MAY WELL BE TRUE1 BUT ! EXAMPLE ( ! EI<TE5 /EPS ORIG9ALLY APPE>S 9 ! 5TRY 0,EP+LE0 9 ,VOLUME #e ( ! ,FR5* ,5CYCLOP$IE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#e#e1 TW5TY YE>S E>LI]4 ,HOSSE9I ALSO NOTES ?AT 0,SMI?'S P]SONAL LIBR>Y CONTA9$ ! ,LAT9 TRANSLATIONS ( SOME ( ! WORKS ( ,P]SIAN 7& ,>AB7 S*OL>S ( ! M$IEVAL P]IOD0 7,HOSSE9I #a#i#i#h3#f#g#i71 SUGGE/+ ?AT HE MI<T HAVE LIFT$ !M FROM ! ORIG9ALS DIRECTLY4 ,O!R IMPORTANT S\RCES = ,ISLAMIC PREC$5TS = LAT] ECONOMIC !ORY 9CLUDE3 ,RODISON #a#i#g#h1 ,ISLAHI #a#i#h#e1 ,ESSID #a#i#h#h1 ,HOSSE9I #a#i#i#e1 ,<AZANF> #a#i#i#a1 #b1 #b#c1 ,<AZANF> @& ,ISLAHI #a#i#i#g1 #b#c4 ,IT IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE CLE> ?AT A GREAT DEAL ( ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T TRACES BACK TO ,ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY3 ,DEC>TES' COGITO1 = EXAMPLE1 SEEMS TO D]IVE FROM ,IBN ,S9A 7A4K4A4 ,AVIC5NA71 ,HUME'S FAM\S PO9T ?AT ! OBS]VANCE ( CON/ANT CONJUNCTIONS DOES NOT ITSELF PROVE CAUSALITY APPE>S 9 ,<AZALI1 & ,I HAVE MYSELF NOTIC$ ,IMMANUEL ,KANT'S DEF9ITION ( 5LI<T5M5T 9 ! M\? ( A MAGIC BIRD 9 ! F\RTE5?-C5TURY ,P]SIAN POET ,RUMI4 

.<#f#d.> ,TUSI'S ,NASIREAN ,E?ICS1 9 ,SUN #b#h3#d#i4 

.<#f#d#a.> ,<AZANF> @& ,ISLAHI #b#c3#e#h2 ,<AZANF> #b#c3#c#b-#c#c4 

.<#f#d#b.> ,SO = EXAMPLE AMONG ,<AZALI'S E?ICAL PR9CIPLES1 WE F9D 0! BUY] %\LD BE L5I5T :5 B>GA9+ ) A POOR SELL] & /RICT :5 TRANSACT+ ) A RI* SELL]10 & 0A P]SON %\LD BE WILL+ TO SELL TO ! POOR :O DO NOT HAVE ! MEANS & %\LD EXT5D CR$IT TO !M )\T ! EXPECTATION ( REPAYM5T0 7,<AZALI ,IHYA ,ULUM AL ,D9 ,I,I3#g#i-#h#b1 CIT$ 9 ,<AZANF> @& ,ISLAHI #a#i#i#g3#b#b7--! LATT] ( C\RSE RECALL+ ,LUKE #f3#c#e4 

.<#f#d#c.> ,<AZALI 9 ,<AZANF> @& ,ISLAHI #a#i#i#g3#b#g4 

.<#f#d#d.> ,IBID3#c#b4 

.<#f#d#e.> ,IBID3#c#b4 

.<#f#d#f.> ,IBID3#c#e4 ,ON PO/M5 9 ,M$IEVAL ,ISLAM3 ,GOITE9 #a#i#f#d4 ,<AZALI'S POSITION H]E RECALLS & IS NO D\BT 9FLU5C$ BY ,>I/OTLE'S ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS 7#a#a#b#aB73 ?AT S9CE MONEY IS A SOCIAL CONV5TION MEANT TO FACILITATE EX*ANGE1 DIV]T+ IT 9TO USURY DEFIES ITS PURPOSE2 BUT ITS ULTIMATE ?RU/ IS QUITE DIFF]5T1 CLOS] TO ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS' >GUM5T ?AT MONEY IS BASICALLY A MEASURE & ?AT USURY DI/ORTS IT1 & ,H5RY ( ,<5T'S >GUM5T ?AT 0MONEY IS A M$IUM 9 EX*ANGE & NOT A T]M9US0--UNSURPRIS+LY1 S9CE ,AQU9AS WAS LIKELY DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ BY HIM 7,<AZANF> #b74 

.<#f#d#g.> ,IT'S H>D TO OV]/ATE ?IS4 ,EV5 ! FAM\S 0,LAFF] ,CURVE10 BY :I* ! ,REAGAN ,ADM9I/RATION 9 ! #a#i#hS TRI$ TO >GUE ?AT CUTT+ TAXES W\LD 9CREASE GOV]NM5T REV5UE BY /IMULAT+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 IS (T5 CALL$ ! ,KHALDUN-,LAFF] CURVE BECAUSE IT WAS FIR/ PROPOS$1 AS A G5]AL PR9CIPLE1 9 ,IBN ,KHALDUN'S #acgg ,MUQADDIMAH4 

.<#f#d#h.> ,GOITE9 #aieg = ! RISE ( ! 0,MIDDLE ,EA/]N B\RGEOISIE40 

.<#f#d#i.> 0,CRY+ D[N0 ACT$ AS A DE FACTO TAX 9CREASE1 S9CE ONE W\LD N[ NE$ TO PAY MORE ECUS TO MAKE UP A TAX RATE FIX$ 9 %ILL+S4 ,S9CE WAGES W]E FIX$ 9 P\NDS1 %ILL+S1 & P5CE1 ?IS ALSO HAD ! EFFECT ( RAIS+ !IR VALUE1 & H5CE IT WAS USUALLY POPUL>4 0,CRY+ UP0 BY CONTRA/ HAD ! EFFECT ( L[]+ ! EFFECTIVE VALUE ( ! UNITS ( ACC\NT4 ,?IS C\LD BE USEFUL TO R$UCE A K+'S--OR HIS ALLIES'--P]SONAL DEBT MEASUR$ 9 SU* UNITS1 BUT IT ALSO UND]CUT ! 9COME ( WAGE-E>N]S & ?OSE ON ANY SORT ( FIX$ 9COME & SO WAS (T5 PROTE/$4 

.<#f#e.> ,LAN<OLM #a#i#g#i1 ,WOOD #b#b3#g#c-#g#f4 

.<#f#e#a.> ,ON ! PATRI/IC LIT]ATURE ON USURY3 ,MALONEY #a#i#h#c2 ,GORDON #a#i#h#i2 ,MOS] #b2 ,HOLMAN #b#b3#a#a#b-#b#f2 ,JONES #b#d3#b#e-#c4 

.<#f#e#b.> ,MAT!W #e3#d#b 

.<#f#e#c.> ,/ ,BASIL ( ,CAES>EA1 ,HOMILIA ,I,I 9 ,PSALMUM ,X,I,V 7,P,G #b#i1 #b#f#h-#f#i74 

.<#f#e#d.> OP CIT4 

.<#f#e#e.> OP CIT4 

.<#f#e#f.> ,AMBROSE ,DE ,(FICIIS #b4#b#e4#h#i4 

.<#f#e#g.> ,AMBROSE ,DE ,TOBIA #a#e3#e#a4 ,SEE ,NELSON #a#i#d#i3#c-#e1 ,GORDON #a#i#h#i3#a#a#d-#a#a#h4 

.<#f#e#h.> ,?\< NOT 5TIRELY4 ,IT'S WOR?Y TO NOTE ?AT ! MA9 SUPPLY ( SLAVES TO ! EMPIRE AT ?IS TIME CAME FROM ,G]MANIC B>B>IANS \TSIDE ! EMPIRE1 :O W]E ACQUIR$ EI!R ?R\< W> OR DEBT4 

.<#f#e#i.> 0,IF EA* ONE10 HE WROTE1 0AFT] HAV+ TAK5 FROM HIS P]SONAL WEAL? :ATEV] W\LD SATISFY HIS P]SONAL NE$S1 W\LD LEAVE :AT WAS SUP]FLU\S TO ?OSE :O LACK EV]Y NECESSITY1 !RE W\LD BE NO RI* OR POOR0 7,9 ,ILLIUD ,LUCAE #d#i,D7--,BASIL HIMSELF HAD BE5 BORN AN >I/OCRAT1 BUT HE HAD SOLD (F HIS L&$ E/ATES & DI/RIBUT$ ! PROCE$S TO ! POOR4 

.<#f#f.> ,HOMILIA ,I,I 9 ,PSALMUM ,X,I,V 7,P,G #b#i1 #b#g#g,C74 ,! REF]5CE IS TO ,PROV]BS #a#i4#a#g4 

.<#f#f#a.> ,SUMMA #h4#c4#a4#c3 0S9CE GRACE IS FREELY GIV51 IT EXCLUDES ! IDEA ( DEBT 444 ,9 .<NO.> S5SE DOES DEBT IMPLY ?AT ,GOD [ES ANY?+ TO ANO!R CREATURE40 

.<#f#f#b.> ,CLAV]O 7#a#i#h#f7 SEES ?IS AS A BASIC CONFLICT OV] ! NATURE ( ! CONTRACT1 & H5CE ! LEGAL BASIS ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY3 USURY1 & BY EXT5SION PR(IT1 WAS D5\NC$1 BUT R5T1 ! BASIS ( FEUDAL RELATIONS1 WAS NEV] *ALL5G$4 

.<#f#f#c.> ,GORDON #a#i#h#i3#a#a#e4 0,:AT IS COMM]CE10 WROTE ,CASSIODORUS 7#d#h#e-#e#h#e71 0EXCEPT TO WANT TO SELL DE> ?AT :I* CAN BE B\<T *EAP8 ,!RE=E ?OSE M]*ANTS >E DETE/ABLE :O1 ) NO CONSID]ATION ( ,GOD'S JU/ICE1 BURD5 !IR W>ES MORE ) P]JURY ?AN VALUE4 ,!M ! ,LORD EVICT$ !M FROM ! ,TEMPLE SAY+1 ',DO NOT MAKE MY ,FA!R'S H\SE 9TO A D5 ( ?IEVES0 79 ,LAN<OLM #a#i#i#f3#d#e#d74 

.<#f#f#d.> ,ON ! ,JEWI% LEGAL TRADITION CONC]N+ USURY1 SEE ,/E9 #a#i#e#c1 #a#i#e#e2 ,KIRS*5BAUM #a#i#h#e4 

.<#f#f#e.> ,POLIAKOV #a#i#g#g3#b#a4 

.<#f#f#f.> ,NELSON 7#a#i#d#i7 ASSUM$ ?AT ! 0,EXCEPTION0 WAS (T5 HELD TO APPLY TO RELATIONS BETWE5 ,*RI/IANS & ,JEWS1 BUT ,NOONAN 7#a#i#e#g3#a#a-#b7 9SI/S ?AT IT WAS MA9LY HELD TO APPLY ONLY TO 0H]ETICS & 9FIDELS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,S>AC5S10 & BY SOME1 NOT EV5 TO !M4 

.<#f#f#g.> ,UP TO #eb P]C5T ) SECURITY1 UP TO #ab P]C5T )\T 7,HOM] #a#i#h#g3#i#a74 

.<#f#f#h.> ,DEBTOR'S PRISONS1 9 ! S5SE ( PRISONS EXCLUSIVELY = DEBTORS1 EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& ONLY AFT] #a#b#f#c1 BUT ! IMPRISONM5T ( DEBTORS HAS A MU* LONG] HI/ORY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,JEWI% L5D]S SEEM TO HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ AS ! MEANS ( TRANS=M+ VIRTUAL1 CR$IT MONEY 9TO CO9AGE1 COLLECT+ ! FAMILY SILV] FROM 9SOLV5T DEBTORS1 & TURN+ IT OV] TO ROYAL M9TS4 ,!Y ALSO WON TITLE TO A GREAT DEAL ( L& FROM DEFAULT+ DEBTORS1 MO/ ( :I* 5D$ UP 9 ! H&S ( B>ONS OR MONA/]IES 7,S+] #a#i#f#d2 ,B[]S #a#i#h#c2 ,S*(IELD @& ,MAYHEW #b#b74 

.<#f#f#i.> ,ROG] ( ,W5D[]1 ,FL[]S ( ,HI/ORY #b#e#b-#e#c4 ,ROG] DOESN'T NAME ! VICTIM2 9 SOME LAT] V]SIONS HIS NAME IS ,ABRAHAM1 9 O!RS1 ,ISAAC4 

.<#f#g.> ,MAT!W ,PRIOR1 9 ,BOLLES #a#h#c#g3#a#c4 

.<#f#g#a.> ,OR EV51 = ?AT MATT]1 ,NIETZS*E'S FANTASIES ( ! ORIG9S ( JU/ICE 9 MUTILATION4 ,:]E ONE WAS A PROJECTION ONTO ,JEWS ( ATROCITIES ACTUALLY COMMITT$ AGA9/ ,JEWS1 ,NIETZS*E WAS WRIT+ 9 AN AGE :]E ACTUAL 0SAVAGES0 W]E (T5 PUNI%$ BY SIMIL> TORTURES & MUTILATIONS = FAILURE TO PAY !IR DEBTS TO ! COLONIAL TAX AU?ORITIES1 AS LAT] BECAME A MO/ NOTORI\S SC&AL 9 ,LEOPOLD'S ,BELGIAN ,CONGO4 

.<#f#g#b.> ,MUNDILL 7#b#b71 ,BR& 7#b#c74 

.<#f#g#c.> ,COHN #a#i#g#b3#h4 

.<#f#g#d.> ,PET] ,CANTOR1 9 ,NELSON #a#i#d#i3#a-#a#a4 

.<#f#g#e.> ,IT WAS A FIRM FROM ,CAHORS1 = 9/ANCE1 :O RECEIV$ ! PROP]TY ( ! ,5GLI% ,JEWS :5 ! LATT] W]E F9ALLY EXPELL$ 9 #a#b#i4 ,?\< = A LONG TIME1 ,LOMB>DS & ,CAHORS9S W]E !MSELVES DEP5D5T ON ROYAL FAVOR & H>DLY 9 MU* BETT] POSITION ?AN ! ,JEWS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! K+S SEEM$ TO EXPROPRIATE & EXPEL ,JEWS & ,LOMB>DS ALT]NATELY 7,POLIAKOV #a#i#g#g3#d#b74 

.<#f#g#f.> ,NOONAN #a#i#e#g3#a#h-#a#i2 ,LE ,G(F #a#i#i3#b#c-#b#g4 

.<#f#g#g.> ,!RE >E TWO SORTS ( WEAL?-GETT+1 AS ,I HAVE SAID2 ONE IS A P>T ( H\SEHOLD MANAGEM5T1 ! O!R IS RETAIL TRADE3 ! =M] NECESS>Y & HONORABLE1 :ILE ?AT :I* CONSI/S 9 EX*ANGE IS JU/LY C5SUR$2 = IT IS UNNATURAL1 & A MODE BY :I* M5 PR(IT FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,! MO/ HAT$ SORT1 & ) ! GREATE/ REASON1 IS USURY1 :I* MAKES A PR(IT \T ( MONEY ITSELF1 & NOT FROM ! NATURAL OBJECT ( IT4 ,= MONEY WAS 9T5D$ TO BE US$ 9 EX*ANGE1 BUT NOT TO 9CREASE AT 9T]E/4 ,& ?IS T]M 09T]E/0 7TOKOS71 :I* MEANS ! BIR? ( MONEY FROM MONEY1 IS APPLI$ TO ! BRE$+ ( MONEY BECAUSE ! (FSPR+ RESEMBLES ! P>5T4 0,:]E=E ( ALL MODES ( GETT+ WEAL? ?IS IS ! MO/ UNNATURAL0 7,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS #a#b#e#hB74 ,! ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS 7#a#a#b#aB7 IS EQUALLY DAMN+4 ,= ! BE/ G5]AL ANALYSIS ( ! ,>I/OTELEAN TRADITION ON USURY3 ,LAN<OLM #a#i#h#d4 

.<#f#g#h.> ,NOONAN #a#i#e#g3#a#e-#a#b2 ,LAN<OLM #a#i#h#d3#e4 

.<#f#g#i.> ,! TE*NICAL T]M = ! LO/ 9COME IS LUCRUM CESSANS3 SEE ,O',BRI5 #a#i#b3 #a#g-#a1 ,NOONAN #a#i#e#g3#a#a#d-#b#h1 ,LAN<OLM #a#i#i#b3#f-#f#a2 #a#i#i#h3#g#e2 ,SPUF=D #a#i#h#i3#b#f4 

.<#f#h.> ,AS ,G]MAN M]*ANTS ALSO DID 9 ! ,BALTIC CITIES ( ! ,HANSEATIC ALLIANCE4 ,ON ! ,M$ICI BANK AS A CASE 9 PO9T1 SEE DE ,ROOV] #a#i#d#f1 #a#i#f#c1 ,P>KS #b#e4 

.<#f#h#a.> ,! SITUATION 9 ,V5ICE1 A PIONE] 9 !SE MATT]S1 IS TELL+3 !RE WAS NO M]*ANT GUILD1 BUT ONLY CRAFT GUILDS1 S9CE GUILDS W]E ESS5TIALLY CREAT$ AS PROTECTION AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 & 9 ,V5ICE1 ! M]*ANTS W]E ! GOV]NM5T 7,MAC,K5NEY #a#i#h#g2 ,MAURO #a#i#i#c3#b#e#i-#f74 

.<#f#h#b.> ,!Y W]E ACCUS$ ( BO? H]ESY & SODOMY3 SEE ,B>B] #a#i#g#h4 

.<#f#h#c.> ,ONE CANNOT 0PROVE0 ! ,ISLAMIC 9SPIRATION ( ,EUROPEAN BILLS ( EX*ANGE1 BUT CONSID]+ ! AM\NT ( TRADE BETWE5 ! TWO SIDES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 D5Y+ IT SEEMS BIZ>RE4 ,BRAUDEL 7#a#i#i#e3#h#a#f-#a#g7 PROPOSES ?AT ! IDEA MU/ HAVE REA*$ ,EUROPE ?R\< ,JEWI% M]*ANTS1 :O WE KN[ TO HAVE LONG BE5 US+ !M 9 ,EGYPT4 

.<#f#h#d.> ,ON BILLS ( EX*ANGE3 ,U%] #a#i#a#d2 DE ,ROOV] #a#i#f#g2 ,BOY]-,XAMBEU1 ,DELEPLACE1 & ,GILL>D #a#i#i#d2 ,MUNRO #b#cB3#e#d#b-#d#f2 ,D5ZEL #b#f4 ,!RE W]E 9NUM]ABLE CURR5CIES1 ANY ( :I* MI<T AT ANY TIME BE 0CRI$ UP10 0CRI$ D[N10 OR O!RWISE FLUCTUATE 9 VALUE4 ,BILLS ( EX*ANGE ALSO ALL[$ M]*ANTS TO EFFECTIVELY 5GAGE 9 CURR5CY SPECULATION1 & EV5 GET >\ND USURY LAWS1 ONCE IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO PAY = ONE BILL ( EX*ANGE BY WRIT+ A DIFF]5T BILL ( EX*ANGE1 DUE 9 SEV]AL MON?S' TIME1 = A SLI<TLY HI<] SUM4 ,?IS WAS CALL$ 0DRY EX*ANGE0 7DE ,ROOV] #a#i#d#d71 & OV] TIME ! ,*UR* BECAME 9CREAS+LY SKEPTICAL1 CAUS+ YET ANO!R R\ND ( F9ANCIAL CREATIVITY TO GET >\ND ! LAWS4 ,IT'S WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ! RATES ( 9T]E/ ON SU* COMM]CIAL LOANS W]E G5]ALLY QUITE L[3 TWELVE P]C5T AT ! HI<E/1 9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/ TO CONSUM] LOANS4 ,?IS IS A SIGN ( ! 9CREAS+LY L[] RISK ( SU* TRANSACTIONS 7SEE ,HOM] #aihg = A HI/ORY ( 9T]E/ RATES74 

.<#f#h#e.> ,LANE #a#i#c#d4 

.<#f#h#f.> 0,9 V]Y MANY RESPECTS1 SU* AS ! ORGANIZATION ( SLAVE LABOR1 MANAGEM5T ( COLONIES1 IMP]IAL ADM9I/RATION1 COMM]CIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 M>ITIME TE*NOLOGY & NAVIGATION1 & NAVAL GUNN]Y1 ! ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES W]E ! DIRECT =]UNN]S ( ! ,PORTUGUESE & ,SPANI% EMPIRES1 TO ! %AP+ ( :I* ! ,ITALIANS CONTRIBUT$ SO HEAVILY1 & 9 ! PR(ITS ( :I* !Y SO L>GELY %>$0 7,BRADY #a#i#i#g3#a#e74 

.<#f#h#g.> ,!Y APPE> TO HAVE US$ ,GREEK S]FS AT FIR/1 & SOMETIMES ,>ABS CAPTUR$ 9 ! ,CRUSADES1 & ONLY LAT]1 ,AFRICANS4 ,/ILL1 ?IS WAS ! ECONOMIC MODEL ?AT WAS EV5TUALLY TRANSPORT$ BY ,PORTUGUESE M]*ANTS TO ,ATLANTIC ISL&S LIKE ! ,CAN>IES1 !N EV5TUALLY TO ! ,C>IBBEAN 7,V]L9D5 #a#i#g1 ,PHILLIPS #a#i#h#e3#i#c-#i#g1 ,SOL[ #a#i#h#g1 ,W>TBURG #a#i#i#e74 

.<#f#h#h.> ,SCAMMELL #a#i#h#a3#a#g#c-#g#e4 

.<#f#h#i.> ,SPUF=D #a#i#h#h3#a#d#b 

.<#f#i.> ,ON ! NOTION ( ADV5TURE3 ,AU]BA* #a#i#d#f1 ,N]LI* #a#i#g#g4 

.<#f#i#a.> ,DUBY 7#a#i#g#c7 MAKES ?IS PO9T4 ,! 0R\ND TABLE0 WAS ORIG9ALLY A TYPE ( T\RNAM5T1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! #a#cS1 IT BECAME COMMON TO MAKE SU* T\RNAM5TS EXPLICIT IMITATIONS ( ,K+ ,>?UR'S C\RT1 ) KNI<TS 5T]+ ! CONTE/S TAK+ ON ROLES FROM !M3 ,GALAHAD1 ,GAWA91 ,BORS1 ETC4 

.<#f#i#b.> ,ALSO AT A TIME :5 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES1 ESPECIALLY ! 9V5TION ( ! CROSSB[ & ! RISE ( PR(ESSIONAL >MIES1 W]E BEG9N+ TO R5D] KNI<TS' ROLE 9 COMBAT 9CREAS+LY IRRELEVANT 7,VANCE #a#i#g#c74 

.<#f#i#c.> ,KELLY #a#i#c#g3#a4 

.<#f#i#d.> ,SEE ,S*O5B]G] #bh = A REC5T & COMPELL+ TAKE3 COMP>+ ! ROLE ( W> MOBILIZATION 9 CREAT+ M>KETS 9 ,GREECE & ,ROME TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ,HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

.<#f#i#e.> ,WOLF #a#i#e#d4 

.<#f#i#f.> ,A PO9T ORIG9ALLY MADE BY ,VANCE 7#a#i#h#f3#d#h74 ,! SIMIL>ITY IS MORE OBVI\S 9 ! ,G]MAN POET ,WOLFRAM VON ,ES*5BA*'S ,P>ZIFAL1 WRITT5 P]HAPS TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 9 :I* KNI<TS 0ROAM FREELY OV] ,SPA91 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ,EGYPT1 ,SYRIA1 TO ,BA<DAD1 ,>M5IA1 ,9DIA1 ,CEYLON0 7,ADOLF #a#i#e#g3#a#a#c7--& ,ISLAMIC REF]5CES >E LEGION 7,ADOLF #a#i#d#g1 #a#i#e#g7--?AT IS1 >EAS KN[N TO ,EUROPEANS ( ! TIME ONLY ?R\< TRADE4 ,! FACT ?AT ACTUAL M]*ANTS1 ON ?OSE R>E OCCASIONS :5 !Y APPE>1 >E NEV] SYMPA!TIC *>ACT]S HAS LITTLE BE>+4 

.<#f#i#g.> ,WAGN]1 ,DIE ,WIBELUNG53 ,WELTGES*I*TE AUS D] ,SAGE 7#a#h#d#h7--:I* 9 ,5GLI% IS 0,WORLD ,HI/ORY AS ,TOLD 9 ,SAGA40 ,I AM TAK+ MY ACC\NT ( ,WAGN]'S >GUM5T FROM ANO!R WOND]FUL1 IF SOMETIMES EXTRAVAGANT1 ESSAY BY ,M>C ,%ELL CALL$ 0,ACC\NT+ = ! ,GRAIL0 7#a#i#i#b3#c#g-#c#h74 ,WAGN]'S >GUM5T IS REALLY MORE COMPLICAT$3 IT C5T]S ON ! FAIL$ ATTEMPT BY ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK ,B>B>OSSA TO SUBDUE ! ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES & ! AB&ONM5T ( HIS PR9CIPLE ?AT PROP]TY CAN ONLY FL[ FROM ! K+2 9/EAD1 WE HAVE ! RISE ( M]CANTILE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* IS E*O$ BY F9ANCIAL AB/RACTION4 

.<#f#i#h.> ,%ELL SEES ! ,GRAIL AS A TRANS=MATION ( ! OLD] NOTION ( ! CORNUCOPIA OR 9EXHAU/IBLE PURSE 9 AN AGE 0JU/ BEG9N+ TO BE ACQUA9T$ ) *ECKS & CR$IT0--NOT+ ! CONNECTION ( ! LEG5D ) ! ,TEMPL>S1 & FACT ?AT ,*RETI5--:OSE NAME MEANS 0,*RI/IAN0--WAS LIKELY1 = ?AT REASON1 TO HAVE BE5 A CONV]T$ ,JEW4 ,WOLFRAM ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT HE GOT ! LEG5D FROM A ,JEWI% S\RCE 7,%ELL #a#i#i#b3#d#d-#d#e74 

.<#f#i#i.> ,EV5 ,*9A WAS (T5 SPLIT & FRACTUR$4 ,JU/ AB\T ALL ! GREAT EMPIRE-BUILD+ PROJECTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E ! WORK NOT ( PR(ESSIONAL >MIES1 BUT ( NOMADIC PEOPLES3 ! ,>ABS1 ,MONGOLS1 ,TAT>S1 & ,TURKS4 

.<#g.> ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS #a#a#c#cA#b#i-#c#a4 

.<#g#a.> ,HE COMP>ES MONEY NOT ONLY TO A PO/MAN1 BUT ALSO1 TO A 0RUL]10 :O ALSO /&S \TSIDE SOCIETY TO GOV]N & REGULATE \R 9T]ACTIONS4 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS1 :O MI<T HAVE BE5 DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,<AZALI 7,<AZANF> #b71 DID ACCEPT ,>I/OTLE'S >GUM5T ?AT MONEY WAS A SOCIAL CONV5TION ?AT HUMANS C\LD JU/ AS EASILY *ANGE4 ,= A :ILE1 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ?IS BECAME ! PR$OM9ANT ,CA?OLIC VIEW4 

.<#g#b.> ,AS F> AS ,I KN[1 ! ONLY S*OL> TO HAVE PO9T$ \T ! CONNECTION IS ,B]N>D ,FAURE1 A ,FR5* /UD5T ( ,JAPANESE ,BUDDHISM3 ,FAURE #a#i#i#h3#g#i#h1 #b3#b#b#e4 

.<#g#c.> ,LAT] /ILL1 AS CA% TRANSACTIONS BECAME MORE COMMON1 ! T]M WAS APPLI$ TO SMALL SUMS ( CA% (F]$ AS D[N-PAYM5T1 RA!R 9 ! S5SE ( ,5GLI% 0E>NE/ MONEY40 ,ON SYMBOLA 9 G5]AL3 ,BEAU*ET #a#h#i#g2 ,JONES #a#i#e#f3#b#a#g2 ,%ELL #a#i#g#h3#c#b-#c#e4 

.<#g#d.> ,DESCAT #a#i#i#e3#i#h#f4 

.<#g#e.> ,>I/OTLE ,ON ,9T]EPRETATION #a4#a#f-#a#g4 ,:ITAK] 7#b#b3#a7 ?US OBS]VES ?AT = ,>I/OTLE1 0! MEAN+ ( A WORD IS FIX$ BY CONV5TION1 JU/ AS ! IMPORTANCE ATTA*$ TO A TALLY1 TOK51 OR TICKET DEP5DS ON AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! P>TIES CONC]N$40 

.<#g#f.> ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS #a#a#c#cA#b#i-#c#a4 

.<#g#g.> ,BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !SE =MULAS SUMM$ UP OR 0DREW TOGE!R0 ! ESS5CE ( ?OSE SECRET TRU?S ?AT ! ,MY/]IES REVEAL$--0SYMBOLON10 BE+ D]IV$ ! V]B SYMBALLE91 MEAN+ 0TO GA!R1 BR+ TOGE!R1 OR COMP>E40 

.<#g#h.> ,MURI #a#i#c#a1 ,MEY] #a#i#i#i4 ,! ONLY KN[L$GE WE HAVE ( SU* SYMBOLA COMES FROM ,*RI/IAN S\RCES2 ,*RI/IANS LAT] ADOPT$ !IR [N SYMBOLON1 ! ,CRE$1 & ?IS REMA9$ ! PRIM>Y REF]5T ( ! T]M 0SYMBOL0 ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7,LADN] #a#i#g#i74 

.<#g#i.> ,OR PSEUDO-,DIONYSIUS1 S9CE ! REAL ,DIONYSIUS ! ,>EOPAGITE WAS A FIR/-C5TURY ,A!NIAN CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY BY ,/4 ,PAUL4 ,PSEUDO-,DIONYSIUS' WORKS >E AN ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE NEO-,PLATONISM1 ) ITS NOTION ( PHILOSOPHY AS ! PROCESS ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! S\L FROM MAT]IAL CREATION & ITS REUNIFICATION ) ! DIV9E1 ) ,*RI/IAN OR?ODOXY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 HIS MO/ RELEVANT WORK1 ,SYMBOLIC ,!OLOGY1 HAS BE5 LO/1 BUT HIS SURVIV+ WORKS ALL BE> ON ! ISSUE TO SOME DEGREE4 

.<#g#a.> ,9 ,B>AS* #a#i#i#c3#a#f#a4 

.<#g#a#a.> ,PSEUDO-,DIONYSIUS1 ,ON ! ,CELE/IAL ,HI]>*Y #a#d#a,A-,C4 ,ON ,DIONYSIUS' !ORY ( SYMBOLISM 9 G5]AL1 & ITS 9FLU5CE1 SEE ,B>AS* #a#i#i#c3#a#e#h-#h1 ALSO ,G\X #a#i#i3#f#g1 ,GADAM] #b#d3#f#c-#f#d4 

.<#g#a#b.> ,HE CALLS !M1 LIKE COMMUNION1 0GIFTS ?AT >E GRANT$ TO US 9 SYMBOLIC MODE40 ,ON ! ,CELE/IAL ,HI]>*Y #a#b#d,A4 

.<#g#a#c.> ,MA!WS #a#i#c#d3#b#h#c4 ,COMP>E ! DEF9ITION ( SYMBOLON3 

 ,A4 TALLY1 I4E4 EA* ( TWO HALVES OR CORRESPOND+ PIECES ( A KNUCKLEBONE OR O!R OBJECT1 :I* TWO GUE/ FRI5DS1 OR ANY TWO CONTRACT+ P>TIES1 BROKE BETWE5 !M1 EA* P>TY KEEP+ ONE PIECE1 9 ORD] TO HAVE PRO( ( ! ID5TITY ( ! PRES5T] ( ! O!R4 

 ,B4 ( O!R DEVICES HAV+ ! SAME PURPOSE1 E4G4 A SEAL-IMPRESSION ON WAX1 

 #a4 ANY TOK5 S]V+ AS PRO( ( ID5TITY 

 #b4 GU>ANTEE 

 #c4 TOK51 ESP4 ( GOODWILL  

 ,AFT] ,LIDDELL & ,SCOTT #a#i#d3#a#f#g#f-#g#g1 )\T ! EXAMPLES1 & ) ! ,GREEK WORDS = 0KNUCKLEBONE0 & 0GUE/-FRI5D0 R5D]$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 

.<#g#a#d.> ,ROT\RS #a#i#e#b3#f4 ,ON FU 7OR QI1 ANO!R NAME = DEBT TALLIES ?AT C\LD BE US$ MORE G5]ALLY = 0TOK5S07 MORE G5]ALLY3 ,ROT\RS #a#i#e#b1 ,KALT5M>K #a#i#f1 ,KAN #a#i#g#h1 ,FAURE #b3#b#b#a-#b#i3 ,FALK5HAUS5 #b#e4 

.<#g#a#e.> ,!RE IS A CURI\S T5SION H]E3 ! WILL ( HEAV5 IS ALSO 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 & ,*9ESE ?9K]S V>I$ ON :]E !Y PLAC$ ! EMPHASIS4 ,XUNZI1 = 9/ANCE1 ASSUM$ ?AT ! AU?ORITY ( ! K+ IS BAS$ ON ! CONFID5CE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HE ALSO >GU$ ?AT :ILE CONFID5CE AMONG ! PEOPLE IS MA9TA9$ BY CONTRACTS 5SUR$ BY ! MAT*+ ( TALLY /ICKS1 UND] A TRULY JU/ K+1 SOCIAL TRU/ WILL BE SU* ?AT SU* OBJECTS WILL BECOME UNNECESS>Y 7,ROETZ #a#i#i#c3#g#c-#g#d74 

.<#g#a#f.> ,KOHN #b3#c#c4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ,JAPAN3 ,FAURE #b3#b#b#g4 

.<#g#a#g.> ,9 ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ,TAOISM !Y >E DESCRIB$ AS 0DIAGRAMS1 CONCEIV$ AS A =M ( CELE/IAL WRIT+1 ?AT D]IVE !IR P[] FROM ! MAT*+ CELE/IAL C\NT]P>T KEPT BY ! DEITIES :O BE/[$ !M0 7,BOK5KAMP #b#h3#c#e74 ,ON ,TAOI/ FU3 ,KALT5M>K #a#i#f2 ,SEIDEL #a#i#h#c2 ,/RICKMANN #b#b3#a#i-#i#a2 ,V]ELL5 #b#f2 ON ,BUDDHI/ P>ALLELS1 SEE ,FAURE #a#i#i#h2 ,ROBSON #b#h4 

.<#g#a#h.> ,SASSO #a#i#g#h2 ! ORIG9S ( ! Y9-YANG SYMBOL REMA9 OBSCURE & CONTE/$ BUT ?OSE ,S9OLOGI/S ,I'VE CONSULT$ F9D ?IS PLAUSIBLE4 ,! G5]IC WORD = 0SYMBOL0 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,*9ESE IS FUHAO1 :I* IS DIRECTLY D]IV$ FROM FU4 

.<#g#a#i.> ,9S(> AS ,I'M WEI<+ 9 ON ! 0,:Y DIDN'T ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD DEVELOP MOD]N CAPITALISM80 DEBATE1 !N1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT BO? ,UDOVIT*'S >GUM5T 7#a#i#g#e3#a#i-#b#a7 ?AT ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD NEV] DEVELOP$ IMP]SONAL CR$IT ME*ANISMS1 & ,RAY'S OBJECTION 7#a#i#i#g3#c#i-#d7 ?AT ! BAN ON 9T]E/ & 9SURANCE WAS MORE IMPORTANT1 C>RY WEI<T4 ,RAY'S SUGGE/ION ?AT DIFF]5CES 9 9H]ITANCE LAWS MI<T PLAY A ROLE ALSO DES]VES 9VE/IGATION4 

.<#g#b.> ,MAITL& #a#i#h3#e#d4 

.<#g#b#a.> ,DAVIS #a#i#d4 

.<#g#b#b.> ,9 ! ,PLATONIC S5SE3 JU/ AS ANY P>TICUL>1 PHYSICAL BIRD WE MI<T HAPP5 TO SEE ON A NE>BY FRUIT TREE IS M]ELY A TOK5 ( ! G5]AL IDEA ( 0BIRD0 7:I* IS IMMAT]IAL1 AB/RACT1 ANGELIC71 SO DO ! V>I\S PHYSICAL1 MORTAL 9DIVIDUALS :O JO9 TOGE!R TO MAKE UP A CORPORATION BECOME AN AB/RACT1 ANGELIC ,IDEA4 ,KANTOR[ICZ >GUES ?AT IT TOOK A NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUAL 9NOVATIONS TO MAKE ! NOTION ( ! CORPORATION POSSIBLE3 NOTABLY1 ! IDEA ( ! EON OR AEVUM1 ET]NAL TIME1 ?AT IS1 TIME ?AT LA/S =EV]1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! ,AUGU/9IAN ET]NITY :I* IS \TSIDE ( TIME 5TIRELY & WAS CONSID]$ ! HABITATION ( ! ANGELS1 TO ! REVIVAL ( ! WORKS ( ,DIONYSIUS ! ,>EOPAGITE 7#a#i#e#g3#b#h-#h#a74 

.<#g#b#c.> ,KANTOR[ICZ #a#i#e#g3#b#h#b-#h#c4 

.<#g#b#d.> ,ISLAMIC LAW1 = 9/ANCE1 NOT ONLY DID NOT DEVELOP ! NOTION ( FICTIVE P]SONS1 BUT /EADFA/LY RESI/$ RECOGNIZ+ CORPORATIONS UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY 7,KURAN #b#e74 

.<#g#b#e.> ,MA9LY ,R&ALL ,COLL9S 7#a#i#h#f3#e#b-#e#h71 :O ALSO MAKES ! COMP>ISON ) ,*9A2 CF4 ,COLEMAN #a#i#h#h4 

.<#g#b#f.> ,SEE ,N]LI* #a#i#h#g3#a#b#a-#b#d4 

.<#g#b#g.> ,ON ,5GLI% WAGES1 SEE ,DY] #a#i#h#i2 ON ,5GLI% FE/IVE LIFE1 !RE IS A VA/ LIT]ATURE1 BUT A GOOD REC5T S\RCE IS ,HUMPHREY #b#a4 ,SILVIA ,F$]ICI 7#b#d7 PROVIDES A COMPELL+ REC5T SYN!SIS4 

.<#g#b#h.> ,= A V]Y SMALL SAMPL+ ( MORE REC5T DEBATES OV] ! 0PRICE REVOLUTION10 SEE ,HAMILTON #a#i#c#d1 ,CIPOLLA #a#i#f#g1 ,FLYNN #a#i#h#b1 ,GOLD/ONE #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#i#a1 ,FI%] #a#i#h#i1 ,MUNRO #b#cA1 #b#g4 ,! MA9 >GUM5T IS BETWE5 MONET>I/S :O CONT9UE TO >GUE ?AT 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( SPECIE IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE = ! 9FLATION1 & ?OSE :O EMPHASIZE ! ROLE ( RAPID POPULATION 9CREASE1 ?\< MO/ SPECIFIC >GUM5TS >E CONSID]ABLY MORE NUANC$4 

.<#g#b#i.> ,HI/ORIANS SPEAK ( 0BULLION FAM9ES0--AS MO/ ACTIVE M9ES DRI$ UP1 SU* GOLD & SILV] ?AT WASN'T SUCK$ \T ( ,EUROPE TO PAY = EA/]N LUXURIES WAS 9CREAS+LY HIDD5 AWAY1 CAUS+ ALL SORTS ( DIFFICULTIES = COMM]CE4 ,9 ! #a#d#fS1 ! %ORTAGE ( SPECIE 9 CITIES LIKE ,LISBON HAD BE5 SO ACUTE ?AT M]*ANT %IPS VISIT+ ) C>GOES FULL ( W>ES (T5 HAD TO RETURN HOME )\T SELL+ ANY?+ 7,SPUF=D #a#i#h#h3#c#c#i-#f#b74 

.<#g#c.> ,BROOK #a#i#i#h4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,I'M SIMPLIFY+ 5ORM\SLY3 ANO!R PROBLEM WAS ! GR[? ( L&LORDISM1 ) MANY SMALLHOLD]S FALL+ 9 DEBT TO L&LORDS = 9ABILITY TO PAY4 ,AS MEMB]S ( ! EV]-9CREAS+ ROYAL FAMILY & O!R FAVOR$ FAMILIES GA9$ TAX EXEMPTIONS FROM ! /ATE1 ! TAX BURD5 ON SMALLHOLD]S BECAME SO HEAVY ?AT MANY FELT =C$ TO SELL !IR L&S TO ! P[]FUL FAMILIES 9 EX*ANGE = T5ANCY AGREEM5TS TO FREE ?OSE L&S FROM TAXES4 

.<#g#c#a.> ,*9ESE HI/ORIANS C\NT #gg DIFF]5T 0M9]S' REVOLTS0 DUR+ ! #a#d#cS & '#dS 7,H>RISON #a#i#f#e3#a#c-#d2 CF4 ,TONG #a#i#i#b3#f-#f#d2 ,G]NET #a#i#h#b3#d#a#d74 ,BETWE5 #adde & #addi !SE BECAME A S]I\S ?REAT AS SILV] M9]S UND] A REBEL LEAD] NAM$ ,YE ,ZONGLIU MADE COMMON CAUSE ) T5ANT F>M]S & ! URBAN POOR 9 OV]POPULAT$ ,FUJIAN & ,%AXIAN1 SP>K+ AN UPRIS+ ?AT SPREAD TO A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T PROV9CES1 SEIZ+ A NUMB] ( CITIES & EXPELL+ MU* ( ! L&$ G5TRY4 

.<#g#c#b.> ,VON ,GLAHN 7#a#i#i#f3#g-#h#b7 DOCUM5TS ! PROCESS4 ,G]NET 7#a#i#h#b3#d#a#e-#a#f7 DOCUM5TS H[ BETWE5 #ade & #a#e1 MO/ TAXES BECAME PAYABLE 9 SILV]4 ,! PROCESS CULM9AT$ 9 ! 0S+LE LA% ( ! :IP0 ME?OD3 TAX RE=MS PUT 9TO PLACE BETWE5 #aec & #aeha 7,HUANG #a#i#g#d1 SEE ,>RI<I1 ,HUI1 ,HUNG & ,SELDON #b#c3#b#g#b-#g#c74 

.<#g#c#c.> ,WONG #a#i#i#g1 ,POM]ANZ #b1 ,>RI<I #b#g1 AMONG MANY O!RS :O MAKE ?IS PO9T4 

.<#g#c#d.> ,POM]ANZ #b3#b#g#c4 

.<#g#c#e.> ,! VALUE ( SILV] 9 ,*9A 7AS MEASUR$ 9 GOLD7 REMA9$1 ?R\< ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 R\<LY TWICE :AT IT WAS 9 ,LISBON OR ,ANTW]P 7,FLYNN @& ,GIRALDEZ #a#i#i#e1 #b#b74 

.<#g#c#f.> VON ,GLAHN #a#i#i#fB3#d#d2 ,ATWELL #a#i#i#h4 

.<#g#c#g.> ,*ALIS #a#i#g#h3#a#e#g4 

.<#g#c#h.> ,*9A HAD ITS [N 0AGE ( EXPLORATION0 9 ! E>LY FIFTE5? C5TURY1 BUT IT WAS NOT FOLL[$ BY MASS CONQUE/ & 5SLAVEM5T4 

.<#g#c#i.> ,IT'S POSSIBLE ?AT !Y W]E WRONG4 ,G5]ALLY POPULATIONS DID DECL9E BY #i P]C5T EV5 9 >EAS :]E NO DIRECT G5OCIDE WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,BUT 9 MO/ PLACES1 AFT] A G5]ATION OR SO1 POPULATIONS />T$ RECOV]+2 9 ,HISPANIOLA & MANY P>TS ( ,MEXICO & ,P]U1 >\ND ! M9ES1 ! ULTIMATE DEA? RATE WAS MORE LIKE #a P]C5T4 

.<#g#d.> ,TODOROV #a#i#h#d3#a#c#g-#c#h2 = ! ORIG9AL1 ,ICAZBALCETA #b#h3#b#c-#b#f4 

.<#g#d#a.> ,ONE HI/ORIAN REM>KS3 0,BY ! CLOSE ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY BULLION1 PRIM>ILY SILV]1 MADE UP OV] #ie P]C5T ( ALL EXPORTS LEAV+ ,SPANI% ,AM]ICA = ,EUROPE4 ,NE>LY ?AT SAME P]C5TAGE ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ 9 ! PROCESS ( SEIZ+ ?OSE RI*ES0 7,/ANN>D #a#i#i#c3#b#b#a74 

.<#g#d#b.> ,B]NAL ,DIAZ #a#i#f#c3#d#c4 

.<#g#d#c.> ,B]NAL ,DIAZ3 ! QUOTE IS A SYN!SIS ( ! ,LOCKH>T TRANSLATION 7#a#h#d#d ,I,I3#a#b7 & ,COH5 TRANSLATION 7#a#i#f#c3#d#a#b71 ?\< !SE APPE> TO BE BAS$ ON SLI<TLY DIFF]5T ORIG9ALS4 

.<#g#d#d.> ,B]NAL ,DIAZ OP CIT4 

.<#g#d#e.> ,CORTES #a#h#f#h3#a#d#a4 

.<#g#d#f.> ,MO/ ( ! CONQUI/ADORS HAD SIMIL> /ORIES4 ,BALBOA CAME TO ! ,AM]ICAS TO FLEE HIS CR$ITORS2 ,PIZ>RO BORR[$ SO HEAVILY TO \TFIT HIS EXP$ITION TO ,P]U ?AT AFT] E>LY REV]SES1 IT WAS ONLY ! FE> ( DEBTOR'S PRISON ?AT PREV5T$ HIS RETURN TO ,PANAMA2 ,FRANCISCO DE ,MONTEJO HAD TO PAWN HIS 5TIRE ,MEXICAN POSSESSIONS = AN EI<T-?\S&-PESO LOAN TO LAUN* HIS EXP$ITION TO ,HONDURAS2 ,P$RO DE ,ALV>ADO TOO 5D$ UP DEEPLY 9 DEBT1 F9ALLY ?R[+ EV]Y?+ 9TO A S*EME TO CONQU] ! ,SPICE ,ISL&S & ,*9A--ON HIS DEA?1 CR$ITORS IMM$IATELY TRI$ TO PUT HIS REMA9+ E/ATES TO AUCTION4 

.<#g#d#g.> E4G41 ,PAGD5 #a#i#h#f4 

.<#g#d#h.> ,GIBSON #a#i#f#d3#b#e#c4 ,ALL ?IS IS DI/URB+LY REM9ISC5T ( GLOBAL POLITICS N[ADAYS1 9 :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL URGE POOR C\NTRIES TO MAKE $UCATION FREE & AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE1 & !N ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 7:I* IS1 LEGALLY1 ACTUALLY A P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS7 WILL 9SI/ ?AT ?OSE SAME C\NTRIES DO EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE1 IMPOS+ S*OOL FEES AS P>T ( BROAD] 0ECONOMIC RE=MS0 AS A CONDITION ( REF9ANC+ ! C\NTRY'S LOANS4 

.<#g#d#i.> ,FOLL[+ ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ 7#a#i#h#e3#h71 :O /UDI$ E>LY M]*ANT ADV5TUR]'S ACC\NTS ( ,WE/ ,AFRICA2 ?\< ,TODOROV 7#a#i#h#d3#a#b#i-#c#a7 ON ! V]Y SIMIL> P]SPECTIVE ( ! CONQUI/ADORS4 

.<#g#e.> ,SOME DID GO BANKRUPT--= 9/ANCE1 ONE BRAN* ( ! ,FUGG]S4 ,BUT ?IS WAS SURPRIS+LY R>E4 

.<#g#e#a.> ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 ,VON ,KAUF%&LUNG UND ,WU*]1 #a#e#b#d1 CIT$ 9 ,NELSON #a#i#d#i3#e4 

.<#g#e#b.> ,9 ,LU!R'S TIME ! MA9 ISSUE WAS A PRACTICE CALL$ ,Z9SKAUF1 TE*NICALLY R5T ON LEAS$ PROP]TY1 :I* WAS BASICALLY A DISGUIS$ =M ( 9T]E/-BE>+ LOAN4 

.<#g#e#c.> ,9 ,BAK] #a#i#g#d3#e#c-#e#d4 ,! REF]5CE TO ,PAUL IS 9 ,ROMANS #a#c3#g4 

.<#g#e#d.> ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! FACT ?AT ,DEUT]ONOMY ALL[S USURY UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES DEMON/RATES ?AT ?IS C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A UNIV]SAL 0SPIRITUAL LAW10 BUT WAS A POLITICAL LAW CREAT$ = ! SPECIFIC ANCI5T ,ISRAELI SITUATION1 & !RE=E1 ?AT IT C\LD BE CONSID]$ IRRELEVANT 9 DIFF]5T ONES4 

.<#g#e#e.> ,& 9 FACT1 ?IS IS :AT 0CAPITAL0 ORIG9ALLY MEANT4 ,! T]M ITSELF GOES BACK TO ,LAT9 CAPITALE1 :I* MEANT 0FUNDS1 /OCK ( M]*&ISE1 SUM ( MONEY1 OR MONEY C>RY+ 9T]E/0 7,BRAUDEL #a#i#i#b3#b#c#b74 ,IT APPE>S 9 ,5GLI% 9 ! MID-SIXTE5? C5TURY L>GELY AS A T]M BORR[$ FROM ,ITALIAN BOOKKEEP+ TE*NIQUES 7,CANNAN #a#i#b#a1 ,RI*>D #a#i#b#f7 = :AT REMA9$ :5 ONE SQU>$ PROP]TY1 CR$ITS1 & DEBTS2 ?\< UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,5GLI% S\RCES G5]ALLY PREF]R$ ! WORD 0/OCK0--9 P>T1 ONE SUSPECTS1 BECAUSE 0CAPITAL0 WAS SO CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) USURY4 

.<#g#e#f.> ,NATIONS ?AT1 AFT] ALL1 ALSO PRACTIC$ USURY ON ONE ANO!R3 ,NELSON #a#i#d#i3#g#f4 

.<#g#e#g.> ,B5 ,NELSON EMPHASIZ$ ?IS 9 AN IMPORTANT BOOK1 ,! ,IDEA ( ,USURY3 ,FROM ,TRIBAL ,BRO!RHOOD TO ,UNIV]SAL ,O!RHOOD4 

.<#g#e#h.> ,MIDEL=T #a#i#i#f3#c#i4 

.<#g#e#i.> ,ZMORA #b#f3#f-#h4 ,PUBLIC F9ANC+ AT ?IS P]IOD L>GELY MEANT DISGUIS$ 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS FROM ! M9OR NOBILITY1 :O W]E ALSO ! /RATUM FROM :I* LOCAL ADM9I/RATORS W]E DRAWN4 

.<#g#f.> ,ON *UR* L&S3 ,DIXON #b#b3#i#a4 ,ON ,CASIMIR'S GAMBL+ DEBTS3 ,JANSS5 #aia ,I,V3#a#d#g4 ,HIS OV]ALL DEBT ROSE TO HALF A MILLION GUILD]S 9 #a#e#b#h1 & OV] ?REE QU>T]S ( A MILLION BY #a$a 7,ZMORA #b#f3#a#cN#e#e47 

.<#g#f#a.> ,HE WAS LAT] ACCUS$ ( CONSPIR+ ) ,C\NT ,WILHELM VON ,H5NEBURG1 :O HAD GONE OV] TO ! REBELS1 TO BECOME SECUL> ,DUKE ( ! T]RITORIES !N HELD BY ! ,BI%OP ( ,WURZBURG4 

.<#g#f#b.> ,FROM 0,REPORT ( ! ,M>GRAVE'S ,COMM&]1 ,MI*EL ,GROSS FROM ,TROCK-AU10 9 ,SCOTT @& ,SCRIBN] #a#i#i#a3#c#a4 ,! SUMS >E BAS$ ON A PROMISE ( #a FLOR9 P] EXECUTION1  #a_/#b  P] MUTILATION4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ IF ,CASIMIR EV] PAID ?IS P>TICUL> DEBT4 

.<#g#f#c.> ,= SOME RELEVANT ACC\NTS ( ! REVOLT & REPRESSION3 ,SEEBOHM #a#h#g#g3#a#d#a-#d#e2 ,JANSS5 #aia ,I,V3#c#b#c-#b#f2 ,BLICKLE #a#i#g#g2 ,5D]S #a#i#g#i2 ,VICE #a#i#h#h2 ,ROBI%EAUX #a#i#h#i3#d#h-#f#g1 ,SEA #b#g4 ,CASIMIR IS SAID TO HAVE ULTIMATELY SETTL$ 9TO EXACT+ F9ES1 EV5TUALLY DEM&+ SOME #a#d1 GULD5S 9 COMP5SATION FROM HIS SUBJECTS4 

.<#g#f#d.> ,L9EBAU< 7#b#h7 MAKES A BEAUTIFUL ANALYSIS ( ?IS SORT ( PH5OM5ON 9 HIS ESSAY ON ! SOCIAL ORIG9S ( ! ,MAGNA ,C>TA4 

.<#g#f#e.> ,IT IS TELL+ ?AT DESPITE ! 5DLESS REPRISALS AGA9/ COMMON]S1 NONE ( ! ,G]MAN PR9CES OR NOBILITY1 EV5 ?OSE :O OP5LY COLLABORAT$ ) ! REBELS1 WAS HELD ACC\NTABLE 9 ANY WAY4 

.<#g#f#f.> ,MULDREW #a#i#i#cA1 #a#i#i#cB1 #a#i#i#f1 #a#i#i#h1 #b#a2 CF4 ,MAC,9TO% #a#i#h#h2 ,ZELL #a#i#i#f1 ,WASWO #b#d1 ,+RAM #b#f1 ,VAL5ZE #b#f1 ,KIT* #b#g4 ,I F9D MYSELF /RONGLY AGREE+ ) MO/ ( ,MULDREW'S CONCLUSIONS1 ONLY QUALIFY+ SOME3 = 9/ANCE1 HIS REJECTION ( ,MAC,PH]SON'S POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM >GUM5T 7#a#i#f#b7 /RIKES ME AS UNNECESS>Y1 S9CE ,I SUSPECT ?AT ! LATT] DOES ID5TIFY *ANGES ?AT >E HAPP5+ ON A DEEP] /RUCTURAL LEVEL LESS ACCESSIBLE TO EXPLICIT DISC\RSE 7SEE ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g74 

.<#g#f#g.> ,MULDREW 7#b#a3#i#b7 E/IMATES ?AT 9 C4 #a#f1 EI<T ?\S& ,LONDON M]*ANTS MI<T HAVE POSSESS$ AS MU* AS ONE-?IRD ( ALL ! CA% 9 ,5GL&4 

.<#g#f#h.> ,WILLIAMSON #a#h#h#i2 ,:IT+ #a#i#g#a2 ,MA?IAS #a#i#g#iB2 ,VAL5ZE #b#f3#c#d-#d4 

.<#g#f#i.> ,GOLD & SILV] W]E A V]Y SMALL P>T ( H\SEHOLD WEAL?3 9V5TORIES REVEAL ON AV]AGE FIFTE5 %ILL+S ( CR$IT = EV]Y ONE 9 CO9 7,MULDREW #a#i#i#h74 

.<#g#g.> ,?IS PR9CIPLE ( A RI<T TO LIVELIHOOD IS KEY TO :AT ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON FAM\SLY CALL$ 0MORAL ECONOMY ( ! CR[D0 7#a#i#g#a7 9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,5GL&1 A NOTION ?AT ,MULDREW 7#a#i#i#cA7 ?9KS CAN BE APPLI$ TO !SE CR$IT SY/EMS AS A :OLE4 

.<#g#g#a.> ,/\T #a#g#d#b3#g#d-#g#e1 P>TS ( ! SAME PASSAGE >E CIT$ 9 ,MULDREW #a#i#i#cA3#a#g#h1 & #a#i#i#h3#a#e#b4 

.<#g#g#b.> ,TO BE MORE PRECISE1 EI!R PIETY 79 ! ,CALV9I/ CASE7 OR GOOD NATUR$ SOCIALITY 79 ! CASE ( ?OSE ?AT OPPOS$ !M 9 ! NAME ( OLD] FE/IVE VALUES7--9 ! YE>S BE=E ! CIVIL W>1 MANY P>I% GOV]NM5TS W]E DIVID$ BETWE5 ! 0GODLY0 & 0GOOD HONE/ M50 7,HUNT #a#i#h#c3#a#d#f7 

.<#g#g#c.> ,%EPH]D #b1 ,WALK] #a#i#i#f2 = MY [N TAKE ON 0LIFE-CYCLE S]VICE0 & WAGE LABOR1 SEE1 AGA91 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g4 

.<#g#g#d.> ,HILL #a#i#g#b3#c#i-#e#f1 ,WRI<TSON @& ,LEV9E #a#i#g#i1 ,BEI] #a#i#h#e4 

.<#g#g#e.> ,MULDREW #b#a3#h#d4 

.<#g#g#f.> ,= A CLASSIC /ATEM5T ON ! CONNECTION ( ,TUDOR M>KETS1 FE/IVALS1 & MORALITY1 SEE ,AGNEW 7#a#i#h#f74 

.<#g#g#g.> ,JOHNSON #b#d3#e#f-#e#h4 ,ON ! TWO CONCEPTIONS ( JU/ICE3 ,WRI<TSON #a#i#h4 ,BOD9'S ESSAY WAS WIDELY READ4 ,IT DREW ON ,AQU9AS' VIEW ( LOVE & FRI5D%IP AS PRIOR TO ! LEGAL ORD]1 :I*1 9 TURN1 H>K5S BACK TO ,>I/OTLE'S ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS1 :I* REA*$ ,EUROPE ?R\< ,>AB S\RCES4 ,:E!R !RE WAS ALSO A DIRECT 9FLU5CE FROM ! ,ISLAMIC S\RCES !MSELVES WE DO NOT KN[1 BUT CONSID]+ ! DEGREE ( G5]AL MUTUAL 5GAGEM5T 7,<AZANF> #b#c7 IT SEEMS LIKELY4 

.<#g#g#h.> ,G]>D DE ,MALYNES'S ,MA9T5ANCE ( ,FREE ,TRADE 7#a#f#b#b71 CIT$ 9 ,MULDREW #a#i#i#h3#i#h1 ALSO ,MULDREW #b#a3#h#c4 

.<#g#g#i.> ,*AUC] IS FULL ( ?IS SORT ( ?+3 ! ,WIFE ( ,BA? HAS MU* TO SAY AB\T CONJUGAL DEBTS 7E4G41 ,COTT> #a#i#f#i74 ,IT WAS REALLY 9 ! P]IOD ( AB\T #a#d-#a#f ?AT EV]Y?+ CAME TO BE SO FRAM$ AS DEBT1 PRESUMABLY REFLECT+ ! FIR/ /IRR+S ( POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM1 & ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE IT TO OLD] MORAL P>ADIGMS4 ,GU? 7#b#h71 A LEGAL HI/ORIAN1 ?US CALLS !SE C5TURIES 0! AGE ( DEBT10 ONE :I* WAS !N REPLAC$ AFT] #af BY AN 0AGE ( CONTRACT40 

.<#g#h.> ,DAV5ANT #a#g#g#a3#a#e#b4 

.<#g#h#a.> ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#i#f1 #b#h7 HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ+ ! !OLOGICAL ROOTS ( ,HOBBES = SOME TIME4 ,MU* ( ! FOLL[+ ANALYSIS DRAWS ON HIS 9FLU5CE4 

.<#g#h#b.> ,HOBBES HIMSELF DOESN'T USE ! T]M 0SELF-9T]E/0 BUT DOES SPEAK ( 0P>TICUL>10 0PRIVATE10 & 0COMMON0 9T]E/S4 

.<#g#h#c.> ,DE ,L',ESPRIT #e#c1 CIT$ 9 ,HIRS*MAN #a#i#h#f3#d#e4 ,EXPLOR+ ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,%ANG'S 0PR(IT0 & ,HELVETIUS' 09T]E/0 W\LD BE A TELL+ HI/ORY 9 ITSELF4 ,!Y >E NOT ! SAME CONCEPT4 

.<#g#h#d.> 0,9T]E/0 7FROM 9T]ESSE7 COMES 9TO COMMON USAGE AS A EUPHEMISM = USURY 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 BUT IT ONLY COMES TO BE US$ 9 ITS MORE FAMILI>1 G5]AL S5SE 9 ! SIXTE5?4 ,HOBBES DOESN'T USE 0SELF-9T]E/10 ?\< HE SPEAKS ( 0PRIVATE0 & 0COMMON0 9T]E/S2 BUT ?AT T]M WAS ALREADY CURR5T1 HAV+ APPE>$ 9 ! WORK ( ,MA*IAVELLI'S FRI5D ,FRANCESCO ,GUICCIAD9I 9 #a#e#a#b4 ,IT BECOMES COMMONPLACE 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY 7SEE ,HIRS*MAN #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#i#b1 ESPECIALLY *APT] #b1 0ON ! CONCEPT ( 9T]E/02 ,DUMONT #a#i#h#a2 ,MY]S #a#i#h#c1 ,HEILBRON #a#i#i#h74 

.<#g#h#e.> ,SEE 7#a#i#b#h3#a#h#g7 NOTES ?AT UNTIL >\ND #a#h1 09T]ESSE0 WAS ! COMMON WORD = 0CAPITAL0 9 ,FR5*2 9 ,5GLI% ! PREF]R$ WORD WAS 0/OCK40 ,IT IS CURI\S TO NOTE ?AT ,ADAM ,SMI?1 = ONE1 ACTUALLY RETURNS TO ! ,AUGU/9IAN USAGE1 0SELF-LOVE10 9 HIS FAM\S PASSAGE AB\T ! BUT*] & ! BAK] 7,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS #a4#b4#b74 

.<#g#h#f.> ,BEI] #a#i#h#e3#a#e#i-#f#c2 CF4 ,DOBB #a#i#d#f3#b#c#d4 ,CONSORT+ ) GYPSIES WAS ALSO A CAPITAL CRIME4 ,9 ! CASE ( VAGRANCY1 JU/ICES F\ND IT SO DIFFICULT TO F9D ANYONE WILL+ TO PRESS *>GES AGA9/ VAGRANTS ?AT !Y W]E EV5TUALLY =C$ TO R$UCE ! P5ALTY TO PUBLIC :IPP+4 

.<#g#h#g.> ,9 ,WALK] #a#i#i#f3#b#d#d4 

.<#g#h#h.> ,HELMHOLTZ #a#i#h#f1 ,BR& #b#b1 ,GU? #b#h4 

.<#g#h#i.> ,HELMHOLZ #a#i#h#f1 ,MULDREW #a#i#i#h3#b#e#e1 ,S*(IELD @& ,MAYHEW #b#b1 ,GU? #b#h74 

.<#g#i.> ,/\T #a#g#d#b3#a#b#a4 

.<#g#i#a.> 0,! HORRORS ( ! ,FLEET & ,M>%ALSEA W]E LAID B>E 9 #a#g#b#i4 ,! POOR DEBTORS W]E F\ND CR[D$ TOGE!R ON ! 'COMMON SIDE1'--COV]$ ) FIL? & V]M91 & SUFF]$ TO DIE1 )\T PITY1 ( HUNG] & JAIL FEV] 444 ,NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DI/+UI% ! FRAUDUL5T FROM ! UN=TUNATE DEBTOR4 ,! RI* ROGUE--ABLE1 BUT UNWILL+ TO PAY HIS DEBTS--MI<T RIOT 9 LUXURY & DEBAU*]Y1 :ILE HIS POOR UNLUCKY FELL[-PRISON] WAS LEFT TO />VE & ROT ON ! 'COMMON SIDE' 0 7,HALLAM #ahff ,V3#b#f#i-#g47 

.<#g#i#b.> ,I DO NOT WANT TO >GUE ?AT ! MORE FAMILI> N>RATIVE ( 0PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION10 ( ! 5CLOSURE ( COMMON L&S & RISE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! DISLOCATION ( ?\S&S ( ONE-TIME COTTAG]S :O BECAME L&LESS LABOR]S1 IS FALSE4 ,I SIMPLY HI<LI<T A LESS FAMILI> SIDE ( ! /ORY4 ,IT'S ESPECIALLY HELPFUL TO HI<LI<T IT BECAUSE ! DEGREE TO :I* ! ,TUDOR & ,/U>T P]IODS W]E ACTUALLY M>K$ BY A RISE ( 5CLOSURES IS A HEAT$ MATT] ( DEBATE 7E4G41 ,WORDIE #a#i#h#c74 ,! USE ( DEBT TO SPLIT COMMUNITIES AGA9/ !MSELVES IS MEANT 9 ! SAME VE9 AS ,SILVIA ,F$]ICI'S 7#b#d7 BRILLIANT >GUM5T AB\T ! ROLE ( WIT*CRAFT ACCUSATIONS 9 REV]S+ POPUL> GA9S ( ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES & OP5+ ! WAY TO CAPITALISM4 

.<#g#i#c.> 0,P]SONAL CR$IT RECEIV$ A BAD PRESS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS FREQU5TLY SAID ?AT IT WAS WRONG TO GO 9TO DEBT SIMPLY TO PAY = EV]YDAY CONSUMPTION GOODS4 ,A CA% ECONOMY WAS CELEBRAT$ & ! VIRTUES ( PRUD5T H\SEKEEP+ & P>SIMONY EXTOLL$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY RETAIL CR$IT1 PAWNBROK+1 & MONEYL5D+ W]E ALL ATTACK$1 ) BO? BORR[]S & L5D]S ! T>GETS0 7,HOPPIT #a#i#i3#c#a#b-#a#c47 

.<#g#i#d.> ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS #a4#b4#b4 

.<#g#i#e.> ,MULDREW MAKES ?IS PO9T3 #a#i#i#c3#a#f#c4 

.<#g#i#f.> ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS #d4#a4#a4 

.<#g#i#g.> 0,! MAN :O BORR[S 9 ORD] TO SP5D WILL SOON BE RU9$1 & HE :O L5DS TO HIM WILL G5]ALLY HAVE OCCASION TO REP5T ( HIS FOLLY4 ,TO BORR[ OR TO L5D = SU* A PURPOSE1 !RE=E1 IS 9 ALL CASES1 :]E GROSS USURY IS \T ( ! QUE/ION1 CONTR>Y TO ! 9T]E/ ( BO? P>TIES2 & ?\< IT NO D\BT HAPP5S SOMETIMES ?AT PEOPLE DO BO? ! ONE & ! O!R2 YET1 FROM ! REG>D ?AT ALL M5 HAVE = !IR [N 9T]E/1 WE MAY BE ASSUR$ ?AT IT CANNOT HAPP5 SO V]Y FREQU5TLY AS WE >E SOMETIMES APT TO IMAG9E0 7,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS #b4#d4#b74 ,HE DOES OCCASIONALLY ACKN[L$GE ! EXI/5CE ( RETAIL CR$IT1 BUT HE GRANTS IT NO SIGNIFICANCE4 

.<#g#i#h.> ,REEVES #a#i#i#i4 ,REEVES1 LIKE ,S]VET 7#a#i#i#d1 #b#a7 %[S ?AT MANY W]E AW>E ( ! V>IABILITY ( MONEY-/UFFS3 ,PUFF5DORF1 = EXAMPLE1 MADE A LONG LI/ ( !M4 

.<#g#i#i.> ,:5 WE ATTRIBUTE VALUE TO GOLD1 !N1 WE SIMPLY RECOGNIZE ?IS4 ,! SAME >GUM5T WAS USUALLY 9VOK$ TO SOLVE ! OLD ,M$IEVAL PUZZLE AB\T DIAMONDS & WAT]3 ,:Y IS IT ?AT DIAMONDS >E SO EXP5SIVE1 ?\< USELESS1 & WAT]1 :I* IS USEFUL 9 ALL SORTS ( WAYS1 H>DLY WOR? ANY?+ AT ALL8 ,! USUAL SOLUTION WAS3 DIAMONDS >E ! ET]NAL =M ( WAT]4 7,GALILEO1 :O OBJECT$ TO ! 5TIRE PREMISE1 AT ONE PO9T SUGGE/$ ?AT ?OSE :O MAKE SU* CLAIMS %\LD REALLY BE TURN$ 9TO /ATUES4 ,?AT WAY1 HE SUGGE/$1 9 9IMITABLE ,R5AISSANCE /YLE1 EV]YONE W\LD BE HAPPY1 S9CE 7#a7 !Y W\LD BE ET]NAL1 & 7#b7 ! RE/ ( US W\LD NO LONG] HAVE TO LI/5 TO !IR /UPID >GUM5TS47 ,SEE ,W5N]L9D #b#c1 :O NOTES1 9T]E/+LY1 ?AT MO/ ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5TS EMPLOY$ AL*EMI/S 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY 9 ORD] TO MANUFACTURE GOLD & SILV] = CO9S2 IT'S ONLY :5 !SE S*EMES DEF9ITIVELY FAIL$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5TS MOV$ TO PAP] CURR5CY4 

.<#h.> ,K9DLEB]G] #a#i#h#d2 ,BOY]-,XAMBEU1 ,DELEPLACE1 @& ,GILL>D #a#i#i#d2 ,+HAM #b#d3#a#g#a4 ,RA!R1 ?IS PA? EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! CREATION ( /OCK M>KETS3 ! FIR/ PUBLIC B\RSES1 9 FIFTE5?-C5TURY ,BRUGES & ,ANTW]P1 BEGAN NOT BY TRAD+ %>ES 9 JO9T-/OCK V5TURES1 :I* B>ELY EXI/$ AT ! TIME1 BUT BY 0DISC\NT+0 BILLS ( EX*ANGE4 

.<#h#a.> ,U%] 7#a#i#c#d1 #a#i#d#d7 ORIG9ALLY 9TRODUC$ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0PRIMITIVE BANK+10 :]E ONE SIMPLY L5DS \T :AT ONE HAS1 & 0MOD]N BANK+10 BAS$ ON SOME SORT ( FRACTIONAL RES]VE SY/EM--?AT IS1 ONE L5DS MORE ?AN ONE HAS1 ?US EFFECTIVELY CREAT+ MONEY4 ,?IS W\LD BE ANO!R REASON :Y WE HAVE N[ MOV$ TO SOME?+ O!R ?AN 0MOD]N BANK+0--SEE BEL[4 

.<#h#b.> ,SPUF=D #a#i#h#h3#b#e#h1 DRAW+ ON ,U%] #a#i#d#c3#b#c#i-#d#b4 ,:ILE DEPOSIT NOTES W]E US$1 PRIVATE BANK NOTES1 BAS$ ON CR$IT1 ONLY APPE> QUITE LATE--FROM ,LONDON GOLDSMI?S1 :O ALSO ACT$ AS BANK]S1 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 

.<#h#c.> ,SEE ,MUNRO #b#cB = A USEFUL SUMM>Y4 

.<#h#d.> ,MAC,DONALD #b#f3#a#e#f4 

.<#h#e.> ,TOMAS DE ,M]CADO 9 ,FLYNN #a#i#g#h3#d4 

.<#h#f.> ,SEE ,FLYNN #a#i#g#i2 ,BRAUDEL #a#i#i#b3#e#b#b-#b#c2 ,/E9 @& ,/E9 #b3 #e#a-#e1 #i#f-#f#b2 ,TORTELLA @& ,COM9 #b#b4 ,! NUMB] ( JUROS 9 CIRCULATION W5T FROM #c4#f MILLION DUCATS 9 #aeaf TO #h4#d MILLION 9 #a#e#i#h4 

.<#h#g.> ,! MO/ FAM\S EXPON5T ( ?IS POSITION WAS ,NI*OLAS ,B>BON 7#a#f#i71 :O >GU$ ?AT 0MONEY IS A VALUE MADE BY LAW0 & A MEASURE 9 JU/ ! SAME MANN] AS 9*ES OR H\RS OR FLUID \NCES4 ,HE ALSO EMPHASIZ$ ?AT MO/ MONEY WAS CR$IT ANYWAY4 

.<#h#h.> ,LOCKE 7#a#f#i#a3#a#d#d7 ALSO CIT$ 9 ,CAFF5TZIS #a#i#h#i3#d#f-#d#g1 :I* REMA9S ! MO/ 9SI<TFUL SUMM>Y ( ! DEBATE & ITS IMPLICATIONS4 ,COMP>E ,P]LMAN @& ,MC,CANN #a#i#i#h3#a#a#g-#b2 ,LETW9 #b#c3#g#a-#g#h2 ,VAL5ZE #b#f3#d-#d#c4 

.<#h#i.> ,WE T5D TO =GET ?AT ! MAT]IALISM ( ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION IS NOT SOME RADICAL DEP>TURE--,M>X WAS1 LIKE ,NIETZS*E1 TAK+ B\RGEOIS ASSUMPTIONS 7?\< 9 HIS CASE1 DIFF]5T ONES7 & PU%+ !M 9 DIRECTIONS ?AT W\LD \TRAGE !IR ORIG9AL PROPON5TS4 ,ANYWAY1 !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT :AT WE N[ CALL 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 IS REALLY ,5GELS' ADDITION TO ! PROJECT--,5GELS BE+ HIMSELF NO?+ IF NOT B\RGEOIS 9 BACKGR\ND & S5SIBILITIES 7HE WAS A /ALW>T ( ! ,COLOGNE /OCK EX*ANGE74 

.<#h#a.> ,MACAULAY #a#h#h#f3#d#h#e--! ORIG9AL ESSAY WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SPECTATOR1 ,M>* #a1 #a#g#a#a4 

.<#h#a#a.> ,FAU/ ,I,I1 ,ACT #a--SEE ,%ELL #a#i#i#b1 ,B9SWANG] #aiid = A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS4 ,! CONNECTION ) AL*EMY IS REVEAL+4 ,:5 9 #ac ,M>CO ,POLO HAD REM>K$ ?AT ! ,*9ESE EMP]OR 0SEEM$ TO HAVE MA/]$ ! >T ( AL*EMY0 9 HIS ABILITY TO TURN M]E PAP] 9TO SOME?+ AS GOOD AS GOLD1 ?IS WAS CLE>LY MEANT AS A JOKE2 BY ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY MO/ ,EUROPEAN MON>*S ACTUALLY DID EMPLOY AL*EMI/S TO TRY TO PRODUCE GOLD FROM BASE METALS2 IT WAS ONLY !IR FAILURE ?AT L$ TO ! ADOPTION ( PAP] MONEY 7,W5N]L5D #b#c74 

.<#h#a#b.> ,IT'S NOT AS IF SUSPICIONS AB\T MONEY DIDN'T EXI/--BUT !Y T5D$ TO FOCUS1 9/EAD1 ON MORAL & METAPHYSICAL ISSUES 7E4G41 0! !FT ( TIME074 

.<#h#a#c.> ,SAID TO HAVE BE5 GIV5 AT A TALK AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS 9 #a#i#b#g1 BUT 9 FACT1 :ILE ! PASSAGE IS 5DLESSLY CIT$ 9 REC5T BOOKS & ESPECIALLY ON ! 9T]NET1 IT CANNOT BE ATTE/$ TO BE=E R\<LY #a#i#g#e4 ,! FIR/ TWO L9ES APPE> TO ACTUALLY D]IVE FROM A ,BRITI% 9VE/M5T ADVIS] NAM$ ,L4,L4,B4 ,ANGAS 9 #a#i#c#g3 0,! MOD]N ,BANK+ SY/EM MANUFACTURES MONEY \T ( NO?+4 ,! PROCESS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ A/\ND+ PIECE ( SLEI<T ( H& ?AT WAS EV] 9V5T$4 ,BANKS CAN 9 FACT 9FLATE1 M9T & UNM9T ! MOD]N L$G]-5TRY CURR5CY0 7,ANGAS #a#i#c#g3#b-#b#a74 ,! O!R P>TS ( ! QUOTE >E PROBABLY LAT] 9V5TIONS--& ,LORD ,/AMP NEV] SUGGE/$ ANY?+ LIKE ?IS 9 HIS PUBLI%$ WRIT+S4 ,A SIMIL> L9E1 0! BANK HA? B5EFIT ( ALL 9T]E/ :I* IT CREATES \T ( NO?+0 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,WILLIAM ,PATT]SON1 ! FIR/ DIRECTOR ( ! ,BANK ( ,5GL&1 IS LIKEWISE FIR/ ATTE/$ TO ONLY 9 ! #a#i#cS1 & IS ALSO ALMO/ C]TA9LY APOCRYPHAL4 

.<#h#a#d.> ,JO9T-/OCK CORPORATIONS W]E CREAT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 ) ! FAM\S ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY & RELAT$ COLONIAL 5T]PRISES1 BUT !Y L>GELY VANI%$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & W]E MA9LY REVIV$ ONLY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & !N PR9CIPALLY1 AT FIR/1 9 ,AM]ICA & ,G]MANY4 ,AS ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I 7#a#i#i#d7 HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! HEYDAY ( ,BRITI% CAPITALISM WAS M>K$ BY SMALL FAMILY FIRMS & HI< F9ANCE2 IT WAS ,AM]ICA & ,G]MANY1 :O SP5T ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY BATTL+ OV] :O W\LD REPLACE ,GREAT ,BRITA9 AS HEGEMON1 ?AT 9TRODUC$ MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 

.<#h#a#e.> ,MAC,KAY #a#h#e#d3#e#b4 

.<#h#a#f.> ,MAC,KAY #a#h#e#d3#e#c-#e#d4 

.<#h#a#g.> ,SPY] #a#i#i#g4 

.<#h#a#h.> ,PRAKA% #b#c3#b#i-#a#f4 

.<#h#a#i.> ,H>D5BURG @& ,CASEM5T #a#i#a#c2 ! /ORY HAS BE5 ANALYZ$ MO/ FAM\SLY1 & 9SI<TFULLY1 BY ,MICK ,TAUSSIG 7#a#i#h#d1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#h#b.> ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 #a#a? $ITION 7#a#i#a#a73 5TRY = 0,PUTUMAYO40 

.<#h#b#a.> ,AS ,TAUSSIG NOTES 7#a#i#h#d3#d#h#b71 :5 ! HEAD ( ! COMPANY WAS LAT] ASK$ :AT HE ACTUALLY MEANT BY 0CANNIBAL0 HE SAID1 SIMPLY1 ?AT IT MEANT ! ,9DIANS REFUS$ TO TRADE ) ANYBODY ELSE4 

.<#h#b#b.> ,?IS IS A PO9T DEMON/RAT$ 9 GREAT DETAIL 9 AN IMPORTANT BOOK BY ,YANN ,M\LI]-,B\TANG 7#a#i#i#g71 :I* UN=TUNATELY HAS NEV] BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 

.<#h#b#c.> ,DAVIES #a#i#g#e3#e#i4 0,9D5TUR$0 COMES FROM ! 09D5TATIONS0 OR NOT*ES ON A TALLY AGA91 S9CE !SE W]E WIDELY US$ AS CONTRACTS = ?OSE :O1 LIKE MO/ 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS1 C\LDN'T READ 7,BLACK/ONE #ahbg ,I3#b#a#h74 

.<#h#b#d.> ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 7#a#i#g#d7 PROVIDES ! CLASSIC ANALYSIS ( ?IS 0SECOND S]FDOM4 

.<#h#b#e.> ,?IS WAS TRUE1 9CID5TALLY1 ACROSS ! CLASS SPECTRUM3 EV]YONE WAS EXPECT$ TO DO ?IS1 FROM L[LY MILKMAIDS & APPR5TICES TO 0LADIES 9 WAIT+0 & KNI<T'S PAGES4 ,?IS WAS ONE REASON1 9CID5TALLY1 :Y 9D5TUR$-S]VICE CONTRACTS DID NOT SEEM LIKE MU* ( A JUMP 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY3 !Y W]E SIMPLY L5G!N+ ! T]M ( CONTRACT$ EMPLOYM5T FROM ONE TO FIVE OR SEV5 YE>S4 ,EV5 9 ,M$IEVAL TIMES !RE W]E ALSO ADULT DAY-LABOR]S1 BUT !SE W]E (T5 CONSID]$ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM SIMPLE CRIM9ALS4 

.<#h#b#f.> ,! V]Y WORD 0PROLET>IAT0 9 A WAY ALLUDES TO ?IS1 AS IT'S TAK5 FROM A ,ROMAN T]M = 0?OSE :O HAVE *ILDR540 

.<#h#b#g.> ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES #a#i#c#h2 ,]IC ,WILLIAMS #a#i#d#d4 

.<#h#b#h.> 0,MANY DEVICES W]E AVAILABLE BY :I* BUS9ESSM5 ECONOMIZ$ 9 ! USE ( CA% 9 WAGE PAYM5TS--PAYM5T C\LD BE MADE ONLY AT LONG 9T]VALS2 PAYM5T MI<T CONSI/ 9 GIV+ CLAIMS ON O!RS 7TRUCK PAYM5T1 TICKETS OR V\*]S TO AU?ORIZE PUR*AS+ FROM %OPS1 ETC41 ! PROVISION ( PRIVATE NOTES & TOK5S70--,MA?IAS #a#i#g#iA3#i#e4 

.<#h#b#i.> ,ACTUALLY ! FULL LI/ IS3 0CABBAGE1 *IPS1 WAX]S1 SWEEP+S1 SOCK+S1 WA/AGES1 BLESS+1 LAYS1 DEAD M51 ONCES1 PRIMAGE1 FUR?+1 DUNNAGE1 PORTAGE1 W9ES1 VAILS1 T+E1 BUGG+S1 COLT+1 RUMPS1 BIRRS1 F5TS1 ?RUMS1 POT*+1 SCRAP+S1 POAKE1 COLTAGE1 EXTRA1 TRET1 T>E1 L>GESS1 ! CON1 NOBB+S1 KNOCKD[N1 BOOT1 TOMMY1 TRIMM+S1 POLL1 GLEAN+S1 LOPS1 TOPS1 BONTAGES1 KEEPY BACK1 P9 MONEY0 7,L9EBAU< #a#i#i#c3#d#d#i2 SEE ALSO ,L9EBAU< #a#i#h#b1 ,RULE #a#i#h#f3#a#a#e-#a#g74 

.<#h#c.> ,TEBBUTT #a#i#h#c3#d#i4 ,ON PAWNBROK+ 9 G5]AL3 ,H>DAK] #a#h#i#b1 ,HUDSON #a#i#h#b1 ,CASKEY #a#i#i#d1 ,FITZPATRICK #b#a4 

.<#h#c#a.> ,L9EBAU< #a#i#i#c3 #c#g#a-#d#d4 

.<#h#c#b.> ,USUALLY 9 ORD] TO CONCLUDE ?AT TODAY1 ( C\RSE1 WE >E LIV+ 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WORLD1 BECAUSE CLE>LY ?AT'S NOT TRUE ANY MORE4 ,IT MI<T HELP H]E TO REM9D ! READ] ?AT ,M>X SAW HIMSELF AS WRIT+ A 0CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY0--?AT IS1 ( !ORY & PRACTICE ( ECONOMICS ( HIS DAY4 

.<#h#c#c.> ,SEE ! ,LOCKH>T TRANSLATION ( ,B]NAL ,DIAZ 7,DIAZ #ahdd ,I,I3#c#i#f71 :I* GIVES SEV]AL V]SIONS ( ! /ORY1 DRAWN FROM DIFF]5T S\RCES4 

.<#h#c#d.> ,CL5N9D5 #a#i#i#a3#a#d#d4 

.<#h#c#e.> ,IT IS ON !SE GR\NDS ?AT ,TE/>T DI/+UI%ES SLAV]Y [+ TO GAMBL+1 :]E ! GAMBL] /AKES HIS [N P]SON1 & DEBT SLAV]Y1 EV5 IF !SE >E ULTIMATELY GAMBL+ DEBTS4 0,! M5TALITY ( ! GAMBL] :O DIRECTLY /AKES HIS P]SON 9 ! GAME IS CLOS] TO ?AT ( ! W>RIOR1 :O RISKS LOS+ HIS LIFE 9 W> OR BE+ TAK5 9TO SLAV]Y1 ?AN TO ?AT ( ! POOR P]SON WILL+ TO SELL HIMSELF TO SURVIVE0 7,TE/>T #b#b3#a#h74 

.<#h#c#f.> ,?IS IS 9CID5TALLY :Y COMPLA9TS AB\T ! IMMORALITY ( DEFICITS >E SO PR(\NDLY DIS+5U\S3 S9CE MOD]N MONEY EFFECTIVELY IS GOV]NM5T DEBT1 IF !RE WAS NO DEFICIT1 ! RESULTS W\LD BE DISA/R\S4 ,TRUE1 MONEY CAN ALSO BE G5]AT$ PRIVATELY1 BY BANKS1 BUT !RE W\LD APPE> TO BE LIMITS TO ?IS4 ,?IS IS :Y ,U4,S4 F9ANCIAL ELITES1 L$ BY ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN1 PANICK$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS :5 ! ,CL9TON ADM9I/RATION BEGAN TO RUN BUDGET SURPLUSES2 ! ,BU% TAX CUTS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ SPECIFICALLY TO 5SURE ?AT ! DEFICIT WAS MA9TA9$4 

.<#h#c#g.> ,WALL]/E9 #a#i#h#i4 

.<#h#c#h.> #a#i#h#h3#f4 

.<#h#c#i.> ,BRITA9 PASS$ ITS FIR/ BANKRUPTCY LAW 9 #a#e#d#b4 

.<#h#d.> ,?IS IS NO D\BT :AT ,GOE! WAS GETT+ AT :5 HE HAD ,FAU/1 SPECIFICALLY1 TELL ! EMP]OR TO PAY HIS DEBTS ) ,I,\S4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE ALL KN[ :AT HAPP5$ TO HIM :5 HIS TIME CAME DUE4 

.<#h#d#a.> ,SON5S*] 7#b#g7 GIVES A LONG & DETAIL$ HI/ORY ( !SE DEBATES4 

.<#h#d#b.> ,ONE MI<T TRACE A RELIGI\S ELEM5T H]E3 9 ! TIME ( ,AUGU/US1 A GR\P ( RELIGI\S CULTI/S 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ?AT FIRE WAS AB\T TO COME FROM ! SKY & CONSUME ! PLANET4 ,NO?+ SEEM$ LESS LIKELY AT ! TIME4 ,LEAVE !M 9 *>GE ( A CORN] ( ! WORLD = TWO ?\S& YE>S1 !Y FIGURE \T A WAY TO DO IT4 ,BUT /ILL1 ?IS IS CLE>LY P>T ( A L>G] PATT]N4 

.<#h#d#c.> ,I WAS FIR/ PUT ON TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DATE BY FELL[ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,*RIS ,GREGORY 7#a#i#i#h3 #b#f#e-#i#f2 ALSO ,HUDSON #b#cA74 ,U4,S4 CITIZ5S HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO CA% 9 DOLL>S = GOLD S9CE #a#i#c#d4 ,! ANALYSIS ?AT FOLL[S IS 9SPIR$ BY BO? ,GREGORY & ,HUDSON4 

.<#h#d#d.> ,ONE PLAUSIBLE-S\ND+ V]SION1 :I* CITES RA!R SMALL AM\NTS ( BULLION1 CAN BE F\ND AT3 WWW4R$IFF4COM_/MONEY_/#b#a_/NOV_/#a#gWTC4HTM4 ,= A MORE 5T]TA9+1 FICTIONAL V]SION3 WWW4R5SE4COM_/G5]AL#g#c_/CONFESS4HTM4 

.<#h#d#e.> 0,! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE ,BANK ( ,NEW ,YORK3 ! ,KEY TO ! ,GOLD ,VAULT0 7NEWYORKF$4ORG_/$UCATION_/ADDPUB_/GOLDVAUL4PDF74 

.<#h#d#f.> ,AS A M9OR ASIDE1 ,I REMEMB] FROM ! TIME ALSO READ+ NEWS REPORTS NOT+ ?AT !RE W]E1 9 FACT1 A NUMB] ( EXP5SIVE JEWELRY %OPS 9 ! >CADES DIRECTLY B5EA? ! ,T[]S1 & ?AT ALL ! GOLD 9 !M DID 9 FACT DISAPPE>4 ,PRESUMABLY !Y W]E POCKET$ BY RESCUE WORK]S1 BUT CONSID]+ ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT W\LD SEEM !RE W]E NO S]I\S OBJECTIONS--AT LEA/1 ,I'VE NEV] HE>D ANY?+ AB\T ! MATT] BE+ FUR!R 9VE/IGAT$1 LET ALONE PROSECUT$4 

.<#h#d#g.> ,IT'S NO CO9CID5CE1 C]TA9LY1 ?AT ,WILLIAM ,GREID] DECID$ TO NAME HIS GREAT HI/ORY ( ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE 7#a#i#h#i7 ,! ,SECRETS ( ! ,TEMPLE4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY H[ MANY ( ITS [N (FICIALS PRIVATELY DESCRIBE IT4 ,HE QUOTES ONE3 0,! ,SY/EM IS JU/ LIKE ! ,*UR* 444 ,IT'S GOT A POPE1 ! *AIRMAN2 & A COLLEGE ( C>D9ALS1 ! GOV]NORS & BANK PRESID5TS2 & A CURIA1 ! S5IOR /AFF4 ,! EQUIVAL5T ( ! LAITY IS ! COMM]CIAL BANKS 444 ,WE EV5 HAVE DIFF]5T ORD]S ( RELIGI\S ?\<T LIKE ,JESUITS & ,FRANCISCANS & ,DOM9ICANS ONLY WE CALL !M PRAGMATI/S & MONET>I/S & NEO-,KEYNESIANS0 7IBID3#e#d74 

.<#h#d#h.> ,?IS IS H>DLY A NEW CLAIM1 & IT RE/S 9 P>T ON ! ,BRAUDELIAN 7WORLD-SY/EMS7 S*OOL1 = 9/ANCE1 ! REC5T WORK ( ,MIELANTS 7#b#g74 ,= A MORE CLASSICALLY ,M>XI/ V]SION DEVELOP+ ! CONNECTION S9CE ,NIXON'S TIME1 SEE ,CU/]S #b#g4 ,= A MORE MA9/REAM NEOCLASSICAL TREATM5TS ( ! CONNECTION1 SEE ,MAC,DONALD @& ,GA/MAN #b#a1 ,MAC,DONALD #b#f4 

.<#h#d#i.> ,S5ATOR ,FULLBRI<T1 9 ,MC,D]MOTT #b#h3#a#i4 

.<#h#e.> ,I NOTE ?AT ?IS FLIES DIRECTLY 9 ! FACE ( ! 9T5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CON/ITUTION 7#a4#h4#e71 :I* SPECIFIES ?AT ONLY ,CONGRESS WAS RELEGAT$ ! P[] 0TO CO9 MONEY1 .<&.> REGULATE ! VALUE !RE(0--NO D\BT AT ! BEHE/ ( ! ,JEFF]SONIANS1 :O W]E OPPOS$ TO CREAT+ A C5TRAL BANK4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /ILL OBS]VES ! LETT] ( ! LAW3 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CO9S >E ISSU$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,TREASURY4 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PAP] MONEY1 :ILE SIGN$ BY ! HEAD ( ! ,TREASURY1 IS NOT ISSU$ BY ! ,TREASURY BUT BY ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE4 ,!Y >E TE*NICALLY BANKNOTES1 ?\< AS ) ! ,BANK ( ,5GL&1 ONE BANK IS GRANT$ A MONOPOLY 9 ISSU+ !M4 

.<#h#e#a.> ,= ?OSE :O DON'T KN[ H[ ! ,F$ WORKS3 TE*NICALLY1 !RE >E A S]IES ( /AGES4 ,G5]ALLY ! ,TREASURY PUTS \T BONDS TO ! PUBLIC1 & ! ,F$ BUYS !M BACK4 ,! ,F$ !N LOANS ! MONEY ?US CREAT$ TO O!R BANKS AT A SPECIAL L[ RATE ( 9T]E/ 70! PRIME RATE071 SO ?AT ?OSE BANKS CAN !N L5D AT HI<] ONES4 ,9 ITS CAPACITY AS REGULATOR ( ! BANK+ SY/EM1 ! ,F$ ALSO E/ABLI%ES ! FRACTIONAL RES]VE RATE3 JU/ H[ MANY DOLL>S !SE BANKS CAN 0L5D0--EFFECTIVELY1 CREATE--= EV]Y DOLL> !Y BORR[ FROM ! ,F$1 OR HAVE ON DEPOSIT1 OR CAN O!RWISE C\NT AS ASSETS4 ,TE*NICALLY ?IS IS #a TO #a1 BUT A V>IETY ( LEGAL LOOPHOLES ALL[ BANKS TO GO CONSID]ABLY HI<]4 

.<#h#e#b.> ,:I* DOES RAISE ! RA!R 9T]E/+ QUE/ION ( :AT ITS GOLD RES]VES >E ACTUALLY =4 

.<#h#e#c.> ,9DE$1 P]HAPS ! GREATE/ COMPROMISE TO ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GLOBAL P[] 9 REC5T YE>S IS ! FACT ?AT !RE IS N[ ONE PLACE--! REGION ( ,*9A FAC+ ,TAIWAN--:]E AIR DEF5SES >E N[ SO D5SE & SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,AIR ,=CE IS NO LONG] C]TA9 ?AT IT CAN P5ETRATE AT WILL4 ,! 9ABILITY TO BL[ UP ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5 IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! MO/ DRAMATIC LIMIT TO ?IS P[]4 

.<#h#e#d.> ,OR1 TO PUT ! MONEY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /OCK M>KET1 :I* ULTIMATELY HAS A SIMIL> EFFECT4 ,AS ,HUDSON NOTES1 0,AM]ICAN DIPLOMATS HAVE MADE IT CLE> ?AT TO BUY CONTROL ( ,U4,S4 COMPANIES OR EV5 TO RETURN TO GOLD W\LD BE VIEW$ AS AN UNFRI5DLY ACT0 7#b#bA3#g71 SO1 UNLESS !Y WANT TO MOVE \T ( DOLL>S 5TIRELY1 :I* W\LD BE CONSID]$ AN EV5 MORE UNFRI5DLY ACT1 !RE IS LITTLE ALT]NATIVE4 ,AS TO H[ 0UNFRI5DLY0 ACTS MI<T BE RECEIV$3 SEE BEL[4 

.<#h#e#e.> ,HUDSON #b#bA3#a#b4 

.<#h#e#f.> ,AS MANY HAVE REM>K$1 ! ?REE C\NTRIES ?AT SWIT*$ TO ! EURO >\ND ?IS TIME--,IRAQ1 ,IRAN1 & ,NOR? ,KOREA--W]E PRECISELY ?OSE S+L$ \T BY ,BU% AS HIS 0,AXIS ( ,EVIL40 ,( C\RSE WE CAN >GUE AB\T CAUSE & EFFECT H]E4 ,IT'S ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! CORE EURO-US+ /ATES SU* AS ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY UNI=MLY OPPOS$ ! W>1 :ILE ,U4,S4 ALLIES W]E DRAWN FROM EURO-SKEPTICS LIKE ! ,U,K4 

.<#h#e#g.> ,= A FEW REPRES5TATIVE TAKES ON ! RELATION ( ! DOLL> & EMPIRE3 FROM A NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC P]SPECTIVE1 ,F]GUSON 7#b#a1 #b#d71 FROM A RADICAL ,KEYNESIAN P]SPECTIVE1 ,HUDSON 7#b#cA71 FROM A ,M>XI/ ONE1 ,BR5N] 7#b#b74 

.<#h#e#h.> ,EV5 ! ,C,I,A N[ ORD9>ILY REF]S TO SU* >RANGEM5TS AS 0SLAV]Y10 ?\< TE*NICALLY DEBT PEONAGE IS DIFF]5T4 

.<#h#e#i.> ,COMP>E ?IS TO ! DEFICIT_/MILIT>Y *>T ABOVE1 ON PAGE #c#f#f--! CURVE IS EFFECTIVELY ID5TICAL4 

.<#h#f.> ,SEE DAILYBAIL4COM_/HOME_/*9A-W>NS-US-AB\T-DEBT-MONETIZATION4HTML1 ACCESS$ ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #b#i4 ,! /ORY IS BAS$ ON A PIECE FROM ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL1 0,DON'T ,MONETIZE ! ,DEBT3 ,! PRESID5T ( ! ,DALLAS ,F$ ON 9FLATION RISK & C5TRAL BANK 9DEP5D5CE0 7,M>Y ,ANA/ASIA ,O',GRADY1 ,W,S,J1 ,MAY #b#c1 #b#i47 ,I %\LD ADD ?AT 9 POPUL> USAGE N[ADAYS1 0TO MONETIZE ! DEBT0 IS G5]ALLY US$ AS A SYNONYM = 0PR9T+ MONEY0 TO PAY DEBT4 ,?IS USAGE HAS BECOME ALMO/ UNIV]SAL1 BUT IT'S NOT ! ORIG9AL S5SE ( ! T]M1 :I* IS TO TURN ! DEBT ITSELF 9TO MONEY4 ,! ,BANK ( ,5GL& DID NOT PR9T MONEY TO PAY ! NATIONAL DEBT2 IT TURN$ ! NATIONAL DEBT ITSELF 9TO MONEY4 ,H]E TOO !RE IS A PR(\ND >GUM5T GO+ ON AB\T ! NATURE ( MONEY ITSELF4 

.<#h#f#a.> ,! >RANGEM5T IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ,BRETTON ,WOODS ,I,I 7,DOOLEY1 ,FOLK]TS-,L&AU @& ,G>B] #b#d1 #b#i73 EFFECTIVELY1 AN AGREEM5T S9CE ! #a#i#iS AT LEA/ TO USE V>I\S UN(FICIAL MEANS TO KEEP ! DOLL>'S VALUE >TIFICIALLY HI<1 & ,EA/ ,ASIAN CURR5CIES--P>TICUL>LY ! ,*9ESE-->TIFICIALLY L[1 9 ORD] TO EXP$ITE *EAP ,ASIAN EXPORTS TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,S9CE REAL WAGES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE EI!R /AGNAT$ OR RETREAT$ CONT9UALLY S9CE ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS1 & ! ACCUMULATION ( CONSUM] DEBT1 IS ! ONLY REASON LIV+ /&>DS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE NOT PRECIPIT\SLY DECL9$4 

.<#h#f#b.> ,ON ,ZH5G ,HE1 SEE ,DREY] #b#f1 ,WADE #b#d1 ,WAKE #a#i#i#g4 ,ON ! TRIBUTE TRADE 9 G5]AL3 ,MOSES #a#i#f#g1 ,YU #a#i#f#g1 ,HAMA%ITA #a#i#i#d1 #b#c2 ,DI ,COSMO @& ,WYATT #b#e4 

.<#h#f#c.> ,! >GUM5T H]E FOLL[S ,>RI<I1 ,HUI1 ,HUNG & ,SELD5 #b#c1 SOME ELEM5TS ( :I* W]E E*O$ 9 ,>RI<I'S LA/ WORK1 ,ADAM ,SMI? 9 ,BEIJ+ 7#b#g74 

.<#h#f#d.> ,JAPAN ( C\RSE WAS SOME?+ ( AN EXCEPTION1 S9CE IT HAD >GUABLY A*IEV$ SOME?+ LIKE ,FIR/ ,WORLD /ATUS EV5 BE=E ?IS4 

.<#h#f#e.> ,KEYNES #a#i#c#f3#c#d#e4 

.<#h#f#f.> ,SEE WWW4IRLE4B]KELEY4$U_/EV5TS_/SPR+#h_/FELL]_/ 

.<#h#f#g.> ,! KEY LEGISLATION WAS ! 0,DEPOSITORY ,9/ITUTIONS ,D]EGULATION & ,MONET>Y ,CONTROL ,ACT0 ( #a#i#h1 :I* /RUCK D[N ALL F$]AL USURY LAWS3 O/5SIBLY1 9 REACTION TO ! RAMPANT 9FLATION ( ! LATE #a#i#gS1 ?\< ( C\RSE !Y W]E NEV] RE/OR$ :5 9FLATION WAS BR\<T BACK UND] CONTROL1 AS IT HAS 9 ! LA/ QU>T]-C5TURY4 ,IT LEFT /ATE 9T]E/ CEIL+S 9 PLACE1 BUT 9/ITUTIONS LIKE CR$IT-C>D COMPANIES W]E ALL[$ TO OBS]VE ! LAWS ( ! /ATE 9 :I* !Y >E REGI/]$1 NO MATT] :]E !Y OP]AT$4 ,?IS IS :Y MO/ >E REGI/]$ 9 ,S\? ,DAKOTA1 :I* HAS NO MAXIMUM 9T]E/ RATE4 

.<#h#f#h.> ,! FIR/ IS FROM ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN 7#a#i#i#i7 9 A COCKY & VACU\S BOOK CALL$ ,! ,LEXUS & ! ,O,IIVE ,TREE1 ! SECOND FROM ,R&Y ,M>T9 7#b#b7 9 A BOOK ( ! SAME NAME4 

.<#h#f#i.> ,9 ,AM]ICA ?IS 0UNIV]SAL O!RNESS0 IS ACCOMPLI%$ ABOVE ALL ?R\< RACISM4 ,?IS IS :Y MO/ SMALL RETAIL+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS CONDUCT$ ON E?NIC L9ES3 SAY1 ,KOREAN GROC]S OR DRY-CLEAN]S1 :O POOL CR$IT ) ONE ANO!R1 :OSE CLI5TS1 H[EV]1 >E SUFFICI5TLY SOCIALLY DI/ANT ?AT !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( EXT5D+ CR$IT \TSIDE1 OR EV5 EXPECT+ BASIC RELATIONS ( TRU/--S9CE !Y !MSELVES ORD9>ILY EXPECT ELECTRICIANS1 LOCKSMI?S1 CONTRACTORS ( V>I\S SORTS :O PROVIDE S]VICES TO AT LEA/ ATTEMPT TO %AFT !M4 ,ESS5TIALLY ! M>KET ACROSS RACIAL OR E?NIC L9ES BECOMES ONE :]E EV]YONE IS ASSUM$ TO BE ,AMALEK4 

.<#h#g.> ,GILD] #a#i#h#a3#b#f#f1 CIT$ 9 ,COOP] #b#h3#g4 ,COOP]'S ESSAY IS A BRILLIANT EXPLORATION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 DEBT IMP]IALISM--A PHRASE %E SEEMS TO HAVE CO9$1 9SPIR$ BY ,HUDSON--& EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANITY1 & IT IS HE>TILY RECOMM5D$4 ,SEE ALSO ,NAYLOR #a#i#h#e4 

.<#h#g#a.> ,ROB]TSON #a#i#i#b3#a#e#c4 ,9 ,COOP] AGA93 OP CIT4 

.<#h#g#b.> ,ATWOOD #b#h3#d#b4 

.<#h#g#c.> ,?IS IS1 9CID5TALLY1 ALSO ! BE/ RESPONSE TO CONV5TIONAL CRITIQUES ( ! POOR AS FALL+ 9TO DEBT BECAUSE !Y >E UNABLE TO DELAY GRATIFICATION--ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ECONOMIC LOGIC1 ) ALL ITS HUMAN BL9D SPOTS1 SKEWS ANY POSSIBLE UND]/&+ ( 0CONSUM]S' 0 ACTUAL MOTIVATIONS4 ,RATIONALLY1 S9CE ,C,DS YIELD >\ND #d P]C5T ANNUALLY1 & CR$IT C>DS *>GE #b P]C5T1 CONSUM]S %\LD SAVE AS A CU%ION & ONLY GO 9TO DEBT :5 !Y ABSOLUTELY HAVE TO1 PO/PON+ UNNECESS>Y PUR*ASES UNTIL !RE'S A SURPLUS4 ,V]Y FEW ACT ?IS WAY1 BUT ?IS IS R>ELY BECAUSE ( IMPROVID5CE 7CAN'T WAIT TO GET ?AT FLA%Y NEW DRESS7 BUT BECAUSE HUMAN RELATIONS CAN'T ACTUALLY BE PUT (F 9 ! SAME WAY AS IMAG9>Y 0CONSUM] PUR*ASES03 ONE'S DAU<T] WILL ONLY BE FIVE ONCE1 & ONE'S GR&FA!R HAS ONLY SO MANY YE>S LEFT4 

.<#h#g#d.> ,!RE >E SO MANY BOOKS ON ! SUBJECT ?AT ONE HESITATES TO CITE1 BUT A C\PLE ( \T/&+ EXAMPLES >E ,ANYA ,KAM5TZ'S ,G5]ATION ,DEBT 7#b#f71 & ,BRETT ,WILLIAM'S ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,CR$IT ,TRAP 7#b#d74 ,! L>G] PO9T AB\T DEM&S = DEBT AS A =M ( CLASS /RUGGLE IS 9 L>GE P>T 9SPIR$ BY ! ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES COLLECTIVE1 :O >GUE ?AT1 H[EV] P>ADOXICALLY1 0NEOLIB]ALISM HAS ?R[N OP5 A NEW DIM5SION ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! WORK+ CLASS )9 ! DOMA9 ( CR$IT0 7#b#i3#g74 ,I HAVE FOLL[$ ?IS ANALYSIS TO A DEGREE1 BUT TRI$ TO MOVE AWAY FROM ! ECONOMI/IC FRAM+ ( HUMAN LIFE AS 0REPRODUCTION ( LABOR0 ?AT HOBBLES SO MU* ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE--! EMPHASIS ON LIFE BEYOND SURVIVAL MI<T BE DI/ANTLY ,VANEIGEM-9FLU5C$ 7#a#i#f#g71 BUT L>GELY FALLS BACK ON MY [N WORK ON VALUE !ORY 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 

.<#h#g#e.> ,ELYA*> #b#b3#e#a4 

.<#h#g#f.> ,SEE = 9/ANCE1 0,9DIA'S MICRO-F9ANCE SUICIDE EPIDEMIC10 ,S\TIK ,BISWAS1 ,B,B,C ,NEWS ,S\? ,ASIA1 #af ,DECEMB] #b#a1 HTTP4BBC4CO4UK_/NEWS_/WORLD-S\?-ASIA-#a#a#i#i#g#e#g#a 

.<#h#g#g.> ,I HAVE OBS]V$ ?IS FIR/ H& ON ANY NUMB] ( OCCASIONS 9 MY WORK AS AN ACTIVI/3 POLICE >E HAPPY TO EFFECTIVELY %UT D[N TRADE SUMMITS1 = EXAMPLE1 JU/ TO 5SURE ?AT !RE'S NO POSSIBLE *ANCE ?AT PROTE/]S CAN FEEL !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ SO !MSELVES4 

.<#h#g#h.> ,9 PRACTICE1 IT MA9LY CONSI/S ( 09T]E/-FREE0 BANK+ >RANGEM5TS ?AT PAY LIP S]VICE TO ! NOTION ( PR(IT-%>+ BUT 9 REALITY OP]ATE 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS ANY O!R BANK4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT IF PR(IT-%>+ BANKS >E COMPET+ ) MORE CONV5TIONAL ONES 9 ! SAME M>KETPLACE1 ?OSE :O ANTICIPATE ?AT !IR 5T]PRISES WILL YIELD HI< PR(ITS WILL GRAVITATE T[>D ! ONES (F]+ FIX$-9T]E/ LOANS1 & ONLY ?OSE :O ANTICIPATE L[] PR(ITS WILL TURN TO ! PR(IT-%>+ OPTION 7,KURAN #a#i#i#e3#a#f#b74 ,= A TRANSITION TO NO-9T]E/ BANK+ TO WORK1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE TOTAL4 

.<#h#g#i.> ,UND] ! ,CALIPHATE1 TO GU>ANTEE ! MONEY SUPPLY2 9 ,*9A1 ?R\< SY/EMATIC 9T]V5TION TO /ABILIZE M>KETS & PREV5T CAPITALI/IC MONOPOLIES2 LAT]1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & O!R ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC REPUBLICS1 ?R\< ALL[+ ! MONETIZATION ( ITS [N DEBT4 

.<#h#h.> ,TRUE1 AS ,I %[$ 9 *APT] #e1 ECONOMIC LIFE WILL ALWAYS BE A MATT] ( CLA%+ PR9CIPLES1 & ?US MI<T BE SAID TO BE 9COH]5T TO A C]TA9 EXT5T4 ,ACTUALLY ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS 9 ANY WAY A BAD ?+--AT ! V]Y LEA/1 IT'S 5DLESSLY PRODUCTIVE4 ,! DI/ORTIONS BORN ( VIOL5CE /RIKE ME AS UNIQUELY 9SIDI\S4 

.<#h#h#a.> VON ,MISES #a#i#d#i3#e#d-#d#a4 ,! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN TEXT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aid & PRESUMABLY COMPOS$ A YE> OR TWO PREVI\S4 

.<#h#h#b.> ,F]GUSON #b#g3IV4 

.<#h#h#c.> ,I CAN SPEAK ) SOME AU?ORITY H]E S9CE ,I WAS MYSELF BORN ( HUMBLE ORIG9S & HAVE ADVANC$ MYSELF 9 LIFE ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ?R\< MY [N 9CESSANT LABORS4 ,I AM WELL KN[N BY MY FRI5DS TO BE A WORKAHOLIC--TO !IR (T5 JU/IFIABLE ANNOYANCE4 ,I AM !RE=E KE5LY AW>E ?AT SU* BEHAVIOR IS AT BE/ SLI<TLY PA?OLOGICAL1 & C]TA9LY 9 NO S5SE MAKES ONE A BETT] P]SON4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,NOTES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,NOTES -- ,UPDAT$4 

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