,*APT] #f 
,GAMES ) ,SEX & ,DEBT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,GAMES ) ,SEX & ,DEBT 

  

,:5 WE RETURN TO AN EXAM9ATION ( CONV5TIONAL ECONOMIC HI/ORY1 ONE ?+ ?AT JUMPS \T IS H[ MU* HAS BE5 MADE TO DISAPPE>4 ,R$UC+ ALL HUMAN LIFE TO EX*ANGE MEANS NOT ONLY %UNT+ ASIDE ALL O!R =MS ( ECONOMIC EXP]I5CE 7HI]>*Y1 COMMUNISM71 BUT ALSO 5SUR+ ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN RACE :O >E NOT ADULT MALES1 & !RE=E :OSE DAY-TO-DAY EXI/5CE IS RELATIVELY DIFFICULT TO R$UCE TO A MATT] ( SWAPP+ ?+S 9 SU* A WAY AS TO SEEK MUTUAL ADVANTAGE1 MELT AWAY 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 

,AS A RESULT1 WE 5D UP ) A SANITIZ$ VIEW ( ! WAY ACTUAL BUS9ESS IS CONDUCT$4 ,! TIDY WORLD ( %OPS & MALLS IS ! QU9TESS5TIAL MIDDLE-CLASS 5VIRONM5T1 BUT AT EI!R ! TOP OR ! BOTTOM ( ! SY/EM1 ! WORLD ( F9ANCI]S OR ( GANG/]S1 DEALS >E (T5 MADE 9 WAYS NOT SO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM WAYS ?AT ! ,GUNW+GU OR ,NAMBIKW>A MAKE !M--AT LEA/ 9 ?AT SEX1 DRUGS1 MUSIC1 EXTRAVAGANT DISPLAYS ( FOOD1 & ! POT5TIAL = VIOL5CE DO (T5 PLAY P>TS4 

,CONSID] ! CASE ( ,NEIL ,BU% 7,GEORGE ,W4'S BRO!R7 :O1 DUR+ DIVORCE PROCE$+S ) HIS WIFE1 ADMITT$ TO MULTIPLE 9FIDELITIES ) WOM5 :O1 HE CLAIM$1 W\LD MY/]I\SLY APPE> AT HIS HOTEL-ROOM DOOR AFT] IMPORTANT BUS9ESS MEET+S 9 ,?AIL& & ,HONG ,KONG4 

0,Y\ HAVE TO ADMIT IT'S PRETTY REM>KABLE10 REM>K$ ONE ( HIS WIFE'S ATTORNEYS1 0= A MAN TO GO TO A HOTEL-ROOM DOOR & OP5 IT & HAVE A WOMAN /&+ !RE & HAVE SEX ) H]40 

0,IT WAS V]Y UNUSUAL10 ,BU% REPLI$1 ADMITT+ H[EV] ?AT ?IS HAD HAPP5$ TO HIM ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS4 

0,W]E !Y PRO/ITUTES80 

0,I DON'T KN[40.<#b#a#d.> 

,9 FACT1 SU* ?+S SEEM ALMO/ P> = ! C\RSE :5 REALLY BIG MONEY COMES 9TO PLAY4 

,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! ECONOMI/S' 9SI/5CE ?AT ECONOMIC LIFE BEG9S ) B>T]1 ! 9NOC5T EX*ANGE ( >R[S = TEPEE FRAMES1 ) NO ONE 9 A POSITION TO RAPE1 HUMILIATE1 OR TORTURE ANYONE ELSE1 & ?AT IT CONT9UES 9 ?IS WAY1 IS T\*+LY UTOPIAN4 

,AS A RESULT1 ?\<1 ! HI/ORIES WE TELL >E FULL ( BLANK SPACES1 & ! WOM5 9 !M SEEM TO APPE> \T ( NO:]E1 )\T EXPLANATION1 MU* LIKE ! ,?AI WOM5 :O APPE>$ AT ,BU%'S DOOR4 ,RECALL ! PASSAGE CIT$ 9 ,*APT] ,?REE1 FROM NUMISMATI/ ,PHILIP ,GRI]SON1 AB\T MONEY 9 ! B>B>IAN LAW CODES3 

,COMP5SATION 9 ! ,WEL% LAWS IS RECKON$ PRIM>ILY 9 CATTLE & 9 ! ,IRI% ONES 9 CATTLE OR BONDMAIDS 7CUMAL71 ) CONSID]ABLE USE ( PRECI\S METALS 9 BO?4 ,9 ! ,G]MANIC CODES IT IS MA9LY 9 PRECI\S METAL 444.<#b#a#e.> 

,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE TO READ ?IS PASSAGE )\T IMM$IATELY /OPP+ AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ L9E8 0,BONDMAIDS08 ,DOESN'T ?AT MEAN 0SLAVES80 7,IT DOES47 ,9 ANCI5T ,IREL&1 FEMALE SLAVES W]E SO PL5TIFUL & IMPORTANT ?AT !Y CAME TO FUNCTION AS CURR5CY4 ,H[ DID ?AT HAPP58 ,& IF WE >E TRY+ TO UND]/& ! ORIG9S ( MONEY1 H]E1 ISN'T ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE >E US+ ONE ANO!R AS CURR5CY AT ALL 9T]E/+ OR SIGNIFICANT8.<#b#a#f.> ,YET NONE ( ! S\RCES ON MONEY REM>K MU* ON IT4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT BY ! TIME ( ! LAW CODES1 SLAVE GIRLS W]E NOT ACTUALLY TRAD$1 BUT JU/ US$ AS UNITS ( ACC\NT4 ,/ILL1 !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 TRAD$ AT SOME PO9T4 ,:O W]E !Y8 ,H[ W]E !Y 5SLAV$8 ,W]E !Y CAPTUR$ 9 W>1 SOLD BY !IR P>5TS1 OR R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y ?R\< DEBT8 ,W]E !Y A MAJOR TRADE ITEM8 ,! ANSW] TO ALL !SE QUE/IONS W\LD SEEM TO BE YES1 BUT IT'S H>D TO SAY MORE BECAUSE ! HI/ORY REMA9S L>GELY UNWRITT54.<#b#a#g.> 

,OR LET'S RETURN TO ! P>ABLE ( ! UNGRATEFUL S]VANT4 0,S9CE HE WAS NOT ABLE TO PAY1 ! MA/] ORD]$ ?AT HE & HIS WIFE & HIS *ILDR5 & ALL ?AT HE HAD BE SOLD TO REPAY ! DEBT40 ,H[ DID ?AT HAPP58 ,NOTE ?AT WE'RE NOT EV5 SPEAK+ ( DEBT S]VICE H]E 7HE IS ALREADY HIS CR$ITOR'S S]VANT71 BUT \TRI<T SLAV]Y4 ,H[ DID A MAN'S WIFE & *ILDR5 COME TO BE CONSID]$ NO DIFF]5T ?AN HIS %EEP & CROCK]Y--AS PROP]TY TO BE LIQUIDAT$ ON ! OCCASION ( DEFAULT8 ,WAS IT NORMAL = A MAN 9 FIR/-C5TURY ,PALE/9E TO BE ABLE TO SELL HIS WIFE8 7,IT WASN'T47.<#b#a#h.> ,IF HE DIDN'T [N H]1 :Y WAS SOMEONE ELSE ALL[$ TO SELL H] IF HE C\LDN'T PAY HIS DEBTS8 

,! SAME C\LD BE ASK$ ( ! /ORY 9 ,NEHEMIAH4 ,IT'S H>D NOT TO EMPA?IZE ) ! DI/RESS ( A FA!R WAT*+ HIS DAU<T] TAK5 (F BY /RANG]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE MI<T ALSO ASK3 ,:Y W]5'T !Y TAK+ HIM8 ,! DAU<T] HADN'T BORR[$ ANY MONEY4 

,IT'S NOT AS IF IT IS ORD9>Y = FA!RS 9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES TO BE ABLE TO SELL !IR *ILDR54 ,?IS IS A PRACTICE ) A V]Y SPECIFIC HI/ORY3 IT APPE>S 9 ! GREAT AGR>IAN CIVILIZATIONS1 FROM ,SUM] TO ,ROME TO ,*9A1 RI<T >\ND ! TIME :5 WE ALSO />T TO SEE EVID5CE ( MONEY1 M>KETS1 & 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS2 LAT]1 MORE GRADUALLY1 IT ALSO APPE>S 9 ?OSE SURR\ND+ H9T]L&S ?AT SUPPLI$ ?OSE CIVILIZATIONS ) SLAVES4.<#b#a#i.> ,:AT'S MORE1 IF WE EXAM9E ! HI/ORICAL EVID5CE1 !RE SEEMS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! V]Y OBSESSION ) PATRI>*AL HONOR ?AT SO DEF9ES 0TRADITION0 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD ITSELF >OSE ALONGSIDE ! FA!R'S P[] TO ALI5ATE HIS *ILDR5--AS A REACTION TO :AT W]E SE5 AS ! MORAL P]ILS ( ! M>KET4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS TREAT$ AS SOMEH[ \TSIDE ! B\NDS ( ECONOMIC HI/ORY4 

,EXCLUD+ ALL ?IS IS DECEPTIVE NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT EXCLUDES ! MA9 PURPOSES TO :I* MONEY WAS ACTUALLY PUT 9 ! PA/1 BUT BECAUSE IT DOESN'T GIVE US A CLE> VISION ( ! PRES5T4 ,AFT] ALL1 :O W]E ?OSE ,?AI WOM5 :O SO MY/]I\SLY APPE>$ AT ,NEIL ,BU%'S HOTEL DOOR8 ,ALMO/ C]TA9LY1 !Y W]E *ILDR5 ( 9DEBT$ P>5TS4 ,LIKELY AS NOT1 !Y W]E CONTRACTUAL DEBT PEONS !MSELVES4.<#b#b.> 

,FOCUS+ ON ! SEX 9DU/RY W\LD BE DECEPTIVE1 ?\<4 ,!N AS N[1 MO/ WOM5 9 DEBT BONDAGE SP5D ! VA/ MAJORITY ( !IR TIME SEW+1 PREP>+ S\PS1 & SC\R+ LATR9ES4 ,EV5 9 ! ,BIBLE1 ! ADMONITION 9 ! ,T5 ,COMM&M5TS NOT TO 0COVET ?Y NEI<BOR'S WIFE0 CLE>LY REF]R$ NOT TO LU/ 9 ONE'S HE>T 7ADULT]Y HAD ALREADY BE5 COV]$ 9 COMM&M5T NUMB] SEV571 BUT TO ! PROSPECT ( TAK+ H] AS A DEBT-PEON--9 O!R WORDS1 AS A S]VANT TO SWEEP ONE'S Y>D & HANG \T ! LAUNDRY4.<#b#b#a.> ,9 MO/ SU* MATT]S1 SEXUAL EXPLOITATION WAS AT BE/ 9CID5TAL 7USUALLY ILLEGAL1 SOMETIMES PRACTIC$ ANYWAY1 SYMBOLICALLY IMPORTANT47 ,AGA91 ONCE WE REMOVE SOME ( \R USUAL BL9D]S1 WE CAN SEE ?AT MATT]S HAVE *ANG$ F> LESS1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ FIVE ?\S& YE>S OR SO1 ?AN WE REALLY LIKE TO ?9K4 

,!SE BL9D]S >E ALL ! MORE IRONIC :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE MONEY0--?AT IS1 ! SORT ONE 5C\NT]S 9 PLACES :]E !RE >E NO /ATES OR M>KETS--:E!R ,IROQUOIS WAMPUM1 ,AFRICAN CLO? MONEY1 OR ,SOLOMON ,ISL& FEA!R MONEY1 & DISCOV]S ?AT SU* MONEY IS US$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY = ! K9DS ( TRANSACTIONS ?AT ECONOMI/S DON'T LIKE TO HAVE TO TALK AB\T4 

,9 FACT1 ! T]M 0PRIMITIVE MONEY0 IS DECEPTIVE = ?IS V]Y REASON1 S9CE IT SUGGE/S ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A CRUDE V]SION ( ! K9D ( CURR5CIES WE USE TODAY4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE DON'T F9D4 ,(T51 SU* CURR5CIES >E NEV] US$ TO BUY & SELL ANY?+ AT ALL4.<#b#b#b.> ,9/EAD1 !Y >E US$ TO CREATE1 MA9TA91 & O!RWISE REORGANIZE RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE3 TO >RANGE M>RIAGES1 E/ABLI% ! PAT]NITY ( *ILDR51 HEAD (F FEUDS1 CONSOLE M\RN]S AT FUN]ALS1 SEEK =GIV5ESS 9 ! CASE ( CRIMES1 NEGOTIATE TREATIES1 ACQUIRE FOLL[]S--ALMO/ ANY?+ BUT TRADE 9 YAMS1 %OVELS1 PIGS1 OR JEWELRY4 

,(T51 !SE CURR5CIES W]E EXTREMELY IMPORTANT1 SO MU* SO ?AT SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF MI<T BE SAID TO REVOLVE >\ND GETT+ & DISPOS+ ( ! /UFF4 ,CLE>LY1 ?\<1 !Y M>K A TOTALLY DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( :AT MONEY1 OR 9DE$ AN ECONOMY1 IS ACTUALLY AB\T4 ,I'VE DECID$ !RE=E TO REF] TO !M AS 0SOCIAL CURR5CIES10 & ! ECONOMIES ?AT EMPLOY !M AS 0HUMAN ECONOMIES40 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN NOT ?AT !SE SOCIETIES >E NECESS>ILY 9 ANY WAY MORE HUMANE 7SOME >E QUITE HUMANE2 O!RS EXTRAORD9>ILY BRUTAL71 BUT ONLY ?AT !Y >E ECONOMIC SY/EMS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ NOT ) ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 BUT ) ! CREATION1 DE/RUCTION1 & RE>RANG+ ( HUMAN BE+S4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES--M>KET ECONOMIES1 AS WE N[ LIKE TO CALL !M-->E A RELATIVE NEWCOM]4 ,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 HUMAN ECONOMIES PR$OM9AT$4 ,TO EV5 BEG9 TO WRITE A G5U9E HI/ORY ( DEBT1 !N1 WE HAVE TO />T BY ASK+3 ,:AT SORT ( DEBTS1 :AT SORT ( CR$ITS & DEBITS1 DO PEOPLE ACCUMULATE 9 HUMAN ECONOMIES8 ,& :AT HAPP5S :5 HUMAN ECONOMIES BEG9 TO GIVE AWAY TO OR >E TAK5 OV] BY COMM]CIAL ONES8 ,?IS IS ANO!R WAY ( ASK+ ! QUE/ION1 0,H[ DO M]E OBLIGATIONS TURN 9TO DEBTS80--BUT IT MEANS NOT JU/ ASK+ ! QUE/ION 9 ! AB/RACT1 BUT EXAM9+ ! HI/ORICAL RECORD TO TRY TO RECON/RUCT :AT ACTUALLY DID HAPP54 

,?IS IS :AT ,I WILL DO OV] ! C\RSE ( ! NEXT TWO *APT]S4 ,FIR/ ,I WILL LOOK AT ! ROLE ( MONEY 9 HUMAN ECONOMIES1 !N DESCRIBE :AT CAN HAPP5 :5 HUMAN ECONOMIES >E SUDD5LY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ECONOMIC ORBITS ( L>G]1 COMM]CIAL ONES4 ,! ,AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE WILL S]VE AS A P>TICUL>LY CATA/ROPHIC CASE 9 PO9T4 ,!N1 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 ,I WILL RETURN TO ! FIR/ EM]G5CE ( COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES 9 E>LY CIVILIZATIONS ( ,EUROPE & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,MONEY AS ,9ADEQUATE ,SUB/ITUTE 

  

,! MO/ 9T]E/+ !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( MONEY IS ! ONE REC5TLY PUT =W>D BY A ,FR5* ECONOMI/-TURN$-AN?ROPOLOGI/ NAM$ ,PHILIPPE ,ROSPABE4 ,:ILE HIS WORK IS L>GELY UNKN[N 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD1 IT'S QUITE +5I\S1 & IT BE>S DIRECTLY ON \R PROBLEM4 ,ROSPABE'S >GUM5T IS ?AT 0PRIMITIVE MONEY0 WAS NOT ORIG9ALLY A WAY TO PAY DEBTS ( ANY SORT4 ,IT'S A WAY ( RECOGNIZ+ ! EXI/5CE ( DEBTS ?AT CANNOT POSSIBLY BE PAID4 ,HIS >GUM5T IS WOR? CONSID]+ 9 DETAIL4 

,9 MO/ HUMAN ECONOMIES1 MONEY IS US$ FIR/ & =EMO/ TO >RANGE M>RIAGES4 ,! SIMPLE/ & PROBABLY MO/ COMMON WAY ( DO+ ?IS WAS BY BE+ PRES5T$ AS :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0BRIDE-PRICE03 A SUITOR'S FAMILY W\LD DELIV] A C]TA9 NUMB] ( DOG TEE?1 OR C[RIES1 OR BRASS R+S1 OR :ATEV] IS ! LOCAL SOCIAL CURR5CY1 TO A WOMAN'S FAMILY1 & !Y W\LD PRES5T !IR DAU<T] AS HIS BRIDE4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE :Y ?IS MI<T BE 9T]PRET$ AS BUY+ A WOM51 & MANY COLONIAL (FICIALS 9 ,AFRICA & ,OCEANIA 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY DID 9DE$ COME TO ?AT CONCLUSION4 ,! PRACTICE CAUS$ SOME?+ ( A SC&AL1 & BY #a#i#b#f1 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS WAS DEBAT+ BANN+ ! PRACTICE AS A =M ( SLAV]Y4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S OBJECT$4 ,REALLY1 !Y EXPLA9$1 ?IS WAS NO?+ LIKE ! PUR*ASE (1 SAY1 AN OX--LET ALONE A PAIR ( S&ALS4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF Y\ BUY AN OX1 Y\ DON'T HAVE ANY RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! OX4 ,:AT Y\ >E REALLY BUY+ IS ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( ! OX 9 ANY WAY ?AT PLEASES Y\4 ,M>RIAGE IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 S9CE A HUSB& WILL NORMALLY HAVE JU/ AS MANY RESPONSIBILITIES T[>D HIS WIFE AS HIS WIFE WILL HAVE T[>D HIM4 ,IT'S A WAY ( RE>RANG+ RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,SECOND ( ALL1 IF Y\ W]E REALLY BUY+ A WIFE1 Y\'D BE ABLE TO SELL H]4 ,F9ALLY1 ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PAYM5T CONC]NS ! /ATUS ( ! WOMAN'S *ILDR53 IF HE'S BUY+ ANY?+1 IT'S ! RI<T TO CALL H] (FSPR+ HIS [N4.<#b#b#c.> 

,! AN?ROPOLOGI/S 5D$ UP W9N+ ! >GUM5T1 & 0BRIDE-PRICE0 WAS DUTIFULLY R$UBB$ 0BRIDEWEAL?40 ,BUT !Y NEV] REALLY ANSW]$ ! QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS ACTUALLY HAPP5+ H]E8 ,:5 A ,FIJIAN SUITOR'S FAMILY PRES5TS A :ALE TOO? TO ASK = A WOMAN'S H& 9 M>RIAGE1 IS ?IS AN ADVANCE PAYM5T = ! S]VICES ! WOMAN WILL PROVIDE 9 CULTIVAT+ H] FUTURE HUSB&'S G>D5S8 ,OR IS HE PUR*AS+ ! FUTURE F]TILITY ( H] WOMB8 ,OR IS ?IS A PURE =MALITY1 ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! DOLL> ?AT HAS TO *ANGE H&S 9 ORD] TO SEAL A CONTRACT8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ROSPABE1 IT'S NONE ( !SE4 ,! :ALE TOO?1 H[EV] VALUABLE1 IS NOT A =M ( PAYM5T4 ,IT IS REALLY AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ONE IS ASK+ = SOME?+ SO UNIQUELY VALUABLE ?AT PAYM5T ( ANY SORT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ONLY APPROPRIATE PAYM5T = ! GIFT ( A WOMAN IS ! GIFT ( ANO!R WOMAN2 9 ! MEANTIME1 ALL ONE CAN DO IS TO ACKN[L$GE ! \T/&+ DEBT4 

,!RE >E PLACES :]E SUITORS SAY ?IS QUITE EXPLICITLY4 ,CONSID] ! ,TIV ( ,C5TRAL ,NIG]IA1 :O WE HAVE ALREADY MET BRIEFLY 9 ! LA/ *APT]4 ,MO/ ( \R 9=MATION ON ! ,TIV COMES FROM MID-C5TURY1 :5 !Y W]E /ILL UND] ,BRITI% COLONIAL RULE4.<#b#b#d.> ,EV]YONE AT ?AT TIME 9SI/$ ?AT A PROP] M>RIAGE %\LD TAKE ! =M ( AN EX*ANGE ( SI/]S4 ,ONE MAN GIVES HIS SI/] 9 M>RIAGE TO ANO!R1 ?AT MAN M>RIES ! SI/] ( HIS NEWF\ND BRO!R-9-LAW4 ,?IS IS ! P]FECT M>RIAGE BECAUSE ! ONLY ?+ ONE CAN REALLY GIVE 9 EX*ANGE = A WOMAN IS ANO!R WOMAN4 

,OBVI\SLY1 EV5 IF EV]Y FAMILY HAD EXACTLY EQUAL NUMB]S ( BRO!RS & SI/]S1 ?+S C\LDN'T ALWAYS WORK ?IS NEATLY4 ,SAY ,I M>RY Y\R SI/] BUT Y\ DON'T WANT TO M>RY M9E 7BECAUSE1 SAY1 Y\ DON'T LIKE H]1 OR BECAUSE %E'S ONLY FIVE YE>S OLD74 ,9 ?AT CASE1 Y\ BECOME H] 0GU>DIAN10 :I* MEANS Y\ CAN CLAIM ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( H] 9 M>RIAGE TO SOMEONE ELSE--= 9/ANCE1 SOMEONE :OSE SI/] Y\ ACTUALLY DO WI% TO M>RY4 ,?IS SY/EM QUICKLY GREW 9TO A COMPLEX SY/EM 9 :I* MO/ IMPORTANT M5 BECAME GU>DIANS ( NUM]\S 0W>DS10 (T5 SCATT]$ OV] WIDE >EAS2 !Y W\LD SWAP & TRADE !M & 9 ! PROCESS ACCUMULATE NUM]\S WIVES = !MSELVES1 :ILE LESS-=TUNATE M5 W]E ONLY ABLE TO M>RY LATE 9 LIFE1 OR NOT AT ALL4.<#b#b#e.> 

,!RE WAS ONE O!R EXP$I5T4 ,! ,TIV AT ?AT TIME US$ BUNDLES ( BRASS RODS AS !IR MO/ PRE/IGI\S =M ( CURR5CY4 ,BRASS RODS W]E ONLY HELD BY M51 & NEV] US$ TO BUY ?+S 9 M>KETS 7M>KETS W]E DOM9AT$ BY WOM572 9/EAD1 !Y W]E EX*ANG$ ONLY = ?+S ?AT M5 CONSID]$ ( HI<] IMPORTANCE3 CATTLE1 HORSES1 IVORY1 RITUAL TITLES1 M$ICAL TREATM5T1 MAGICAL *>MS4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE1 AS ONE ,TIV E?NOGRAPH]1 ,AKIGA ,SAI1 EXPLA9S1 TO ACQUIRE A WIFE ) BRASS RODS1 BUT IT REQUIR$ QUITE A LOT ( !M4 ,Y\ W\LD NE$ TO GIVE TWO OR ?REE BUNDLES ( !M TO H] P>5TS TO E/ABLI% Y\RSELF AS A SUITOR2 !N1 :5 Y\ DID F9ALLY MAKE (F ) H] 7SU* M>RIAGES W]E ALWAYS FIR/ FRAM$ AS ELOPEM5TS71 ANO!R FEW BUNDLES TO ASSUAGE H] MO!R :5 %E %[$ UP ANGRILY DEM&+ TO KN[ :AT WAS GO+ ON4 ,?IS W\LD NORMALLY BE FOLL[$ BY FIVE MORE TO GET H] GU>DIAN TO AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY ACCEPT ! SITUATION1 & MORE /ILL TO H] P>5TS :5 %E GAVE BIR?1 IF Y\ W]E TO HAVE ANY *ANCE ( !IR ACCEPT+ Y\R CLAIMS TO BE ! FA!R ( H] *ILDR54 ,?AT MI<T GET H] P>5TS (F Y\R BACK1 BUT Y\'D HAVE TO PAY (F ! GU>DIAN =EV]1 BECAUSE Y\ C\LD NEV] REALLY USE MONEY TO ACQUIRE ! RI<TS TO A WOMAN4 ,EV]YONE KNEW ?AT ! ONLY ?+ Y\ CAN LEGITIMATELY GIVE 9 EX*ANGE = A WOMAN IS ANO!R WOMAN4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 EV]YONE HAS TO ABIDE BY ! PRETEXT ?AT A WOMAN WILL SOM$AY BE =?COM+4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 AS ONE E?NOGRAPH] SUCC9CTLY PUTS IT1 0! DEBT CAN NEV] BE FULLY PAID40.<#b#b#f.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ROSPABE1 ! ,TIV >E JU/ MAK+ EXPLICIT ! UND]LY+ LOGIC ( BRIDEWEAL? EV]Y:]E4 ,! SUITOR PRES5T+ BRIDEWEAL? IS NEV] PAY+ = A WOMAN1 OR EV5 = ! RI<TS TO CLAIM H] *ILDR54 ,?AT W\LD IMPLY ?AT BRASS RODS1 OR :ALE'S TEE?1 C[RIE %ELLS1 OR EV5 CATTLE >E SOMEH[ ! EQUIVAL5T ( A HUMAN BE+1 :I* BY ! LOGIC ( A HUMAN ECONOMY IS OBVI\SLY ABSURD4 ,ONLY A HUMAN C\LD EV] BE CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T TO ANO!R HUMAN4 ,ALL ! MORE SO S9CE1 9 ! CASE ( M>RIAGE1 WE >E SPEAK+ ( SOME?+ EV5 MORE VALUABLE ?AN ONE HUMAN LIFE3 WE >E SPEAK+ ( A HUMAN LIFE ?AT ALSO HAS ! CAPACITY TO G5]ATE NEW LIVES4 

,C]TA9LY1 MANY ( ?OSE :O PAY BRIDEWEAL? >E1 LIKE ! ,TIV1 QUITE EXPLICIT AB\T ALL ?IS4 ,BRIDEWEAL? MONEY IS PRES5T$ NOT TO SETTLE A DEBT1 BUT AS A K9D ( ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT !RE EXI/S A DEBT ?AT CANNOT BE SETTL$ BY MEANS ( MONEY4 ,(T5 ! TWO SIDES WILL MA9TA9 AT LEA/ ! POLITE FICTION ?AT !RE WILL1 SOM$AY1 BE A RECOMP5SE 9 K9D3 ?AT ! SUITOR'S CLAN WILL EV5TUALLY PROVIDE ONE ( ITS [N WOM51 P]HAPS EV5 ?AT V]Y WOMAN'S DAU<T] OR GR&DAU<T]1 TO M>RY A MAN ( ! WIFE'S NATAL CLAN4 ,OR MAYBE !RE WILL BE SOME >RANGEM5T AB\T ! DISPOSITION ( H] *ILDR52 P]HAPS H] CLAN WILL GET TO KEEP ONE = ITSELF4 ,! POSSIBILITIES >E 5DLESS4 

,MONEY1 !N1 BEG9S1 AS ,ROSPABE HIMSELF PUTS IT1 0AS A SUB/ITUTE = LIFE40.<#b#b#g.> ,ONE MI<T CALL IT ! RECOGNITION ( A LIFE-DEBT4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 EXPLA9S :Y IT'S 9V>IABLY ! EXACT SAME K9D ( MONEY ?AT'S US$ TO >RANGE M>RIAGES ?AT IS ALSO US$ TO PAY W]GELD 7OR 0BLOODWEAL?0 AS IT'S SOMETIMES ALSO CALL$73 MONEY PRES5T$ TO ! FAMILY ( A MURD] VICTIM SO AS TO PREV5T OR RESOLVE A BLOOD-FEUD4 ,H]E ! S\RCES >E EV5 MORE EXPLICIT4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ONE PRES5TS :ALE TEE? OR BRASS RODS BECAUSE ! MURD]]'S K9 RECOGNIZE !Y [E A LIFE TO ! VICTIM'S FAMILY4 ,ON ! O!R1 :ALE TEE? OR BRASS RODS >E 9 NO S5SE1 & CAN NEV] BE1 COMP5SATION = ! LOSS ( A MURD]$ RELATIVE4 ,C]TA9LY NO ONE PRES5T+ SU* COMP5SATION W\LD EV] BE FOOLI% 5\< TO SUGGE/ ?AT ANY AM\NT ( MONEY C\LD POSSIBLY BE ! 0EQUIVAL5T0 TO ! VALUE ( SOMEONE'S FA!R1 SI/]1 OR *ILD4 

,SO H]E AGA91 MONEY IS FIR/ & =EMO/ AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ONE [ES SOME?+ MU* MORE VALUABLE ?AN MONEY4 

,9 ! CASE ( A BLOOD-FEUD1 BO? P>TIES WILL ALSO BE AW>E ?AT EV5 A REV5GE KILL+1 :ILE AT LEA/ IT CON=MS TO ! PR9CIPLE ( A LIFE = A LIFE1 WON'T REALLY COMP5SATE = ! VICTIM'S GRIEF & PA9 EI!R4 ,?IS KN[L$GE ALL[S = SOME POSSIBILITY ( SETTL+ ! MATT] )\T VIOL5CE4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 !RE IS (T5 A FEEL+ ?AT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( M>RIAGE1 ! REAL SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM IS SIMPLY BE+ TEMPOR>ILY PO/PON$4 

,AN ILLU/RATION MI<T BE HELPFUL4 ,AMONG ! ,NU]1 !RE IS A SPECIAL CLASS ( PRIE/LY FIGURES :O SPECIALIZE 9 M$IAT+ FEUDS1 REF]R$ TO 9 ! LIT]ATURE AS 0LEOP>D-SK9 *IEFS40 ,IF ONE MAN MURD]S ANO!R1 HE WILL IMM$IATELY SEEK \T ONE ( !IR HOME/EADS1 S9CE SU* A HOME/EAD IS TREAT$ AS AN 9VIOLATE SANCTU>Y3 EV5 ! DEAD MAN'S FAMILY1 :O WILL BE HONOR-B\ND TO AV5GE ! MURD]1 WILL KN[ ?AT !Y CANNOT 5T] IT1 LE/ T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES 5SUE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S CLASSIC ACC\NT1 ! *IEF WILL IMM$IATELY />T TRY+ TO NEGOTIATE A SETTLEM5T BETWE5 ! MURD]] & VICTIM'S FAMILIES1 A DELICATE BUS9ESS1 BECAUSE ! VICTIM'S FAMILY WILL ALWAYS FIR/ REFUSE3 

,! *IEF FIR/ F9DS \T :AT CATTLE ! SLAY]'S PEOPLE POSSESS & :AT !Y >E PREP>$ TO PAY 9 COMP5SATION4444 ,HE !N VISITS ! DEAD MAN'S PEOPLE & ASKS !M TO ACCEPT CATTLE = ! LIFE4 ,!Y USUALLY REFUSE1 = IT IS A PO9T ( HONOR TO BE OB/9ATE1 BUT !IR REFUSAL DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y >E UNWILL+ TO ACCEPT COMP5SATION4 ,! *IEF KN[S ?IS & 9SI/S ON !IR ACCEPTANCE1 EV5 ?REAT5+ TO CURSE !M IF !Y DO NOT GIVE WAY 444.<#b#b#h.> 

,MORE-DI/ANT K9 WEI< 91 REM9D+ EV]YONE ( !IR RESPONSIBILITY TO ! L>G] COMMUNITY1 ( ALL ! TR\BLE ?AT AN \T/&+ FEUD WILL CAUSE TO 9NOC5T RELATIVES1 & AFT] A GREAT %[ ( HOLD+ \T1 9SI/+ ?AT IT IS 9SULT+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ANY NUMB] ( CATTLE C\LD POSSIBLY SUB/ITUTE = ! LIFE ( A SON OR BRO!R1 !Y WILL USUALLY GRUDG+LY ACCEPT4.<#b#b#i.> ,9 FACT1 EV5 ONCE ! MATT] HAS TE*NICALLY BE5 SETTL$1 IT REALLY HASN'T--IT USUALLY TAKES YE>S TO ASSEMBLE ! CATTLE1 & EV5 ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 PAID1 ! TWO SIDES WILL AVOID EA* O!R1 0ESPECIALLY AT DANCES1 = 9 ! EXCITEM5T !Y 5G5D]1 M]ELY BUMP+ 9TO A MAN :OSE K9SMAN HAS BE5 SLA9 MAY CAUSE A FI<T TO BREAK \T1 BECAUSE ! (F5SE IS NEV] =GIV5 & ! SCORE MU/ F9ALLY BE PAID ) A LIFE40.<#b#c.> 

,SO IT'S MU* ! SAME AS ) BRIDEWEAL?4 ,MONEY DOES NOT WIPE \T ! DEBT4 ,ONE LIFE CAN ONLY BE PAID = ) ANO!R4 ,AT BE/ ?OSE PAY+ BLOODWEAL?1 BY ADMITT+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! DEBT & 9SI/+ ?AT !Y WI% !Y C\LD PAY IT1 EV5 ?\< !Y KN[ ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 CAN ALL[ ! MATT] TO BE PLAC$ P]MAN5TLY ON HOLD4 

,HALFWAY >\ND ! WORLD1 ONE F9DS ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN DESCRIB+ ! ELABORATE ME*ANISMS SET UP BY ! ,SIX ,NATIONS ( ! ,IROQUOIS TO AVOID PRECISELY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,9 ! EV5T ONE MAN KILL$ ANO!R1 

,IMM$IATELY ON ! COMMISSION ( A MURD]1 ! AFFAIR WAS TAK5 UP BY ! TRIBES TO :I* ! P>TIES BELONG$1 & /R5U\S EF=TS W]E MADE TO EFFECT A RECONCILIATION1 LE/ PRIVATE RETALIATION %\LD LEAD TO DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES4 

,! FIR/ C\NCIL ASC]TA9$ :E!R ! (F5D] WAS WILL+ TO CONFESS HIS CRIME1 & TO MAKE ATONEM5T4 ,IF HE WAS1 ! C\NCIL IMM$IATELY S5T A BELT ( :ITE WAMPUM1 9 HIS NAME1 TO ! O!R C\NCIL1 :I* CONTA9$ A MESSAGE TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,! LATT] !N 5DEAVOR$ TO PACIFY ! FAMILY ( ! DECEAS$1 TO QUIET !IR EXCITEM5T1 & TO 9DUCE !M TO ACCEPT ! WAMPUM AS CONDONATION4.<#b#c#a.> 

,MU* AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,NU]1 !RE W]E COMPLICAT$ S*$ULES ( EXACTLY H[ MANY FA?OMS ( WAMPUM W]E PAID OV]1 DEP5D+ ON ! /ATUS ( ! VICTIM & ! NATURE ( ! CRIME4 ,AS ) ! ,NU]1 TOO1 EV]YONE 9SI/$ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT PAYM5T4 ,! VALUE ( ! WAMPUM 9 NO S5SE REPRES5T$ ! VALUE ( ! DEAD MAN'S LIFE3 

,! PRES5T ( :ITE WAMPUM WAS NOT 9 ! NATURE ( A COMP5SATION = ! LIFE ( ! DECEAS$1 BUT ( A REGRETFUL CONFESSION ( ! CRIME1 ) A PETITION = =GIV5ESS4 ,IT WAS A PEACE-(F]+1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( :I* WAS PRESS$ BY MUTUAL FRI5DS 444.<#b#c#b.> 

,ACTUALLY1 9 MANY CASES !RE WAS ALSO SOME WAY TO MANIPULATE ! SY/EM TO TURN PAYM5TS MEANT TO ASSUAGE ONE'S RAGE & GRIEF 9TO WAYS ( CREAT+ A NEW LIFE ?AT W\LD 9 SOME S5SE SUB/ITUTE = ! ONE ?AT WAS LO/4 ,AMONG ! ,NU]1 =TY CATTLE W]E SET AS ! /&>D FEE = BLOODWEAL?4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO ! /&>D RATE ( BRIDEWEAL?4 ,! LOGIC WAS ?IS3 IF A MAN HAD BE5 MURD]$ BE=E HE WAS ABLE TO M>RY & PRODUCE (FSPR+1 IT'S ONLY NATURAL ?AT HIS SPIRIT W\LD BE ANGRY4 ,HE HAD BE51 EFFECTIVELY1 ROBB$ ( HIS ET]NITY4 ,! BE/ SOLUTION W\LD BE TO USE ! CATTLE PAID 9 SETTLEM5T TO ACQUIRE :AT WAS CALL$ A 0<O/-WIFE03 A WOMAN :O W\LD !N BE =MALLY M>RI$ TO ! DEAD MAN4 ,9 PRACTICE1 %E WAS USUALLY PAIR$ (F ) ONE ( ! VICTIM'S BRO!RS1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT2 IT DIDN'T REALLY MATT] TOO MU* :O IMPREGNAT$ H]1 S9CE HE W\LD BE 9 NO S5SE ! FA!R ( H] *ILDR54 ,H] *ILDR5 W\LD BE CONSID]$ ! *ILDR5 ( ! VICTIM'S <O/--& AS A RESULT1 ANY BOYS AMONG !M W]E SE5 AS HAV+ BE5 BORN ) A P>TICUL> COMMITM5T TO SOM$AY AV5GE HIS DEA?4.<#b#c#c.> 

,?IS LATT] IS UNUSUAL4 ,BUT ,NU] APPE> TO HAVE BE5 UNUSUALLY /UBBORN AB\T FEUDS4 ,ROSPABE PROVIDES EXAMPLES FROM O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD ?AT >E EV5 MORE TELL+4 ,AMONG ,NOR? ,AFRICAN ,B$\9S1 = 9/ANCE1 IT SOMETIMES HAPP5$ ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO SETTLE A FEUD WAS = ! KILL]'S FAMILY TO TURN OV] A DAU<T]1 :O W\LD !N M>RY ! VICTIM'S NEXT ( K9--HIS BRO!R1 SAY4 ,IF %E BORE HIM A MALE *ILD1 ! BOY WAS GIV5 ! SAME NAME AS HIS DEAD UNCLE & CONSID]$ TO BE1 AT LEA/ 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE1 A SUB/ITUTE = HIM4.<#b#c#d.> ,! ,IROQUOIS1 :O TRAC$ DESC5T 9 ! FEMALE L9E1 DID NOT TRADE WOM5 9 ?IS FA%ION4 ,H[EV]1 !Y HAD ANO!R1 MORE DIRECT APPROA*4 ,IF A MAN DI$--EV5 ( NATURAL CAUSES--HIS WIFE'S RELATIVES MI<T 0PUT HIS NAME UPON ! MAT10 S5D+ (F BELTS ( WAMPUM TO COMMISSION A W> P>TY1 :I* W\LD !N RAID AN 5EMY VILLAGE TO SECURE A CAPTIVE4 ,! CAPTIVE C\LD EI!R BE KILL$1 OR1 IF ! CLAN MATRONS W]E 9 A B5EVOL5T MOOD 7ONE C\LD NEV] TELL2 ! GRIEF ( M\RN+ IS TRICKY71 ADOPT$3 ?IS WAS SIGNIFI$ BY ?R[+ A BELT ( WAMPUM >\ND HIS %\LD]S1 :]EON HE W\LD BE GIV5 ! NAME ( ! DECEAS$ & BE CONSID]$1 FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 M>RI$ TO ! VICTIM'S WIFE1 ! [N] ( HIS P]SONAL POSSESSIONS1 & 9 EV]Y WAY1 EFFECTIVELY1 ! EXACT SAME P]SON AS ! DEAD MAN US$ TO BE4.<#b#c#e.> 

,ALL ( ?IS M]ELY S]VES TO UND]L9E ,ROSPABE'S BASIC PO9T1 :I* IS ?AT MONEY CAN BE SE51 9 HUMAN ECONOMIES1 AS FIR/ & =EMO/ ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! EXI/5CE ( A DEBT ?AT CANNOT BE PAID4 

,9 A WAY1 IT'S ALL V]Y REM9ISC5T ( PRIMORDIAL-DEBT !ORY3 MONEY EM]GES FROM ! RECOGNITION ( AN ABSOLUTE DEBT TO ?AT :I* HAS GIV5 Y\ LIFE4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT 9/EAD ( IMAG9+ SU* DEBTS AS BETWE5 AN 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 OR P]HAPS ! COSMOS1 H]E !Y >E IMAG9$ AS A K9D ( NETWORK ( DYADIC RELATIONS3 ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 SU* SOCIETIES WAS 9 A RELATION ( ABSOLUTE DEBT TO SOMEONE ELSE4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT WE [E 0SOCIETY40 ,IF !RE IS ANY NOTION ( 0SOCIETY0 H]E--& IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT !RE IS--SOCIETY IS \R DEBTS4 

,BLOOD ,DEBTS 7,LELE7 

  

,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS LEADS US TO ! SAME FAMILI> PROBLEM3 ,H[ DOES A TOK5 ( RECOGNITION ?AT ONE CANNOT PAY A DEBT TURN 9TO A =M ( PAYM5T BY :I* A DEBT CAN BE EXT+UI%$8 ,IF ANY?+1 ! PROBLEM SEEMS EV5 WORSE ?AN IT WAS BE=E4 

,9 FACT1 IT ISN'T4 ,! ,AFRICAN EVID5CE CLE>LY %[S H[ SU* ?+S CAN HAPP5--?\< ! ANSW] IS A BIT UNSETTL+4 ,TO DEMON/RATE ?IS1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT ONE OR TWO ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES ) A CLOS] FOCUS4 

,I'LL />T ) ! ,LELE1 AN ,AFRICAN PEOPLE :O HAD1 AT ! TIME ?AT ,M>Y ,D\GLAS /UDI$ !M 9 ! #a#i#eS1 MANAG$ TO TURN ! PR9CIPLE ( BLOOD DEBTS 9TO ! ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( !IR 5TIRE SOCIETY4 

,! ,LELE W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 A GR\P ( P]HAPS T5 ?\S& S\LS1 LIV+ ON A /RET* ( ROLL+ C\NTRY NE> ! ,KASAI ,RIV] 9 ! ,BELGIAN ,CONGO1 & CONSID]$ A RUDE BACKC\NTRY FOLK BY !IR RI*] & MORE COSMOPOLITAN NEI<BORS1 ! ,KUBA & ,BU%ONG4 ,LELE WOM5 GREW MAIZE & MANIOC2 ! M5 ?\<T ( !MSELVES AS 9TREPID HUNT]S BUT SP5T MO/ ( !IR TIME WEAV+ & SEW+ RAFFIA-PALM CLO?4 ,?IS CLO? WAS :AT ! >EA WAS REALLY KN[N =4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY US$ = EV]Y SORT ( CLO?+1 BUT ALSO EXPORT$3 ! ,LELE CONSID]$ !MSELVES ! CLO?I]S ( ! REGION1 & IT WAS TRAD$ ) SURR\ND+ PEOPLE TO ACQUIRE LUXURIES4 ,9T]NALLY1 IT FUNCTION$ AS A SORT ( CURR5CY4 ,/ILL1 IT WAS NOT US$ 9 M>KETS 7!RE W]E NO M>KETS71 &1 AS ,M>Y ,D\GLAS DISCOV]$ TO H] GREAT 9CONV5I5CE1 )9 A VILLAGE1 ONE C\LDN'T USE IT TO ACQUIRE FOOD1 TOOLS1 TABLEW>E1 OR REALLY MU* ( ANY?+4.<#b#c#f.> ,IT WAS ! QU9TESS5TIAL SOCIAL CURR5CY4 

,9=MAL GIFTS ( RAFFIA CLO? SMOO? ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS3 HUSB& TO WIFE1 SON TO MO!R1 SON TO FA!R4 ,!Y RESOLVE OCCASIONS ( T5SION1 AS PEACE-(F]+S2 !Y MAKE P>T+ GIFTS1 OR CONVEY CONGRATULATIONS4 ,!RE >E ALSO =MAL GIFTS ( RAFFIA :I* >E NEGLECT$ ONLY AT RISK ( RUPTURE ( ! SOCIAL TIES 9VOLV$4 ,A MAN1 ON REA*+ ADUL?OOD1 %\LD GIVE #b CLO?S TO HIS FA!R4 ,O!RWISE HE W\LD BE A%AM$ TO ASK HIS FA!R'S HELP = RAIS+ HIS M>RIAGE DUES4 ,A MAN %\LD GIVE #b CLO?S TO HIS WIFE ON EA* DELIV]Y ( A *ILD 444.<#b#c#g.> 

,CLO? WAS ALSO US$ = V>I\S F9ES & FEES1 & TO PAY CUR]S4 ,SO = 9/ANCE1 IF A MAN'S WIFE REPORT$ A W\LD-BE S$UC]1 IT WAS CU/OM>Y TO REW>D H] ) #b CLO?S = H] FIDELITY 7IT WAS NOT REQUIR$1 BUT NOT DO+ SO WAS CONSID]$ DECID$LY UNWISE72 IF AN ADULT]] WAS CAU<T1 HE WAS EXPECT$ TO PAY #e OR #a CLO?S TO ! WOMAN'S HUSB&2 IF ! HUSB& & LOV] DI/URB$ ! PEACE ( ! VILLAGE BY FI<T+ BE=E ! MATT] WAS SETTL$1 EA* W\LD HAVE TO PAY TWO 9 COMP5SATION1 & SO =?4 

,GIFTS T5D$ TO FL[ UPW>D4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE W]E ALWAYS GIV+ LITTLE PRES5TS ( CLO? AS M>KS ( RESPECT TO FA!RS1 MO!RS1 UNCLES1 & ! LIKE4 ,!SE GIFTS W]E HI]>*ICAL 9 NATURE3 ?AT IS1 IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ?OSE RECEIV+ !M ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE TO RECIPROCATE 9 ANY WAY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ELD]S1 & ESPECIALLY ELD] M51 USUALLY HAD A FEW EXTRA PIECES LY+ >\ND1 & Y\NG M51 :O C\LD NEV] WEAVE QUITE 5\< TO MEET !IR NE$S1 W\LD HAVE TO TURN TO !M :5EV] TIME = SOME MAJOR PAYM5T ROLL$ >\ND3 = 9/ANCE1 IF !Y HAD TO PAY A MAJOR F9E1 OR WI%$ TO HIRE A DOCTOR TO ASSI/ !IR WIFE 9 *ILD-BIR?1 OR WANT$ TO JO9 A CULT SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E ?US ALWAYS SLI<TLY 9 DEBT1 OR AT LEA/ SLI<TLY BEHOLD51 TO !IR ELD]S4 ,BUT EV]YONE ALSO HAD A :OLE RANGE ( FRI5DS & RELATIVES :O !Y HAD HELP$ \T1 & SO C\LD TURN TO = ASSI/ANCE4.<#b#c#h.> 

,M>RIAGE WAS P>TICUL>LY EXP5SIVE1 S9CE ! >RANGEM5TS USUALLY REQUIR$ GETT+ ONE'S H&S ON SEV]AL B>S ( CAMWOOD4 ,IF RAFFIA CLO? WAS ! SMALL *ANGE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 CAMWOOD--A R>E IMPORT$ WOOD US$ = ! MANUFACTURE ( COSMETICS--WAS ! HI<-D5OM9ATION CURR5CY4 ,A HUNDR$ RAFFIA CLO?S W]E EQUIVAL5T TO ?REE TO FIVE B>S4 ,FEW 9DIVIDUALS [N$ MU* 9 ! WAY ( CAMWOOD1 USUALLY JU/ LITTLE BITS TO GR9D UP = !IR [N USE4 ,MO/ WAS KEPT 9 EA* VILLAGE'S COLLECTIVE TREASURY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CAMWOOD WAS US$ = ANY?+ LIKE BRIDEWEAL?--RA!R1 IT WAS US$ 9 M>RIAGE NEGOTIATIONS1 9 :I* ALL SORTS ( GIFTS W]E PASS$ BACK & =?4 ,9 FACT1 !RE WAS NO BRIDEWEAL?4 ,M5 C\LD NOT USE MONEY TO ACQUIRE WOM52 NOR C\LD !Y USE IT TO CLAIM ANY RI<TS OV] *ILDR54 ,! ,LELE W]E MATRIL9EAL4 ,*ILDR5 BELONG$ NOT TO !IR FA!R'S CLAN1 BUT TO !IR MO!R'S4 

,!RE WAS ANO!R WAY ?AT M5 GA9$ CONTROL OV] WOM51 H[EV]4.<#b#c#i.> ,?IS WAS ! SY/EM ( BLOOD DEBTS4 

,IT IS A COMMON UND]/&+ AMONG MANY TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN PEOPLES ?AT HUMAN BE+S DO NOT SIMPLY DIE )\T A REASON4 ,IF SOMEONE DIES1 SOMEONE MU/ HAVE KILL$ !M4 ,IF A ,LELE WOMAN DI$ 9 *ILDBIR?1 = EXAMPLE1 ?IS WAS ASSUM$ TO BE BECAUSE %E HAD COMMITT$ ADULT]Y4 ,! ADULT]] WAS ?US RESPONSIBLE = ! DEA?4 ,SOMETIMES %E W\LD CONFESS ON H] DEA?B$1 O!RWISE ! FACTS ( ! MATT] W\LD HAVE TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< DIV9ATION4 ,IT WAS ! SAME IF A BABY DI$4 ,IF SOMEONE BECAME SICK1 OR SLIPP$ & FELL :ILE CLIMB+ A TREE1 ONE W\LD *ECK TO SEE IF !Y HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ANY QU>REL ?AT C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE CAUS$ ! MIS=TUNE4 ,IF ALL ELSE FAIL$1 ONE C\LD EMPLOY MAGICAL MEANS TO ID5TIFY ! SORC]]4 ,ONCE ! VILLAGE WAS SATISFI$ ?AT A CULPRIT HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$1 ?AT P]SON [$ A BLOOD-DEBT3 ?AT IS1 HE [$ ! VICTIM'S NEXT ( K9 A HUMAN LIFE4 ,! CULPRIT W\LD ?US HAVE TO TRANSF] OV] A Y\NG WOMAN FROM HIS FAMILY1 HIS SI/] OR H] DAU<T]1 TO BE ! VICTIM'S W>D1 OR 0PAWN40 

,AS ) ! ,TIV1 ! SY/EM QUICKLY BECAME IMM5SELY COMPLICAT$4 ,PAWN%IP WAS 9H]IT$4 ,IF A WOMAN WAS SOMEONE'S PAWN1 SO W\LD H] *ILDR5 BE1 & SO W\LD H] DAU<T]S' *ILDR54 ,?IS MEANT ?AT MO/ MALES W]E ALSO CONSID]$ SOMEONE ELSE'S MAN4 ,/ILL1 NO ONE W\LD ACCEPT A MALE PAWN 9 PAYM5T ( BLOOD-DEBTS3 ! :OLE PO9T WAS TO GET HOLD ( A Y\NG WOMAN1 :O W\LD !N GO ON TO PRODUCE ADDITIONAL PAWN *ILDR54 ,D\GLAS'S ,LELE 9=MANTS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ANY MAN W\LD NATURALLY WANT TO HAVE MANY ( !SE AS POSSIBLE3 

,ASK 0,:Y DO Y\ WANT TO HAVE MORE PAWNS80 & !Y 9V>IABLY SAY1 0,! ADVANTAGE ( [N+ PAWNS IS ?AT IF Y\ 9CUR A BLOOD-DEBT1 Y\ CAN SETTLE IT BY PAY+ ONE ( Y\R PAWNS1 & Y\R [N SI/]S REMA9 FREE40 ,ASK1 0,:Y DO Y\ WI% Y\R [N SI/]S TO REMA9 FREE80 & !Y REPLY1 0,AH6 !N IF ,I 9CUR A BLOOD-DEBT1 ,I CAN SETTLE IT BY GIV+ ONE ( !M AS A PAWN 4440 

,EV]Y MAN IS ALWAYS AW>E ?AT AT ANY TIME HE IS LIABLE = A BLOOD-DEBT4 ,IF ANY WOMAN HE HAS S$UC$ CONFESSES HIS NAME 9 ! ?ROES ( *ILD-BIR?1 & SUBSEQU5TLY DIES1 OR IF H] *ILD DIES1 OR IF ANYONE HE HAS QU>REL$ ) DIES ( ILLNESS OR ACCID5T1 HE MAY BE HELD RESPONSIBLE 444 ,EV5 IF A WOMAN RUNS AWAY FROM H] HUSB&1 & FI<T+ BREAKS \T ON H] ACC\NT1 ! DEA?S WILL BE LAID AT H] DOOR1 & H] BRO!R OR MO!R'S BRO!R WILL HAVE TO PAY UP4 ,S9CE ONLY WOM5 >E ACCEPT$ AS BLOOD-COMP5SATION1 & S9CE COMP5SATION IS DEM&$ = ALL DEA?S1 ( M5 AS WELL AS ( WOM51 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !RE CAN NEV] BE 5\< TO GO >\ND4 ,M5 FALL 9TO >RE>S 9 !IR PAWN%IP OBLIGATIONS1 & GIRLS US$ TO BE PL$G$ BE=E !IR BIR?1 EV5 BE=E !IR MO!RS W]E ( M>RIAGEABLE AGE4.<#b#d.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! :OLE ?+ TURN$ 9TO AN 5DLESSLY COMPLICAT$ *ESS GAME--ONE REASON1 ,D\GLAS REM>KS1 :Y ! T]M 0PAWN0 SEEMS S+UL>LY APROPOS4 ,JU/ AB\T EV]Y ADULT ,LELE MALE WAS BO? SOMEONE ELSE'S PAWN1 & 5GAG$ 9 A CON/ANT GAME ( SECUR+1 SWAPP+1 OR R$EEM+ PAWNS4 ,EV]Y MAJOR DRAMA OR TRAG$Y ( VILLAGE LIFE W\LD ORD9>ILY LEAD TO A TRANSF] ( RI<TS 9 WOM54 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ?OSE WOM5 W\LD EV5TUALLY GET SWAPP$ AGA94 

,SEV]AL PO9TS NE$ TO BE EMPHASIZ$ H]E4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 :AT W]E BE+ TRAD$ W]E1 QUITE SPECIFICALLY1 HUMAN LIVES4 ,D\GLAS CALLS !M 0BLOOD-DEBTS10 BUT 0LIFE-DEBTS0 W\LD BE MORE APPROPRIATE4 ,SAY1 = 9/ANCE1 A MAN IS DR[N+1 & ANO!R MAN RESCUES HIM4 ,OR SAY HE'S DEA?LY ILL BUT A DOCTOR CURES HIM4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 WE W\LD LIKELY SAY ONE MAN 0[ES HIS LIFE0 TO ! O!R4 ,SO W\LD ! ,LELE1 BUT !Y MEANT IT LIT]ALLY4 ,SAVE SOMEONE'S LIFE1 !Y [E Y\ A LIFE1 & A LIFE [$ HAD TO BE PAID BACK4 ,! USUAL REC\RSE WAS = A MAN :OSE LIFE WAS SAV$ TO TURN OV] HIS SI/] AS A PAWN--OR IF NOT ?AT1 A DIFF]5T WOMAN2 A PAWN HE HAD ACQUIR$ FROM SOMEONE ELSE4 

,! SECOND PO9T IS ?AT NO?+ C\LD SUB/ITUTE = A HUMAN LIFE4 0,COMP5SATION WAS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUIVAL5CE1 A LIFE = A LIFE1 A P]SON = A P]SON40 ,S9CE ! VALUE ( A HUMAN LIFE WAS ABSOLUTE1 NO AM\NT ( RAFFIA CLO?1 OR CAMWOOD B>S1 OR GOATS1 OR TRANSI/OR RADIOS1 OR ANY?+ ELSE C\LD POSSIBLY TAKE ITS PLACE4 

,! ?IRD & MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T IS ?AT 9 PRACTICE1 0HUMAN LIFE0 ACTUALLY MEANT 0WOMAN'S LIFE0--OR EV5 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 0Y\NG WOMAN'S LIFE40 ,O/5SIBLY ?IS WAS TO MAXIMIZE ONE'S HOLD+S3 ABOVE ALL1 ONE WI%$ = A HUMAN BE+ :O C\LD BECOME PREGNANT & PRODUCE *ILDR51 S9CE ?OSE *ILDR5 W\LD ALSO BE PAWNS4 ,/ILL1 EV5 ,M>Y ,D\GLAS1 :O WAS 9 NO S5SE A FEM9I/1 WAS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT ! :OLE >RANGEM5T DID SEEM TO OP]ATE AS IF IT W]E ONE GIGANTIC APP>ATUS = ASS]T+ MALE CONTROL OV] WOM54 ,?IS WAS TRUE ABOVE ALL BECAUSE WOM5 !MSELVES C\LD NOT [N PAWNS4.<#b#d#a.> ,!Y C\LD ONLY BE PAWNS4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 :5 IT CAME TO LIFE-DEBTS1 ONLY M5 C\LD BE EI!R CR$ITORS OR DEBTORS4 ,Y\NG WOM5 W]E ?US ! CR$ITS & ! DEBITS--! PIECES BE+ MOV$ >\ND ! *ESSBO>D--:ILE ! H&S ?AT MOV$ !M W]E 9V>IABLY MALE4.<#b#d#b.> 

,( C\RSE1 S9CE ALMO/ EV]YONE WAS A PAWN1 OR HAD BE5 AT SOME PO9T 9 !IR LIVES1 BE+ ONE C\LD NOT 9 ITSELF BE MU* ( A TRAG$Y4 ,= MALE PAWNS IT WAS 9 SOME WAYS QUITE ADVANTAGE\S1 S9CE ONE'S 0[N]0 HAD TO PAY MO/ ( ONE'S F9ES & FEES & EV5 BLOOD-DEBTS4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AS ,D\GLAS'S 9=MANTS UNI=MLY 9SI/$1 PAWN%IP HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) SLAV]Y4 ,! ,LELE DID KEEP SLAVES1 BUT NEV] V]Y MANY4 ,SLAVES W]E W> CAPTIVES1 USUALLY =EIGN]S4 ,AS SU* !Y HAD NO FAMILY1 NO ONE TO PROTECT !M4 ,TO BE A PAWN1 ON ! O!R H&1 MEANT TO HAVE NOT ONE1 BUT TWO DIFF]5T FAMILIES TO LOOK AFT] Y\3 Y\ /ILL HAD Y\R [N MO!R & H] BRO!RS1 BUT N[ Y\ ALSO HAD Y\R 0LORD40 

,= A WOMAN1 ! V]Y FACT ?AT %E WAS ! /AKES 9 A GAME ?AT ALL M5 W]E PLAY+ AF=D$ ALL SORTS ( OPPORTUNITIES TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 A GIRL MI<T BE BORN A PAWN1 ASSIGN$ TO SOME MAN = EV5TUAL M>RIAGE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 

A LITTLE ,LELE GIRL W\LD GR[ UP A COQUETTE4 ,FROM 9FANCY %E WAS ! C5T] ( AFFECTIONATE1 TEAS+1 FLIRT+ ATT5TION4 ,H] AFFIANC$ HUSB& NEV] GA9$ MORE ?AN A V]Y LIMIT$ CONTROL OV] H] 444 ,S9CE M5 COMPET$ ) ONE ANO!R = WOM5 !RE WAS SCOPE = WOM5 TO MANEUV] & 9TRIGUE4 ,HOPEFUL S$UC]S W]E NEV] LACK+ & NO WOMAN D\BT$ ?AT %E C\LD GET ANO!R HUSB& IF IT SUIT$ H]4.<#b#d#c.> 

,9 ADDITION1 A Y\NG ,LELE WOMAN HAD ONE UNIQUE & P[]FUL C>D TO PLAY4 ,EV]YONE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT1 IF %E COMPLETELY REFUS$ TO C\NT5ANCE H] SITUATION1 %E ALWAYS HAD ! OPTION ( BECOM+ A 0VILLAGE-WIFE40.<#b#d#d.> 

,! 9/ITUTION ( VILLAGE-WIFE WAS A PECULI>LY ,LELE ONE4 ,PROBABLY ! BE/ WAY TO DESCRIBE IT IS TO IMAG9E A HYPO!TICAL CASE4 ,LET US SAY ?AT AN OLD1 IMPORTANT MAN ACQUIRES A Y\NG WOMAN AS PAWN ?R\< A BLOOD-DEBT1 & HE DECIDES TO M>RY H] HIMSELF4 ,TE*NICALLY1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO DO SO1 BUT IT'S NO FUN = A Y\NG WOMAN TO BE AN OLD MAN'S ?IRD OR F\R? WIFE4 ,OR1 SAY HE DECIDES TO (F] H] 9 M>RIAGE TO ONE ( HIS MALE PAWNS 9 A VILLAGE F> AWAY FROM H] MO!R & NATAL HOME4 ,%E PROTE/S4 ,HE IGNORES H] PROTE/ATIONS4 ,%E WAITS = AN OPPORTUNE MOM5T & SLIPS (F AT NI<T TO AN 5EMY VILLAGE1 :]E %E ASKS = SANCTU>Y4 ,?IS IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE3 ALL VILLAGES HAVE !IR TRADITIONAL 5EMIES4 ,NEI!R W\LD AN 5EMY VILLAGE REFUSE A WOMAN :O CAME TO !M 9 SU* A SITUATION4 ,!Y W\LD IMM$IATELY DECL>E H] 0WIFE ( ! VILLAGE10 :O ALL M5 LIV+ !RE W\LD !N BE OBLIG$ TO PROTECT4 

,IT HELPS TO UND]/& ?AT H]E1 AS 9 MANY P>TS ( ,AFRICA1 MO/ OLD] M5 HAD SEV]AL WIVES4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! POOL ( WOM5 AVAILABLE = Y\NG] M5 WAS CONSID]ABLY R$UC$4 ,AS \R E?NOGRAPH] EXPLA9S1 ! IMBALANCE WAS A S\RCE ( CONSID]ABLE SEXUAL T5SION3 

,EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! Y\NG UNM>RI$ M5 COVET$ ! WIVES ( !IR S5IORS4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( !IR PA/IMES WAS TO PLAN S$UCTIONS & ! MAN :O BOA/$ ( NONE WAS D]ID$4 ,S9CE ! OLD M5 WI%$ TO REMA9 POLYGYNI/S1 ) TWO OR ?REE WIVES1 & S9CE ADULT]IES W]E ?\<T TO DISRUPT ! PEACE ( ! VILLAGE1 ,LELE HAD TO MAKE SOME >RANGEM5T TO APPEASE !IR UNM>RI$ M54 

,!RE=E1 :5 A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( !M REA*$ ! AGE ( EI<TE5 OR SO1 !Y W]E ALL[$ TO BUY ! RI<T TO A COMMON WIFE4.<#b#d#e.> 

,AFT] PAY+ AN APPROPRIATE FEE 9 RAFFIA CLO? TO ! VILLAGE TREASURY1 !Y W]E P]MITT$ TO BUILD A COLLECTIVE H\SE1 & !N !Y W]E EI!R ALLOTT$ A WIFE TO PUT 9 IT1 OR ALL[$ TO =M A P>TY ?AT W\LD TRY TO /EAL ONE FROM A RIVAL VILLAGE4 7,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 IF ONE %[$ UP AS A REFUGEE1 !Y W\LD ASK ! RE/ ( ! VILLAGE = ! RI<T TO ACCEPT H]3 ?IS WAS 9V>IABLY GRANT$47 ,?IS COMMON WIFE IS :AT'S REF]R$ TO AS A 0VILLAGE WIFE40 ,! POSITION ( VILLAGE WIFE WAS MORE ?AN RESPECTABLE4 ,9 FACT1 A NEWLY M>RI$ VILLAGE WIFE WAS TREAT$ V]Y MU* LIKE A PR9CESS4 ,%E WAS NOT EXPECT$ TO PLANT OR WE$ 9 ! G>D5S1 FET* WOOD OR WAT]1 OR EV5 TO COOK2 ALL H\SEHOLD *ORES W]E DONE BY H] EAG] Y\NG HUSB&S1 :O PROVID$ ! BE/ ( EV]Y?+1 SP5D+ MU* ( !IR TIME HUNT+ 9 ! =E/ VY+ TO BR+ H] ! *OICE/ DELICACIES1 OR PLY+ H] ) PALM W9E4 ,%E C\LD HELP H]SELF TO O!RS' POSSESSIONS & WAS EXPECT$ TO MAKE ALL SORTS ( MIS*IEF TO ! BEMUS$ 9DULG5CE ( ALL CONC]N$4 ,%E WAS ALSO EXPECT$ TO MAKE H]SELF SEXUALLY AVAILABLE TO ALL MEMB]S ( ! AGE-SET--P]HAPS T5 OR TWELVE DIFF]5T M5--AT FIR/1 PRETTY MU* :5EV] !Y WANT$ H]4.<#b#d#f.> 

,OV] TIME1 A VILLAGE WIFE W\LD USUALLY SETTLE D[N ) JU/ ?REE OR F\R ( H] HUSB&S1 & F9ALLY1 JU/ ONE4 ,! DOME/IC >RANGEM5TS W]E FLEXIBLE4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 %E WAS M>RI$ TO ! VILLAGE AS A :OLE4 ,IF %E HAD *ILDR51 ! VILLAGE WAS CONSID]$ TO BE !IR FA!R1 & AS SU* EXPECT$ TO BR+ !M UP1 PROVIDE !M ) RES\RCES1 & EV5TUALLY1 GET !M PROP]LY M>RI$ (F--:I* IS :Y VILLAGES HAD TO MA9TA9 COLLECTIVE TREASURIES FULL ( RAFFIA & CAMWOOD B>S 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,S9CE AT ANY TIME A VILLAGE WAS LIKELY TO HAVE SEV]AL VILLAGE WIVES1 IT W\LD ALSO HAVE ITS [N *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR51 & !RE=E BE 9 A POSITION TO BO? DEM& & PAY BLOOD-DEBTS1 & ?US1 TO ACCUMULATE PAWNS4 

,AS A RESULT1 VILLAGES BECAME CORPORATE BODIES1 COLLECTIVE GR\PS ?AT1 LIKE MOD]N CORPORATIONS1 HAD TO BE TREAT$ AS IF !Y W]E 9DIVIDUALS = PURPOSES ( LAW4 ,H[EV] !RE WAS ONE KEY DIFF]5CE4 ,UNLIKE ORD9>Y 9DIVIDUALS1 VILLAGES C\LD BACK UP !IR CLAIMS ) =CE4 

,AS ,D\GLAS EMPHASIZES1 ?IS WAS CRUCIAL1 BECAUSE ORD9>Y ,LELE M5 W]E SIMPLY NOT ABLE TO DO ?IS TO ONE ANO!R4.<#b#d#g.> ,9 EV]YDAY AFFAIRS1 !RE WAS AN ALMO/ COMPLETE LACK ( ANY SY/EMATIC MEANS ( CO]CION4 ,?IS WAS ! MA9 REASON1 %E NOTES1 ?AT PAWN%IP WAS SO 9NOCU\S4 ,!RE W]E ALL SORTS ( RULES1 BUT ) NO GOV]NM5T1 NO C\RTS1 NO JUDGES TO MAKE AU?ORITATIVE DECISIONS1 NO GR\P ( >M$ M5 WILL+ OR ABLE TO EMPLOY ! ?REAT ( =CE TO BACK ?OSE DECISIONS UP1 RULES W]E !RE TO BE ADJU/$ & 9T]PRET$4 ,9 ! 5D1 EV]YONE'S FEEL+S HAD TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,9 EV]YDAY AFFAIRS1 ,LELE PUT GREAT /OCK ON G5TLE & AGREEABLE BEHAVIOR4 ,M5 MI<T HAVE BE5 REGUL>LY SEIZ$ ) ! URGE TO ?R[ !MSELVES AT EA* O!R 9 FITS ( JEAL\S RAGE 7(T5 !Y HAD GOOD REASON TO71 BUT !Y V]Y R>ELY DID4 ,& IF A FI<T DID BREAK \T1 EV]YONE W\LD IMM$IATELY JUMP 9 TO BREAK IT UP & SUBMIT ! AFFAIR TO PUBLIC M$IATION4.<#b#d#h.> 

,VILLAGES1 9 CONTRA/1 W]E =TIFI$1 & AGE-SETS C\LD BE MOBILIZ$ TO ACT AS MILIT>Y UNITS4 ,H]E1 & ONLY H]E1 DID ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE 5T] ! PICTURE4 ,TRUE1 :5 VILLAGES F\<T1 IT WAS ALSO ALWAYS OV] WOM5 7EV]YONE ,D\GLAS TALK$ TO EXPRESS$ 9CR$ULITY AT ! V]Y IDEA ?AT GR[N M51 ANY:]E1 C\LD EV] COME TO BL[S OV] ANY?+ ELSE74 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( VILLAGES1 IT C\LD COME TO AN ACTUAL W>4 ,IF ANO!R VILLAGE'S ELD]S IGNOR$ ONE'S CLAIMS TO A PAWN1 ONE'S Y\NG M5 MI<T ORGANIZE A RAID+ P>TY & KIDNAP H]1 OR C>RY (F SOME O!R LIKELY Y\NG WOM5 TO BE !IR COLLECTIVE WIFE4 ,?IS MI<T LEAD TO DEA?S1 & TO FUR!R CLAIMS = COMP5SATION4 0,S9CE IT HAD ! BACK+ ( =CE10 ,D\GLAS OBS]VES DRYLY1 0! VILLAGE C\LD AF=D TO BE LESS CONCILIATORY T[>DS ! WI%ES ( ITS PAWNS40.<#b#d#i.> 

,IT'S AT EXACTLY ?IS PO9T1 TOO1 :]E ! POT5TIAL = VIOL5CE 5T]S1 ?AT ! GREAT WALL CON/RUCT$ BETWE5 ! VALUE ( LIVES & MONEY CAN SUDD5LY COME TUMBL+ D[N4 

,SOMETIMES :5 TWO CLANS W]E DISPUT+ A CLAIM TO BLOOD COMP5SATION1 ! CLAIMANT MI<T SEE NO HOPE ( GETT+ SATISFACTION FROM HIS OPPON5TS4 ,! POLITICAL SY/EM (F]$ NO DIRECT MEANS = ONE MAN 7OR CLAN7 TO USE PHYSICAL CO]CION OR TO RESORT TO SUP]IOR AU?ORITY TO 5=CE CLAIMS AGA9/ ANO!R4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 RA!R ?AN AB&ON HIS CLAIM TO A PAWN-WOMAN1 HE W\LD BE READY TO TAKE ! EQUIVAL5T 9 WEAL?1 IF HE C\LD GET IT4 ,! USUAL PROC$URE WAS TO SELL HIS CASE AGA9/ ! DEF5DANTS TO ! ONLY GR\P CAPABLE ( EXTORT+ A PAWN BY =CE1 ?AT IS1 TO A VILLAGE4 

,! MAN :O MEANT TO SELL HIS CASE TO A VILLAGE ASK$ !M = #a RAFFIA CLO?S OR FIVE B>S ( CAMWOOD4 ,! VILLAGE RAIS$ ! AM\NT1 EI!R FROM ITS TREASURY1 OR BY A LOAN FROM ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 & !REBY ADOPT$ AS ITS [N HIS CLAIM TO A PAWN4.<#b#e.> 

,ONCE HE HELD ! MONEY1 HIS CLAIM WAS OV]1 & ! VILLAGE1 :I* HAD N[ B\<T IT1 W\LD PROCE$ TO ORGANIZE A RAID TO SEIZE ! WOMAN 9 DISPUTE4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS ONLY :5 VIOL5CE WAS BR\<T 9TO ! EQUATION ?AT !RE WAS ANY QUE/ION ( BUY+ & SELL+ PEOPLE4 ,! ABILITY TO DEPLOY =CE1 TO CUT ?R\< ! 5DLESS MAZE ( PREF]5CES1 OBLIGATIONS1 EXPECTATIONS1 & RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT M>K REAL HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 ALSO MADE IT POSSIBLE TO OV]COME :AT IS O!RWISE ! FIR/ RULE ( ALL ,LELE ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS3 ?AT HUMAN LIVES CAN ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = O!R HUMAN LIVES1 & NEV] = PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! AM\NT PAID--A HUNDR$ CLO?S1 OR AN EQUIVAL5T AM\NT ( CAMWOOD--WAS ALSO ! PRICE ( A SLAVE4.<#b#e#a.> ,SLAVES W]E1 AS ,I M5TION$1 W> CAPTIVES4 ,!RE SEEM NEV] TO HAVE BE5 V]Y MANY ( !M2 ,D\GLAS ONLY MANAG$ TO LOCATE TWO DESC5DANTS ( SLAVES 9 ! #a#i#eS1 SOME TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AFT] ! PRACTICE HAD BE5 ABOLI%$4.<#b#e#b.> ,/ILL1 ! NUMB]S W]E NOT IMPORTANT4 ,! M]E FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE SET A PREC$5T4 ,! VALUE ( A HUMAN LIFE C\LD1 SOMETIMES1 BE QUANTIFI$2 BUT IF ONE WAS ABLE TO MOVE FROM ,A "7 ,A 7ONE LIFE EQUALS ANO!R7 TO ,A "7 ,B 7ONE LIFE "7 ONE HUNDR$ CLO?S71 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ! EQUATION WAS E/ABLI%$ AT ! PO9T ( A SPE>4 

,FLE%-,DEBT 7,TIV7 

  

,I HAVE DWELT ON ! ,LELE 9 SU* DETAIL 9 P>T BECAUSE ,I WANT$ TO CONVEY SOME S5SE ( :Y ,I WAS US+ ! T]M 0HUMAN ECONOMY10 :AT LIFE IS LIKE 9SIDE ONE1 :AT SORT ( DRAMAS FILL PEOPLE'S DAYS1 & H[ MONEY TYPICALLY OP]ATES 9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS4 ,LELE CURR5CIES >E1 AS ,I SAY1 QU9TESS5TIAL SOCIAL CURR5CIES4 ,!Y >E US$ TO M>K EV]Y VISIT1 EV]Y PROMISE1 EV]Y IMPORTANT MOM5T 9 A MAN'S OR WOMAN'S LIFE4 ,IT IS SURELY SIGNIFICANT1 TOO1 :AT ! OBJECTS US$ AS CURR5CY H]E ACTUALLY W]E4 ,RAFFIA CLO? WAS US$ = CLO?+4 ,9 ,D\GLAS'S DAY1 IT WAS ! MA9 ?+ US$ TO CLO! ! HUMAN BODY2 CAMWOOD B>S W]E ! S\RCE ( A R$ PA/E ?AT WAS US$ AS A COSMETIC--IT WAS ! MA9 SUB/ANCE US$ AS MAKEUP1 BY BO? M5 & WOM51 TO BEAUTIFY !MSELVES EA* DAY4 ,!SE1 !N1 W]E ! MAT]IALS US$ TO %APE PEOPLE'S PHYSICAL APPE>ANCE1 TO MAKE !M APPE> MATURE1 DEC5T1 ATTRACTIVE1 & DIGNIFI$ TO !IR FELL[S4 ,!Y W]E :AT TURN$ A M]E NAK$ BODY 9TO A PROP] SOCIAL BE+4 

,?IS IS NO CO9CID5CE4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S EXTRAORD9>ILY COMMON 9 :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ HUMAN ECONOMIES4 ,MONEY ALMO/ ALWAYS >ISES FIR/ FROM OBJECTS ?AT >E US$ PRIM>ILY AS ADORNM5T ( ! P]SON4 ,BEADS1 %ELLS1 FEA!RS1 DOG OR :ALE TEE?1 GOLD1 & SILV] >E ALL WELL-KN[N CASES 9 PO9T4 ,ALL >E USELESS = ANY PURPOSE O!R ?AN MAK+ PEOPLE LOOK MORE 9T]E/+1 & H5CE1 MORE BEAUTIFUL4 ,! BRASS RODS US$ BY ! ,TIV MI<T SEEM AN EXCEPTION1 BUT ACTUALLY !Y'RE NOT3 !Y W]E US$ MA9LY AS RAW MAT]IAL = ! MANUFACTURE ( JEWELRY1 OR SIMPLY TWI/$ 9TO HOOPS & WORN AT DANCES4 ,!RE >E EXCEPTIONS 7CATTLE1 = 9/ANCE71 BUT AS A G5]AL RULE1 IT'S ONLY :5 GOV]NM5TS1 & !N M>KETS1 5T] ! PICTURE ?AT WE BEG9 TO SEE CURR5CIES LIKE B>LEY1 *EESE1 TOBACCO1 OR SALT4.<#b#e#c.> 

,IT ALSO ILLU/RATES ! PECULI> PROGRESSION ( IDEAS ?AT SO (T5 M>K HUMAN ECONOMIES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HUMAN LIFE IS ! ABSOLUTE VALUE4 ,!RE IS NO POSSIBLE EQUIVAL5T4 ,:E!R A LIFE IS GIV5 OR TAK51 ! DEBT IS ABSOLUTE4 ,9 PLACES1 ?IS PR9CIPLE IS 9DE$ SACROSANCT4 ,MORE (T51 IT IS COMPROMIS$ BY ! ELABORATE GAMES PLAY$ BY ! ,TIV1 :O TREAT ! GIV+ ( LIVES1 & ! ,LELE1 :O TREAT ! TAK+ ( LIVES1 AS CREAT+ DEBTS ?AT CAN ONLY BE PAID BY DELIV]+ ANO!R HUMAN BE+4 ,9 EA* CASE1 TOO1 ! PRACTICE 5DS UP 5G5D]+ AN EXTRAORD9>ILY COMPLEX GAME 9 :I* IMPORTANT M5 5D UP EX*ANG+ WOM51 OR AT LEA/1 RI<TS OV] !IR F]TILITY4 

,BUT ?IS IS ALREADY A K9D ( OP5+4 ,ONCE ! GAME EXI/S1 ONCE ! PR9CIPLE ( SUB/ITUTION COMES 91 !RE WAS ALWAYS ! POSSIBILITY ( EXT5D+ IT4 ,:5 ?AT BEG9S TO HAPP51 SY/EMS ( DEBT ?AT W]E PREMIS$ ON CREAT+ PEOPLE CAN--EV5 H]E--SUDD5LY BECOME ! MEANS ( DE/ROY+ !M4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE1 LET US ONCE AGA9 RETURN TO ! ,TIV4 ,! READ] WILL RECALL ?AT IF A MAN DID NOT HAVE A SI/] OR A W>D TO GIVE 9 EX*ANGE = ONE'S WIFE1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ASSUAGE H] P>5TS & GU>DIANS BY GIFTS ( MONEY4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A WIFE W\LD NEV] BE CONSID]$ TRULY HIS4 ,H]E TOO1 !RE WAS ONE DRAMATIC EXCEPTION4 ,A MAN C\LD BUY A SLAVE1 A WOMAN KIDNAPP$ 9 A RAID FROM A DI/ANT C\NTRY4.<#b#e#d.> ,SLAVES1 AFT] ALL1 HAD NO P>5TS1 OR C\LD BE TREAT$ AS IF !Y DIDN'T2 !Y HAD BE5 =CIBLY REMOV$ FROM ALL ?OSE NETWORKS ( MUTUAL OBLIGATION & DEBT 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE ACQUIR$ !IR \TW>D ID5TITIES4 ,?IS WAS :Y !Y C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD4 

,ONCE M>RI$1 ?\<1 A PUR*AS$ WIFE W\LD QUICKLY DEVELOP NEW TIES4 ,%E WAS NO LONG] A SLAVE1 & H] *ILDR5 W]E P]FECTLY LEGITIMATE--MORE SO1 9 FACT1 ?AN ?OSE ( A WIFE :O WAS M]ELY ACQUIR$ ?R\< ! CONT9UAL PAYM5T ( BRASS RODS4 

,WE HAVE P]HAPS A G5]AL PR9CIPLE3 TO MAKE SOME?+ SALABLE1 9 A HUMAN ECONOMY1 ONE NE$S TO FIR/ RIP IT FROM ITS CONTEXT4 ,?AT'S :AT SLAVES >E3 PEOPLE /OL5 FROM ! COMMUNITY ?AT MADE !M :AT !Y >E4 ,AS /RANG]S TO !IR NEW COMMUNITIES1 SLAVES NO LONG] HAD MO!RS1 FA!RS1 K9 ( ANY SORT4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD OR EV5 KILL$3 BECAUSE ! ONLY RELATION !Y HAD WAS TO !IR [N]S4 ,A ,LELE VILLAGE'S ABILITY TO ORGANIZE RAIDS & KIDNAP A WOMAN FROM AN ALI5 COMMUNITY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! KEY TO ITS ABILITY TO />T TRAD+ WOM5 = MONEY--EV5 IF 9 !IR CASE1 !Y C\LD DO SO ONLY TO A V]Y LIMIT$ EXT5T4 ,AFT] ALL1 H] RELATIVES W]E NOT V]Y F> AWAY1 & !Y W\LD SURELY COME >\ND DEM&+ AN EXPLANATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 SOMEONE W\LD HAVE TO COME UP ) AN >RANGEM5T ?AT EV]YONE C\LD LIVE )4.<#b#e#e.> 

,/ILL1 ,I W\LD ALSO 9SI/ ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN ?IS4 ,ONE GETS ! DI/9CT S5SE1 9 MU* ( ! LIT]ATURE1 ?AT MANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES W]E HAUNT$ BY ! AW>5ESS ?AT !SE ELABORATE NETWORKS ( DEBT C\LD1 IF ?+S W5T JU/ SLI<TLY WRONG1 BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SOME?+ ABSOLUTELY T]RIBLE4 ,! ,TIV >E A DRAMATIC CASE 9 PO9T4 

,AMONG /UD5TS ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! ,TIV >E MA9LY FAM\S = ! FACT ?AT !IR ECONOMIC LIFE WAS DIVID$ 9TO :AT !IR BE/-KN[N E?NOGRAPH]S1 ,PAUL & ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN1 REF]R$ TO AS ?REE SEP>ATE 0SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE40 ,ORD9>Y1 EV]YDAY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WAS MO/LY ! AFFAIR ( WOM54 ,!Y W]E ! ONES :O FILL$ ! M>KETS1 & :O TROD ! PA?S GIV+ & RETURN+ M9OR GIFTS ( OKRA1 NUTS1 OR FI%4 ,M5 CONC]N$ !MSELVES ) :AT !Y CONSID]$ HI<] ?+S3 ! K9D ( TRANSACTIONS ?AT C\LD BE CONDUCT$ US+ ! ,TIV CURR5CY1 :I*1 AS ) ! ,LELE1 CONSI/$ ( TWO D5OM9ATIONS1 A K9D ( LOCALLY MADE CLO? CALL$ TUGUDU1 WIDELY EXPORT$1 &1 = MAJOR TRANSACTIONS1 BUNDLES ( IMPORT$ BRASS RODS4.<#b#e#f.> ,!SE C\LD BE US$ TO ACQUIRE C]TA9 FLA%Y & LUXURI\S ?+S 7C[S1 PUR*AS$ =EIGN WIVES71 BUT !Y W]E MA9LY = ! GIVE & TAKE ( POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 HIR+ CUR]S1 ACQUIR+ MAGIC1 GA9+ 9ITIATION 9TO CULT SOCIETIES4 ,9 POLITICAL MATT]S1 ,TIV W]E EV5 MORE RESOLUTELY EGALIT>IAN ?AN ! ,LELE3 SUCCESSFUL OLD M5 ) !IR NUM]\S WIVES MI<T HAVE LORD$ IT OV] !IR SONS & O!R DEP5D5TS )9 !IR [N H\SE COMP\NDS1 BUT BEYOND ?AT1 !RE WAS NO =MAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ANY SORT4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE WAS ! SY/EM ( W>DS1 :I* CONSI/$ 5TIRELY ( M5'S RI<TS 9 WOM54 ,H5CE1 ! NOTION ( 0SPH]ES40 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !SE ?REE LEVELS--ORD9>Y CONSUMPTION GOODS1 MASCUL9E PRE/IGE GOODS1 & RI<TS 9 WOM5--W]E COMPLETELY SEP>ATE4 ,NO AM\NT ( OKRA C\LD GET Y\ A BRASS ROD1 JU/ AS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 NO NUMB] ( BRASS RODS C\LD GIVE Y\ FULL RI<TS TO A WOMAN4 

,9 PRACTICE1 !RE W]E WAYS TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,SAY A NEI<BOR WAS SPONSOR+ A FEA/ BUT WAS %ORT ON SUPPLIES2 ONE MI<T COME TO HIS AID1 !N LAT]1 DISCREETLY1 ASK = A BUNDLE OR TWO 9 REPAYM5T4 ,TO BE ABLE TO :EEL & DEAL1 TO 0TURN *ICK5S 9TO C[S10 AS ! SAY+ W5T1 & ULTIMATELY1 BROK] ONE'S WEAL? & PRE/IGE 9TO A WAY ( ACQUIR+ WIVES1 REQUIR$ A 0/RONG HE>T0--?AT IS1 AN 5T]PRIS+ & *>ISMATIC P]SONALITY4.<#b#e#g.> ,BUT 0/RONG HE>T0 HAD ANO!R MEAN+ TOO4 ,!RE WAS BELIEV$ TO BE A C]TA9 ACTUAL BIOLOGICAL SUB/ANCE CALL$ TSAV ?AT GREW ON ! HUMAN HE>T4 ,?IS WAS :AT GAVE C]TA9 PEOPLE !IR *>M1 !IR 5]GY1 & !IR P[]S ( P]SUASION4 ,TSAV !RE=E WAS BO? A PHYSICAL SUB/ANCE & ?AT 9VISIBLE P[] ?AT ALL[S C]TA9 PEOPLE TO B5D O!RS TO !IR WILL4.<#b#e#h.> 

,! PROBLEM WAS--& MO/ ,TIV ( ?AT TIME APPE> TO HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! PROBLEM ) !IR SOCIETY--?AT IT WAS ALSO POSSIBLE TO AUGM5T ONE'S TSAV ?R\< >TIFICIAL MEANS1 & ?IS C\LD ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY CONSUM+ HUMAN FLE%4 

,N[1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE RI<T AWAY ?AT !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ANY ,TIV ACTUALLY DID PRACTICE CANNIBALISM4 ,! IDEA ( EAT+ HUMAN FLE% APPE>S TO HAVE DISGU/$ & HORRIFI$ !M AS MU* AS IT W\LD MO/ ,AM]ICANS4 ,YET = C5TURIES1 MO/ APPE> TO HAVE BE5 V]ITABLY OBSESS$ BY ! SUSPICION ?AT SOME ( !IR NEI<BORS--& P>TICUL>LY PROM95T M5 :O BECAME DE FACTO POLITICAL LEAD]S--W]E1 9 FACT1 SECRET CANNIBALS4 ,M5 :O BUILT UP !IR TSAV BY SU* MEANS1 ! /ORIES W5T1 ATTA9$ EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S3 ! ABILITY TO FLY1 TO BECOME IMP]VI\S TO WEAPONS1 TO BE ABLE TO S5D \T !IR S\LS AT NI<T TO KILL !IR VICTIMS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !IR VICTIMS DID NOT EV5 KN[ ?AT !Y W]E DEAD1 BUT W\LD W&] AB\T1 CONFUS$ & FECKLESS1 TO BE H>VE/$ = !IR CANNIBAL FEA/S4 ,!Y BECAME1 9 %ORT1 T]RIFY+ WIT*ES4.<#b#e#i.> 

,! MBATSAV1 OR SOCIETY ( WIT*ES1 WAS ALWAYS LOOK+ = NEW MEMB]S1 & ! WAY TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS WAS TO TRICK PEOPLE 9TO EAT+ HUMAN FLE%4 ,A WIT* W\LD TAKE A PIECE ( ! BODY ( ONE ( HIS [N CLOSE RELATIVES1 :O HE HAD MURD]$1 & PLACE IT 9 ! VICTIM'S FOOD4 ,IF ! MAN WAS FOOLI% 5\< TO EAT IT1 HE W\LD CONTRACT A 0FLE%-DEBT10 & ! SOCIETY ( WIT*ES 5SUR$ ?AT FLE%-DEBTS >E ALWAYS PAID4 

,P]HAPS Y\R FRI5D1 OR SOME OLD] MAN1 HAS NOTIC$ ?AT Y\ HAVE A L>GE NUMB] ( *ILDR51 OR BRO!RS & SI/]S1 & SO TRICKS Y\ 9TO CONTRACT+ ! DEBT ) HIM4 ,HE 9VITES Y\ TO EAT FOOD 9 HIS H\SE ALONE ) HIM1 & :5 Y\ BEG9 ! MEAL HE SETS BE=E Y\ TWO DI%ES ( SAUCE1 ONE ( :I* CONTA9S COOK$ HUMAN FLE% 444 

,IF Y\ EAT FROM ! WRONG DI%1 BUT Y\ DO NOT HAVE A 0/RONG HE>T0--! POT5TIAL TO BECOME A WIT*--Y\ WILL BECOME SICK & FLEE FROM ! H\SE 9 T]ROR4 ,BUT IF Y\ HAVE ?AT HIDD5 POT5TIAL1 ! FLE% WILL BEG9 TO WORK 9 Y\4 ,?AT EV5+1 Y\ WILL F9D Y\R H\SE SURR\ND$ BY SCREE*+ CATS & [LS4 ,/RANGE NOISES WILL FILL ! AIR4 ,Y\R NEW CR$ITOR WILL APPE> BE=E Y\1 BACK$ BY HIS CONF$]ATES 9 EVIL4 ,HE WILL TELL ( H[ HE KILL$ HIS [N BRO!R SO Y\ TWO C\LD D9E TOGE!R1 & PRET5D TO BE TORTUR$ BY ! ?\<T ( HAV+ LO/ HIS [N K9 AS Y\ SIT !RE1 SURR\ND$ BY Y\R PLUMP & HEAL?Y RELATIVES4 ,! O!R WIT*ES WILL CONCUR1 ACT+ AS IF ALL ?IS IS Y\R [N FAULT4 0,Y\ HAVE S\<T = TR\BLE1 & TR\BLE HAS COME UPON Y\4 ,COME & LIE D[N ON ! GR\ND1 ?AT WE MAY CUT Y\R ?ROAT40.<#b#f.> 

,!RE'S ONLY ONE WAY \T1 & ?AT'S TO PL$GE A MEMB] ( Y\R [N FAMILY AS SUB/ITUTE4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE Y\ WILL F9D Y\ HAVE T]RIBLE NEW P[]S1 BUT !Y MU/ BE US$ AS ! O!R WIT*ES DEM&4 ,ONE BY ONE1 Y\ MU/ KILL (F Y\R BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 *ILDR52 !IR BODIES WILL BE /OL5 FROM !IR GRAVES BY ! COLLEGE ( WIT*ES1 BR\<T BACK TO LIFE JU/ LONG 5\< TO BE PROP]LY FATT5$1 TORTUR$1 KILL$ AGA91 !N C>V$ & ROA/$ = YET ANO!R FEA/4 

,! FLE% DEBT GOES ON & ON4 ,! CR$ITOR KEEPS ON COM+4 ,UNLESS ! DEBTOR HAS M5 BEH9D HIM :O >E V]Y /RONG 9 TSAV1 HE CANNOT FREE HIMSELF FROM ! FLE% DEBT UNTIL HE HAS GIV5 UP ALL HIS PEOPLE1 & HIS FAMILY IS F9I%$4 ,!N HE GOES HIMSELF & LIES D[N ON ! GR\ND TO BE SLAU<T]$1 & SO ! DEBT IS F9ALLY DIS*>G$4.<#b#f#a.> 

,! ,SLAVE ,TRADE 

  

,9 ONE S5SE1 IT'S OBVI\S :AT'S GO+ ON H]E4 ,M5 ) 0/RONG HE>TS0 HAVE P[] & *>ISMA2 US+ IT1 !Y CAN MANIPULATE DEBT TO TURN EXTRA FOOD 9TO TREASURES1 & TREASURES 9TO WIVES1 W>DS1 & DAU<T]S1 & ?US BECOME ! HEADS ( EV]-GR[+ FAMILIES4 ,BUT ?AT V]Y P[] & *>ISMA ?AT ALL[S !M TO DO ?IS ALSO MAKES !M RUN ! CON/ANT DANG] ( S5D+ ! :OLE PROCESS JOLT+ BACK 9TO A K9D ( HORRIFIC IMPLOSION1 ( CREAT+ FLE%-DEBTS :]EBY ONE'S FAMILY IS CONV]T$ BACK 9TO FOOD4 

,N[1 IF ONE IS SIMPLY TRY+ TO IMAG9E ! WOR/ ?+ ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY HAPP5 TO SOMEONE1 SURELY1 BE+ =C$ TO D9E ON ! MUTILAT$ CORPSES ( ONE'S [N *ILDR5 W\LD1 ANY:]E1 BE PRETTY HI< ON ! LI/4 ,/ILL1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE COME TO UND]/&1 OV] ! YE>S1 ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY IS HAUNT$ BY SLI<TLY DIFF]5T NI<TM>ES1 & !SE DIFF]5CES >E SIGNIFICANT4 ,HORROR /ORIES1 :E!R AB\T VAMPIRES1 <\LS1 OR FLE%-EAT+ ZOMBIES1 ALWAYS SEEM TO REFLECT SOME ASPECT ( ! TELL]S' [N SOCIAL LIVES1 SOME T]RIFY+ POT5TIAL1 9 ! WAY !Y >E ACCU/OM$ TO 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R1 ?AT !Y DO NOT WI% TO ACKN[L$GE OR CONFRONT1 BUT ALSO CANNOT HELP BUT TALK AB\T4.<#b#f#b.> 

,9 ! ,TIV CASE1 :AT W\LD ?AT BE8 ,CLE>LY1 ,TIV DID HAVE A MAJOR PROBLEM ) AU?ORITY4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 A L&SCAPE DOTT$ ) COMP\NDS1 EA* ORGANIZ$ >\ND A S+LE OLD] MAN ) HIS NUM]\S WIVES1 *ILDR51 & ASSORT$ HANG]S-ON4 ,)9 EA* COMP\ND1 ?AT MAN HAD NE>-ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY4 ,\TSIDE !RE WAS NO =MAL POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 & ,TIV W]E FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 ALL M5 ASPIR$ TO BECOME ! MA/]S ( L>GE FAMILIES1 BUT !Y W]E EXTREMELY SUSPICI\S ( ANY =M ( MA/]Y4 ,H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ,TIV M5 W]E SO AMBIVAL5T AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] ?AT !Y BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT ! V]Y QUALITIES ?AT ALL[ A MAN TO RISE TO LEGITIMATE PROM95CE C\LD1 IF TAK5 JU/ A LITTLE BIT FUR!R1 TURN HIM 9TO A MON/]4.<#b#f#c.> ,9 FACT1 MO/ ,TIV SEEM$ TO ASSUME ?AT MO/ MALE ELD]S W]E WIT*ES1 & ?AT IF A Y\NG P]SON DI$1 !Y W]E PROBABLY BE+ PAID (F = A FLE%-DEBT4 

,BUT ?IS /ILL DOESN'T ANSW] ! ONE OBVI\S QUE/ION3 ,:Y IS ALL ?IS FRAM$ 9 T]MS ( DEBT8 

,H]E A LITTLE HI/ORY IS 9 ORD]4 ,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! ANCE/ORS ( ! ,TIV >RIV$ 9 ! ,B5UE RIV] VALLEY & ADJAC5T L&S SOMETIME >\ND #a#g#e--A TIME :5 ALL ( :AT'S N[ ,NIG]IA WAS BE+ TORN AP>T BY ! ,ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE4 ,E>LY /ORIES RELATE H[ ! ,TIV1 DUR+ !IR MIGRATIONS1 US$ TO PA9T !IR WIVES & *ILDR5 ) :AT LOOK$ LIKE SMALLPOX SC>S1 SO ?AT POT5TIAL RAID]S W\LD BE AFRAID TO C>RY !M (F4.<#b#f#d.> ,!Y E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 A NOTORI\SLY 9ACCESSIBLE /RET* ( C\NTRY & (F]$ UP F]OCI\S DEF5SE AGA9/ P]IODIC RAIDS FROM NEI<BOR+ K+DOMS TO !IR NOR? & WE/--) :I* !Y EV5TUALLY CAME TO A POLITICAL RAPPRO*EM5T4.<#b#f#e.> 

,! ,TIV1 !N1 W]E WELL AW>E ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ ALL >\ND !M4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CASE ( ! COPP] B>S :OSE USE !Y W]E SO C>EFUL TO RE/RICT1 SO AS TO AVOID !IR BECOM+ AN ALLPURPOSE =M ( CURR5CY4 

,N[1 COPP] B>S HAD BE5 US$ = MONEY 9 ?IS P>T ( ,AFRICA = C5TURIES1 & AT LEA/ 9 SOME PLACES1 = ORD9>Y COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS1 AS WELL4 ,IT WAS EASY 5\< TO DO3 ONE SIMPLY SNAPP$ !M AP>T 9TO SMALL] PIECES1 OR PULL$ SOME ( !M 9TO ?9 WIRES1 TWI/$ ?OSE >\ND TO LITTLE LOOPS1 & ONE HAD P]FECTLY S]VICEABLE SMALL *ANGE = EV]YDAY M>KET TRANSACTIONS4.<#b#f#f.> ,MO/ ( ! ONES CURR5T 9 ,TIVL& S9CE ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E MASS-PRODUC$ 9 FACTORIES 9 ,BIRM+HAM & IMPORT$ ?R\< ! PORT ( ,OLD ,CALAB> AT ! M\? ( ! ,CROSS ,RIV]1 BY SLAVE-TRAD]S BAS$ 9 ,LIV]POOL & ,BRI/OL4.<#b#f#g.> ,9 ALL ! C\NTRY ADJO9+ ! ,CROSS ,RIV]--?AT IS1 9 ! REGION DIRECTLY TO ! S\? ( ! ,TIV T]RITORY--COPP] B>S W]E US$ AS EV]YDAY CURR5CY4 ,?IS WAS PRESUMABLY H[ !Y 5T]$ ,TIVL&2 !Y W]E EI!R C>RI$ 9 BY P$DL]S FROM ! ,CROSS ,RIV] OR ACQUIR$ BY ,TIV TRAD]S ON EXP$ITIONS ABROAD4 ,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 MAKES ! FACT ?AT ! ,TIV REFUS$ TO USE COPP] B>S AS SU* A CURR5CY D\BLY SIGNIFICANT4 

,DUR+ ! #a#g#fS ALONE1 P]HAPS A HUNDR$ ?\S& ,AFRICANS W]E %IPP$ D[N ! ,CROSS ,RIV] TO ,CALAB> & NE>BY PORTS1 :]E !Y W]E PUT 9 *A9S1 PLAC$ ON ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 OR O!R ,EUROPEAN %IPS1 & %IPP$ ACROSS ! ,ATLANTIC--P>T ( P]HAPS A MILLION & A HALF EXPORT$ FROM ! ,BI<T ( ,BIAFRA DUR+ ! :OLE P]IOD ( ! ,ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE4.<#b#f#h.> ,SOME ( !M HAD BE5 CAPTUR$ 9 W>S OR RAIDS1 OR SIMPLY KIDNAPP$4 ,! MAJORITY1 ?\<1 W]E C>RI$ (F BECAUSE ( DEBTS4 

,H]E1 ?\<1 ,I MU/ EXPLA9 SOME?+ AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SLAVE TRADE4 

,! ,ATLANTIC ,SLAVE ,TRADE AS A :OLE WAS A GIGANTIC NETWORK ( CR$IT >RANGEM5TS4 ,%IP-[N]S BAS$ 9 ,LIV]POOL OR ,BRI/OL W\LD ACQUIRE GOODS ON EASY CR$IT T]MS FROM LOCAL :OLESAL]S1 EXPECT+ TO MAKE GOOD BY SELL+ SLAVES 7ALSO ON CR$IT7 TO PLANT]S 9 ! ,ANTILLES & ,AM]ICA1 ) COMMISSION AG5TS 9 ! CITY ( ,LONDON ULTIMATELY F9ANC+ ! AFFAIR ?R\< ! PR(ITS ( ! SUG> & TOBACCO TRADE4.<#b#f#i.> ,%IP-[N]S W\LD !N TRANSPORT !IR W>ES TO ,AFRICAN PORTS LIKE ,OLD ,CALAB>4 ,CALAB> ITSELF WAS ! QU9TESS5TIAL M]CANTILE CITY-/ATE1 DOM9AT$ BY RI* ,AFRICAN M]*ANTS :O DRESS$ 9 ,EUROPEAN CLO!S1 LIV$ 9 ,EUROPEAN-/YLE H\SES1 & 9 SOME CASES EV5 S5T !IR *ILDR5 TO ,5GL& TO BE $UCAT$4 

,ON >RIVAL1 ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S W\LD NEGOTIATE ! VALUE ( !IR C>GOES 9 ! COPP] B>S ?AT S]V$ AS ! CURR5CY ( ! PORT4 ,9 #a#f#i#h1 A M]*ANT ABO>D A %IP CALL$ ! ,DRAGON NOT$ ! FOLL[+ PRICES HE MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% = HIS W>ES3  
 ONE B> IRON   #d COPP] B>S   ONE BUN* ( BEADS   #d COPP] B>S   FIVE RANGOES.<#b#g.>   #d COPP] B>S   ONE BAS9 ,NO4 #a   #d COPP] B>S   ONE TANK>D   #c COPP] B>S   ONE Y>D L95   #a COPP] B>   SIX KNIVES   #a COPP] B>   ONE BRASS BELL ,NO4 #a   #c COPP] B>S.<#b#g#a.>   

,BY ! HEI<T ( ! TRADE FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 ,BRITI% %IPS W]E BR++ 9 L>GE QUANTITIES ( CLO? 7BO? PRODUCTS ( ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,MAN*E/] MILLS & CALICOES FROM ,9DIA71 & IRON & COPP] W>E1 ALONG ) 9CID5TAL GOODS LIKE BEADS1 & ALSO1 = OBVI\S REASONS1 SUB/ANTIAL NUMB]S ( FIRE>MS4.<#b#g#b.> ,! GOODS W]E !N ADVANC$ TO ,AFRICAN M]*ANTS1 AGA9 ON CR$IT1 :O ASSIGN$ !M TO !IR [N AG5TS TO MOVE UP/REAM4 

,! OBVI\S PROBLEM WAS H[ TO SECURE ! DEBT4 ,! TRADE WAS AN EXTRAORD9>ILY DUPLICIT\S & BRUTAL BUS9ESS1 & SLAVE RAID]S W]E UNLIKELY TO BE DEP5DABLE CR$IT RISKS--ESPECIALLY :5 DEAL+ ) =EIGN M]*ANTS :O !Y MI<T NEV] SEE AGA94.<#b#g#c.> ,AS A RESULT1 A SY/EM QUICKLY DEVELOP$ 9 :I* ,EUROPEAN CAPTA9S W\LD DEM& SECURITY 9 ! =M ( PAWNS4 

,! SORT ( 0PAWNS0 WE >E TALK+ AB\T H]E >E CLE>LY QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! K9D WE 5C\NT]$ AMONG ! ,LELE4 ,9 MANY ( ! K+DOMS & TRAD+ T[NS ( ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 ! NATURE ( PAWN%IP APPE>S TO HAVE ALREADY UND]GONE PR(\ND *ANGES BY ! TIME ,EUROPEANS %[$ UP ON ! SC5E >\ND #a#e--IT HAD BECOME1 EFFECTIVELY1 A K9D ( DEBT PEONAGE4 ,DEBTORS W\LD PL$GE FAMILY MEMB]S AS SURETY = LOANS2 ! PAWNS W\LD !N BECOME DEP5D5TS 9 ! CR$ITORS' H\SEHOLDS1 WORK+ !IR FIELDS & T5D+ TO !IR H\SEHOLD *ORES--!IR P]SONS ACT+ AS SECURITY :ILE !IR LABOR1 EFFECTIVELY1 SUB/ITUT$ = 9T]E/4.<#b#g#d.> ,PAWNS W]E NOT SLAVES2 !Y W]E NOT1 LIKE SLAVES1 CUT (F FROM !IR FAMILIES2 BUT NEI!R W]E !Y PRECISELY FREE4.<#b#g#e.> ,9 ,CALAB> & O!R PORTS1 MA/]S ( SLAV+ %IPS1 ON ADVANC+ GOODS TO !IR ,AFRICAN C\NT]P>TS1 SOON DEVELOP$ ! CU/OM ( DEM&+ PAWNS AS SECURITY--= 9/ANCE1 TWO ( ! M]*ANTS' [N DEP5D5TS = EV]Y ?REE SLAVES TO BE DELIV]$1 PREF]ABLY 9CLUD+ AT LEA/ ONE MEMB] ( ! M]*ANTS' FAMILIES4.<#b#g#f.> ,?IS WAS 9 PRACTICE NOT MU* DIFF]5T ?AN DEM&+ ! SURR5D] ( HO/AGES1 & AT TIMES IT CREAT$ MAJOR POLITICAL CRISES :5 CAPTA9S1 TIR$ ( WAIT+ = DELAY$ %IPM5TS1 DECID$ TO TAKE (F ) A C>GO ( PAWNS 9/EAD4 

,UPRIV]1 DEBT PAWNS ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR P>T 9 ! TRADE4 ,9 ONE WAY1 ! >EA WAS A BIT UNUSUAL4 ,9 MO/ ( ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 ! TRADE RAN ?R\< MAJOR K+DOMS SU* AS ,DAHOMEY OR ,ASANTE TO MAKE W>S & IMPOSE DRACONIAN PUNI%M5TS--ONE V]Y COMMON EXP$I5T = RUL]S WAS TO MANIPULATE ! JU/ICE SY/EM1 SO ?AT ALMO/ ANY CRIME CAME TO BE PUNI%ABLE BY 5SLAVEM5T1 OR BY DEA? ) ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ONE'S WIFE & *ILDR51 OR BY \TRAGE\SLY HI< F9ES :I*1 IF ONE C\LD NOT PAY !M1 W\LD CAUSE ! DEFAULT] & HIS FAMILY TO BE SOLD AS SLAVES4 ,9 ANO!R WAY1 IT IS UNUSUALLY REVEAL+1 S9CE ! LACK ( ANY L>G] GOV]NM5T /RUCTURES MADE IT EASI] TO SEE :AT WAS REALLY HAPP5+4 ,! P]VASIVE CLIMATE ( VIOL5CE L$ TO ! SY/EMATIC P]V]SION ( ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( EXI/+ HUMAN ECONOMIES1 :I* W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO A GIGANTIC APP>ATUS ( DEHUMANIZATION & DE/RUCTION4 

,9 ! ,CROSS ,RIV] REGION1 ! TRADE SEEMS TO HAVE SE5 TWO PHASES4 ,! FIR/ WAS A P]IOD ( ABSOLUTE T]ROR & UTT] *AOS1 9 :I* RAIDS W]E FREQU5T1 & ANYONE TRAVEL+ ALONE RISK$ BE+ KIDNAPP$ BY ROV+ GANGS ( ?UGS & SOLD TO ,CALAB>4 ,BE=E LONG1 VILLAGES LAY AB&ON$2 MANY PEOPLE FL$ 9TO ! =E/2 M5 W\LD HAVE TO =M >M$ P>TIES TO WORK ! FIELDS4.<#b#g#g.> ,?IS P]IOD WAS RELATIVELY BRIEF4 ,! SECOND BEGAN :5 REPRES5TATIVES ( LOCAL M]*ANT SOCIETIES BEGAN TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 COMMUNITIES UP & D[N ! REGION1 (F]+ TO RE/ORE ORD]4 ,! MO/ FAM\S ( !SE WAS ! ,>O ,CONF$]ACY1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES1 0,*ILDR5 ( ,GOD40.<#b#g#h.> ,BACK$ BY HEAVILY >M$ M]C5>IES & ! PRE/IGE ( !IR FAM\S ,ORACLE AT ,>O*UKWU1 !Y E/ABLI%$ A NEW & NOTORI\SLY H>% JU/ICE SY/EM4.<#b#g#i.> ,KIDNAPP]S W]E HUNT$ D[N & !MSELVES SOLD AS SLAVES4 ,SAFETY WAS RE/OR$ TO ROADS & F>M/EADS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,>O COLLABORAT$ ) LOCAL ELD]S TO CREATE A CODE ( RITUAL LAWS & P5ALTIES SO COMPREH5SIVE & SEV]E ?AT EV]YONE WAS AT CON/ANT RISK ( FALL+ AF\L ( !M4.<#b#h.> ,ANYONE :O VIOLAT$ ONE W\LD BE TURN$ OV] TO ! ,>O = TRANSPORT TO ! COA/1 ) !IR ACCUS] RECEIV+ !IR PRICE 9 COPP] B>S4.<#b#h#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO SOME CONTEMPOR>Y ACC\NTS1 A MAN :O SIMPLY DISLIK$ HIS WIFE & WAS 9 NE$ ( BRASS RODS C\LD ALWAYS COME UP ) SOME REASON TO SELL H]1 & ! VILLAGE ELD]S--:O RECEIV$ A %>E ( ! PR(ITS--W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY CONCUR4.<#b#h#b.> ,! MO/ +5I\S TRICK ( ! M]*ANT SOCIETIES1 ?\<1 WAS TO ASSI/ 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( A SECRET SOCIETY1 CALL$ ,EKPE4 ,EKPE WAS MO/ FAM\S = SPONSOR+ MAGNIFIC5T MASQU]ADES & = 9ITIAT+ ITS MEMB]S 9TO >CANE MY/]IES1 BUT IT ALSO ACT$ AS A SECRET ME*ANISM = ! 5=CEM5T ( DEBTS4.<#b#h#c.> ,9 ,CALAB> ITSELF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,EKPE SOCIETY HAD ACCESS TO A :OLE RANGE ( SANCTIONS1 />T+ ) BOYCOTTS 7ALL MEMB]S W]E =BIDD5 TO CONDUCT TRADE ) A DEFAULT+ DEBTOR71 F9ES1 SEIZURE ( PROP]TY1 >RE/1 & F9ALLY1 EXECUTION--) ! MO/ HAPLESS VICTIMS LEFT TI$ TO TREES1 !IR L[] JAWS REMOV$1 AS A W>N+ TO O!RS4.<#b#h#d.> ,IT WAS +5I\S1 P>TICUL>LY1 BECAUSE SU* SOCIETIES ALWAYS ALL[$ ANYONE TO BUY 91 RIS+ ?\< ! N9E 9ITIATORY GRADES IF !Y C\LD PAY ! FEE--!SE ALSO EXACT$1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! BRASS RODS ! M]*ANTS !MSELVES SUPPLI$4 ,9 ,CALAB>1 ! FEE S*$ULE = EA* GRADE LOOK$ LIKE ?IS3.<#b#h#e.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS QUITE EXP5SIVE4 ,BUT MEMB]%IP QUICKLY BECAME ! *IEF M>K ( HONOR & DI/9CTION EV]Y:]E4 ,5TRY FEES W]E NO D\BT LESS EXORBITANT 9 SMALL1 DI/ANT COMMUNITIES1 BUT ! EFFECT WAS /ILL ! SAME3 ?\S&S 5D$ UP 9 DEBT TO ! M]*ANTS1 :E!R = ! FEES REQUIR$ = JO9+1 OR = ! TRADE GOODS !Y SUPPLI$ 7MO/LY CLO? & METAL PUT TO USE CREAT+ ! GE> & CO/UMES = ! ,EKPE P]=MANCES--DEBTS ?AT !Y ?US !MSELVES BECAME RESPONSIBLE = 5=C+ ON !MSELVES4 ,!SE DEBTS1 TOO1 W]E REGUL>LY PAID 9 PEOPLE1 O/5SIBLY YIELD$ UP AS PAWNS47 

,H[ DID IT WORK 9 PRACTICE8 ,IT APPE>S TO HAVE V>I$ A GREAT DEAL FROM PLACE TO PLACE4 ,9 ! ,AFIKPO DI/RICT1 ON A REMOTE P>T ( ! UPP] ,CROSS ,RIV]1 = 9/ANCE1 WE READ ?AT EV]YDAY AFFAIRS--! ACQUISITION ( FOOD1 = EXAMPLE--WAS CONDUCT$1 AS AMONG ! ,TIV1 0)\T TRADE OR ! USE ( MONEY40 ,BRASS RODS1 SUPPLI$ BY ! M]*ANT SOCIETIES1 W]E US$ TO BUY & SELL SLAVES1 BUT O!RWISE MO/LY AS A SOCIAL CURR5CY1 0US$ = GIFTS & = PAYM5TS 9 FUN]ALS1 TITLES1 & O!R C]EMONIES40.<#b#h#f.> ,MO/ ( ?OSE PAYM5TS1 TITLES1 & C]EMONIES W]E TI$ TO ! SECRET SOCIETIES ?AT ! M]*ANTS HAD ALSO BR\<T TO ! >EA4 ,ALL ?IS DOES S\ND A BIT LIKE ! ,TIV >RANGEM5T1 BUT ! PRES5CE ( ! M]*ANTS 5SUR$ ?AT ! EFFECTS W]E V]Y DIFF]5T3 

,9 ! OLD DAYS1 IF ANYBODY GOT 9TO TR\BLE OR DEBT 9 ! UPP] P>TS ( ! ,CROSS ,RIV]1 & WANT$ READY MONEY1 HE US$ G5]ALLY TO 0PL$GE0 ONE OR MORE ( HIS *ILDR51 OR SOME O!R MEMB]S ( HIS FAMILY OR H\SEHOLD1 TO ONE ( ! ,AKUNAKUNA TRAD]S :O PAID P]IODICAL VISITS TO HIS VILLAGE4 ,OR HE W\LD MAKE A RAID ON SOME NEI<BOR+ VILLAGE1 SEIZE A *ILD1 & SELL HIM OR H] TO ! SAME WILL+ PUR*AS]4.<#b#h#g.> 

,! PASSAGE ONLY MAKES S5SE IF ONE RECOGNIZES ?AT DEBTORS W]E ALSO1 [+ TO !IR MEMB]%IP 9 ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 COLLECTORS4 ,! SEIZ+ ( A *ILD IS A REF]5CE TO ! LOCAL PRACTICE ( 0PANY>R+10 CURR5T ?R\<\T ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 BY :I* CR$ITORS DESPAIR+ ( REPAYM5T W\LD SIMPLY SWEEP 9TO ! DEBTOR'S COMMUNITY ) A GR\P ( >M$ M5 & SEIZE ANY?+--PEOPLE1 GOODS1 DOME/IC ANIMALS--?AT C\LD BE EASILY C>RI$ (F1 !N HOLD IT HO/AGE AS SECURITY4.<#b#h#h.> ,IT DIDN'T MATT] IF ! PEOPLE OR GOODS HAD BELONG$ TO ! DEBTOR1 OR EV5 ! DEBTOR'S RELATIVES4 ,A NEI<BOR'S GOATS OR *ILDR5 W\LD DO JU/ AS WELL1 S9CE ! :OLE PO9T WAS TO BR+ SOCIAL PRESSURE ON :OEV] [$ ! MONEY4 ,AS ,WILLIAM ,BOSMAN PUT IT1 0,IF ! ,DEBTOR BE AN HONE/ MAN & ! ,DEBT JU/1 HE IMM$IATELY 5DEAVORS BY ! SATISFACTION ( HIS ,CR$ITORS TO FREE HIS ,C\NTRYM540.<#b#h#i.> ,IT WAS ACTUALLY A QUITE S5SIBLE EXP$I5T 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ) NO C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 :]E PEOPLE T5D$ TO FEEL AN 5ORM\S S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY T[>D O!R MEMB]S ( !IR COMMUNITY & V]Y LITTLE RESPONSIBILITY T[>D ANYONE ELSE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! SECRET SOCIETY CIT$ ABOVE1 ! DEBTOR W\LD1 PRESUMABLY1 BE CALL+ 9 HIS [N DEBTS--REAL OR IMAG9$--TO ?OSE \TSIDE ! ORGANIZATION1 9 ORD] NOT TO HAVE TO S5D (F MEMB]S ( HIS [N FAMILY4.<#b#i.> 

,SU* EXP$I5TS W]E NOT ALWAYS EFFECTIVE4 ,(T5 DEBTORS W\LD BE =C$ TO PAWN MORE & MORE ( !IR [N *ILDR5 OR DEP5D5TS1 UNTIL F9ALLY !RE WAS NO REC\RSE BUT TO PAWN !MSELVES4.<#b#i#a.> ,& ( C\RSE1 AT ! HEI<T ( ! SLAVE TRADE1 0PAWN+0 HAD BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN A EUPHEMISM4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PAWNS & SLAVES HAD L>GELY DISAPPE>$4 ,DEBTORS1 LIKE !IR FAMILIES BE=E !M1 5D$ UP TURN$ OV] TO ! ,>O1 !N TO ! ,BRITI%1 & F9ALLY1 %ACKL$ & *A9$1 CR[D$ 9TO T9Y SLAV+ VESSELS & S5T (F TO BE SOLD ON PLANTATIONS ACROSS ! SEA4.<#b#i#b.> 

,IF ! ,TIV1 !N1 W]E HAUNT$ BY ! VISION ( AN 9SIDI\S SECRET ORGANIZATION ?AT LUR$ UNSUSPECT+ VICTIMS 9TO DEBT TRAPS1 :]EBY !Y !MSELVES BECAME ! 5=C]S ( DEBTS TO BE PAID ) ! BODIES ( !IR *ILDR51 & ULTIMATELY1 !MSELVES--ONE REASON WAS BECAUSE ?IS WAS1 LIT]ALLY HAPP5+ TO PEOPLE :O LIV$ A FEW HUNDR$ MILES AWAY4 ,NOR IS ! USE ( ! PHRASE 0FLE%-DEBT0 9 ANY WAY 9APPROPRIATE4 ,SLAVE-TRAD]S MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 R$UC+ !IR VICTIMS TO MEAT1 BUT !Y W]E C]TA9LY R$UC+ !M TO NO?+ MORE ?AN BODIES4 ,TO BE A SLAVE WAS TO BE PLUCK$ FROM ONE'S FAMILY1 K91 FRI5DS1 & COMMUNITY1 /RIPP$ ( ONE'S NAME1 ID5TITY1 & DIGNITY2 ( EV]Y?+ ?AT MADE ONE A P]SON RA!R ?AN A M]E HUMAN MA*9E CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ORD]S4 ,NEI!R W]E MO/ SLAVES (F]$ MU* OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP 5DUR+ HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,MO/ ?AT 5D$ UP 9 ,C>IBBEAN OR ,AM]ICAN PLANTATIONS1 ?\<1 W]E SIMPLY WORK$ TO DEA?4 

,:AT IS REM>KABLE IS ?AT ALL ?IS WAS DONE1 ! BODIES EXTRACT$1 ?R\< ! V]Y ME*ANISMS ( ! HUMAN ECONOMY1 PREMIS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT HUMAN LIVES >E ! ULTIMATE VALUE1 TO :I* NO?+ C\LD POSSIBLY COMP>E4 ,9/EAD1 ALL ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS--FEES = 9ITIATIONS1 MEANS ( CALCULAT+ GUILT & COMP5SATION1 SOCIAL CURR5CIES1 DEBT PAWN%IP--W]E TURN$ 9TO !IR OPPOSITE2 ! MA*9]Y WAS1 AS IT W]E1 ?R[N 9TO REV]SE2 &1 AS ! ,TIV ALSO P]CEIV$1 ! GE>S & ME*ANISMS DESIGN$ = ! CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S COLLAPS$ ON !MSELVES & BECAME ! MEANS = !IR DE/RUCTION4 

,I DO NOT WANT TO LEAVE ! READ] ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT :AT ,I AM DESCRIB+ H]E IS 9 ANY WAY PECULI> TO ,AFRICA4 ,ONE C\LD F9D ! EXACT SAME ?+S HAPP5+ :]EV] HUMAN ECONOMIES CAME 9TO CONTACT ) COMM]CIAL ONES 7& P>TICUL>LY1 COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES ) ADVANC$ MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY & AN 9SATIABLE DEM& = HUMAN LABOR74 

,REM>KABLY SIMIL> ?+S CAN BE OBS]V$ ?R\<\T ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG HILL & ISL& PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! FR+ES ( MAJOR K+DOMS4 ,AS ! PREMI] HI/ORIAN ( ! REGION1 ,AN?ONY ,REID1 HAS PO9T$ \T1 LABOR ?R\<\T ,S\!A/ ,ASIA HAS LONG BE5 ORGANIZ$ ABOVE ALL ?R\< RELATIONS ( DEBT BONDAGE4 

,EV5 9 RELATIVELY SIMPLE SOCIETIES LITTLE P5ETRAT$ BY MONEY1 !RE W]E RITUAL NE$S = SUB/ANTIAL EXP5DITURES--! PAYM5T ( BRIDE-PRICE = M>RIAGE & ! SLAU<T] ( A BUFFALO AT ! DEA? ( A FAMILY MEMB]4 ,IT IS WIDELY REPORT$ ?AT SU* RITUAL NE$S >E ! MO/ COMMON REASON :Y ! POOR BECOME 9DEBT$ TO ! RI* 444.<#b#i#c.> 

,= 9/ANCE1 ONE PRACTICE1 NOT$ FROM ,?AIL& TO ,SULAWESI1 IS = A GR\P ( POOR BRO!RS TO TURN TO A RI* SPONSOR TO PAY = ! EXP5SES ( ONE BRO!R'S M>RIAGE4 ,HE'S !N REF]R$ TO AS !IR 0MA/]40 ,?IS IS MORE LIKE A PATRON-CLI5T RELATION ?AN ANY?+ ELSE3 ! BRO!RS MI<T BE OBLIG$ TO DO ! OCCASIONAL ODD JOB1 OR APPE> AS HIS 5T\RAGE ON OCCASIONS :5 HE HAS TO MAKE A GOOD IMPRESSION--NOT MU* MORE4 ,/ILL1 TE*NICALLY1 HE [NS !IR *ILDR51 & 0CAN ALSO REPOSSESS ! WIFE HE PROVID$ IF HIS BONDSM5 FAIL TO C>RY \T HIS OBLIGATIONS40.<#b#i#d.> 

,ELSE:]E1 WE HE> SIMIL> /ORIES TO ?OSE 9 ,AFRICA--( PEASANTS PAWN+ !MSELVES OR MEMB]S ( !IR FAMILIES1 OR EV5 GAMBL+ !MSELVES 9TO BONDAGE2 ( PR9CIPALITIES :]E P5ALTIES 9V>IABLY TOOK ! =M ( HEAVY F9ES4 0,FREQU5TLY1 ( C\RSE1 !SE F9ES C\LD NOT BE PAID1 & ! CONDEMN$ MAN1 (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS DEP5D5TS1 BECAME ! BONDSMAN ( ! RUL]1 ( ! 9JUR$ P>TY1 OR ( :OEV] WAS ABLE TO PAY HIS F9E = HIM40.<#b#i#e.> ,REID 9SI/S ?AT MO/ ( ?IS WAS RELATIVELY 9NOCU\S--9 FACT1 POOR M5 MI<T TAKE \T LOANS = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( BECOM+ DEBTORS TO SOME WEAL?Y PATRON1 :O C\LD PROVIDE !M ) FOOD DUR+ H>D TIMES1 A RO(1 A WIFE4 ,CLE>LY ?IS WAS NOT 0SLAV]Y0 9 ! ORD9>Y S5SE4 ,?AT IS1 UNLESS ! PATRON DECID$ TO %IP SOME ( HIS DEP5D5TS (F TO CR$ITORS ( HIS [N 9 SOME DI/ANT CITY LIKE ,MAJAPAHIT OR ,T]NATE1 :]EUPON !Y MI<T F9D !MSELVES TOIL+ 9 SOME GR&EE'S KIT*5 OR PEPP] PLANTATION LIKE ANY O!R SLAVE4 

,IT'S IMPORTANT TO PO9T ?IS \T BECAUSE ONE ( ! EFFECTS ( ! SLAVE TRADE IS ?AT PEOPLE :O DON'T ACTUALLY LIVE 9 ,AFRICA >E (T5 LEFT ) AN IMAGE ( ?AT CONT95T AS AN IRR$EEMABLY VIOL5T1 SAVAGE PLACE--AN IMAGE ?AT HAS HAD DISA/R\S EFFECTS ON ?OSE :O DO LIVE !RE4 ,IT MI<T BE FITT+1 !N1 TO CONSID] ! HI/ORY ( ONE PLACE ?AT IS USUALLY REPRES5T$ AS ! POL> OPPOSITE3 ,BALI1 ! FAM\S 0L& ( T5 ?\S& TEMPLES0--AN ISL& (T5 PICTUR$ 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL TEXTS & T\RI/ BRO*URES AS IF IT W]E 9HABIT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY PLACID1 DREAMY >TI/S :O SP5D !IR DAYS >RANG+ FL[]S & PRACTIC+ SYN*RONIZ$ DANCE R\T9ES4 

,9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ,BALI HAD NOT YET OBTA9$ ?IS REPUTATION4 ,AT ! TIME1 IT WAS /ILL DIVID$ AMONG A DOZ5 T9Y1 SQUABBL+ K+DOMS 9 AN ALMO/ P]PETUAL /ATE ( W>4 ,9 FACT1 ITS REPUTATION AMONG ! ,DUT* M]*ANTS & (FICIALS 5SCONC$ 9 NE>BY ,JAVA WAS ALMO/ EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT IT IS TODAY4 ,BAL9ESE W]E CONSID]$ A RUDE & VIOL5T PEOPLE RUL$ BY DECAD5T1 OPIUM-ADDICT$ NOBLES :OSE WEAL? WAS BAS$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON !IR WILL+NESS TO SELL !IR SUBJECTS TO =EIGN]S AS SLAVES4 ,BY ! TIME ! ,DUT* W]E FULLY 9 CONTROL 9 ,JAVA1 ,BALI HAD BE5 TURN$ L>GELY 9TO A RES]VOIR = ! EXPORT ( HUMAN BE+S--Y\NG ,BAL9ESE WOM5 9 P>TICUL> BE+ 9 GREAT DEM& 9 CITIES ?R\< ! REGION AS BO? PRO/ITUTES & CONCUB9ES4.<#b#i#f.> ,AS ! ISL& WAS DRAWN 9TO ! SLAVE TRADE1 ALMO/ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM ( ! ISL& WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN APP>ATUS = ! =CIBLE EXTRACTION ( WOM54 ,EV5 )9 VILLAGES1 ORD9>Y M>RIAGES TOOK ! =M ( 0M>RIAGE BY CAPTURE0--SOMETIMES /AG$ ELOPEM5TS1 SOMETIMES REAL =CIBLE KIDNAP+S1 AFT] :I* ! KIDNAPP]S W\LD PAY A WOMAN'S FAMILY TO LET ! MATT] DROP4.<#b#i#g.> ,IF A WOMAN WAS CAPTUR$ BY SOMEONE G5U9ELY IMPORTANT1 ?\<1 NO COMP5SATION W\LD BE (F]$4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ELD]S RECALL$ H[ ATTRACTIVE Y\NG WOM5 US$ TO BE HIDD5 AWAY BY !IR P>5TS1 

=BIDD5 TO BE> T[]+ (F]+S TO TEMPLE FE/IVALS1 LE/ !Y BE ESPI$ BY A ROYAL SC\T & HU/L$ 9TO ! CLOSELY PROTECT$ FEMALE QU>T]S ( ! PALACE1 :]E ! EYES ( MALE VISITORS W]E RE/RICT$ TO FOOT LEVEL4 ,= !RE WAS SLIM *ANCE A GIRL W\LD BECOME A LEGITIMATE L[-CA/E WIFE 7P5AW+7 ( ! RAJAH 444 ,MORE LIKELY AFT] AF=D+ A FEW YE>S' LIC5TI\S SATISFACTION1 %E W\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO A SLAVE-LIKE S]VANT4.<#b#i#h.> 

,OR1 IF %E DID RISE TO SU* A POSITION ?AT ! HI<-CA/E WIVES BEGAN TO SEE H] AS A RIVAL1 %E MI<T BE EI!R POISON$ OR %IPP$ (F OV]SEAS TO 5D UP S]VIC+ SOLDI]S AT SOME ,*9ESE-RUN BORDELLO 9 ,JOGJAK>TA1 OR *ANG+ B$PANS 9 ! H\SE ( A ,FR5* PLANTATION-[N] 9 ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN ISL& ( ,REUNION4.<#b#i#i.> ,MEAN:ILE1 ROYAL LAW CODES W]E REWRITT5 9 ALL ! USUAL WAYS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ?AT H]E1 ! =CE ( LAW WAS DIRECT$ ABOVE ALL & EXPLICITLY AGA9/ WOM54 ,NOT ONLY W]E CRIM9ALS & DEBTORS TO BE 5SLAV$ & DEPORT$1 BUT ANY M>RI$ MAN WAS GRANT$ ! P[] TO R5\NCE HIS WIFE1 & BY DO+ SO R5D] H]1 AUTOMATICALLY1 PROP]TY ( ! LOCAL RUL]1 TO BE DISPOS$ ( AS HE WI%$4 ,EV5 A WOMAN :OSE HUSB& DI$ BE=E %E HAD PRODUC$ MALE (FSPR+ W\LD TO BE H&$ OV] TO ! PALACE TO BE SOLD ABROAD4.<#c.> 

,AS ,ADRIAN ,VICK]S EXPLA9S1 EV5 ,BALI'S FAM\S COCKFI<TS--SO FAMILI> TO ANY FIR/-YE> AN?ROPOLOGY /UD5T--W]E ORIG9ALLY PROMOT$ BY ROYAL C\RTS AS A WAY ( RECRUIT+ HUMAN M]*&ISE3 

,K+S EV5 HELP$ PUT PEOPLE 9TO DEBT BY /AG+ L>GE COCKFI<TS 9 !IR CAPITALS4 ,! PASSION & EXTRAVAGANCE 5C\RAG$ BY ?IS EXCIT+ SPORT L$ MANY PEASANTS TO BET MORE ?AN !Y C\LD AF=D4 ,AS ) ANY GAMBL+1 ! HOPE ( GREAT WEAL? & ! DRAMA ( A CONTE/ FUEL$ AMBITIONS :I* FEW C\LD AF=D & AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 :5 ! LA/ SPUR HAD SUNK 9TO ! *E/ ( ! LA/ ROO/]1 MANY PEASANTS HAD NO HOME & FAMILY TO RETURN TO4 ,!Y1 & !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 W\LD BE SOLD TO ,JAVA4.<#c#a.> 

,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE 

  

,I BEGAN ?IS BOOK BY ASK+ A QUE/ION3 ,H[ IS IT ?AT MORAL OBLIGATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE COME TO BE ?\<T ( AS DEBTS1 & AS A RESULT1 5D UP JU/IFY+ BEHAVIOR ?AT W\LD O!RWISE SEEM UTT]LY IMMORAL8 

,I BEGAN ?IS *APT] BY BEG9N+ TO PROPOSE AN ANSW]3 BY MAK+ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES & :AT ,I CALL 0HUMAN ECONOMIES0--?AT IS1 ?OSE :]E MONEY ACTS PRIM>ILY AS A SOCIAL CURR5CY1 TO CREATE1 MA9TA91 OR SEV] RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE RA!R ?AN TO PUR*ASE ?+S4 ,AS ,ROSPABE SO COG5TLY DEMON/RAT$1 IT IS ! PECULI> QUALITY ( SU* SOCIAL CURR5CIES ?AT !Y >E NEV] QUITE EQUIVAL5T TO PEOPLE4 ,IF ANY?+1 !Y >E A CON/ANT REM9D] ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN NEV] BE EQUIVAL5T TO ANY?+--EV51 ULTIMATELY1 TO ONE ANO!R4 ,?IS IS ! PR(\ND TRU? ( ! BLOOD-FEUD4 ,NO ONE CAN EV] REALLY =GIVE ! MAN :O KILL$ HIS BRO!R BECAUSE EV]Y BRO!R IS UNIQUE4 ,NO?+ C\LD SUB/ITUTE--NOT EV5 SOME O!R MAN GIV5 ! SAME NAME & /ATUS AS Y\R BRO!R1 OR A CONCUB9E :O WILL BE> A SON :O WILL BE NAM$ AFT] Y\R BRO!R1 OR A <O/-WIFE :O WILL BE> A *ILD PL$G$ TO SOM$AY AV5GE HIS DEA?4 

,9 A HUMAN ECONOMY1 EA* P]SON IS UNIQUE1 & ( 9COMP>ABLE VALUE1 BECAUSE EA* IS A UNIQUE NEXUS ( RELATIONS ) O!RS4 ,A WOMAN MAY BE A DAU<T]1 SI/]1 LOV]1 RIVAL1 COMPANION1 MO!R1 AGE-MATE1 & M5TOR TO MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLE 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,EA* RELATION IS UNIQUE1 EV5 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y >E SU/A9$ ?R\< ! CON/ANT GIV+ BACK & =? ( G5]IC OBJECTS SU* AS RAFFIA CLO? OR BUNDLES ( COPP] WIRE4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 ?OSE OBJECTS MAKE ONE :O ONE IS--A FACT ILLU/RAT$ BY ! WAY ! OBJECTS US$ AS SOCIAL CURR5CIES >E SO (T5 ?+S O!RWISE US$ TO CLO! OR DECORATE ! HUMAN BODY1 ?AT HELP MAKE ONE :O ONE IS 9 ! EYES ( O!RS4 ,/ILL1 JU/ AS \R CLO!S DON'T REALLY MAKE US :O WE >E1 A RELATION%IP KEPT ALIVE BY ! GIV+ & TAK+ ( RAFFIA IS ALWAYS SOME?+ MORE ?AN ?AT4.<#c#b.> ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! RAFFIA1 9 TURN1 IS ALWAYS SOME?+ LESS4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I ?9K ,ROSPABE WAS RI<T TO EMPHASIZE ! FACT ?AT 9 SU* ECONOMIES1 MONEY CAN NEV] SUB/ITUTE = A P]SON3 MONEY IS A WAY ( ACKN[L$G+ ?AT V]Y FACT1 ?AT ! DEBT CANNOT BE PAID4 ,BUT EV5 ! NOTION ?AT A P]SON CAN SUB/ITUTE = A P]SON1 ?AT ONE SI/] CAN SOMEH[ BE EQUAT$ ) ANO!R1 IS BY NO MEANS SELF-EVID5T4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! T]M 0HUMAN ECONOMY0 IS D\BLE-$G$4 ,!SE >E1 AFT] ALL1 ECONOMIES3 ?AT IS1 SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE 9 :I* QUALITIES >E R$UC$ TO QUANTITIES1 ALL[+ CALCULATIONS ( GA9 & LOSS--EV5 IF ?OSE CALCULATIONS >E SIMPLY A MATT] 7AS 9 SI/] EX*ANGE7 ( #a EQUALS #a1 OR 7AS 9 ! FEUD7 ( #a M9US #a EQUALS 4 

,H[ IS ?IS CALCULABILITY EFFECTUAT$8 ,H[ DOES IT BECOME POSSIBLE TO TREAT PEOPLE AS IF !Y >E ID5TICAL8 ,! ,LELE EXAMPLE GAVE US A H9T3 TO MAKE A HUMAN BE+ AN OBJECT ( EX*ANGE1 ONE WOMAN EQUIVAL5T TO ANO!R = EXAMPLE1 REQUIRES FIR/ ( ALL RIPP+ H] FROM H] CONTEXT2 ?AT IS1 TE>+ H] AWAY FROM ?AT WEB ( RELATIONS ?AT MAKES H] ! UNIQUE CONFLUX ( RELATIONS ?AT %E IS1 & ?US1 9TO A G5]IC VALUE CAPABLE ( BE+ ADD$ & SUBTRACT$ & US$ AS A MEANS TO MEASURE DEBT4 ,?IS REQUIRES A C]TA9 VIOL5CE4 ,TO MAKE H] EQUIVAL5T TO A B> ( CAMWOOD TAKES EV5 MORE VIOL5CE1 & IT TAKES AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( SU/A9$ & SY/EMATIC VIOL5CE TO RIP H] SO COMPLETELY FROM H] CONTEXT ?AT %E BECOMES A SLAVE4 

,I %\LD BE CLE> H]E4 ,I AM NOT US+ ! WORD 0VIOL5CE0 METAPHORICALLY4 ,I AM NOT SPEAK+ M]ELY ( CONCEPTUAL VIOL5CE1 BUT ( ! LIT]AL ?REAT ( BROK5 BONES & BRUIS$ FLE%2 ( PUN*ES & KICKS2 9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT :5 ! ANCI5T ,HEBREWS SPOKE ( !IR DAU<T]S 9 0BONDAGE10 !Y W]E NOT BE+ POETIC1 BUT TALK+ AB\T LIT]AL ROPES & *A9S4 

,MO/ ( US DON'T LIKE TO ?9K MU* AB\T VIOL5CE4 ,?OSE LUCKY 5\< TO LIVE RELATIVELY COM=TABLE1 SECURE LIVES 9 MOD]N CITIES T5D EI!R TO ACT AS IF IT DOES NOT EXI/ OR1 :5 REM9D$ ?AT IT DOES1 TO WRITE (F ! L>G] WORLD 0\T !RE0 AS A T]RIBLE1 BRUTAL PLACE1 ) NOT MU* ?AT CAN BE DONE TO HELP IT4 ,EI!R 9/9CT ALL[S US NOT TO HAVE TO ?9K AB\T ! DEGREE TO :I* EV5 \R [N DAILY EXI/5CE IS DEF9$ BY VIOL5CE OR AT LEA/ ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE 7AS ,I'VE (T5 NOT$1 ?9K AB\T :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF Y\ W]E TO 9SI/ ON Y\R RI<T TO 5T] A UNIV]SITY LIBR>Y )\T A PROP]LY VALIDAT$ ,I,D71 & TO OV]/ATE ! IMPORTANCE--OR AT LEA/ ! FREQU5CY--( ?+S LIKE W>1 T]RORISM1 & VIOL5T CRIME4 ,! ROLE ( =CE 9 PROVID+ ! FRAMEWORK = HUMAN RELATIONS IS SIMPLY MORE EXPLICIT 9 :AT WE CALL 0TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES0--EV5 IF 9 MANY1 ACTUAL PHYSICAL ASSAULT BY ONE HUMAN ON ANO!R OCCURS LESS (T5 ?AN 9 \R [N4 ,H]E'S A /ORY FROM ! ,BUNYORO K+DOM1 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA3 

,ONCE A MAN MOV$ 9TO A NEW VILLAGE4 ,HE WANT$ TO F9D \T :AT HIS NEI<BORS W]E LIKE1 SO 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NI<T HE PRET5D$ TO BEAT HIS WIFE V]Y SEV]ELY1 TO SEE IF ! NEI<BORS W\LD COME & REMON/RATE ) HIM4 ,BUT HE DID NOT REALLY BEAT H]2 9/EAD HE BEAT A GOATSK91 :ILE HIS WIFE SCREAM$ & CRI$ \T ?AT HE WAS KILL+ H]4 ,NOBODY CAME1 & ! V]Y NEXT DAY ! MAN & HIS WIFE PACK$ UP & LEFT ?AT VILLAGE & W5T TO F9D SOME O!R PLACE TO LIVE4.<#c#c.> 

,! PO9T IS OBVI\S4 ,9 A PROP] VILLAGE1 ! NEI<BORS %\LD HAVE RU%$ 91 HELD HIM BACK1 DEM&$ TO KN[ :AT ! WOMAN C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE DONE TO DES]VE SU* TREATM5T4 ,! DISPUTE W\LD BECOME A COLLECTIVE CONC]N ?AT 5D$ 9 SOME SORT ( COLLECTIVE SETTLEM5T4 ,?IS IS H[ PEOPLE \<T TO LIVE4 ,NO REASONABLE MAN OR WOMAN W\LD WANT TO LIVE 9 A PLACE :]E NEI<BORS DON'T LOOK AFT] ONE ANO!R4 

,9 ITS [N WAY IT'S A REVEAL+ /ORY1 *>M+ EV51 BUT ONE MU/ /ILL ASK3 ,H[ W\LD A COMMUNITY--EV5 ONE ! MAN 9 ! /ORY W\LD HAVE CONSID]$ A PROP] COMMUNITY--HAVE REACT$ IF !Y ?\<T %E WAS BEAT+ HIM8.<#c#d.> ,I ?9K WE ALL KN[ ! ANSW]4 ,! FIR/ CASE W\LD HAVE L$ TO CONC]N2 ! SECOND W\LD HAVE L$ TO RIDICULE4 ,9 ,EUROPE 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 Y\NG VILLAG]S US$ TO PUT ON SATIRICAL SKITS MAK+ FUN ( HUSB&S BEAT5 BY !IR WIVES1 EV5 TO P>ADE !M AB\T ! T[N M\NT$ BACKW>DS ON AN ASS = EV]YONE TO JE] AT4.<#c#e.> ,NO ,AFRICAN SOCIETY1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 W5T QUITE ?IS F>4 7,NEI!R DID ANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETY BURN AS MANY WIT*ES--,WE/]N ,EUROPE AT ?AT TIME WAS A P>TICUL>LY SAVAGE PLACE47 ,YET AS 9 MO/ ( ! WORLD1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ONE SORT ( BRUTALITY WAS AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY LEGITIMATE1 & ?AT ! O!R WAS NOT1 WAS ! FRAMEWORK )9 :I* RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES TOOK PLACE4.<#c#f.> 

,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE IS ?AT !RE IS A DIRECT RELATION BETWE5 ?AT FACT & ! POSSIBILITY ( TRAD+ LIVES = ONE ANO!R4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E FOND ( MAK+ DIAGRAMS TO REPRES5T PREF]5TIAL M>RIAGE PATT]NS4 ,SOMETIMES1 !SE DIAGRAMS CAN BE QUITE BEAUTIFUL3.<#c#g.> 

,IDEAL PATT]N ( BILAT]AL CROSS-C\S9 M>RIAGE 

,SOMETIMES !Y M]ELY HAVE A C]TA9 ELEGANT SIMPLICITY1 AS 9 ?IS DIAGRAM ON AN 9/ANCE ( ,TIV SI/] EXHANGE3.<#c#h.> 

,HUMAN BE+S1 LEFT TO FOLL[ !IR [N DESIRES1 R>ELY >RANGE !MSELVES 9 SYMMETRICAL PATT]NS4 ,SU* SYMMETRY T5DS TO BE B\<T AT A T]RIBLE HUMAN PRICE4 ,9 ! ,TIV CASE1 ,AKIGA IS ACTUALLY WILL+ TO DESCRIBE IT3 

,UND] ! OLD SY/EM AN ELD] :O HAD A W>D C\LD ALWAYS M>RY A Y\NG GIRL1 H[EV] S5ILE HE MI<T BE1 EV5 IF HE W]E A LEP] ) NO H&S OR FEET2 NO GIRL W\LD D>E TO REFUSE HIM4 ,IF ANO!R MAN W]E ATTRACT$ BY HIS W>D HE W\LD TAKE HIS [N & GIVE H] TO ! OLD MAN BY =CE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE AN EX*ANGE4 ,! GIRL HAD TO GO ) ! OLD MAN1 SORR[FULLY C>RY+ HIS GOAT-SK9 BAG4 ,IF %E RAN BACK TO H] HOME H] [N] CAU<T H] & BEAT H]1 !N B\ND H] & BR\<T H] BACK TO ! ELD]4 ,! OLD MAN WAS PLEAS$1 & GR9N$ TILL HE %[$ HIS BLACK5$ MOL>S4 0,:]EV] Y\ GO10 HE TOLD H]1 0Y\ WILL BE BR\<T BACK H]E TO ME2 SO /OP WORRY+1 & SETTLE D[N AS MY WIFE40 ,! GIRL FRETT$1 TILL %E WI%$ ! E>? MI<T SWALL[ H]4 ,SOME WOM5 EV5 /ABB$ !MSELVES TO DEA? :5 !Y W]E GIV5 TO AN OLD MAN AGA9/ !IR WILL2 BUT 9 SPITE ( ALL1 ! ,TIV DID NOT C>E4.<#c#i.> 

,! LA/ L9E SAYS EV]Y?+4 ,CIT+ IT MI<T SEEM UNFAIR 7! ,TIV DID1 EVID5TLY1 C>E 5\< TO ELECT ,AKIGA TO BE !IR FIR/ P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVE1 KN[+ HE SUPPORT$ LEGISLATION TO \TLAW SU* PRACTICES71 BUT IT S]VES NICELY TO BR+ HOME ! REAL PO9T3 ?AT C]TA9 SORTS ( VIOL5CE W]E CONSID]$ MORALLY ACCEPTABLE4.<#c#a.> ,NO NEI<BORS W\LD RU% 9 TO 9T]V5E IF A GU>DIAN WAS BEAT+ A RUNAWAY W>D4 ,OR IF !Y DID1 IT W\LD BE TO 9SI/ ?AT HE USE MORE G5TLE MEANS TO RETURN H] TO H] RI<TFUL HUSB&4 ,& IT WAS BECAUSE WOM5 KNEW ?AT ?IS IS H[ !IR NEI<BORS1 OR EV5 P>5TS1 W\LD REACT ?AT 0EX*ANGE M>RIAGE0 WAS POSSIBLE4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN BY PEOPLE 0RIPP$ FROM !IR CONTEXTS40 

,! ,LELE W]E =TUNATE 5\< TO HAVE L>GELY ESCAP$ ! DEVA/ATIONS ( ! SLAVE TRADE2 ! ,TIV W]E SITT+ PRACTICALLY ON ! TEE? ( ! %>K1 & !Y HAD TO MAKE H]OIC EF=TS TO KEEP ! ?REAT AT BAY4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 BO? CASES !RE W]E ME*ANISMS = =CIBLY REMOV+ Y\NG WOM5 FROM !IR HOMES1 & IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS ?AT MADE !M EX*ANGEABLE--?\< 9 EA* CASE TOO1 A PR9CIPLE /IPULAT$ ?AT A WOMAN C\LD ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = ANO!R WOMAN4 ,! FEW EXCEPTIONS1 :5 WOM5 C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = O!R ?+S1 EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM W> & SLAV]Y--?AT IS1 :5 ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY RAT*ET$ UP4 

,! SLAVE TRADE1 ( C\RSE1 REPRES5T$ VIOL5CE ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SCALE4 ,WE >E SPEAK+ H]E ( DE/RUCTION ( G5OCIDAL PROPORTIONS1 9 WORLD-HI/ORIC T]MS1 COMP>ABLE ONLY TO EV5TS LIKE ! DE/RUCTION ( ,NEW ,WORLD CIVILIZATIONS OR ! ,HOLOCAU/4 ,NEI!R DO ,I MEAN 9 ANY WAY TO BLAME ! VICTIMS3 WE NE$ ONLY IMAG9E :AT W\LD BE LIKELY TO HAPP5 9 \R [N SOCIETY IF A GR\P ( SPACE ALI5S SUDD5LY APPE>$1 >M$ ) UNDEFEATABLE MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY1 9F9ITE WEAL?1 & NO RECOGNIZABLE MORALITY--& ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y W]E WILL+ TO PAY A MILLION DOLL>S EA* = HUMAN WORK]S1 NO QUE/IONS ASK$4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE AT LEA/ A H&FUL ( PEOPLE UNSCRUPUL\S 5\< TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( SU* A SITUATION--& A H&FUL IS ALL IT TAKES4 

,GR\PS LIKE ! ,>O ,CONF$]ACY REPRES5T AN ALL-TOO-FAMILI> /RATEGY1 DEPLOY$ BY FASCI/S1 MAFIAS1 & RI<T-W+ GANG/]S EV]Y:]E3 FIR/ UNLEA% ! CRIM9AL VIOL5CE ( AN UNLIMIT$ M>KET1 9 :I* EV]Y?+ IS = SALE & ! PRICE ( LIFE BECOMES EXTREMELY *EAP2 !N /EP 91 (F]+ TO RE/ORE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( ORD]--?\< ONE :I* 9 ITS V]Y H>%NESS LEAVES ALL ! MO/ PR(ITABLE ASPECTS ( ! E>LI] *AOS 9TACT4 ,! VIOL5CE IS PRES]V$ )9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! LAW4 ,SU* MAFIAS1 TOO1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 5D UP 5=C+ A /RICT CODE ( HONOR 9 :I* MORALITY BECOMES ABOVE ALL A MATT] ( PAY+ ONE'S DEBTS4 

,W]E ?IS A DIFF]5T BOOK1 ,I MI<T REFLECT H]E ON ! CURI\S P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! ,CROSS ,RIV] SOCIETIES & ,BALI1 BO? ( :I* SAW A MAGNIFIC5T \TBUR/ ( >TI/IC CREATIVITY 7,CROSS ,RIV] ,EKPE MASKS W]E A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON ,PICASSO7 ?AT TOOK ! =M1 ABOVE ALL1 ( AN EFFLORESC5CE ( !ATRICAL P]=MANCE1 REPLETE ) 9TRICATE MUSIC1 SPL5DID CO/UMES1 & /YLIZ$ DANCE--A K9D ( ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL ORD] AS IMAG9>Y SPECTACLE--AT ! EXACT MOM5T ?AT ORD9>Y LIFE BECAME A GAME ( CON/ANT P]IL 9 :I* ANY MIS/EP MI<T LEAD TO BE+ S5T AWAY4 ,:AT WAS ! L9K BETWE5 ! TWO8 ,IT'S AN 9T]E/+ QUE/ION1 BUT NOT ONE WE CAN REALLY ANSW] H]E4 ,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION HAS TO BE3 ,H[ COMMON WAS ?IS8 ,! ,AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE WAS1 AS ,I M5TION$1 AN UNPREC$5T$ CATA/ROPHE1 BUT COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES HAD ALREADY BE5 EXTRACT+ SLAVES FROM HUMAN ECONOMIES = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,IT IS A PRACTICE AS OLD AS CIVILIZATION4 ,! QUE/ION ,I WANT TO ASK IS3 ,TO :AT DEGREE IS IT ACTUALLY CON/ITUTIVE ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF8 

,I AM NOT SPEAK+ /RICTLY ( SLAV]Y H]E1 BUT ( ?AT PROCESS ?AT DISLODGES PEOPLE FROM ! WEBS ( MUTUAL COMMITM5T1 %>$ HI/ORY1 & COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY ?AT MAKE !M :AT !Y >E1 SO AS TO MAKE !M EX*ANGEABLE--?AT IS1 TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE !M SUBJECT TO ! LOGIC ( DEBT4 ,SLAV]Y IS JU/ ! LOGICAL 5D-PO9T1 ! MO/ EXTREME =M ( SU* DIS5TANGLEM5T4 ,BUT = ?AT REASON IT PROVIDES US ) A W9D[ ON ! PROCESS AS A :OLE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 [+ TO ITS HI/ORICAL ROLE1 SLAV]Y HAS %AP$ \R BASIC ASSUMPTIONS & 9/ITUTIONS 9 WAYS ?AT WE >E NO LONG] AW>E ( & :OSE 9FLU5CE WE W\LD PROBABLY NEV] WI% TO ACKN[L$GE IF WE W]E4 ,IF WE HAVE BECOME A DEBT SOCIETY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! LEGACY ( W>1 CONQUE/1 & SLAV]Y HAS NEV] COMPLETELY GONE AWAY4 ,IT'S /ILL !RE1 LODG$ 9 \R MO/ 9TIMATE CONCEPTIONS ( HONOR1 PROP]TY1 EV5 FRE$OM4 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT WE CAN NO LONG] SEE ?AT IT'S !RE4 

,9 ! NEXT *APT]1 ,I WILL BEG9 TO DESCRIBE H[ ?IS HAPP5$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

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