,*APT] #e 
,A ,BRIEF ,TREATISE ON ! ,MORAL ,GR\NDS ( ,ECONOMIC ,RELATIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,A ,BRIEF ,TREATISE ON ! ,MORAL ,GR\NDS ( ,ECONOMIC ,RELATIONS 

  

,TO TELL ! HI/ORY ( DEBT1 !N1 IS ALSO NECESS>ILY TO RECON/RUCT H[ ! LANGUAGE ( ! M>KETPLACE HAS COME TO P]VADE EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN LIFE--EV5 TO PROVIDE ! T]M9OLOGY = ! MORAL & RELIGI\S VOICES O/5SIBLY RAIS$ AGA9/ IT4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[ BO? ,V$IC & ,*RI/IAN TEA*+S ?US 5D UP MAK+ ! SAME CURI\S MOVE3 FIR/ DESCRIB+ ALL MORALITY AS DEBT1 BUT !N1 9 !IR V]Y MANN] ( DO+ SO1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT MORALITY CANNOT REALLY BE R$UC$ TO DEBT1 ?AT IT MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 SOME?+ ELSE4.<#a#d#g.> 

,BUT :AT8 ,RELIGI\S TRADITIONS PREF] VA/1 COSMOLOGICAL ANSW]S3 ! ALT]NATIVE TO ! MORALITY ( DEBT LIES 9 RECOGNITION ( CONT9UITY ) ! UNIV]SE1 OR LIFE 9 ! EXPECTATION ( ! IMM95T ANNIHILATION ( ! UNIV]SE1 OR ABSOLUTE SUBORD9ATION TO ! DEITY1 OR )DRAWAL 9TO ANO!R WORLD4 ,MY [N AIMS >E MORE MODE/1 SO ,I WILL TAKE ! OPPOSITE APPROA*4 ,IF WE REALLY WANT TO UND]/& ! MORAL GR\NDS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 & BY EXT5SION1 HUMAN LIFE1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT WE MU/ />T 9/EAD ) ! V]Y SMALL ?+S3 ! EV]YDAY DETAILS ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 ! WAY WE TREAT \R FRI5DS1 5EMIES1 & *ILDR5--(T5 ) GE/URES SO T9Y 7PASS+ ! SALT1 BUMM+ A CIG>ETTE7 ?AT WE ORD9>ILY NEV] /OP TO ?9K AB\T !M AT ALL4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY HAS %[N US JU/ H[ DIFF]5T & NUM]\S >E ! WAYS 9 :I* HUMANS HAVE BE5 KN[N TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,BUT IT ALSO REVEALS SOME REM>KABLE COMMONALITIES--FUNDAM5TAL MORAL PR9CIPLES ?AT APPE> TO EXI/ EV]Y:]E1 & ?AT WILL ALWAYS T5D TO BE 9VOK$1 :]EV] PEOPLE TRANSF] OBJECTS BACK & =? OR >GUE AB\T :AT O!R PEOPLE [E !M4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS ?AT HUMAN LIFE IS SO COMPLICAT$1 9 TURN1 IS BECAUSE MANY ( !SE PR9CIPLES CONTRADICT ONE ANO!R4 ,AS WE WILL SEE1 !Y >E CON/ANTLY PULL+ US 9 RADICALLY DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS4 ,! MORAL LOGIC ( EX*ANGE1 & H5CE ( DEBT1 IS ONLY ONE2 9 ANY GIV5 SITUATION1 !RE >E LIKELY TO BE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ?AT C\LD BE BR\<T TO BE>4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! MORAL CONFUSION DISCUSS$ 9 ! FIR/ *APT] IS H>DLY NEW2 9 A S5SE1 MORAL ?\<T IS F\ND$ ON ?IS V]Y T5SION4 

,TO REALLY UND]/& :AT DEBT IS1 !N1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO UND]/& H[ IT'S DIFF]5T FROM O!R SORTS ( OBLIGATION ?AT HUMAN BE+S MI<T HAVE TO ONE ANO!R--:I*1 9 TURN1 MEANS MAPP+ \T :AT ?OSE O!R SORTS ( OBLIGATION ACTUALLY >E4 ,DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 POSES PECULI> *ALL5GES4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL !ORY--ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY 9CLUD$--(F]S SURPRIS+LY LITTLE HELP 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,!RE'S AN 5ORM\S AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON GIFTS1 = 9/ANCE1 />T+ ) ! ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,M>CEL ,MAUSS'S ESSAY ( #a#i#b#e1 EV5 ON 0GIFT ECONOMIES0 ?AT OP]ATE ON COMPLETELY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ?AN M>KET ECONOMIES--BUT 9 ! 5D1 ALMO/ ALL ?IS LIT]ATURE CONC5TRATES ON ! EX*ANGE ( GIFTS1 ASSUM+ ?AT :5EV] ONE GIVES A GIFT1 ?IS ACT 9CURS A DEBT1 & ! RECIPI5T MU/ EV5TUALLY RECIPROCATE 9 K9D4 ,MU* AS 9 ! CASE ( ! GREAT RELIGIONS1 ! LOGIC ( ! M>KETPLACE HAS 9S9UAT$ ITSELF EV5 9TO ! ?9K+ ( ?OSE :O >E MO/ EXPLICITLY OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,I AM GO+ TO HAVE TO />T OV] H]E1 TO CREATE A NEW !ORY1 PRETTY MU* FROM SCRAT*4 

,P>T ( ! PROBLEM IS ! EXTRAORD9>Y PLACE ?AT ECONOMICS CURR5TLY HOLDS 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,9 MANY WAYS IT IS TREAT$ AS A K9D ( MA/] DISCIPL9E4 ,JU/ AB\T ANYONE :O RUNS ANY?+ IMPORTANT 9 ,AM]ICA IS EXPECT$ TO HAVE SOME TRA9+ 9 ECONOMIC !ORY1 OR AT LEA/ TO BE FAMILI> ) ITS BASIC T5ETS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ?OSE T5ETS HAVE COME TO BE TREAT$ AS RECEIV$ WISDOM1 AS BASICALLY BEYOND QUE/ION 7ONE KN[S ONE IS 9 ! PRES5CE ( RECEIV$ WISDOM :51 IF ONE *ALL5GES IT1 ! FIR/ REACTION IS TO TREAT ONE AS SIMPLY IGNORANT--0,Y\ OBVI\SLY HAVE NEV] HE>D ( ! ,LAFF] ,CURVE02 0,CLE>LY Y\ NE$ A C\RSE 9 ,ECONOMICS #a#a0--! !ORY IS SE5 AS SO OBVI\SLY TRUE ?AT NO ONE :O UND]/&S IT C\LD POSSIBLY DISAGREE47 ,:AT'S MORE1 ?OSE BRAN*ES ( SOCIAL !ORY ?AT MAKE ! GREATE/ CLAIMS TO 0SCI5TIFIC /ATUS0--0RATIONAL *OICE !ORY10 = 9/ANCE--/>T FROM ! SAME ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN PSY*OLOGY ?AT ECONOMI/S DO3 ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E BE/ VIEW$ AS SELF-9T]E/$ ACTORS CALCULAT+ H[ TO GET ! BE/ T]MS POSSIBLE \T ( ANY SITUATION1 ! MO/ PR(IT OR PLEASURE OR HAPP9ESS = ! LEA/ SACRIFICE OR 9VE/M5T--CURI\S1 CONSID]+ EXP]IM5TAL PSY*OLOGI/S HAVE DEMON/RAT$ OV] & OV] AGA9 ?AT !SE ASSUMPTIONS SIMPLY >5'T TRUE4.<#a#d#h.> 

,FROM E>LY ON1 !RE W]E ?OSE :O WI%$ TO CREATE A !ORY ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION GR\ND$ 9 A MORE G5]\S VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE--9SI/+ ?AT MORAL LIFE COMES D[N TO SOME?+ MORE ?AN MUTUAL ADVANTAGE1 ?AT IT IS MOTIVAT$ ABOVE ALL BY A S5SE ( JU/ICE4 ,! KEY T]M H]E BECAME 0RECIPROCITY10 ! S5SE ( EQUITY1 BALANCE1 FAIRNESS1 & SYMMETRY1 EMBODI$ 9 \R IMAGE ( JU/ICE AS A SET ( SCALES4 ,ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS W]E JU/ ONE V>IANT ( ! PR9CIPLE ( BALANC$ EX*ANGE--& ONE ?AT HAD A NOTORI\S T5D5CY TO GO AWRY4 ,BUT IF ONE EXAM9ES MATT]S CLOSELY1 ONE F9DS ?AT ALL HUMAN RELATIONS >E BAS$ ON SOME V>IATION ON RECIPROCITY4 

,9 ! #a#i#eS1 '#fS & '#gS1 !RE WAS SOME?+ ( A CRAZE = ?IS SORT ( ?+1 9 ! GUISE ( :AT WAS !N CALL$ 0EX*ANGE !ORY10 DEVELOP$ 9 9F9ITE V>IATIONS1 FROM ,GEORGE ,HOMANS' 0,SOCIAL ,EX*ANGE ,!ORY0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S ,/RUCTURALISM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 :O BECAME A K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL GOD 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 MADE ! EXTRAORD9>Y >GUM5T ?AT HUMAN LIFE C\LD BE IMAG9$ AS CONSI/+ ( ?REE SPH]ES3 LANGUAGE 7:I* CONSI/$ ( ! EX*ANGE ( WORDS71 K9%IP 7:I* CONSI/$ ( ! EX*ANGE ( WOM571 & ECONOMICS 7:I* CONSI/$ ( ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S74 ,ALL ?REE1 HE 9SI/$1 W]E GOV]N$ BY ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( RECIPROCITY4.<#a#d#i.> 

,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S /> IS FALL5 N[1 & SU* EXTREME /ATEM5TS SEEM1 9 RETROSPECT1 A LITTLE BIT RIDICUL\S4 ,/ILL1 IT'S NOT AS IF ANYONE HAS PROPOS$ A BOLD NEW !ORY TO REPLACE ALL ?IS4 ,9/EAD1 ! ASSUMPTIONS HAVE SIMPLY RETREAT$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,ALMO/ EV]YONE CONT9UES TO ASSUME ?AT 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL NATURE1 SOCIAL LIFE IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCITY1 & !RE=E ?AT ALL HUMAN 9T]ACTION CAN BE/ BE UND]/OOD AS A K9D ( EX*ANGE4 ,IF SO1 !N DEBT REALLY IS AT ! ROOT ( ALL MORALITY1 BECAUSE DEBT IS :AT HAPP5S :5 SOME BALANCE HAS NOT YET BE5 RE/OR$4 

,BUT CAN ALL JU/ICE REALLY BE R$UC$ TO RECIPROCITY8 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO COME UP ) =MS ( RECIPROCITY ?AT DON'T SEEM P>TICUL>LY JU/4 0,DO UNTO O!RS AS Y\ W\LD WI% O!RS TO DO UNTO Y\0 MI<T SEEM LIKE AN EXCELL5T F\NDATION = A SY/EM ( E?ICS1 BUT = MO/ ( US1 0AN EYE = AN EYE0 DOES NOT EVOKE JU/ICE SO MU* AS V9DICTIVE BRUTALITY4.<#a#e.> 0,ONE GOOD TURN DES]VES ANO!R0 IS A PLEASANT S5TIM5T1 BUT 0,I'LL SCRAT* Y\R BACK1 Y\ SCRAT* M9E0 IS %OR?& = POLITICAL CORRUPTION4 ,CONV]SELY1 !RE >E RELATION%IPS ?AT SEEM CLE>LY MORAL BUT APPE> TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) RECIPROCITY4 ,! RELATION BETWE5 MO!R & *ILD IS AN (T-CIT$ EXAMPLE4 ,MO/ ( US LE>N \R S5SE ( JU/ICE & MORALITY FIR/ FROM \R P>5TS4 ,YET IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO SEE ! RELATION BETWE5 P>5T & *ILD AS P>TICUL>LY RECIPROCAL4 

,W\LD WE REALLY BE WILL+ TO CONCLUDE ?AT !RE=E IT IS NOT A MORAL RELATION%IP8 ,?AT IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) JU/ICE8 

,! ,CANADIAN NOVELI/ ,M>G>ET ,ATWOOD BEG9S A REC5T BOOK ON DEBT ) A SIMIL> P>ADOX3 

,NATURE ,WRIT] ,]NE/ ,?OMPSON ,SETON HAD AN ODD BILL PRES5T$ TO HIM ON HIS TW5TY-FIR/ BIR?DAY4 ,IT WAS A RECORD KEPT BY HIS FA!R ( ALL ! EXP5SES CONNECT$ ) Y\NG ,]NE/'S *ILDHOOD & Y\?1 9CLUD+ ! FEE *>G$ BY ! DOCTOR = DELIV]+ HIM4 ,EV5 MORE ODDLY1 ,]NE/ IS SAID TO HAVE PAID IT4 ,I US$ TO ?9K ?AT ,MR4 ,SETON ,S5IOR WAS A J]K1 BUT N[ ,I'M WOND]+4.<#a#e#a.> 

,MO/ ( US W\LDN'T WOND] MU*4 ,SU* BEHAVIOR SEEMS MON/R\S1 9HUMAN4 ,C]TA9LY ,SETON DID3 HE PAID ! BILL1 BUT NEV] SPOKE TO HIS FA!R AGA9 AFT]W>DS4.<#a#e#b.> ,& 9 A WAY1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :Y ! PRES5TATION ( SU* A BILL SEEMS SO \TRAGE\S4 ,SQU>+ ACC\NTS MEANS ?AT ! TWO P>TIES HAVE ! ABILITY TO WALK AWAY FROM EA* O!R4 ,BY PRES5T+ IT1 HIS FA!R SUGGE/$ HE'D JU/ AS SOON HAVE NO?+ FUR!R TO DO ) HIM4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE MO/ ( US CAN IMAG9E :AT WE [E TO \R P>5TS AS A K9D ( DEBT1 FEW ( US CAN IMAG9E BE+ ABLE TO ACTUALLY PAY IT--OR EV5 ?AT SU* A DEBT EV] %\LD BE PAID4 ,YET IF IT CAN'T BE PAID1 9 :AT S5SE IS IT A 0DEBT0 AT ALL8 ,& IF IT IS NOT A DEBT1 :AT IS IT8 

,ONE OBVI\S PLACE TO LOOK = ALT]NATIVES IS 9 CASES ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION 9 :I* EXPECTATIONS ( RECIPROCITY SEEM TO SLAM 9TO A WALL4 ,N9ETE5?-C5TURY TRAVEL]S' ACC\NTS1 = 9/ANCE1 >E FULL ( ?IS SORT ( ?+4 ,MISSION>IES WORK+ 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ,AFRICA W\LD (T5 BE A/\ND$ BY ! REACTIONS !Y W\LD RECEIVE :5 !Y ADM9I/]$ M$IC9ES4 ,H]E'S A TYPICAL EXAMPLE1 FROM A ,BRITI% MISSION>Y 9 ,CONGO3 

,A DAY OR TWO AFT] WE REA*$ ,VANA WE F\ND ONE ( ! NATIVES V]Y ILL ) PNEUMONIA4 ,COMB] TREAT$ HIM & KEPT HIM ALIVE ON /RONG F[L-S\P2 A GREAT DEAL ( C>EFUL NURS+ & ATT5TION WAS VISIT$ ON HIM1 = HIS H\SE WAS BESIDE ! CAMP4 ,:5 WE W]E READY TO GO ON \R WAY AGA91 ! MAN WAS WELL4 ,TO \R A/ONI%M5T HE CAME & ASK$ US = A PRES5T1 & WAS AS A/ONI%$ & DISGU/$ AS HE HAD MADE US TO BE1 :5 WE DECL9$ GIV+ IT4 ,WE SUGGE/$ ?AT IT WAS HIS PLACE TO BR+ US A PRES5T & TO %[ SOME GRATITUDE4 ,HE SAID TO US1 0,WELL 9DE$6 ,Y\ :ITE M5 HAVE NO %AME60.<#a#e#c.> 

,9 ! E>LY DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH] ,LUCI5 ,LEVY-,BRUHL1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE ?AT 0NATIVES0 OP]AT$ ) AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T =M ( LOGIC1 COMPIL$ A LI/ ( SIMIL> /ORIES3 = 9/ANCE1 ( A MAN SAV$ FROM DR[N+ :O PROCE$$ TO ASK HIS RESCU] TO GIVE HIM SOME NICE CLO!S TO WE>1 OR ANO!R :O1 ON BE+ NURS$ BACK TO HEAL? AFT] HAV+ BE5 SAVAG$ BY A TIG]1 DEM&$ A KNIFE4 ,ONE ,FR5* MISSION>Y WORK+ 9 ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA 9SI/$ ?AT SU* ?+S HAPP5$ TO HIM ON A REGUL> BASIS3 

,Y\ SAVE A P]SON'S LIFE1 & Y\ MU/ EXPECT TO RECEIVE A VISIT FROM HIM BE=E LONG2 Y\ >E N[ UND] AN OBLIGATION TO HIM1 & Y\ WILL NOT GET RID ( HIM EXCEPT BY GIV+ HIM PRES5TS4.<#a#e#d.> 

,N[1 C]TA9LY1 !RE IS ALMO/ ALWAYS FELT TO BE SOME?+ EXTRAORD9>Y AB\T SAV+ A LIFE4 ,ANY?+ SURR\ND+ BIR? & DEA? ALMO/ CANNOT HELP BUT P>TAKE ( ! 9F9ITE1 &1 !RE=E1 ?R[ ALL EV]YDAY MEANS ( MORAL CALCULATION ASKEW4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY :Y /ORIES LIKE ?IS HAD BECOME SOME?+ ( A CLI*E 9 ,AM]ICA :5 ,I WAS GR[+ UP4 ,I REMEMB] AS A *ILD SEV]AL TIMES BE+ TOLD ?AT AMONG ! ,9UIT 7OR SOMETIMES IT WAS AMONG ,BUDDHI/S1 OR ,*9ESE1 BUT CURI\SLY1 NEV] ,AFRICANS7--?AT IF ONE SAVES SOMEONE ELSE'S LIFE1 ONE IS CONSID]$ RESPONSIBLE = TAK+ C>E ( ?AT P]SON =EV]4 ,IT DEFIES \R S5SE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,BUT SOMEH[1 IT ALSO MAKES A WEIRD K9D ( S5SE4 

,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ :AT WAS REALLY GO+ ON 9 ! M9DS ( ! PATI5TS 9 !SE /ORIES1 S9CE WE DON'T KN[ :O !Y W]E OR :AT SORT ( EXPECTATIONS !Y HAD 7H[ !Y NORMALLY 9T]ACT$ ) !IR DOCTORS1 = EXAMPLE74 ,BUT WE CAN GUESS4 ,LET'S TRY A ?\<T EXP]IM5T4 ,IMAG9E ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A PLACE :]E1 IF ONE MAN SAV$ ANO!R'S LIFE1 ! TWO BECAME LIKE BRO!RS4 ,EA* WAS N[ EXPECT$ TO %>E EV]Y?+1 & TO PROVIDE = ! O!R :5 HE WAS 9 NE$4 ,IF SO1 ! PATI5T W\LD SURELY NOTICE ?AT HIS NEW BRO!R APPE>$ TO BE EXTRAORD9>ILY WEAL?Y1 NOT 9 MU* NE$ ( ANY?+1 BUT ?AT HE1 ! PATI5T1 WAS LACK+ 9 MANY ?+S ! MISSION>Y C\LD PROVIDE4 

,ALT]NATELY 7& MORE LIKELY71 IMAG9E ?AT WE >E DEAL+ NOT ) A RELATION%IP ( RADICAL EQUALITY BUT ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 ,9 MANY P>TS ( ,AFRICA1 ACCOMPLI%$ CUR]S W]E ALSO IMPORTANT POLITICAL FIGURES ) EXT5SIVE CLI5TELES ( =M] PATI5TS4 ,A W\LD-BE FOLL[] ?US >RIVES TO DECL>E HIS POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE4 ,:AT COMPLICATES ! MATT] 9 ?IS CASE IS ?AT FOLL[]S ( GREAT M51 9 ?IS P>T ( ,AFRICA1 W]E 9 A RELATIVELY /RONG B>GA9+ POSITION4 ,GOOD H5*M5 W]E H>D TO COME BY2 IMPORTANT PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO BE G5]\S ) FOLL[]S TO KEEP !M FROM JO9+ SOME RIVAL'S 5T\RAGE 9/EAD4 ,IF SO1 ASK+ = A %IRT OR KNIFE W\LD BE A WAY ( ASK+ = CONFIRMATION ?AT ! MISSION>Y DOES WI% TO HAVE ! MAN AS A FOLL[]4 ,PAY+ HIM BACK1 9 CONTRA/1 W\LD BE1 LIKE ,SETON'S GE/URE TO HIS FA!R1 AN 9SULT3 A WAY ( SAY+ ?AT DESPITE ! MISSION>Y HAV+ SAV$ HIS LIFE1 HE W\LD JU/ AS SOON HAVE NO?+ FUR!R TO DO ) HIM4 

,?IS IS A ?\<T EXP]IM5T--BECAUSE WE DON'T REALLY KN[ :AT ! ,AFRICAN PATI5TS W]E ?9K+4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT SU* =MS ( RADICAL EQUALITY & RADICAL 9EQUALITY DO EXI/ 9 ! WORLD1 ?AT EA* C>RIES )9 IT ITS [N K9D ( MORALITY1 ITS [N WAY ( ?9K+ & >GU+ AB\T ! RI<TS & WRONGS ( ANY GIV5 SITUATION1 & !SE MORALITIES >E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ?AN ?AT ( TIT-=-TAT EX*ANGE4 ,9 ! RE/ ( ! *APT]1 ,I WILL PROVIDE A R\<-&-READY WAY TO MAP \T ! MA9 POSSIBILITIES1 BY PROPOS+ ?AT !RE >E ?REE MA9 MORAL PR9CIPLES ON :I* ECONOMIC RELATIONS CAN BE F\ND$1 ALL ( :I* OCCUR 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY1 & :I* ,I WILL CALL COMMUNISM1 HI]>*Y1 & EX*ANGE4 

,COMMUNISM 

  

,I WILL DEF9E COMMUNISM H]E AS ANY HUMAN RELATION%IP ?AT OP]ATES ON ! PR9CIPLES ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40 

,I ADMIT ?AT ! USAGE H]E IS A BIT PROVOCATIVE4 0,COMMUNISM0 IS A WORD ?AT CAN EVOKE /RONG EMOTIONAL REACTIONS--MA9LY1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE WE T5D TO ID5TIFY IT ) 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES4 ,?IS IS IRONIC1 S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?AT RUL$ OV] ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS SATELLITES1 & ?AT /ILL RULE ,*9A & ,CUBA1 NEV] DESCRIB$ !IR [N SY/EMS AS 0COMMUNI/40 ,!Y DESCRIB$ !M AS 0SOCIALI/40 0,COMMUNISM0 WAS ALWAYS A DI/ANT1 SOME:AT FUZZY UTOPIAN IDEAL1 USUALLY TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE--TO BE A*IEV$ AT SOME PO9T 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,\R ?9K+ AB\T COMMUNISM HAS BE5 DOM9AT$ BY A MY?4 ,ONCE UPON A TIME1 HUMANS HELD ALL ?+S 9 COMMON--9 ! ,G>D5 ( ,$51 DUR+ ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( ,SATURN1 9 ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]-GA!R] B&S4 ,!N CAME ! ,FALL1 AS A RESULT ( :I* WE >E N[ CURS$ ) DIVISIONS ( P[] & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! DREAM WAS ?AT SOM$AY1 ) ! ADVANCE ( TE*NOLOGY & G5]AL PROSP]ITY1 ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION OR ! GUIDANCE ( ! ,P>TY1 WE W\LD F9ALLY BE 9 A POSITION TO PUT ?+S BACK1 TO RE/ORE COMMON [N]%IP & COMMON MANAGEM5T ( COLLECTIVE RES\RCES4 ,?R\<\T ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES1 ,COMMUNI/S & ANTI-,COMMUNI/S >GU$ OV] H[ PLAUSIBLE ?IS PICTURE WAS & :E!R IT W\LD BE A BLESS+ OR A NI<TM>E4 ,BUT !Y ALL AGRE$ ON ! BASIC FRAMEWORK3 COMMUNISM WAS AB\T COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 DID ONCE EXI/ 9 ! DI/ANT PA/1 & SOM$AY IT MI<T RETURN4 

,WE MI<T CALL ?IS 0MY?IC COMMUNISM0--OR EV51 0EPIC COMMUNISM0--A /ORY WE LIKE TO TELL \RSELVES4 ,S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 IT HAS 9SPIR$ MILLIONS2 BUT IT HAS ALSO DONE 5ORM\S DAMAGE TO HUMANITY4 ,IT'S HI< TIME1 ,I ?9K1 TO BRU% ! 5TIRE >GUM5T ASIDE4 ,9 FACT1 0COMMUNISM0 IS NOT SOME MAGICAL UTOPIA1 & NEI!R DOES IT HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS SOME?+ ?AT EXI/S RI<T N[--?AT EXI/S1 TO SOME DEGREE1 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY1 AL?\< !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ONE 9 :I* EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9 ?AT WAY1 & IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ !RE C\LD BE4 ,ALL ( US ACT LIKE COMMUNI/S A GOOD DEAL ( ! TIME4 ,NONE ( US ACTS LIKE A COMMUNI/ CONSI/5TLY4 0,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY0--9 ! S5SE ( A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ?AT S+LE PR9CIPLE--C\LD NEV] EXI/4 ,BUT ALL SOCIAL SY/EMS1 EV5 ECONOMIC SY/EMS LIKE CAPITALISM1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 BUILT ON TOP ( A B$ROCK ( ACTUALLY-EXI/+ COMMUNISM4 

,/>T+1 AS ,I SAY1 FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S0 ALL[S US TO LOOK PA/ ! QUE/ION ( 9DIVIDUAL OR PRIVATE [N]%IP 7:I* IS (T5 LITTLE MORE ?AN =MAL LEGALITY ANYWAY7 & AT MU* MORE IMM$IATE & PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( :O HAS ACCESS TO :AT SORTS ( ?+S & UND] :AT CONDITIONS4.<#a#e#e.> ,:5EV] IT IS ! OP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF IT'S JU/ TWO PEOPLE :O >E 9T]ACT+1 WE CAN SAY WE >E 9 ! PRES5CE ( A SORT ( COMMUNISM4 

,ALMO/ EV]YONE FOLL[S ?IS PR9CIPLE IF !Y >E COLLABORAT+ ON SOME COMMON PROJECT4.<#a#e#f.> ,IF SOMEONE FIX+ A BROK5 WAT] PIPE SAYS1 0,H& ME ! WR5*10 HIS C[ORK] WILL NOT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 SAY1 0,& :AT DO ,I GET = IT80--EV5 IF !Y >E WORK+ = ,EXXON-,MOBIL1 ,BURG] ,K+1 OR ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S4 ,! REASON IS SIMPLE EFFICI5CY 7IRONICALLY 5\<1 CONSID]+ ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ?AT 0COMMUNISM JU/ DOESN'T WORK073 IF Y\ REALLY C>E AB\T GETT+ SOME?+ DONE1 ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY TO GO AB\T IT IS OBVI\SLY TO ALLOCATE TASKS BY ABILITY & GIVE PEOPLE :ATEV] !Y NE$ TO DO !M4.<#a#e#g.> ,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT IT'S ONE ( ! SC&ALS ( CAPITALISM ?AT MO/ CAPITALI/ FIRMS1 9T]NALLY1 OP]ATE COMMUNI/ICALLY4 ,TRUE1 !Y DON'T T5D TO OP]ATE V]Y DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,MO/ (T5 !Y >E ORGANIZ$ >\ND MILIT>Y-/YLE TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM&4 ,BUT !RE IS (T5 AN 9T]E/+ T5SION H]E1 BECAUSE TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM& >E NOT P>TICUL>LY EFFICI5T3 !Y T5D TO PROMOTE /UPIDITY AMONG ?OSE ON TOP1 RES5TFUL FOOT-DRAGG+ AMONG ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM4 ,! GREAT] ! NE$ TO IMPROVISE1 ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ! COOP]ATION T5DS TO BECOME4 ,9V5TORS HAVE ALWAYS UND]/OOD ?IS1 />TUP CAPITALI/S FREQU5TLY FIGURE IT \T1 & COMPUT] 5G9E]S HAVE REC5TLY R$ISCOV]$ ! PR9CIPLE3 NOT ONLY ) ?+S LIKE FREEW>E1 :I* EV]YONE TALKS AB\T1 BUT EV5 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR BUS9ESSES4 ,APPLE ,COMPUT]S IS A FAM\S EXAMPLE3 IT WAS F\ND$ BY 7MO/LY ,REPUBLICAN7 COMPUT] 5G9E]S :O BROKE FROM ,I,B,M 9 ,SILICON ,VALLEY 9 ! #a#i#hS1 =M+ LITTLE DEMOCRATIC CIRCLES ( TW5TY TO =TY PEOPLE ) !IR LAPTOPS 9 EA* O!R'S G>AGES4 

,?IS IS PRESUMABLY ALSO :Y 9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( GREAT DISA/]S--A FLOOD1 A BLACK\T1 OR AN ECONOMIC COLLAPSE--PEOPLE T5D TO BEHAVE ! SAME WAY1 REV]T+ TO A R\<-&-READY COMMUNISM4 ,H[EV] BRIEFLY1 HI]>*IES & M>KETS & ! LIKE BECOME LUXURIES ?AT NO ONE CAN AF=D4 ,ANYONE :O HAS LIV$ ?R\< SU* A MOM5T CAN SPEAK TO !IR PECULI> QUALITIES1 ! WAY ?AT /RANG]S BECOME SI/]S & BRO!RS & HUMAN SOCIETY ITSELF SEEMS TO BE REBORN4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT %[S ?AT WE >E NOT SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T COOP]ATION4 ,9 FACT1 COMMUNISM IS ! F\NDATION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIABILITY4 ,IT IS :AT MAKES SOCIETY POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS ALWAYS AN ASSUMPTION ?AT ANYONE :O IS NOT ACTUALLY AN 5EMY CAN BE EXPECT$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES10 AT LEA/ TO AN EXT5T3 = EXAMPLE1 IF ONE NE$S TO FIGURE \T H[ TO GET SOME:]E1 & ! O!R KN[S ! WAY4 

,WE SO TAKE ?IS = GRANT$1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! EXCEPTIONS >E !MSELVES REVEAL+4 ,E4,E4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O 9 ! #a#i#bS C>RI$ \T RESE>* AMONG ! ,NU]1 ,NILOTIC PA/ORALI/S 9 S\!RN ,SUDAN1 REPORTS HIS DISCOMFITURE :5 HE REALIZ$ ?AT SOMEONE HAD 9T5TIONALLY GIV5 HIM WRONG DIRECTIONS3 

,ON ONE OCCASION ,I ASK$ ! WAY TO A C]TA9 PLACE & WAS DELIB]ATELY DECEIV$4 ,I RETURN$ 9 *AGR9 TO CAMP & ASK$ ! PEOPLE :Y !Y HAD TOLD ME ! WRONG WAY4 ,ONE ( !M REPLI$1 0,Y\ >E A =EIGN]1 :Y %\LD WE TELL Y\ ! RI<T WAY8 ,EV5 IF A ,NU] :O WAS A /RANG] ASK$ US ! WAY WE W\LD SAY TO HIM1 ',Y\ CONT9UE /RAI<T ALONG ?AT PA?1' BUT WE W\LD NOT TELL HIM ?AT ! PA? =K$4 ,:Y %\LD WE TELL HIM8 ,BUT Y\ >E N[ A MEMB] ( \R CAMP & Y\ >E K9D TO \R *ILDR51 SO WE WILL TELL Y\ ! RI<T WAY 9 FUTURE40.<#a#e#h.> 

,! ,NU] >E CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 FEUDS2 ANY /RANG] MI<T WELL TURN \T TO BE AN 5EMY !RE TO SC\T \T A GOOD PLACE = AN AMBU%1 & IT W\LD BE UNWISE TO GIVE SU* A P]SON USEFUL 9=MATION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S [N SITUATION WAS OBVI\SLY RELEVANT1 S9CE HE WAS AN AG5T ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T--! SAME GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD REC5TLY S5T 9 ! ,R,A,F TO /RAFE & BOMB ! 9HABITANTS ( ?IS V]Y SETTLEM5T BE=E =CIBLY RESETTL+ !M !RE4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 9HABITANTS' TREATM5T ( ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D SEEMS QUITE G5]\S4 ,! MA9 PO9T1 ?\<1 IS ?AT IT REQUIRES SOME?+ ON ?IS SCALE--AN IMM$IATE ?REAT TO LIFE & LIMB1 T]ROR-BOMB+ ( CIVILIAN POPULATIONS--BE=E PEOPLE WILL ORD9>ILY CONSID] NOT GIV+ A /RANG] ACCURATE DIRECTIONS4.<#a#e#i.> 

,IT'S NOT JU/ DIRECTIONS4 ,CONV]SATION IS A DOMA9 P>TICUL>LY DISPOS$ TO COMMUNISM4 ,LIES1 9SULTS1 PUT-D[NS1 & O!R SORTS ( V]BAL AGGRESSION >E IMPORTANT--BUT !Y D]IVE MO/ ( !IR P[] FROM ! %>$ ASSUMPTION ?AT PEOPLE DO NOT ORD9>ILY ACT ?IS WAY3 AN 9SULT DOES NOT /+ UNLESS ONE ASSUMES ?AT O!RS WILL NORMALLY BE CONSID]ATE ( ONE'S FEEL+S1 & IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO LIE TO SOMEONE :O DOES NOT ASSUME Y\ W\LD ORD9>ILY TELL ! TRU?4 ,:5 WE G5U9ELY WI% TO BREAK (F AMICABLE RELATIONS ) SOMEONE1 WE /OP SPEAK+ TO !M 5TIRELY4 

,! SAME GOES = SMALL C\RTESIES LIKE ASK+ = A LI<T1 OR EV5 = A CIG>ETTE4 ,IT SEEMS MORE LEGITIMATE TO ASK A /RANG] = A CIG>ETTE ?AN = AN EQUIVAL5T AM\NT ( CA%1 OR EV5 FOOD2 9 FACT1 IF ONE HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS A FELL[ SMOK]1 IT'S RA!R DIFFICULT TO REFUSE SU* A REQUE/4 ,9 SU* CASES--A MAT*1 A PIECE ( 9=MATION1 HOLD+ ! ELEVATOR--ONE MI<T SAY ! 0FROM EA*0 ELEM5T IS SO M9IMAL ?AT MO/ ( US COMPLY )\T EV5 ?9K+ AB\T IT4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! SAME IS TRUE IF ANO!R P]SON'S NE$--EV5 A /RANG]'S--IS P>TICUL>LY SPECTACUL> OR EXTREME3 IF HE IS DR[N+1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IF A *ILD HAS FALL5 ONTO ! SUBWAY TRACKS1 WE ASSUME ?AT ANYONE :O IS CAPABLE ( HELP+ H] UP WILL DO SO4 

,I WILL CALL ?IS 0BASEL9E COMMUNISM03 ! UND]/&+ ?AT1 UNLESS PEOPLE CONSID] !MSELVES 5EMIES1 IF ! NE$ IS CONSID]$ GREAT 5\<1 OR ! CO/ CONSID]$ REASONABLE 5\<1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S0 WILL BE ASSUM$ TO APPLY4 ,( C\RSE1 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES APPLY V]Y DIFF]5T /&>DS4 ,9 L>GE1 IMP]SONAL URBAN COMMUNITIES1 SU* A /&>D MAY GO NO FUR!R ?AN ASK+ = A LI<T OR DIRECTIONS4 ,?IS MI<T NOT SEEM LIKE MU*1 BUT IT F\NDS ! POSSIBILITY ( L>G] SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,9 SMALL]1 LESS IMP]SONAL COMMUNITIES--ESPECIALLY ?OSE NOT DIVID$ 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES--! SAME LOGIC WILL LIKELY EXT5D MU* FUR!R3 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS (T5 EFFECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE TO REFUSE A REQUE/ NOT JU/ = TOBACCO1 BUT = FOOD--SOMETIMES EV5 FROM A /RANG]2 C]TA9LY FROM ANYONE CONSID]$ TO BELONG TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,EXACTLY ONE PAGE AFT] DESCRIB+ HIS DIFFICULTIES 9 ASK+ = DIRECTIONS1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D NOTES ?AT !SE SAME ,NU] F9D IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE1 :5 DEAL+ ) SOMEONE !Y HAVE ACCEPT$ AS A MEMB] ( !IR CAMP1 TO REFUSE A REQUE/ = ALMO/ ANY ITEM ( COMMON CONSUMPTION1 SO ?AT A MAN OR WOMAN KN[N TO HAVE ANY?+ EXTRA 9 ! WAY ( GRA91 TOBACCO1 TOOLS1 OR AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SEE !IR /OCKPILES DISAPPE> ALMO/ IMM$IATELY4.<#a#f.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS BASEL9E ( OP5H&$ %>+ & G5]OSITY NEV] EXT5DS TO EV]Y?+4 ,(T51 9 FACT1 ?+S FREELY %>$ >E TREAT$ AS TRIVIAL & UNIMPORTANT = ?AT V]Y REASON4 ,AMONG ! ,NU]1 TRUE WEAL? TAKES ! =M ( CATTLE4 ,NO ONE W\LD FREELY %>E !IR CATTLE2 9 FACT1 Y\NG ,NU] M5 LE>N ?AT !Y >E EXPECT$ TO DEF5D !IR CATTLE ) !IR LIVES2 = ?IS REASON1 CATTLE >E NEI!R B\<T NOR SOLD4 

,! OBLIGATION TO %>E FOOD1 & :ATEV] ELSE IS CONSID]$ A BASIC NECESSITY1 T5DS TO BECOME ! BASIS ( EV]YDAY MORALITY 9 A SOCIETY :OSE MEMB]S SEE !MSELVES AS EQUALS4 ,ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,AUDREY ,RI*>DS1 ONCE DESCRIB$ H[ ,BEMBA MO!RS1 0SU* LAX DISCIPL9>IANS 9 EV]Y?+ ELSE10 WILL SCOLD !IR *ILDR5 H>%LY IF !Y GIVE ONE AN ORANGE OR SOME O!R TREAT & ! *ILD DOES NOT IMM$IATELY (F] TO %>E IT ) H] FRI5DS4.<#a#f#a.> ,BUT %>+ IS ALSO1 9 SU* SOCIETIES--9 ANY1 IF WE REALLY ?9K AB\T IT--A MAJOR FOCUS ( LIFE'S PLEASURES4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! NE$ TO %>E IS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE 9 BO? ! BE/ ( TIMES & ! WOR/ ( TIMES3 DUR+ FAM9ES1 = EXAMPLE1 BUT ALSO DUR+ MOM5TS ( EXTREME PL5TY4 ,E>LY MISSION>Y ACC\NTS ( NATIVE ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 9CLUDE AWE/RUCK REM>KS ON G5]OSITY 9 TIMES ( FAM9E1 (T5 TO TOTAL /RANG]S4.<#a#f#b.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 

,ON RETURN+ FROM !IR FI%+1 !IR HUNT+1 & !IR TRAD+1 !Y EX*ANGE MANY GIFTS2 IF !Y HAVE ?US OBTA9$ SOME?+ UNUSUALLY GOOD1 EV5 IF !Y HAVE B\<T IT1 OR IF IT HAS BE5 GIV5 TO !M1 !Y MAKE A FEA/ TO ! :OLE VILLAGE ) IT4 ,!IR HOSPITALITY T[>DS ALL SORTS ( /RANG]S IS REM>KABLE4.<#a#f#c.> 

,! MORE ELABORATE ! FEA/1 ! MORE LIKELY ONE IS TO SEE SOME COMB9ATION ( FREE %>+ ( SOME ?+S 7= 9/ANCE1 FOOD & DR9K7 & C>EFUL DI/RIBUTION ( O!RS3 SAY1 PRIZE MEAT1 :E!R FROM GAME OR SACRIFICE1 :I* IS (T5 P>CEL$ \T ACCORD+ TO V]Y ELABORATE PROTOCOLS OR EQUALLY ELABORATE GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,! GIV+ & TAK+ ( GIFTS (T5 TAKES ON A DI/9CTLY GAMELIKE QUALITY1 CONT9U\S (T5 ) ! ACTUAL GAMES1 CONTE/S1 PAGEANTS1 & P]=MANCES ?AT ALSO (T5 M>K POPUL> FE/IVALS4 ,AS ) SOCIETY AT L>GE1 ! %>$ CONVIVIALITY C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( COMMUNI/IC BASE ON TOP ( :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE IS CON/RUCT$4 ,IT ALSO HELPS TO EMPHASIZE ?AT %>+ IS NOT SIMPLY AB\T MORALITY1 BUT ALSO AB\T PLEASURE4 ,SOLIT>Y PLEASURES WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 BUT = MO/ HUMAN BE+S1 ! MO/ PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES ALMO/ ALWAYS 9VOLVE %>+ SOME?+3 MUSIC1 FOOD1 LIQUOR1 DRUGS1 GOSSIP1 DRAMA1 B$S4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 COMMUNISM ( ! S5SES AT ! ROOT ( MO/ ?+S WE CONSID] FUN4 

,! SURE/ WAY TO KN[ ?AT ONE IS 9 ! PRES5CE ( COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS IS ?AT NOT ONLY >E NO ACC\NTS TAK51 BUT IT W\LD BE CONSID]$ (F5SIVE1 OR SIMPLY BIZ>RE1 TO EV5 CONSID] DO+ SO4 ,EA* VILLAGE1 CLAN1 OR NATION )9 ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,HOD5OSAUNEE1 OR ,IROQUOIS1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO HALVES4.<#a#f#d.> ,?IS IS A COMMON PATT]N3 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD 7,AMAZONIA1 ,MELANESIA7 TOO1 !RE >E >RANGEM5TS 9 :I* MEMB]S ( ONE SIDE CAN ONLY M>RY SOMEONE FROM ! O!R SIDE1 OR ONLY EAT FOOD GR[N ON ! O!R SIDE2 SU* RULES >E EXPLICITLY DESIGN$ TO MAKE EA* SIDE DEP5D5T ON ! O!R = SOME BASIC NECESSITY ( LIFE4 ,AMONG ! ,SIX ,IROQUOIS1 EA* SIDE WAS EXPECT$ TO BURY ! O!R'S DEAD4 ,NO?+ W\LD BE MORE ABSURD ?AN = ONE SIDE TO COMPLA9 ?AT1 0LA/ YE>1 WE BURI$ FIVE ( Y\R DEAD1 BUT Y\ ONLY BURI$ TWO ( \RS40 

,BASEL9E COMMUNISM MI<T BE CONSID]$ ! RAW MAT]IAL ( SOCIALITY1 A RECOGNITION ( \R ULTIMATE 9T]DEP5D5CE ?AT IS ! ULTIMATE SUB/ANCE ( SOCIAL PEACE4 ,/ILL1 9 MO/ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?AT M9IMAL BASEL9E IS NOT 5\<4 ,ONE ALWAYS BEHAVES 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY MORE ) SOME PEOPLE ?AN O!RS1 & C]TA9 9/ITUTIONS >E SPECIFICALLY BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID4 ,FIR/ AMONG !SE >E ?OSE WE LOVE1 ) MO!RS BE+ ! P>ADIGM ( SELFLESS LOVE4 ,O!RS 9CLUDE CLOSE RELATIVES1 WIVES & HUSB&S1 LOV]S1 ONE'S CLOSE/ FRI5DS4 ,!SE >E ! PEOPLE ) :OM WE %>E EV]Y?+1 OR AT LEA/ TO :OM WE KN[ WE CAN TURN 9 NE$1 :I* IS ! DEF9ITION ( A TRUE FRI5D EV]Y:]E4 ,SU* FRI5D%IPS MAY BE =MALIZ$ BY A RITUAL AS 0BOND-FRI5DS0 OR 0BLOOD BRO!RS0 :O CANNOT REFUSE EA* O!R ANY?+4 ,AS A RESULT1 ANY COMMUNITY C\LD BE SE5 AS CRISS-CROSS$ ) RELATIONS ( 09DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM10 ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONS ?AT OP]ATE1 TO V>Y+ 9T5SITIES & DEGREES1 ON ! BASIS ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40.<#a#f#e.> 

,?IS SAME LOGIC CAN BE1 & IS1 EXT5D$ )9 GR\PS3 NOT ONLY COOP]ATIVE WORK GR\PS1 BUT ALMO/ ANY 9-GR\P WILL DEF9E ITSELF BY CREAT+ ITS [N SORT ( BASEL9E COMMUNISM4 ,!RE WILL BE C]TA9 ?+S %>$ OR MADE FREELY AVAILABLE )9 ! GR\P1 O!RS ?AT ANYONE WILL BE EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE = O!R MEMB]S ON REQUE/1 ?AT ONE W\LD NEV] %>E ) OR PROVIDE TO \TSID]S3 HELP 9 REPAIR+ ONE'S NETS 9 AN ASSOCIATION ( FI%]MAN1 /ATION]Y SUPPLIES 9 AN (FICE1 C]TA9 SORTS ( 9=MATION AMONG COMMODITY TRAD]S1 & SO =?4 ,ALSO1 C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE WE CAN ALWAYS CALL ON 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS1 SU* AS H>VE/+ OR MOV+ H\SE4.<#a#f#f.> ,ONE C\LD GO ON FROM H]E TO V>I\S =MS ( %>+1 POOL+1 :O GETS TO CALL ON :OM = HELP ) C]TA9 TASKS3 MOV+1 OR H>VE/+1 OR EV51 IF ONE IS 9 TR\BLE1 PROVID+ AN 9T]E/-FREE LOAN4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ! DIFF]5T SORTS ( 0COMMONS10 ! COLLECTIVE ADM9I/RATION ( COMMON RES\RCES4 

,! SOCIOLOGY ( EV]YDAY COMMUNISM IS A POT5TIALLY 5ORM\S FIELD1 BUT ONE :I*1 [+ TO \R PECULI> IDEOLOGICAL BL9K]S1 WE HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO WRITE AB\T BECAUSE WE HAVE BE5 L>GELY UNABLE TO SEE IT4 ,RA!R ?AN TRY TO FUR!R \TL9E IT1 ,I WILL LIMIT MYSELF TO ?REE F9AL PO9TS4 

,FIR/1 WE >E NOT REALLY DEAL+ ) RECIPROCITY H]E--OR AT BE/1 ONLY ) RECIPROCITY 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE4.<#a#f#g.> ,:AT IS EQUAL ON BO? SIDES IS ! KN[L$GE ?AT ! O!R P]SON W\LD DO ! SAME = Y\1 NOT ?AT !Y NECESS>ILY WILL4 ,! ,IROQUOIS EXAMPLE BR+S HOME CLE>LY :AT MAKES ?IS POSSIBLE3 ?AT SU* RELATIONS >E BAS$ ON A PRESUMPTION ( ET]NITY4 ,SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 ,!RE=E1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A NOR? & A S\? SIDE ( ! VILLAGE4 ,?IS IS :Y NO ACC\NTS NE$ BE TAK54 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY1 PEOPLE T5D TO TREAT !IR MO!RS & BE/ FRI5DS AS IF !Y WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 H[EV] WELL !Y KN[ IT ISN'T TRUE4 

,! SECOND PO9T HAS TO DO ) ! FAM\S 0LAW ( HOSPITALITY40 ,!RE IS A PECULI> T5SION BETWE5 A COMMON /]EOTYPE ( :AT >E CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES0 7PEOPLE LACK+ BO? /ATES & M>KETS7 AS SOCIETIES 9 :I* ANYONE NOT A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY IS ASSUM$ TO BE AN 5EMY1 & ! FREQU5T ACC\NTS ( E>LY ,EUROPEAN TRAVEL]S AWE/RUCK BY ! EXTRAORD9>Y G5]OSITY %[N !M BY ACTUAL 0SAVAGES40 ,GRANT$1 !RE IS A C]TA9 TRU? TO BO? SIDES4 ,:]EV] A /RANG] IS A DANG]\S POT5TIAL 5EMY1 ! NORMAL WAY TO OV]COME ! DANG] IS BY SOME DRAMATIC GE/URE ( G5]OSITY :OSE V]Y MAGNIFIC5CE CATAPULTS !M 9TO ?AT MUTUAL SOCIALITY ?AT IS ! GR\ND = ALL PEACEFUL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,TRUE1 :5 ONE IS DEAL+ ) COMPLETELY UNKN[N QUANTITIES1 !RE IS (T5 A PROCESS ( TE/+4 ,BO? ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS1 9 ,HISPANIOLA1 & ,CAPTA9 ,COOK1 9 ,POLYNESIA1 REPORT$ SIMIL> /ORIES ( ISL&]S :O EI!R FLEE1 ATTACK1 OR (F] EV]Y?+--BUT :O (T5 LAT] 5T] ! BOATS & HELP !MSELVES TO ANY?+ !Y TAKE A FANCY TO1 PROVOK+ ?REATS ( VIOL5CE FROM ! CREW1 :O !N DID !IR UTMO/ TO E/ABLI% ! PR9CIPLE ?AT RELATIONS BETWE5 /RANGE PEOPLES %\LD BE M$IAT$ 9/EAD BY 0NORMAL0 COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE4 

,IT'S UND]/&ABLE ?AT DEAL+S ) POT5TIALLY HO/ILE /RANG]S %\LD 5C\RAGE AN ALL-OR-NO?+ LOGIC1 A T5SION PRES]V$ EV5 9 ,5GLI% 9 ! ETYMOLOGY ( ! WORDS 0HO/10 0HO/ILE10 0HO/AGE10 & 9DE$ 0HOSPITALITY10 ALL ( :I* >E D]IV$ FROM ! SAME ,LAT9 ROOT4.<#a#f#h.> ,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E IS ?AT ALL SU* GE/URES >E SIMPLY EXAGG]AT$ DISPLAYS ( ?AT V]Y 0BASEL9E COMMUNISM0 ?AT ,I HAVE ALREADY >GU$ IS ! GR\ND ( ALL HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FRI5DS & 5EMIES IS SO (T5 >TICULAT$ ?R\< FOOD--& (T5 ! MO/ COMMONPLACE1 HUMBLE1 DOME/IC SORTS ( FOOD3 AS 9 ! FAMILI> PR9CIPLE1 COMMON 9 BO? ,EUROPE & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE %>$ BREAD & SALT MU/ NEV] H>M ONE ANO!R4 ,9 FACT1 ?OSE ?+S ?AT EXI/ ABOVE ALL TO BE %>$ (T5 BECOME ?OSE ?+S ONE CANNOT %>E ) 5EMIES4 ,AMONG ! ,NU]1 SO FREE ) FOOD & EV]YDAY POSSESSIONS1 IF ONE MAN MURD]S ANO!R1 A BLOOD FEUD FOLL[S4 ,EV]YONE 9 ! VIC9ITY WILL (T5 HAVE TO L9E UP ON ONE SIDE OR ANO!R1 & ?OSE ON OPPOSITE SIDES >E /RICTLY =BIDD5 TO EAT ) ANYONE ON ! O!R1 OR EV5 TO DR9K FROM A CUP OR B[L ONE ( !IR NEWF\ND 5EMIES HAS PREVI\SLY US$1 LE/ T]RIBLE RESULTS 5SUE4.<#a#f#i.> ,! EXTRAORD9>Y 9CONV5I5CE ?IS CREATES IS A MAJOR 9C5TIVE TO TRY TO NEGOTIATE SOME SORT ( SETTLEM5T4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT IS (T5 SAID ?AT PEOPLE :O HAVE %>$ FOOD1 OR ! RI<T1 >*ETYPAL K9D ( FOOD1 >E =BIDD5 TO H>M ONE ANO!R1 H[EV] MU* !Y MI<T BE O!RWISE 9CL9$ TO DO SO4 ,AT TIMES1 ?IS CAN TAKE ON AN ALMO/ COMICAL =MALITY1 AS 9 ! ,>AB /ORY ( ! BURGL> :O1 :ILE RANSACK+ SOMEONE'S H\SE1 /UCK HIS F+] 9 A J> TO SEE IF IT WAS FULL ( SUG>1 ONLY TO DISCOV] IT WAS FULL ( SALT 9/EAD4 ,REALIZ+ ?AT HE HAD N[ EAT5 SALT AT ! [N]'S TABLE1 HE DUTIFULLY PUT BACK EV]Y?+ HE'D /OL54 

,F9ALLY1 ONCE WE />T ?9K+ ( COMMUNISM AS A PR9CIPLE ( MORALITY RA!R ?AN JU/ A QUE/ION ( PROP]TY [N]%IP1 IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT ?IS SORT ( MORALITY IS ALMO/ ALWAYS AT PLAY TO SOME DEGREE 9 ANY TRANSACTION--EV5 COMM]CE4 ,IF ONE IS ON SOCIABLE T]MS ) SOMEONE1 IT'S H>D TO COMPLETELY IGNORE !IR SITUATION4 ,M]*ANTS (T5 R$UCE PRICES = ! NE$Y4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS :Y %OPKEEP]S 9 POOR NEI<BORHOODS >E ALMO/ NEV] ( ! SAME E?NIC GR\P AS !IR CU/OM]S2 IT W\LD BE ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE = A M]*ANT :O GREW UP 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD TO MAKE MONEY1 AS !Y W\LD BE UND] CON/ANT PRESSURE TO GIVE F9ANCIAL BREAKS1 OR AT LEA/ EASY CR$IT T]MS1 TO !IR IMPOV]I%$ RELATIVES & S*OOL *UMS4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE AS WELL4 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O LIV$ = SOME TIME 9 RURAL ,JAVA ONCE TOLD ME ?AT %E MEASUR$ H] L+UI/IC ABILITIES BY H[ WELL %E C\LD B>GA9 AT ! LOCAL BAZA>4 ,IT FRU/RAT$ H] ?AT %E C\LD NEV] GET IT D[N TO A PRICE AS L[ AS LOCAL PEOPLE SEEM$ PAY4 0,WELL10 A ,JAVANESE FRI5D F9ALLY HAD TO EXPLA91 0!Y *>GE RI* ,JAVANESE PEOPLE MORE1 TOO40 

,ONCE AGA91 WE >E BACK TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IF ! NE$S 7= 9/ANCE1 DIRE POV]TY71 OR ! ABILITIES 7= 9/ANCE1 WEAL? BEYOND IMAG9ATION71 >E SUFFICI5TLY DRAMATIC1 !N UNLESS !RE IS A COMPLETE ABS5CE ( SOCIALITY1 SOME DEGREE ( COMMUNI/IC MORALITY WILL ALMO/ 9EVITABLY 5T] 9TO ! WAY PEOPLE TAKE ACC\NTS4.<#a#g.> ,A ,TURKI% FOLKTALE AB\T ! ,M$IEVAL ,SUFI MY/IC ,NASRUDD9 ,HODJA ILLU/RATES ! COMPLEXITIES ?US 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! V]Y CONCEPT ( SUPPLY & DEM&3 

,ONE DAY :5 ,NASRUDD9 WAS LEFT 9 *>GE ( ! LOCAL TEAH\SE1 ! K+ & SOME RETA9]S1 :O HAD BE5 HUNT+ NE>BY1 /OPP$ 9 = BREAKFA/4 

0,DO Y\ HAVE QUAIL EGGS80 ASK$ ! K+4 

0,I'M SURE ,I CAN F9D SOME10 ANSW]$ ,NASRUDD94 

,! K+ ORD]$ AN OMELET ( A DOZ5 QUAIL EGGS1 & ,NASRUDD9 HURRI$ \T TO LOOK = !M4 ,AFT] ! K+ & HIS P>TY HAD EAT51 HE *>G$ !M A HUNDR$ GOLD PIECES4 

,! K+ WAS PUZZL$4 0,>E QUAIL EGGS REALLY ?AT R>E 9 ?IS P>T ( ! C\NTRY80 

0,IT'S NOT SO MU* QUAIL EGGS ?AT >E R>E >\ND H]E10 ,NASRUDD9 REPLI$4 0,IT'S MORE VISITS FROM K+S40 

,EX*ANGE 

  

,COMMUNISM1 !N1 IS BAS$ NEI!R 9 EX*ANGE NOR 9 RECIPROCITY--EXCEPT1 AS ,I HAVE OBS]V$1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT DOES 9VOLVE MUTUAL EXPECTATIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,EV5 H]E1 IT SEEMS BETT] TO USE ANO!R WORD 70MUTUALITY087 SO AS TO EMPHASIZE ?AT EX*ANGE OP]ATES ON 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES2 ?AT IT'S A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T K9D ( MORAL LOGIC4 

,EX*ANGE IS ALL AB\T EQUIVAL5CE4 ,IT'S A BACK-&-=? PROCESS 9VOLV+ TWO SIDES 9 :I* EA* SIDE GIVES AS GOOD AS IT GETS4 ,?IS IS :Y ONE CAN SPEAK ( PEOPLE EX*ANG+ WORDS 7IF !RE'S AN >GUM5T71 BL[S1 OR EV5 GUNFIRE4.<#a#g#a.> ,9 !SE EXAMPLES1 IT'S NOT ?AT !RE IS EV] AN EXACT EQUIVAL5CE--EV5 IF !RE W]E SOME WAY TO MEASURE AN EXACT EQUIVAL5CE--BUT MORE A CON/ANT PROCESS ( 9T]ACTION T5D+ T[>D EQUIVAL5CE4 ,ACTUALLY1 !RE'S SOME?+ ( A P>ADOX H]E3 EA* SIDE 9 EA* CASE IS TRY+ TO \TDO ! O!R1 BUT1 UNLESS ONE SIDE IS UTT]LY PUT TO R\T1 IT'S EASIE/ TO BREAK ! :OLE ?+ (F :5 BO? CONSID] ! \TCOME TO BE MORE OR LESS EV54 ,:5 WE MOVE TO ! EX*ANGE ( MAT]IAL GOODS1 WE F9D A SIMIL> T5SION4 ,(T5 !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( COMPETITION2 IF NO?+ ELSE1 !RE'S ALWAYS ?AT POSSIBILITY4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE'S A S5SE ?AT BO? SIDES >E KEEP+ ACC\NTS1 & ?AT1 UNLIKE :AT HAPP5S 9 COMMUNISM1 :I* ALWAYS P>TAKES ( A C]TA9 NOTION ( ET]NITY1 ! 5TIRE RELATION%IP CAN BE CANCEL$ \T1 & EI!R P>TY CAN CALL AN 5D TO IT AT ANY TIME4 

,?IS ELEM5T ( COMPETITION CAN WORK 9 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,9 CASES ( B>T] OR COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE1 :5 BO? P>TIES TO ! TRANSACTION >E ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! VALUE ( GOODS BE+ TRANSACT$1 !Y MAY WELL--AS ECONOMI/S 9SI/ !Y %\LD--TRY TO SEEK ! MAXIMUM MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG PO9T$ \T1 :5 ! EX*ANGE IS ( GIFTS1 ?AT IS1 ! OBJECTS PASS+ BACK & =? >E MA9LY CONSID]$ 9T]E/+ 9 H[ !Y REFLECT ON & RE>RANGE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEOPLE C>RY+ \T ! TRANSACTION1 !N 9S(> AS COMPETITION 5T]S 91 IT IS LIKELY TO WORK PRECISELY ! O!R WAY >\ND--TO BECOME A MATT] ( CONTE/S ( G5]OSITY1 ( PEOPLE %[+ (F :O CAN GIVE MORE AWAY4 

,LET ME TAKE !SE ONE AT A TIME4 

,:AT M>KS COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE IS ?AT IT'S 0IMP]SONAL03 :O IT IS ?AT IS SELL+ SOME?+ TO US1 OR BUY+ SOME?+ FROM US1 %\LD 9 PR9CIPLE BE 5TIRELY IRRELEVANT4 ,WE >E SIMPLY COMP>+ ! VALUE OR TWO OBJECTS4 ,TRUE1 AS ) ANY PR9CIPLE1 9 PRACTICE1 ?IS IS R>ELY COMPLETELY TRUE4 ,!RE HAS TO BE SOME M9IMAL ELEM5T ( TRU/ = A TRANSACTION TO BE C>RI$ \T AT ALL1 &1 UNLESS ONE IS DEAL+ ) A V5D+ MA*9E1 ?AT USUALLY REQUIRES SOME \TW>D DISPLAY ( SOCIALITY4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ IMP]SONAL %OPP+ MALL OR SUP]M>KET1 CL]KS >E EXPECT$ TO AT LEA/ SIMULATE P]SONAL W>M?1 PATI5CE1 & O!R REASSUR+ QUALITIES2 9 A ,MIDDLE-,EA/]N BAZA>1 ONE MI<T HAVE TO GO ?R\< AN ELABORATE PROCESS ( E/ABLI%+ A SIMULAT$ FRI5D%IP1 %>+ TEA1 FOOD1 OR TOBACCO1 BE=E 5GAG+ 9 SIMIL>LY ELABORATE HAGGL+--AN 9T]E/+ RITUAL ?AT BEG9S BY E/ABLI%+ SOCIALITY ?R\< BASEL9E COMMUNISM--& CONT9UES ) AN (T5 PROLONG$ MOCK BATTLE OV] PRICES4 ,IT'S ALL DONE ON ! BASIS ( ! ASSUMPTION ?AT BUY] & SELL] >E1 AT LEA/ AT ?AT MOM5T1 FRI5DS 7& ?US EA* 5TITL$ TO FEEL \TRAG$ & 9DIGNANT AT ! O!R'S UNREASONABLE DEM&S71 BUT IT'S ALL A LITTLE PIECE ( !AT]4 ,ONCE ! OBJECT *ANGES H&S1 !RE IS NO EXPECTATION ?AT ! TWO WILL EV] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) EA* O!R AGA94.<#a#g#b.> 

,MO/ (T5 ?IS SORT ( HAGGL+--9 ,MADAGASC> ! T]M = IT LIT]ALLY MEANS 0TO BATTLE \T A SALE0 7MIADY V>OTRA7--CAN BE A S\RCE ( PLEASURE 9 ITSELF4 

,! FIR/ TIME ,I VISIT$ ,ANALAKELY1 ! GREAT CLO? M>KET 9 ,MADAGASC>'S CAPITAL1 ,I CAME ) A ,MALAGASY FRI5D 9T5T ON BUY+ A SWEAT]4 ,! :OLE PROCESS TOOK AB\T F\R H\RS4 ,IT W5T SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 MY FRI5D W\LD SPOT A LIKELY SWEAT] HANG+ 9 SOME BOO?1 ASK ! PRICE1 & !N %E W\LD BEG9 A PROLONG$ BATTLE ( WITS ) ! V5DOR1 9V>IABLY 9VOLV+ DRAMATIC DISPLAYS ( 9SULT & 9DIGNATION1 & SIMULAT$ WALK+S (F 9 DISGU/4 ,(T5 IT SEEM$ N9ETY P]C5T ( ! >GUM5T WAS SP5T ON A F9AL1 T9Y DIFF]5CE ( A FEW >I>Y--LIT]ALLY1 P5NIES--?AT SEEM$ TO BECOME A PR(\ND MATT] ( PR9CIPLE ON EI!R SIDE1 S9CE A M]*ANT'S FAILURE TO CONC$E IT C\LD S9K ! 5TIRE DEAL4 

,! SECOND TIME ,I VISIT$ ,ANALAKELY ,I W5T ) ANO!R FRI5D1 ALSO A Y\NG WOMAN1 :O HAD A LI/ ( MEASURES ( CLO? TO BUY SUPPLI$ BY H] SI/]4 ,AT EA* BOO? %E ADOPT$ ! SAME PROC$URE3 %E SIMPLY WALK$ UP & ASK$ = ! PRICE4 

,! MAN W\LD QUOTE H] ONE4 

0,ALL RI<T10 %E !N ASK$1 0& :AT'S Y\R REAL F9AL PRICE80 

,HE'D TELL H]1 & %E'D H& OV] ! MONEY4 

0,WAIT A M9UTE60 ,I ASK$4 0,Y\ CAN DO ?AT8 

0,SURE10 %E SAID4 0,:Y NOT80 

,I EXPLA9$ :AT HAD HAPP5$ ) MY LA/ FRI5D4 

0,OH1 YEAH10 %E SAID4 0,SOME PEOPLE 5JOY ?AT SORT ( ?+40 

,EX*ANGE ALL[S US TO CANCEL \T \R DEBTS4 ,IT GIVES US A WAY TO CALL IT EV53 H5CE1 TO 5D ! RELATION%IP4 ,) V5DORS1 ONE IS USUALLY ONLY PRET5D+ TO HAVE A RELATION%IP AT ALL4 ,) NEI<BORS1 ONE MI<T = ?IS V]Y REASON PREF] NOT TO PAY ONE'S DEBTS4 ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN WRITES AB\T >RIV+ 9 A ,TIV COMMUNITY 9 RURAL ,NIG]IA2 NEI<BORS IMM$IATELY BEGAN >RIV+ BE>+ LITTLE GIFTS3 0TWO E>S CORN1 ONE VEGETABLE M>R[1 ONE *ICK51 FIVE TOMATOES1 ONE H&FUL PEANUTS40.<#a#g#c.> ,HAV+ NO IDEA :AT WAS EXPECT$ ( H]1 %E ?ANK$ !M & WROTE D[N 9 A NOTEBOOK !IR NAMES & :AT !Y HAD BR\<T4 ,EV5TUALLY1 TWO WOM5 ADOPT$ H] & EXPLA9$ ?AT ALL SU* GIFTS DID HAVE TO BE RETURN$4 ,IT W\LD BE 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE TO SIMPLY ACCEPT ?REE EGGS FROM A NEI<BOR & NEV] BR+ ANY?+ BACK4 ,ONE DID NOT HAVE TO BR+ BACK EGGS1 BUT ONE %\LD BR+ SOME?+ BACK ( APPROXIMATELY ! SAME VALUE4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 BR+ MONEY--!RE WAS NO?+ 9APPROPRIATE 9 ?AT--PROVID$ ONE DID SO AT A DISCREET 9T]VAL1 & ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ONE DID NOT BR+ ! EXACT CO/ ( ! EGGS4 ,IT HAD TO BE EI!R A BIT MORE OR A BIT LESS4 ,TO BR+ BACK NO?+ AT ALL W\LD BE TO CA/ ONESELF AS AN EXPLOIT] OR A P>ASITE4 ,TO BR+ BACK AN EXACT EQUIVAL5T W\LD BE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ONE NO LONG] WI%ES TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! NEI<BOR4 ,TIV WOM51 %E LE>N$1 MI<T SP5D A GOOD P>T ( ! DAY WALK+ = MILES TO DI/ANT HOME/EADS TO RETURN A H&FUL ( OKRA OR A T9Y BIT ( *ANGE1 09 AN 5DLESS CIRCLE ( GIFTS TO :I* NO ONE EV] H&$ OV] ! PRECISE VALUE ( ! OBJECT LA/ RECEIV$0--& 9 DO+ SO1 !Y W]E CONT9UALLY CREAT+ !IR SOCIETY4 ,!RE WAS C]TA9LY A TRACE ( COMMUNISM H]E--NEI<BORS ON GOOD T]MS C\LD ALSO BE TRU/$ TO HELP EA* O!R \T 9 EM]G5CIES--BUT UNLIKE COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS1 :I* >E ASSUM$ TO BE P]MAN5T1 ?IS SORT ( NEI<BORL9ESS HAD TO BE CON/ANTLY CREAT$ & MA9TA9$1 BECAUSE ANY L9K CAN BE BROK5 (F AT ANY TIME4 

,!RE >E 5DLESS V>IATIONS ON ?IS SORT ( TIT-=-TAT1 OR ALMO/ TIT-=-TAT1 GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,! MO/ FAMILI> IS ! EX*ANGE ( PRES5TS3 ,I BUY SOMEONE A BE]2 !Y BUY ME ! NEXT ONE4 ,P]FECT EQUIVAL5CE IMPLIES EQUALITY4 ,BUT CONSID] A SLI<TLY MORE COMPLICAT$ EXAMPLE3 ,I TAKE A FRI5D \T TO A FANCY RE/AURANT = D9N]2 AFT] A DISCREET 9T]VAL1 !Y DO ! SAME4 ,AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG BE5 9 ! HABIT ( PO9T+ \T1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* CU/OMS--ESPECIALLY1 ! FEEL+ ?AT ONE REALLY \<T TO RETURN ! FAVOR--CAN'T BE EXPLA9$ BY /&>D ECONOMIC !ORY1 :I* ASSUMES ?AT ANY HUMAN 9T]ACTION IS ULTIMATELY A BUS9ESS DEAL & ?AT WE >E ALL SELF-9T]E/$ 9DIVIDUALS TRY+ TO GET ! MO/ = \RSELVES = ! LEA/ CO/ OR LEA/ AM\NT ( EF=T4.<#a#g#d.> ,BUT ?IS FEEL+ IS QUITE REAL1 & IT CAN CAUSE G5U9E /RA9 = ?OSE ( LIMIT$ MEANS TRY+ TO KEEP UP APPE>ANCES4 ,SO3 ,:Y1 IF ,I TOOK A FREE-M>KET ECONOMIC !ORI/ \T TO AN EXP5SIVE D9N]1 W\LD ?AT ECONOMI/ FEEL SOME:AT DIM9I%$--UNCOM=TABLY 9 MY DEBT--UNTIL HE HAD BE5 ABLE TO RETURN ! FAVOR8 ,:Y1 IF HE W]E FEEL+ COMPETITIVE ) ME1 W\LD HE BE 9CL9$ TO TAKE ME TO SOMEPLACE EV5 MORE EXP5SIVE8 

,RECALL ! FEA/S & FE/IVALS ALLUD$ TO ABOVE3 H]E1 TOO1 !RE IS A BASE ( CONVIVIALITY & PLAYFUL 7SOMETIMES NOT SO PLAYFUL7 COMPETITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 EV]YONE'S PLEASURE IS 5HANC$--AFT] ALL1 H[ MANY PEOPLE W\LD REALLY WANT TO EAT A SUP]B MEAL AT A ,FR5* RE/AURANT ALL ALONE8 ,ON ! O!R1 ?+S CAN EASILY SLIP 9TO GAMES ( ONE-UPMAN%IP--& H5CE OBSESSION1 HUMILIATION1 RAGE 444 OR1 AS WE'LL SOON SEE1 EV5 WORSE4 ,9 SOME SOCIETIES1 !SE GAMES >E =MALIZ$1 BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT SU* GAMES ONLY REALLY DEVELOP BETWE5 PEOPLE OR GR\PS :O P]CEIVE !MSELVES TO BE MORE OR LESS EQUIVAL5T 9 /ATUS4.<#a#g#e.> ,TO RETURN TO \R IMAG9>Y ECONOMI/3 IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT HE W\LD FEEL DIM9I%$ IF HE RECEIV$ A PRES5T1 OR WAS TAK5 \T TO D9N]1 BY JU/ ANYONE4 ,HE W\LD BE MO/ LIKELY TO FEEL ?IS WAY IF ! B5EFACTOR W]E SOMEONE HE FELT WAS ( R\<LY EQUIVAL5T /ATUS OR DIGNITY3 A COLLEAGUE1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IF ,BILL ,GATES OR ,GEORGE ,SOROS TOOK HIM \T TO D9N]1 HE W\LD LIKELY CONCLUDE ?AT HE HAD 9DE$ RECEIV$ SOME?+ = NO?+ & LEAVE IT AT ?AT4 ,IF SOME +RATIAT+ JUNIOR COLLEAGUE OR EAG] GRADUATE /UD5T DID ! SAME1 HE'D BE LIKELY TO CONCLUDE ?AT HE WAS DO+ ! MAN A FAVOR JU/ BY ACCEPT+ ! 9VITATION--IF 9DE$ HE DID ACCEPT1 :I* HE PROBABLY W\LDN'T4 

,?IS1 TOO1 APPE>S TO BE ! CASE :]EV] WE F9D SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO F9E GRADATIONS ( /ATUS & DIGNITY4 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU HAS DESCRIB$ ! 0DIALECTIC ( *ALL5GE & RIPO/E0 ?AT GOV]NS ALL GAMES ( HONOR AMONG ,KABYLE ,B]B] M5 9 ,ALG]IA1 9 :I* ! EX*ANGE ( 9SULTS1 ATTACKS 79 FEUD OR BATTLES71 !FTS1 OR ?REATS WAS SE5 TO FOLL[ EXACTLY ! SAME LOGIC AS ! EX*ANGE ( GIFTS4.<#a#g#f.> ,TO GIVE A GIFT IS BO? AN HONOR & A PROVOCATION4 ,TO RESPOND TO ONE REQUIRES 9F9ITE >TI/RY4 ,TIM+ IS ALL-IMPORTANT4 ,SO IS MAK+ ! C\NT]-GIFT JU/ DIFF]5T 5\<1 BUT ALSO JU/ SLI<TLY GR&]4 ,ABOVE ALL IS ! TACIT MORAL PR9CIPLE ?AT ONE MU/ ALWAYS PICK ON SOMEONE ONE'S [N SIZE4 ,TO *ALL5GE SOMEONE OBVI\SLY OLD]1 RI*]1 & MORE HONORABLE IS TO RISK BE+ SNUBB$1 & H5CE HUMILIAT$2 TO OV]:ELM A POOR BUT RESPECTABLE MAN ) A GIFT HE C\LDN'T POSSIBLY PAY BACK IS SIMPLY CRUEL1 & WILL DO EQUAL DAMAGE TO Y\R REPUTATION4 ,!RE'S AN ,9DONESIAN /ORY AB\T ?AT TOO3 AB\T A RI* MAN :O SACRIFIC$ A MAGNIFIC5T OX TO %AME A P5URI\S RIVAL2 ! POOR MAN UTT]LY HUMILIAT$ HIM1 & WON ! CONTE/1 BY CALMLY PROCE$+ TO SACRIFICE A *ICK54.<#a#g#g.> 

,GAMES LIKE ?IS BECOME ESPECIALLY ELABORATE :5 /ATUS IS TO SOME DEGREE UP = GRABS4 ,:5 MATT]S >E TOO CLE>-CUT1 ?AT 9TRODUCES ITS [N SORTS ( PROBLEMS4 ,GIV+ GIFTS TO K+S IS (T5 A P>TICUL>LY TRICKY & COMPLICAT$ BUS9ESS4 ,! PROBLEM H]E IS ?AT ONE CANNOT REALLY GIVE A GIFT FIT = A K+ 7UNLESS1 P]HAPS1 ONE IS ANO!R K+71 S9CE K+S BY DEF9ITION ALREADY HAVE EV]Y?+4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ONE IS EXPECT$ TO MAKE A REASONABLE EF=T3 

,NASRUDD9 WAS ONCE CALL$ UP TO VISIT ! K+4 ,A NEI<BOR SAW HIM HURRY+ ALONG ! ROAD C>RY+ A BAG ( TURNIPS4 

0,:AT >E ?OSE =80 HE ASK$4 

0,I'VE BE5 CALL$ TO SEE ! K+4 ,I ?\<T IT W\LD BE BE/ TO BR+ SOME K9D ( PRES5T40 

0,Y\'RE BR++ HIM TURNIPS8 ,BUT TURNIPS >E PEASANT FOOD6 ,HE'S A K+6 ,Y\ %\LD BR+ HIM SOME?+ MORE APPROPRIATE1 LIKE GRAPES40 

,NASRUDD9 AGRE$1 & CAME TO ! K+ C>RY+ A BUN* ( GRAPES4 ,! K+ WAS NOT AMUS$4 0,Y\'RE GIV+ ME GRAPES8 ,BUT ,I'M A K+6 ,?IS IS RIDICUL\S4 ,TAKE ?IS IDIOT \T & TEA* HIM SOME MANN]S6 ,?R[ EA* & EV]Y ONE ( ! GRAPES AT HIM & !N KICK HIM \T ( ! PALACE40 

,! EMP]OR'S GU>DS DRAGG$ ,NASRUDD9 9TO A SIDE ROOM & BEGAN PELT+ HIM ) GRAPES4 ,AS !Y DID SO1 HE FELL ON HIS KNEES & BEGAN CRY+1 0,?ANK Y\1 ?ANK Y\ ,GOD1 = Y\R 9F9ITE M]CY60 

0,:Y >E Y\ ?ANK+ ,GOD80 !Y ASK$4 0,Y\'RE BE+ TOTALLY HUMILIAT$60 

,NASRUDD9 REPLI$1 0,OH1 ,I WAS JU/ ?9K+1 ',?ANK ,GOD ,I DIDN'T BR+ ! TURNIPS6' 0 

,ON ! O!R H&1 TO GIVE SOME?+ ?AT A K+ DOES NOT ALREADY HAVE CAN GET Y\ 9 EV5 GREAT] TR\BLE4 ,ONE /ORY CIRCULAT+ 9 ! E>LY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE CONC]N$ AN 9V5TOR :O1 ) GREAT FANF>E1 PRES5T$ A GLASS B[L AS A GIFT TO ! EMP]OR ,TIB]IUS4 ,! EMP]OR WAS PUZZL$3 ,:AT WAS SO IMPRESSIVE AB\T A PIECE ( GLASS8 ,! MAN DROPP$ IT ON ! GR\ND4 ,RA!R ?AN %ATT]+1 IT M]ELY D5T$4 ,HE PICK$ IT UP & SIMPLY PU%$ IT BACK 9TO ITS =M] %APE4 

0,DID Y\ TELL ANYONE ELSE H[ Y\ MADE ?IS ?+80 ASK$ A />TL$ ,TIB]IUS4 

,! 9V5TOR ASSUR$ HIM ?AT HE HAD NOT4 ,! EMP]OR !RE=E ORD]$ HIM KILL$1 S9CE1 IF WORD ( H[ TO MAKE UNBREAKABLE GLASS GOT \T1 HIS TREASURY ( GOLD & SILV] W\LD SOON BE WOR?LESS4.<#a#g#h.> 

,! BE/ BET :5 DEAL+ ) K+S WAS TO MAKE A REASONABLE EF=T TO PLAY ! GAME1 BUT ONE ?AT IS /ILL B\ND TO FAIL4 ,! F\RTE5?-C5TURY ,>AB TRAVEL] ,IBN ,BATTUTA TELLS ( ! CU/OMS ( ! ,K+ ( ,S9D1 A T]RIFY+ MON>* :O TOOK A P>TICUL> DELI<T 9 DISPLAYS ( >BITR>Y P[]4.<#a#g#i.> ,IT WAS CU/OM>Y = =EIGN WOR?IES VISIT+ ! K+ TO PRES5T HIM ) MAGNIFIC5T PRES5TS2 :ATEV] ! GIFT WAS1 HE W\LD 9V>IABLY RESPOND BY PRES5T+ ! BE>] ) SOME?+ MANY TIMES ITS VALUE4 ,AS A RESULT1 A SUB/ANTIAL BUS9ESS DEVELOP$ :]E LOCAL BANK]S W\LD L5D MONEY TO SU* VISITORS TO F9ANCE P>TICUL>LY SPECTACUL> GIFTS1 KN[+ !Y C\LD BE WELL REPAID FROM ! PROCE$S ( ROYAL ONE-UPMAN%IP4 ,! K+ MU/ HAVE KN[N AB\T ?IS4 ,HE DIDN'T OBJECT--S9CE ! :OLE PO9T WAS TO %[ ?AT HIS WEAL? EXCE$$ ALL POSSIBLE EQUIVAL5CE--& IF HE REALLY NE$$ TO1 HE C\LD ALWAYS EXPROPRIATE ! BANK]S4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT ! REALLY IMPORTANT GAME WAS NOT ECONOMIC1 BUT ONE ( /ATUS1 & HIS WAS ABSOLUTE4 

,9 EX*ANGE1 ! OBJECTS BE+ TRAD$ >E SE5 AS EQUIVAL5T4 ,!RE=E1 BY IMPLICATION1 SO >E ! PEOPLE3 AT LEA/1 AT ! MOM5T :5 GIFT IS MET ) C\NT]-GIFT1 OR MONEY *ANGES H&S2 :5 !RE IS NO FUR!R DEBT OR OBLIGATION & EA* ( ! TWO P>TIES IS EQUALLY FREE TO WALK AWAY4 ,?IS 9 TURN IMPLIES AUTONOMY4 ,BO? PR9CIPLES SIT UNCOM=TABLY ) MON>*S1 :I* IS ! REASON ?AT K+S G5]ALLY DISLIKE ANY SORT ( EX*ANGE4.<#a#h.> ,BUT )9 ?AT OV]HANG+ PROSPECT ( POT5TIAL CANCELLATION1 ( ULTIMATE EQUIVAL5CE1 WE F9D 5DLESS V>IATIONS1 5DLESS GAMES ONE CAN PLAY4 ,ONE CAN DEM& SOME?+ FROM ANO!R P]SON1 KN[+ ?AT BY DO+ SO1 ONE IS GIV+ ! O!R ! RI<T TO DEM& SOME?+ ( EQUIVAL5T VALUE 9 RETURN4 ,9 SOME CONTEXTS1 EV5 PRAIS+ ANO!R'S POSSESSION MI<T BE 9T]PRET$ AS A DEM& ( ?IS SORT4 ,9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,5GLI% SETTL]S SOON LE>N$ ?AT IT WAS NOT A GOOD IDEA TO ADMIRE1 SAY1 A P>TICUL>LY BEAUTIFUL JADE P5DANT WORN >\ND ! NECK ( A ,MAORI W>RIOR2 ! LATT] W\LD 9EVITABLY 9SI/ ON GIV+ IT1 NOT TAKE NO = AN ANSW]1 & !N1 AFT] A DISCREET 9T]VAL1 RETURN TO PRAISE ! SETTL]'S COAT OR GUN4 ,! ONLY WAY TO HEAD ?IS (F WAS TO QUICKLY GIVE HIM A GIFT BE=E HE C\LD ASK = ONE4 ,SOMETIMES GIFTS >E (F]$ 9 ORD] = ! GIV] TO BE ABLE TO MAKE SU* A DEM&3 IF ONE ACCEPTS ! PRES5T1 ONE IS TACITLY AGREE+ TO ALL[ ! GIV] TO CLAIM :ATEV] HE DEEMS EQUIVAL5T4.<#a#h#a.> 

,ALL ?IS1 9 TURN1 CAN %ADE 9TO SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE B>T]1 DIRECTLY SWAPP+ ONE ?+ = ANO!R--:I* AS WE'VE SE5 DOES OCCUR EV5 9 :AT ,M>CEL ,MAUSS LIK$ TO REF] TO AS 0GIFT ECONOMIES10 EV5 IF L>GELY BETWE5 /RANG]S4.<#a#h#b.> ,)9 COMMUNITIES1 !RE IS ALMO/ ALWAYS A RELUCTANCE1 AS ! ,TIV EXAMPLE SO NICELY ILLU/RATES1 TO ALL[ ?+S TO CANCEL \T--ONE REASON ?AT IF !RE IS MONEY 9 COMMON USAGE1 PEOPLE WILL (T5 EI!R REFUSE TO USE IT ) FRI5DS OR RELATIVES 7:I* 9 A VILLAGE SOCIETY 9CLUDES PRETTY MU* EV]YONE71 OR ALT]NATELY1 LIKE ! ,MALAGASY VILLAG]S 9 *APT] #c1 USE IT 9 RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,HI]>*Y 

  

,EX*ANGE1 !N1 IMPLIES =MAL EQUALITY--OR AT LEA/1 ! POT5TIAL = IT4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :Y K+S HAVE SU* TR\BLE ) IT4 

,9 CONTRA/1 RELATIONS ( EXPLICIT HI]>*Y--?AT IS1 RELATIONS BETWE5 AT LEA/ TWO P>TIES 9 :I* ONE IS CONSID]$ SUP]IOR TO ! O!R--DO NOT T5D TO OP]ATE BY RECIPROCITY AT ALL4 ,IT'S H>D TO SEE BECAUSE ! RELATION IS (T5 JU/IFI$ 9 RECIPROCAL T]MS 70! PEASANTS PROVIDE FOOD1 ! LORDS PROVIDE PROTECTION071 BUT ! PR9CIPLE BY :I* !Y OP]ATE IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 HI]>*Y T5DS TO WORK BY A LOGIC ( PREC$5T4 

,TO ILLU/RATE :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS1 LET US IMAG9E A K9D ( CONT9UUM ( ONE-SID$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 RANG+ FROM ! MO/ EXPLOITATIVE TO ! MO/ B5EVOL5T4 ,AT ONE EXTREME IS !FT1 OR PLUND]2 ON ! O!R SELFLESS *>ITY4.<#a#h#c.> ,ONLY AT !SE TWO EXTREMES IS IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE MAT]IAL 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE :O O!RWISE HAVE NO SOCIAL RELATION ( ANY K9D4 ,ONLY A LUNATIC W\LD MUG HIS NEXT-DOOR NEI<BOR4 ,A B& ( M>AUD+ SOLDI]S OR NOMADIC HORSEM5 FALL+ ON A PEASANT HAMLET TO RAPE & PILLAGE ALSO OBVI\SLY HAVE NO 9T5TION ( =M+ ANY ONGO+ RELATIONS ) ! SURVIVORS4 ,BUT 9 A SIMIL> WAY1 RELIGI\S TRADITIONS (T5 9SI/ ?AT ! ONLY TRUE *>ITY IS ANONYM\S--9 O!R WORDS1 NOT MEANT TO PLACE ! RECIPI5T 9 ONE'S DEBT4 ,ONE EXTREME =M ( ?IS1 DOCUM5T$ 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! WORLD1 IS ! GIFT BY /EAL?1 9 A K9D ( REV]SE BURGL>Y3 TO LIT]ALLY SNEAK 9TO ! RECIPI5T'S H\SE AT NI<T & PLANT ONE'S PRES5T SO NO ONE CAN KN[ = SURE :O HAS LEFT IT4 ,! FIGURE ( ,SANTA ,CLAUS1 OR ,SA9T ,NI*OLAS 7:O1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 WAS NOT JU/ ! PATRON SA9T ( *ILDR51 BUT ALSO ! PATRON SA9T ( ?IEVES7 W\LD APPE> TO BE ! MY?OLOGICAL V]SION ( ! SAME PR9CIPLE3 A B5EVOL5T BURGL> ) :OM NO SOCIAL RELATIONS >E POSSIBLE & !RE=E TO :OM NO ONE C\LD POSSIBLY [E ANY?+1 9 HIS CASE1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE HE DOES NOT ACTUALLY EXI/4 

,OBS]VE1 H[EV]1 :AT HAPP5S :5 ONE MOVES JU/ A LITTLE BIT LESS F> \T ON ! CONT9UUM 9 EI!R DIRECTION4 ,I HAVE BE5 TOLD 7,I SUSPECT IT ISN'T TRUE7 ?AT 9 P>TS ( ,BEL>US1 GANGS PREY SO SY/EMATICALLY ON TRAVEL]S ON TRA9S & BUSSES ?AT !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ ! HABIT ( GIV+ EA* VICTIM A LITTLE TOK51 TO CONFIRM ?AT ! BE>] HAS ALREADY BE5 ROBB$4 ,OBVI\SLY ONE /EP T[>D ! CREATION ( A /ATE4 ,ACTUALLY1 ONE POPUL> !ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE1 ?AT GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ! F\RTE5?-C5TURY ,NOR? ,AFRICAN HI/ORIAN ,IBN ,KHALDUN1 RUNS PRECISELY ALONG !SE L9ES3 NOMADIC RAID]S EV5TUALLY SY/EMIZE !IR RELATIONS ) S$5T>Y VILLAG]S2 PILLAGE TURNS 9TO TRIBUTE1 RAPE TURNS 9TO ! 0RI<T ( ! FIR/ NI<T0 OR ! C>RY+ (F ( LIKELY C&IDATES AS RECRUITS = ! ROYAL H>EM4 ,CONQUE/1 UNTRAMMEL$ =CE1 BECOMES SY/EMIZ$1 & ?US FRAM$ NOT AS A PR$ATORY RELATION BUT AS A MORAL ONE1 ) ! LORDS PROVID+ PROTECTION1 & ! VILLAG]S1 !IR SU/5ANCE4 ,BUT EV5 IF ALL P>TIES ASSUME !Y >E OP]AT+ BY A %>$ MORAL CODE1 ?AT EV5 K+S CANNOT DO :ATEV] !Y WANT BUT MU/ OP]ATE )9 LIMITS1 ALL[+ PEASANTS TO >GUE AB\T ! RI<TS & WRONGS ( JU/ H[ MU* ( !IR H>VE/ A K+'S RETA9]S >E 5TITL$ TO C>RY (F1 !Y >E V]Y UNLIKELY TO FRAME !IR CALCULATION 9 T]MS ( ! QUALITY OR QUANTITY ( PROTECTION PROVID$1 BUT RA!R 9 T]MS ( CU/OM & PREC$5T3 ,H[ MU* DID WE PAY LA/ YE>8 ,H[ MU* DID \R ANCE/ORS HAVE TO PAY8 ,! SAME IS TRUE ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,IF *>ITABLE DONATIONS BECOME ! BASIS = ANY SORT ( SOCIAL RELATION1 IT WILL NOT BE ONE BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY4 ,IF Y\ GIVE SOME CO9S TO A PANH&L]1 & ?AT PANH&L] RECOGNIZES Y\ LAT]1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT HE WILL GIVE Y\ ANY MONEY--BUT HE MI<T WELL CONSID] Y\ MORE LIKELY TO GIVE HIM MONEY AGA94 ,C]TA9LY ?IS IS TRUE IF ONE DONATES MONEY TO A *>ITABLE ORGANIZATION4 7,I GAVE MONEY TO ! ,UNIT$ ,F>M ,WORK]S ONCE & ,I /ILL HAV5'T HE>D ! 5D ( IT47 ,SU* AN ACT ( ONE-SID$ G5]OSITY IS TREAT$ AS A PREC$5T = :AT WILL BE EXPECT$ AFT]W>DS4.<#a#h#d.> ,IT'S QUITE ! SAME IF ONE GIVES C&Y TO A *ILD4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN :5 ,I SAY ?AT HI]>*Y OP]ATES BY A PR9CIPLE ?AT IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,:5EV] ! L9ES ( SUP]IORITY & 9F]IORITY >E CLE>LY DRAWN & ACCEPT$ BY ALL P>TIES AS ! FRAMEWORK ( A RELATION%IP1 & RELATIONS >E SUFFICI5TLY ONGO+ ?AT WE >E NO LONG] SIMPLY DEAL+ ) >BITR>Y =CE1 !N RELATIONS WILL BE SE5 AS BE+ REGULAT$ BY A WEB ( HABIT OR CU/OM4 ,SOMETIMES ! SITUATION IS ASSUM$ TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ 9 SOME F\ND+ ACT ( CONQUE/4 ,OR IT MI<T BE5 SE5 AS ANCE/RAL CU/OM = :I* !RE IS NO NE$ ( EXPLANATION4 ,BUT ?IS 9TRODUCES ANO!R COMPLICATION TO ! PROBLEM ( GIV+ GIFTS TO K+S--OR TO ANY SUP]IOR3 !RE IS ALWAYS ! DANG] ?AT IT WILL BE TREAT$ AS A PREC$5T1 ADD$ TO ! WEB ( CU/OM1 & !RE=E CONSID]$ OBLIGATORY !REAFT]4 ,X5OPHON CLAIMS ?AT 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,P]SIAN ,EMPIRE1 EA* PROV9CE VI$ TO S5D ! ,GREAT ,K+ GIFTS ( ITS MO/ UNIQUE & VALUABLE PRODUCTS4 ,?IS BECAME ! BASIS ( ! TRIBUTE SY/EM3 EA* PROV9CE WAS EV5TUALLY EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE ! SAME 0GIFTS0 EV]Y YE>4.<#a#h#e.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ACCORD+ TO ! GREAT ,M$IEVAL HI/ORIAN ,M>C ,BLO*3 

.<,I.>N ! N9? C5TURY1 :5 ONE DAY !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( W9E 9 ! ROYAL CELL>S AT ,V]1 ! MONKS ( ,SA9T-,D5IS W]E ASK$ TO SUPPLY ! TWO HUNDR$ HOGS-HEADS REQUIR$4 ,?IS CONTRIBUTION WAS !NCE=? CLAIM$ FROM !M AS ( RI<T EV]Y YE>1 & IT REQUIR$ AN IMP]IAL *>T] TO ABOLI% IT4 ,AT ,>DRES1 WE >E TOLD1 !RE WAS ONCE A BE>1 ! PROP]TY ( ! LOCAL LORD4 ,! 9HABITANTS1 :O LOV$ TO WAT* IT FI<T ) DOGS1 UND]TOOK TO FE$ IT4 ,! BEA/ EV5TUALLY DI$1 BUT ! LORD CONT9U$ TO EXACT ! LOAVES ( BREAD40.<#a#h#f.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ANY GIFT TO A FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 0ESPECIALLY IF REPEAT$ ?REE ( F\R TIMES10 WAS LIKELY TO BE TREAT$ AS A PREC$5T & ADD$ TO ! WEB ( CU/OM4 ,AS A RESULT1 ?OSE GIV+ GIFTS TO SUP]IORS (T5 9SI/$ ON RECEIV+ A 0LETT] ( NON-PREJUDICE0 LEGALLY /IPULAT+ ?AT SU* A GIFT W\LD NOT BE REQUIR$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,:ILE IT IS UNUSUAL = MATT]S TO BECOME QUITE SO =MALIZ$1 ANY SOCIAL RELATION ?AT IS ASSUM$ FROM ! />T TO BE UNEQUAL WILL 9EVITABLY BEG9 TO OP]ATE ON AN ANALOG\S LOGIC--IF ONLY BECAUSE1 ONCE RELATIONS >E SE5 AS BAS$ ON 0CU/OM10 ! ONLY WAY TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ONE HAS A DUTY OR OBLIGATION TO DO SOME?+ IS TO %[ ?AT ONE HAS DONE IT BE=E4 

,(T51 SU* >RANGEM5TS CAN TURN 9TO A LOGIC ( CA/E3 C]TA9 CLANS >E RESPONSIBLE = WEAV+ ! C]EMONIAL G>M5TS1 OR BR++ ! FI% = ROYAL FEA/S1 OR CUTT+ ! K+'S HAIR4 ,!Y ?US COME TO BE KN[N AS WEAV]S OR FI%]M5 OR B>B]S4.<#a#h#g.> ,?IS LA/ PO9T CAN'T BE OV]EMPHASIZ$ BECAUSE IT BR+S HOME ANO!R TRU? REGUL>LY OV]LOOK$3 ?AT ! LOGIC ( ID5TITY IS1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 5TANGL$ 9 ! LOGIC ( HI]>*Y4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 C]TA9 PEOPLE >E PLAC$ ABOVE O!RS1 OR :]E EV]YONE IS BE+ RANK$ 9 RELATION TO ! K+1 OR ! HI< PRIE/1 OR ,F\ND+ ,FA!RS1 ?AT ONE BEG9S TO SPEAK ( PEOPLE B\ND BY !IR ESS5TIAL NATURE3 AB\T FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T K9DS ( HUMAN BE+4 ,IDEOLOGIES ( CA/E OR RACE >E JU/ EXTREME EXAMPLES4 ,IT HAPP5S :5EV] ONE GR\P IS SE5 AS RAIS+ !MSELVES ABOVE O!RS1 OR PLAC+ !MSELVES BEL[ O!RS1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ORD9>Y /&>DS ( FAIR DEAL+ NO LONG] APPLY4 

,9 FACT1 SOME?+ LIKE ?IS HAPP5S 9 A SMALL WAY EV5 9 \R MO/ 9TIMATE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! MOM5T WE RECOGNIZE SOMEONE AS A DIFF]5T SORT ( P]SON1 EI!R ABOVE OR BEL[ US1 !N ORD9>Y RULES ( RECIPROCITY BECOME MODIFI$ OR >E SET ASIDE4 ,IF A FRI5D IS UNUSUALLY G5]\S ONCE1 WE WILL LIKELY WI% TO RECIPROCATE4 ,IF %E ACTS ?IS WAY REPEAT$LY1 WE CONCLUDE %E IS A G5]\S P]SON1 & >E H5CE LESS LIKELY TO RECIPROCATE4.<#a#h#h.> 

,WE CAN DESCRIBE A SIMPLE =MULA H]E3 A C]TA9 ACTION1 REPEAT$1 BECOMES CU/OM>Y2 AS A RESULT1 IT COMES TO DEF9E ! ACTOR'S ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,ALT]NATELY1 A P]SON'S NATURE MAY BE DEF9$ BY H[ O!RS HAVE ACT$ T[>D HIM 9 ! PA/4 ,TO BE AN >I/OCRAT IS L>GELY TO 9SI/ ?AT 9 ! PA/1 O!RS HAVE TREAT$ Y\ AS AN >I/OCRAT 7S9CE >I/OCRATS DON'T REALLY DO ANY?+ 9 P>TICUL>1 MO/ SP5D !IR TIME SIMPLY EXI/+ 9 SOME SORT ( PUTATIVELY SUP]IOR /ATE71 & !RE=E %\LD CONT9UE TO DO SO4 ,MU* ( ! >T ( BE+ SU* A P]SON IS ?AT ( TREAT+ ONESELF 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT IT CONVEYS H[ Y\ EXPECT O!RS TO TREAT Y\3 9 ! CASE ( ACTUAL K+S1 COV]+ ONESELF ) GOLD SO AS TO SUGGE/ ?AT O!RS DO LIKEWISE4 ,ON ! O!R 5D ( ! SCALE1 ?IS IS ALSO H[ ABUSE BECOMES SELF-LEGITIMAT+4 ,AS A =M] /UD5T ( M9E1 ,S>AH ,/ILLMAN1 PO9T$ \T3 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IF A MIDDLE-CLASS ?IRTE5-YE>-OLD GIRL IS KIDNAPP$1 RAP$1 & KILL$1 IT IS CONSID]$ AN AGONIZ+ NATIONAL CRISIS ?AT EV]YONE ) A TELEVISION IS EXPECT$ TO FOLL[ = SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,IF A ?IRTE5-YE>-OLD GIRL IS TURN$ \T AS A *ILD PRO/ITUTE1 RAP$ SY/EMATICALLY = YE>S1 & ULTIMATELY KILL$1 ALL ?IS IS CONSID]$ UNREM>KABLE--REALLY JU/ ! SORT ( ?+ ONE CAN EXPECT TO 5D UP HAPP5+ TO SOMEONE LIKE ?AT4.<#a#h#i.> 

,:5 OBJECTS ( MAT]IAL WEAL? PASS BACK & =? BETWE5 SUP]IORS & 9F]IORS AS GIFTS OR PAYM5TS1 ! KEY PR9CIPLE SEEMS TO BE ?AT ! SORTS ( ?+S GIV5 ON EA* SIDE %\LD BE CONSID]$ FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T 9 QUALITY1 !IR RELATIVE VALUE IMPOSSIBLE TO QUANTIFY--! RESULT BE+ ?AT !RE IS NO WAY TO EV5 CONCEIVE ( A SQU>+ ( ACC\NTS4 ,EV5 IF ,M$IEVAL WRIT]S 9SI/$ ON IMAG9+ SOCIETY AS A HI]>*Y 9 :I* PRIE/S PRAY = EV]YONE1 NOBLES FI<T = EV]YONE1 & PEASANTS FE$ EV]YONE1 IT NEV] EV5 OCCURR$ TO ANYONE TO E/ABLI% H[ MANY PRAY]S OR H[ MU* MILIT>Y PROTECTION WAS EQUIVAL5T TO A TON ( :EAT4 ,NOR DID ANYONE EV] CONSID] MAK+ SU* A CALCULATION4 ,NEI!R IS IT ?AT 0L[LY0 SORTS ( PEOPLE >E NECESS>ILY GIV5 L[LY SORTS ( ?+S & VICE V]SA4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 JU/ AB\T ANY NOTABLE PHILOSOPH]1 >TI/1 POET1 OR MUSICIAN WAS REQUIR$ TO F9D A WEAL?Y PATRON = SUPPORT4 ,FAM\S WORKS ( POETRY OR PHILOSOPHY >E (T5 PREFAC$--ODDLY1 TO ! MOD]N EYE--) GU%+1 SYCOPHANTIC PRAISE = ! WISDOM & VIRTUE ( SOME LONG-=GOTT5 E>L OR C\NT :O PROVID$ A MEAG] /IP5D4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NOBLE PATRON M]ELY PROVID$ ROOM & BO>D1 OR MONEY1 & ?AT ! CLI5T %[$ HIS GRATITUDE BY PA9T+ ! ,MONA ,LISA1 OR COMPOS+ ! ,TOCCATA & ,FUGUE 9 ,D ,M9OR1 WAS 9 NO WAY SE5 TO COMPROMISE ! ASSUMPTION ( ! NOBLE'S 9TR9SIC SUP]IORITY4 

,!RE IS ONE GREAT EXCEPTION TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT IS ! PH5OM5ON ( HI]>*ICAL R$I/RIBUTION4 ,H]E1 ?\<1 RA!R ?AN GIV+ BACK & =? ! SAME SORTS ( ?+S1 !Y GIVE BACK & =? EXACTLY ! SAME ?+3 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 :5 FANS ( C]TA9 ,NIG]IAN POP />S ?R[ MONEY ONTO ! /AGE DUR+ CONC]TS1 & ! POP />S 9 QUE/ION MAKE OCCASIONAL T\RS ( !IR FANS' NEI<BORHOODS TOSS+ 7! SAME7 MONEY FROM ! W9D[S ( !IR LIMOS4 ,:5 ?IS IS ALL ?AT'S GO+ ON1 WE MAY SPEAK ( AN ABSOLUTELY M9IMAL SORT ( HI]>*Y4 ,9 MU* ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA1 SOCIAL LIFE C5T]S ON 0BIG M510 *>ISMATIC 9DIVIDUALS :O SP5D MU* ( !IR TIME COAX+1 CAJOL+1 & MANIPULAT+ 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE MASSES ( WEAL? TO GIVE AWAY AGA9 AT SOME GREAT FEA/4 ,ONE C\LD1 9 PRACTICE1 PASS FROM H]E TO1 SAY1 AN ,AMAZONIAN OR 9DIG5\S ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN *IEF4 ,UNLIKE BIG M51 !IR ROLE IS MORE =MALIZ$2 BUT ACTUALLY SU* *IEFS HAVE NO P[] TO COMPEL ANYONE TO DO ANY?+ !Y DON'T WANT TO 7H5CE ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN *IEFS' FAM\S SKILL AT ORATORY & P[]S ( P]SUASION74 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y T5D$ TO GIVE AWAY F> MORE ?AN !Y RECEIV$4 ,OBS]V]S (T5 REM>K$ ?AT 9 T]MS ( P]SONAL POSSESSIONS1 A VILLAGE *IEF WAS (T5 ! POORE/ MAN 9 ! VILLAGE1 SU* WAS ! PRESSURE ON HIM = CON/ANT SUPPLY ( L>GESSE4 

,9DE$1 ONE C\LD JUDGE H[ EGALIT>IAN A SOCIETY REALLY WAS BY EXACTLY ?IS3 :E!R ?OSE O/5SIBLY 9 POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY >E M]ELY CONDUITS = R$I/RIBUTION1 OR ABLE TO USE !IR POSITIONS TO ACCUMULATE RI*ES4 ,! LATT] SEEMS MO/ LIKELY 9 >I/OCRATIC SOCIETIES ?AT ADD ANO!R ELEM5T3 W> & PLUND]4 ,AFT] ALL1 JU/ AB\T ANYONE :O COMES 9TO A V]Y L>GE AM\NT ( WEAL? WILL ULTIMATELY GIVE AT LEA/ P>T ( IT AWAY--(T5 9 GR&IOSE & SPECTACUL> WAYS TO L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE4 ,! MORE ( ONE'S WEAL? IS OBTA9$ BY PLUND] OR EXTORTION1 ! MORE SPECTACUL> & SELF-AGGR&IZ+ WILL BE ! =MS 9 :I* IT'S GIV5 AWAY4.<#a#i.> ,& :AT IS TRUE ( W>RIOR >I/OCRACIES IS ALL ! MORE TRUE ( ANCI5T /ATES1 :]E RUL]S ALMO/ 9V>IABLY REPRES5T$ !MSELVES AS ! PROTECTORS ( ! HELPLESS1 SUPPORT]S ( WID[S & ORPHANS1 & *AMPIONS ( ! POOR4 ,! G5EALOGY ( ! MOD]N R$I/RIBUTIVE /ATE--) ITS NOTORI\S T5D5CY TO FO/] ID5TITY POLITICS--CAN BE TRAC$ BACK NOT TO ANY SORT ( 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 BUT ULTIMATELY TO VIOL5CE & W>4 

,%IFT+ BETWE5 ,MODALITIES 

  

,I %\LD UND]L9E AGA9 ?AT WE >E NOT TALK+ AB\T DIFF]5T TYPES ( SOCIETY H]E 7AS WE'VE SE51 ! V]Y IDEA ?AT WE'VE EV] BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9TO DISCRETE 0SOCIETIES0 IS DUBI\S7 BUT MORAL PR9CIPLES ?AT ALWAYS COEXI/ EV]Y:]E4 ,WE >E ALL COMMUNI/S ) \R CLOSE/ FRI5DS1 & FEUDAL LORDS :5 DEAL+ ) SMALL *ILDR54 ,IT IS V]Y H>D TO IMAG9E A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W\LDN'T BE BO?4 

,! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS3 ,IF WE >E ALL ORD9>ILY MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T SY/EMS ( MORAL ACC\NT+1 :Y HASN'T ANYBODY NOTIC$ ?IS8 ,:Y1 9/EAD1 DO WE CONT9UALLY FEEL ! NE$ TO REFRAME EV]Y?+ 9 T]MS ( RECIPROCITY8 

,H]E WE MU/ RETURN TO ! FACT ?AT RECIPROCITY IS \R MA9 WAY ( IMAG9+ JU/ICE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT IS :AT WE FALL BACK ON :5 WE'RE ?9K+ 9 ! AB/RACT1 & ESPECIALLY :5 WE'RE TRY+ TO CREATE AN IDEALIZ$ PICTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,I'VE ALREADY GIV5 EXAMPLES ( ?IS SORT ( ?+4 ,IROQUOIS COMMUNITIES W]E BAS$ ON AN E?OS ?AT REQUIR$ EV]YONE TO BE ATT5TIVE TO ! NE$S ( SEV]AL DIFF]5T SORTS ( PEOPLE3 !IR FRI5DS1 !IR FAMILIES1 MEMB]S ( !IR MATRIL9EAL CLANS1 EV5 FRI5DLY /RANG]S 9 SITUATIONS ( H>D%IP4 ,IT WAS :5 !Y HAD TO ?9K AB\T SOCIETY 9 ! AB/RACT ?AT !Y />T$ TO EMPHASIZE ! TWO SIDES ( ! VILLAGE1 EA* ( :I* HAD TO BURY ! O!R'S DEAD4 ,IT WAS A WAY ( IMAG9+ COMMUNISM ?R\< RECIPROCITY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 FEUDALISM WAS A NOTORI\SLY MESSY & COMPLICAT$ BUS9ESS1 BUT :5EV] ,M$IEVAL ?9K]S G5]ALIZ$ AB\T IT1 !Y R$UC$ ALL ITS RANKS & ORD]S 9TO ONE SIMPLE =MULA 9 :I* EA* ORD] CONTRIBUT$ ITS %>E3 0,SOME PRAY1 SOME FI<T1 /ILL O!RS WORK40.<#a#i#a.> ,EV5 HI]>*Y WAS SE5 AS ULTIMATELY RECIPROCAL1 DESPITE ?IS =MULA HAV+ NO?+ TO DO ) ! REAL RELATIONS BETWE5 PRIE/S1 KNI<TS1 & PEASANTS REALLY OP]AT$ ON ! GR\ND4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E FAMILI> ) ! PH5OM5ON3 IT'S ONLY :5 PEOPLE :O HAVE NEV] HAD OCCASION TO REALLY ?9K AB\T !IR SOCIETY OR CULTURE AS A :OLE1 :O PROBABLY W]5'T EV5 AW>E !Y W]E LIV+ 9SIDE SOME?+ O!R PEOPLE CONSID]$ A 0SOCIETY0 OR A 0CULTURE10 >E ASK$ TO EXPLA9 H[ EV]Y?+ WORKS ?AT !Y SAY ?+S LIKE 0?IS IS H[ WE REPAY \R MO!RS = ! PA9 ( HAV+ RAIS$ US10 OR PUZZLE OV] CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS 9 :I* CLAN ,A GIVES !IR WOM5 9 M>RIAGE TO CLAN ,B :O GIVES !IRS TO CLAN ,C1 :O GIVES !IRS BACK TO ,A AGA91 BUT :I* NEV] SEEM TO QUITE CORRESPOND TO :AT REAL PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO4.<#a#i#b.> ,:5 TRY+ TO IMAG9E A JU/ SOCIETY1 IT'S H>D NOT TO EVOKE IMAGES ( BALANCE & SYMMETRY1 ( ELEGANT GEOMETRIES :]E EV]Y?+ BALANCES \T4 

,! IDEA ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ CALL$ 0! M>KET0 IS NOT SO V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,ECONOMI/S WILL (T5 ADMIT ?IS1 IF Y\ ASK !M 9 ! RI<T WAY4 ,M>KETS >5'T REAL4 ,!Y >E MA!MATICAL MODELS1 CREAT$ BY IMAG9+ A SELF-CONTA9$ WORLD :]E EV]YONE HAS EXACTLY ! SAME MOTIVATION & ! SAME KN[L$GE & IS 5GAG+ 9 ! SAME SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULAT+ EX*ANGE4 ,ECONOMI/S >E AW>E ?AT REALITY IS ALWAYS MORE COMPLICAT$2 BUT !Y >E ALSO AW>E ?AT TO COME UP ) A MA!MATICAL MODEL1 ONE ALWAYS HAS TO MAKE ! WORLD 9TO A BIT ( A C>TOON4 ,!RE'S NO?+ WRONG ) ?IS4 ,! PROBLEM COMES :5 IT 5ABLES SOME 7(T5 !SE SAME ECONOMI/S7 TO DECL>E ?AT ANYONE :O IGNORES ! DICTATES ( ! M>KET %ALL SURELY BE PUNI%$--OR ?AT S9CE WE LIVE 9 A M>KET SY/EM1 EV]Y?+ 7EXCEPT GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE7 IS BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE3 ?AT \R ECONOMIC SY/EM IS ONE VA/ NETWORK ( RECIPROCAL RELATIONS 9 :I*1 9 ! 5D1 ! ACC\NTS BALANCE & ALL DEBTS >E PAID4 

,!SE PR9CIPLES GET TANGL$ UP 9 EA* O!R & IT'S ?US (T5 DIFFICULT TO TELL :I* PR$OM9ATES 9 A GIV5 SITUATION--ONE REASON ?AT IT'S RIDICUL\S TO PRET5D WE C\LD EV] R$UCE HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 ECONOMIC OR O!RWISE1 TO A MA!MATICAL =MULA ( ANY SORT4 ,/ILL1 ?IS MEANS ?AT SOME DEGREE ( RECIPROCITY CAN BE DETECT$ AS POT5TIALLY PRES5T 9 ANY SITUATION2 SO A DET]M9$ OBS]V] CAN ALWAYS F9D SOME EXCUSE TO SAY IT'S !RE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 C]TA9 PR9CIPLES APPE> TO HAVE AN 9H]5T T5D5CY TO SLIP 9TO O!RS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 A LOT ( EXTREMELY HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS CAN OP]ATE 7AT LEA/ SOME ( ! TIME7 ON COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,IF Y\ HAVE A RI* PATRON1 Y\ COME TO HIM 9 TIMES ( NE$1 & HE IS EXPECT$ TO HELP Y\4 ,BUT ONLY TO A C]TA9 DEGREE4 ,NO ONE EXPECTS ! PATRON TO PROVIDE SO MU* HELP ?AT IT ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E ! UND]LY+ 9EQUALITY4.<#a#i#c.> 

,LIKEWISE1 COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS CAN EASILY />T SLIPP+ 9TO RELATIONS ( HI]>*ICAL 9EQUALITY--(T5 )\T ANYONE NOTIC+ IT4 ,IT'S NOT H>D TO SEE :Y ?IS HAPP5S4 ,SOMETIMES DIFF]5T PEOPLE'S 0ABILITIES0 & 0NE$S0 >E GROSSLY DISPROPORTIONATE4 ,G5U9ELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES >E KE5LY AW>E ( ?IS & T5D TO DEVELOP ELABORATE SAFEGU>DS >\ND ! DANG]S ( ANYONE--SAY1 ESPECIALLY GOOD HUNT]S1 9 A HUNT+ SOCIETY--RIS+ TOO F> ABOVE !MSELVES2 JU/ AS !Y T5D TO BE SUSPICI\S ( ANY?+ ?AT MI<T MAKE ONE MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY FEEL 9 G5U9E DEBT TO ANO!R4 ,A MEMB] :O DRAWS ATT5TION TO HIS [N ACCOMPLI%M5TS WILL F9D HIMSELF ! OBJECT ( MOCK]Y4 ,(T51 ! ONLY POLITE ?+ TO DO IF ONE HAS ACCOMPLI%$ SOME?+ SIGNIFICANT IS TO 9/EAD MAKE FUN ( ONESELF4 ,! ,DANI% WRIT] ,PET] ,FREU*51 9 HIS ,BOOK ( ! ,ESKIMO1 DESCRIB$ H[ 9 ,GRE5L&1 ONE C\LD TELL :AT A F9E DELICACY SOMEONE HAD TO (F] HIS GUE/S BY H[ MU* HE BELITTL$ IT BE=EH&3 

,! OLD MAN LAU<$4 0,SOME PEOPLE DON'T KN[ MU*4 ,I AM SU* A POOR HUNT] & MY WIFE A T]RIBLE COOK :O RU9S EV]Y?+4 ,I DON'T HAVE MU*1 BUT ,I ?9K !RE IS A PIECE ( MEAT \TSIDE4 ,IT MI<T /ILL BE !RE AS ! DOGS HAVE REFUS$ IT SEV]AL TIMES40 

,?IS WAS SU* A RECOMM5DATION 9 ! ,ESKIMO WAY ( BACKW>DS BRAGG+ ?AT EV]YONE'S M\?S BEGAN TO WAT] 444 

,! READ] WILL RECALL ! WALRUS HUNT] ( ! LA/ *APT]1 :O TOOK (F5SE :5 ! AU?OR TRI$ TO ?ANK HIM = GIV+ HIM A %>E ( MEAT--AFT] ALL1 HUMANS HELP ONE ANO!R1 & ONCE WE TREAT SOME?+ AS A GIFT1 WE TURN 9TO SOME?+ LESS ?AN HUMAN3 0,UP H]E WE SAY ?AT BY GIFTS ONE MAKES SLAVES & BY :IPS ONE MAKES DOGS40.<#a#i#d.> 

0,GIFT0 H]E DOES NOT MEAN SOME?+ GIV5 FREELY1 NOT MUTUAL AID ?AT WE CAN ORD9>ILY EXPECT HUMAN BE+S TO PROVIDE TO ONE ANO!R4 ,TO ?ANK SOMEONE SUGGE/S ?AT HE OR %E MI<T NOT HAVE ACT$ ?AT WAY1 & ?AT !RE=E ! *OICE TO ACT ?IS WAY CREATES AN OBLIGATION1 A S5SE ( DEBT--& H5CE1 9F]IORITY4 ,COMMUNES OR EGALIT>IAN COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES (T5 FACE SIMIL> DILEMMAS1 & !Y HAVE TO COME UP ) !IR [N SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ CREEP+ HI]>*Y4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT ! T5D5CY = COMMUNISM TO SLIP 9TO HI]>*Y IS 9EVITABLE--SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,9UIT HAVE MANAG$ TO F5D IT (F = ?\S&S ( YE>S--BUT RA!R1 ?AT ONE MU/ ALWAYS GU>D AGA9/ IT4 

,9 CONTRA/1 IT'S NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT--(T5 D[NRI<T IMPOSSIBLE--TO %IFT RELATIONS BAS$ ON AN ASSUMPTION ( COMMUNI/IC %>+ TO RELATIONS ( EQUAL EX*ANGE4 ,WE OBS]VE ?IS ALL ! TIME ) FRI5DS3 IF SOMEONE IS SE5 AS TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( Y\R G5]OSITY1 IT'S (T5 MU* EASI] TO BREAK (F RELATIONS 5TIRELY ?AN TO DEM& ?AT !Y SOMEH[ PAY Y\ BACK4 ,ONE EXTREME EXAMPLE IS ! ,MAORI /ORY AB\T A NOTORI\S GLUTTON :O US$ TO IRRITATE FI%]M5 UP & D[N ! COA/ NE> :]E HE LIV$ BY CON/ANTLY ASK+ = ! BE/ PORTIONS ( !IR CAT*4 ,S9CE TO REFUSE A DIRECT REQUE/ = FOOD WAS EFFECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE1 !Y W\LD DUTIFULLY TURN IT OV]2 UNTIL ONE DAY1 PEOPLE DECID$ 5\< WAS 5\< & KILL$ HIM4.<#a#i#e.> 

,WE'VE ALREADY SE5 H[ CREAT+ A GR\ND ( SOCIABILITY AMONG /RANG]S CAN (T5 REQUIRE AN ELABORATE PROCESS ( TE/+ ! O!RS' LIMITS BY HELP+ ONESELF TO !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,! SAME SORT ( ?+ CAN HAPP5 9 PEACEMAK+1 OR EV5 9 ! CREATION ( BUS9ESS P>TN]%IPS4.<#a#i#f.> ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 PEOPLE TOLD ME ?AT TWO M5 :O >E ?9K+ ( GO+ 9TO BUS9ESS TOGE!R WILL (T5 BECOME BLOOD BRO!RS4 ,BLOOD BRO!RHOOD1 FATIDRA1 CONSI/S ( AN UNLIMIT$ PROMISE ( MUTUAL AID4 ,BO? P>TIES SOLEMNLY SWE> ?AT !Y WILL NEV] REFUSE ANY REQUE/ FROM ! O!R4 ,9 REALITY1 P>TN]S TO SU* AN AGREEM5T >E USUALLY FAIRLY CIRCUMSPECT 9 :AT !Y ACTUALLY REQUE/4 ,BUT1 MY FRI5DS 9SI/$1 :5 PEOPLE FIR/ MAKE SU* AN AGREEM5T1 !Y SOMETIMES LIKE TO TE/ IT \T4 ,ONE MAY DEM& ! O!R'S H\SE1 ! %IRT (F HIS BACK1 OR 7EV]YONE'S FAVORITE EXAMPLE7 ! RI<T TO SP5D ! NI<T ) HIS WIFE4 ,! ONLY LIMIT IS ! KN[L$GE ?AT ANY?+ ONE CAN DEM&1 ! O!R ONE CAN TOO4.<#a#i#g.> ,H]E1 AGA91 WE >E TALK+ AB\T AN 9ITIAL E/ABLI%M5T ( TRU/4 ,ONCE ! G5U95ESS ( ! MUTUAL COMMITM5T HAS BE5 CONFIRM$1 ! GR\ND IS PREP>$1 AS IT W]E1 & ! TWO M5 CAN BEG9 TO BUY & SELL ON CONSIGNM5T1 ADVANCE FUNDS1 %>E PR(ITS1 & O!RWISE TRU/ ?AT EA* WILL LOOK AFT] ! O!R'S COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S FROM !N ON4 ,! MO/ FAM\S & DRAMATIC MOM5TS1 H[EV]1 >E ?OSE :5 RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE ?REAT5 TO BREAK D[N 9TO HI]>*Y3 ?AT IS1 :5 TWO P>TIES >E ACT+ LIKE EQUALS1 TRAD+ GIFTS1 OR BL[S1 OR COMMODITIES1 OR ANY?+ ELSE1 BUT ONE ( !M DOES SOME?+ ?AT COMPLETELY FLIPS ! SCALE4 

,I'VE ALREADY M5TION$ ! T5D5CY ( GIFT EX*ANGE TO TURN 9TO GAMES ( ONE-UPMAN%IP1 & H[ 9 SOME SOCIETIES ?IS POT5TIAL IS =MALIZ$ 9 GREAT PUBLIC CONTE/S4 ,?IS IS TYPICAL1 ABOVE ALL1 ( :AT >E (T5 CALL$ 0H]OIC SOCIETIES03 ?OSE 9 :I* GOV]NM5TS >E WEAK OR NONEXI/5T & SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ 9/EAD >\ND W>RIOR NOBLEM51 EA* ) HIS 5T\RAGE ( LOYAL RETA9]S & TI$ TO ! O!RS BY EV]-%IFT+ ALLIANCES & RIVALRIES4 ,MO/ EPIC POETRY--FROM ! ,ILIAD TO ! ,MAHABH>ATA TO ,BE[ULF--H>K5S BACK TO ?IS SORT ( WORLD1 & AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE DISCOV]$ SIMIL> >RANGEM5TS AMONG ! ,MAORI ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& & ! ,KWAKIUTL1 ,TL+IT1 & ,HAIDA ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR?WE/ COA/4 ,9 H]OIC SOCIETIES1 ! ?R[+ ( FEA/S & RESULT+ CONTE/S ( G5]OSITY >E (T5 SPOK5 ( AS M]E EXT5SIONS ( W>3 0FI<T+ ) PROP]TY0 OR 0FI<T+ ) FOOD40 ,?OSE :O ?R[ SU* FEA/S (T5 9DULGE 9 COLORFUL SPEE*ES AB\T H[ !IR 5EMIES >E ?US CRU%$ & DE/ROY$ BY GLORI\S FEATS ( G5]OSITY AIM$ 9 !IR DIRECTION 7,KWAKIUTL *IEFS LIK$ TO SPEAK ( !MSELVES AS GREAT M\NTA9S FROM :I* GIFTS ROLL$ LIKE GIANT B\LD]S71 & ( H[ CONQU]$ RIVALS >E ?US R$UC$--MU* AS 9 ! ,9UIT METAPHOR--TO SLAVES4 

,SU* /ATEM5TS >E NOT TO BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY--ANO!R FEATURE ( SU* SOCIETIES IS A HI<LY DEVELOP$ >T ( BOA/+4.<#a#i#h.> ,H]OIC *IEFS & W>RIORS T5D$ TO TALK !MSELVES UP JU/ AS CONSI/5TLY AS ?OSE 9 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES TALK$ !MSELVES D[N4 ,IT'S NOT AS IF SOMEONE :O LOSES \T 9 A CONTE/ ( GIFT EX*ANGE IS EV] ACTUALLY R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y1 BUT HE MI<T 5D UP FEEL+ AS IF HE W]E4 ,& ! CONSEQU5CES C\LD BE CATA/ROPHIC4 ,ONE ANCI5T ,GREEK S\RCE DESCRIBES ,CELTIC FE/IVALS :]E RIVAL NOBLES W\LD ALT]NATE BETWE5 J\/S & CONTE/S ( G5]OSITY1 PRES5T+ !IR 5EMIES ) MAGNIFIC5T GOLD & SILV] TREASURES4 ,OCCASIONALLY ?IS C\LD LEAD TO A K9D ( *ECKMATE2 SOMEONE W\LD BE FAC$ ) A PRES5T SO MAGNIFIC5T ?AT HE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY MAT* IT4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! ONLY HONORABLE RESPONSE WAS = HIM TO CUT HIS [N ?ROAT1 ?US ALL[+ HIS WEAL? TO BE DI/RIBUT$ TO HIS FOLL[]S4.<#a#i#i.> ,SIX HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 WE F9D A CASE FROM AN ,ICEL&IC SAGA ( AN AG+ ,VIK+ NAM$ ,EGIL1 :O BEFRI5D$ A Y\NG] MAN NAM$ ,E9>1 :O WAS /ILL ACTIVELY RAID+4 ,!Y LIK$ TO SIT TOGE!R COMPOS+ POETRY4 ,ONE DAY ,E9> CAME BY A MAGNIFIC5T %IELD 09SCRIB$ ) OLD TALES2 & BETWE5 ! WRIT+ W]E OV]LAID SPANGLES ( GOLD ) PRECI\S /ONES40 ,NO ONE HAD EV] SE5 ANY?+ LIKE IT4 ,HE TOOK IT ) HIM ON A VISIT TO ,EGIL4 ,EGIL WAS NOT AT HOME1 SO ,E9> WAIT$ ?REE DAYS1 AS WAS ! CU/OM1 !N HUNG ! %IELD AS A PRES5T 9 ! MEAD-HALL & RODE (F4 

,EGIL RETURN$ HOME1 SAW ! %IELD1 & ASK$ :O [N$ SU* A TREASURE4 ,HE WAS TOLD ?AT ,E9> HAD VISIT$ & GIV5 IT TO HIM4 ,!N ,EGIL SAID1 0,TO HELL ) HIM6 ,DOES HE ?9K ,I'M GO+ TO /AY UP ALL NI<T & COMPOSE A POEM AB\T HIS %IELD8 ,GET MY HORSE1 ,I'M GO+ TO RIDE AFT] HIM & KILL HIM40 ,AS ,E9>'S LUCK W\LD HAVE IT HE HAD LEFT E>LY 5\< TO PUT SUFFICI5T DI/ANCE BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,EGIL4 ,SO ,EGIL RESIGN$ HIMSELF TO COMPOS+ A POEM AB\T ,E9>'S GIFT4.<#b.> 

,COMPETITIVE GIFT EX*ANGE1 !N1 DOES NOT LIT]ALLY R5D] ANYONE SLAVES2 IT IS SIMPLY AN AFFAIR ( HONOR4 ,!SE >E PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 = :OM HONOR IS EV]Y?+4 

,! MA9 REASON ?AT BE+ UNABLE TO PAY A DEBT1 ESPECIALLY A DEBT ( HONOR1 WAS SU* A CRISIS WAS BECAUSE ?IS WAS H[ NOBLEM5 ASSEMBL$ !IR 5T\RAGES4 ,! LAW ( HOSPITALITY 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 = 9/ANCE1 9SI/$ ?AT ANY TRAVEL] MU/ BE F$1 GIV5 %ELT]1 & TREAT$ AS AN HONOR$ GUE/--BUT ONLY = A C]TA9 L5G? ( TIME4 ,IF A GUE/ DID NOT GO AWAY1 HE W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME A M]E SUBORD9ATE4 ,! ROLE ( SU* HANG]S-ON HAS BE5 L>GELY NEGLECT$ BY /UD5TS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,9 MANY P]IODS--FROM IMP]IAL ,ROME TO M$IEVAL ,*9A--PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT RELATION%IPS1 AT LEA/ 9 T[NS & CITIES1 W]E ?OSE ( PATRONAGE4 ,ANYONE RI* & IMPORTANT W\LD F9D HIMSELF SURR\ND$ BY FLUNKIES1 SYCOPHANTS1 P]PETUAL D9N] GUE/S1 & O!R SORTS ( WILL+ DEP5D5TS4 ,DRAMA & POETRY ( ! TIME >E FULL ( SU* *>ACT]S4.<#b#a.> ,SIMIL>LY1 = MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 BE+ RESPECTABLE & MIDDLE-CLASS MEANT SP5D+ ONE'S MORN+S GO+ FROM DOOR TO DOOR1 PAY+ ONE'S RESPECTS TO IMPORTANT LOCAL PATRONS4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 9=MAL PATRONAGE SY/EMS /ILL CROP UP1 :5EV] RELATIVELY RI* & P[]FUL PEOPLE FEEL ! NE$ TO ASSEMBLE NETWORKS ( SUPPORT]S--A PRACTICE WELL DOCUM5T$ 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,SU* RELATION%IPS SEEM TO CONSI/ ( A SLAPDA% MIX ( ALL ?REE PR9CIPLES ?AT ,I'VE BE5 MAPP+ \T OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS *APT]2 NEV]!LESS1 ?OSE OBS]V+ !M 9SI/ ON TRY+ TO CA/ !M 9 ! LANGUAGE ( EX*ANGE & DEBT4 

,A F9AL EXAMPLE3 9 A COLLECTION CALL$ ,GIFTS & ,SPOILS1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#a1 WE F9D A BRIEF ESSAY BY ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,LORRA9E ,BLAXT] AB\T A RURAL DEP>TM5T 9 ! ,FR5* ,PYR5EES1 MO/ ( :OSE 9HABITANTS >E F>M]S4 ,EV]YONE PLACES A GREAT EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( MUTUAL AID--! LOCAL PHRASE MEANS 0GIV+ S]VICE0 7R5DRE S]VICE74 ,PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ! SAME COMMUNITY %\LD LOOK \T = ONE ANO!R & PIT* 9 :5 !IR NEI<BORS >E HAV+ TR\BLE4 ,?IS IS ! ESS5CE ( COMMUNAL MORALITY1 9 FACT1 IT'S H[ ONE KN[S ?AT ANY SORT ( COMMUNITY EXI/S4 ,SO F> SO GOOD4 ,H[EV]1 %E NOTES1 :5 SOMEONE DOES A P>TICUL>LY GREAT FAVOR1 MUTUAL AID CAN TURN 9TO SOME?+ ELSE3 

,IF A MAN 9 A FACTORY W5T TO ! BOSS & ASK$ = A JOB1 & ! BOSS F\ND HIM ONE1 ?IS W\LD BE AN EXAMPLE ( SOMEONE GIV+ S]VICE4 ,! MAN :O GOT ! JOB C\LD NEV] REPAY ! BOSS1 BUT HE C\LD %[ HIM RESPECT1 OR P]HAPS GIVE HIM SYMBOLIC GIFTS ( G>D5 PRODUCE4 ,IF A GIFT DEM&S A RETURN1 & NO TANGIBLE RETURN IS POSSIBLE1 ! REPAYM5T WILL BE ?R\< SUPPORT OR E/EEM4.<#b#b.> 

,?US DOES MUTUAL AID SLIP 9TO 9EQUALITY4 ,?US DO PATRON-CLI5T RELATIONS COME 9TO BE+4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?IS4 ,I *OSE ?IS P>TICUL> PASSAGE BECAUSE ! AU?OR'S PHRAS+ IS SO WEIRD4 ,IT COMPLETELY CONTRADICTS ITSELF4 ,! BOSS DOES ! MAN A FAVOR4 ,! MAN CANNOT REPAY ! FAVOR4 ,!RE=E1 ! MAN REPAYS ! FAVOR BY %[+ UP AT ! BOSS'S H\SE ) ! OCCASIONAL BASKET ( TOMATOES & %[+ HIM RESPECT4 ,SO :I* ONE IS IT8 ,CAN HE REPAY ! FAVOR1 OR NOT8 

,PET] ,FREU*5'S WALRUS HUNT] W\LD1 NO D\BT1 ?9K HE KNEW EXACTLY :AT WAS GO+ ON H]E4 ,BR++ ! BASKET ( TOMATOES WAS SIMPLY ! EQUIVAL5T ( SAY+ 0,?ANK Y\40 ,IT WAS A WAY ( ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ONE [ES A DEBT ( GRATITUDE1 ?AT GIFTS HAD 9 FACT MADE SLAVES JU/ AS :IPS MAKE DOGS4 ,! BOSS & ! EMPLOYEE >E N[ FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORTS ( PEOPLE4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1 !Y >E NOT FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORTS ( PEOPLE4 ,MO/ LIKELY !Y >E BO? MIDDLE-AG$ ,FR5*M51 FA!RS ( FAMILIES1 CITIZ5S ( ! ,REPUBLIC ) SIMIL> TA/ES 9 MUSIC1 SPORTS1 & FOOD4 ,!Y \<T TO BE EQUALS4 ,AS A RESULT1 EV5 ! TOMATOES1 :I* >E REALLY A TOK5 ( RECOGNITION ( ! EXI/5CE ( A DEBT ?AT CAN NEV] BE REPAID1 HAS TO BE REPRES5T$ AS IF IT WAS ITSELF A K9D ( REPAYM5T--AN 9T]E/ PAYM5T ON A LOAN ?AT C\LD1 EV]YONE AGREES TO PRET5D1 SOM$AY BE PAID BACK1 ?US RETURN+ ! TWO MEMB]S TO !IR PROP] EQUAL /ATUS ONCE AGA94.<#b#c.> 

7,IT'S TELL+ ?AT ! FAVOR IS F9D+ ! CLI5T A JOB 9 A FACTORY1 BECAUSE :AT HAPP5S IS NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT HAPP5S :5 Y\ GET A JOB 9 A FACTORY TO BEG9 )4 ,A WAGE-LABOR CONTRACT IS1 O/5SIBLY1 A FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 EQUALS--BUT AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 EQUALS 9 :I* BO? AGREE ?AT ONCE ONE ( !M PUN*ES ! TIME CLOCK1 !Y WON'T BE EQUALS ANY MORE4.<#b#d.> ,! LAW DOES RECOGNIZE A BIT ( A PROBLEM H]E2 ?AT'S :Y IT 9SI/S ?AT Y\ CANNOT SELL (F Y\R EQUALITY P]MAN5TLY .<Y\ >E NOT FREE TO SELL Y\RSELF 9TO SLAV]Y.>4 ,SU* >RANGEM5TS >E ONLY ACCEPTABLE IF ! BOSS'S P[] IS NOT ABSOLUTE1 IF IT IS LIMIT$ TO WORK TIME1 & IF Y\ HAVE ! LEGAL RI<T TO BREAK (F ! CONTRACT & !REBY TO RE/ORE Y\RSELF TO FULL EQUALITY1 AT ANY TIME47 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS AGREEM5T BETWE5 EQUALS TO NO LONG] BE EQUAL 7AT LEA/ = A TIME7 IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :AT WE CALL 0DEBT40 

,:AT1 !N1 IS DEBT8 

,DEBT IS A V]Y SPECIFIC ?+1 & IT >ISES FROM V]Y SPECIFIC SITUATIONS4 ,IT FIR/ REQUIRES A RELATION%IP BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE :O DO NOT CONSID] EA* O!R FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORTS ( BE+1 :O >E AT LEA/ POT5TIAL EQUALS1 :O >E EQUALS 9 ?OSE WAYS ?AT >E REALLY IMPORTANT1 & :O >E NOT CURR5TLY 9 A /ATE ( EQUALITY--BUT = :OM !RE IS SOME WAY TO SET MATT]S /RAI<T4 

,9 ! CASE ( GIFT-GIV+1 AS WE'VE SE51 ?IS REQUIRES A C]TA9 EQUALITY ( /ATUS4 ,?AT'S :Y \R ECONOMICS PR(ESSOR DIDN'T FEEL ANY S5SE ( OBLIGATION--ANY DEBT ( HONOR--IF TAK5 \T TO D9N] BY SOMEONE :O RANK$ EI!R MU* HI<] OR MU* L[] ?AN HIMSELF4 ,) MONEY LOANS1 ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS ?AT ! TWO P>TIES BE ( EQUAL LEGAL /&+4 7,Y\ CAN'T L5D MONEY TO A *ILD1 OR TO A LUNATIC4 ,WELL1 Y\ CAN1 BUT ! C\RTS WON'T HELP Y\ GET IT BACK47 ,LEGAL--RA!R ?AN MORAL--DEBTS HAVE O!R UNIQUE QUALITIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !Y CAN BE =GIV51 :I* ISN'T ALWAYS POSSIBLE ) A MORAL DEBT4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A G5U9ELY UNPAYABLE DEBT4 ,IF !RE WAS NO CONCEIVABLE WAY TO SALVAGE ! SITUATION1 WE W\LDN'T BE CALL+ IT A 0DEBT40 ,EV5 ! ,FR5* VILLAG] C\LD1 CONCEIVABLY1 SAVE HIS PATRON'S LIFE1 OR W9 ! LOTT]Y & BUY ! FACTORY4 ,EV5 :5 WE SPEAK ( A CRIM9AL 0PAY+ HIS DEBT TO SOCIETY10 WE >E SAY+ ?AT HE HAS DONE SOME?+ SO T]RIBLE ?AT HE HAS N[ BE5 BANI%$ FROM ?AT EQUAL /ATUS UND] ! LAW ?AT BELONGS BY NATURAL RI<T TO ANY CITIZ5 ( HIS C\NTRY2 H[EV]1 WE CALL IT A 0DEBT0 BECAUSE IT CAN BE PAID1 EQUALITY CAN BE RE/OR$1 EV5 IF ! CO/ MAY BE DEA? BY LE?AL 9JECTION4 

,DUR+ ! TIME ?AT ! DEBT REMA9S UNPAID1 ! LOGIC ( HI]>*Y TAKES HOLD4 ,!RE IS NO RECIPROCITY4 ,AS ANYONE :O HAS EV] BE5 9 JAIL KN[S1 ! FIR/ ?+ ! JAIL]S COMMUNICATE IS ?AT NO?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 JAIL HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) JU/ICE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 DEBTOR & CR$ITOR CONFRONT EA* O!R LIKE A PEASANT BE=E A FEUDAL LORD4 ,! LAW ( PREC$5T TAKES HOLD4 ,IF Y\ BR+ Y\R CR$ITOR TOMATOES FROM ! G>D51 IT NEV] OCCURS TO Y\ ?AT HE W\LD GIVE SOME?+ BACK4 ,HE MI<T EXPECT Y\ TO DO IT AGA91 ?\<4 ,BUT ALWAYS !RE IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! SITUATION IS SOME:AT UNNATURAL1 BECAUSE ! DEBT REALLY \<T TO BE PAID4 

,?IS IS :AT MAKES SITUATIONS ( EFFECTIVELY UNPAYABLE DEBT SO DIFFICULT & SO PA9FUL4 ,S9CE CR$ITOR & DEBTOR >E ULTIMATELY EQUALS1 IF ! DEBTOR CANNOT DO :AT IT TAKES TO RE/ORE H]SELF TO EQUALITY1 !RE IS OBVI\SLY SOME?+ WRONG ) H]2 IT MU/ BE H] FAULT4 

,?IS CONNECTION BECOMES CLE> IF WE LOOK AT ! ETYMOLOGY ( COMMON WORDS = 0DEBT0 9 ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES4 ,MANY >E SYNONYMS = 0FAULT10 0S910 OR 0GUILT20 JU/ AS A CRIM9AL [ES A DEBT TO SOCIETY1 A DEBTOR IS ALWAYS A SORT ( CRIM9AL4.<#b#e.> ,9 ANCI5T ,CRETE1 ACCORD+ TO ,PLUT>*1 IT WAS ! CU/OM = ?OSE TAK+ LOANS TO PRET5D TO SNAT* ! MONEY FROM ! L5D]'S PURSE4 ,:Y1 HE WOND]$8 ,PROBABLY 0SO ?AT1 IF !Y DEFAULT1 !Y C\LD BE *>G$ ) VIOL5CE & PUNI%$ ALL ! MORE40.<#b#f.> ,?IS IS :Y 9 SO MANY P]IODS ( HI/ORY 9SOLV5T DEBTORS C\LD BE JAIL$1 OR EV5--AS 9 E>LY ,REPUBLICAN ,ROME--EXECUT$4 

,A DEBT1 !N1 IS JU/ AN EX*ANGE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 BR\<T TO COMPLETION4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT DEBT IS /RICTLY A CREATURE ( RECIPROCITY & HAS LITTLE TO DO ) O!R SORTS ( MORALITY 7COMMUNISM1 ) ITS NE$S & ABILITIES2 HI]>*Y1 ) ITS CU/OMS & QUALITIES74 ,TRUE1 IF WE W]E REALLY DET]M9$1 WE C\LD >GUE 7AS SOME DO7 ?AT COMMUNISM IS A CONDITION ( P]MAN5T MUTUAL 9DEBT$NESS1 OR ?AT HI]>*Y IS CON/RUCT$ \T ( UNPAYABLE DEBTS4 ,BUT ISN'T ?IS JU/ ! SAME OLD /ORY1 />T+ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL HUMAN 9T]ACTIONS MU/ BE1 BY DEF9ITION1 =MS ( EX*ANGE1 & !N P]=M+ :ATEV] M5TAL SOM]SAULTS >E REQUIR$ TO PROVE IT8 

,NO4 ,ALL HUMAN 9T]ACTIONS >E NOT =MS ( EX*ANGE4 ,ONLY SOME >E4 ,EX*ANGE 5C\RAGES A P>TICUL> WAY ( CONCEIV+ HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE EX*ANGE IMPLIES EQUALITY1 BUT IT ALSO IMPLIES SEP>ATION4 ,IT'S PRECISELY :5 ! MONEY *ANGES H&S1 :5 ! DEBT IS CANCEL$1 ?AT EQUALITY IS RE/OR$ & BO? P>TIES CAN WALK AWAY & HAVE NO?+ FUR!R TO DO ) EA* O!R4 

,DEBT IS :AT HAPP5S 9 BETWE53 :5 ! TWO P>TIES CANNOT YET WALK AWAY FROM EA* O!R1 BECAUSE !Y >E NOT YET EQUAL4 ,BUT IT IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! %AD[ ( EV5TUAL EQUALITY4 ,BECAUSE A*IEV+ ?AT EQUALITY1 H[EV]1 DE/ROYS ! V]Y REASON = HAV+ A RELATION%IP1 JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+ 9T]E/+ HAPP5S 9 BETWE54.<#b#g.> ,9 FACT1 JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+ HUMAN HAPP5S 9 BETWE5--EV5 IF ?IS MEANS ?AT ALL SU* HUMAN RELATIONS BE> ) !M AT LEA/ A T9Y ELEM5T ( CRIM9ALITY1 GUILT1 OR %AME4 

,= ! ,TIV WOM5 :OM ,I M5TION$ E>LI] 9 ! *APT]1 ?IS WASN'T MU* ( A PROBLEM4 ,BY 5SUR+ ?AT EV]YONE WAS ALWAYS SLI<TLY 9 DEBT TO ONE ANO!R1 !Y ACTUALLY CREAT$ HUMAN SOCIETY1 IF A V]Y FRAGILE SORT ( SOCIETY--A DELICATE WEB MADE UP ( OBLIGATIONS TO RETURN ?REE EGGS OR A BAG ( OKRA1 TIES R5EW$ & RECREAT$1 AS ANY ONE ( !M C\LD BE CANCEL$ \T AT ANY TIME4 

,\R [N HABITS ( CIVILITY >E NOT SO V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,CONSID] ! CU/OM1 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 ( CON/ANTLY SAY+ 0PLEASE0 & 0?ANK Y\40 ,TO DO SO IS (T5 TREAT$ AS BASIC MORALITY3 WE >E CON/ANTLY *ID+ *ILDR5 = =GETT+ TO DO IT1 JU/ AS ! MORAL GU>DIANS ( \R SOCIETY--TEA*]S & M9I/]S1 = 9/ANCE--DO TO EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,WE (T5 ASSUME ?AT ! HABIT IS UNIV]SAL1 BUT AS ! ,9UIT HUNT] MADE CLE>1 IT IS NOT4.<#b#h.> ,LIKE SO MANY ( \R EV]YDAY C\RTESIES1 IT IS A K9D ( DEMOCRATIZATION ( :AT WAS ONCE A HABIT ( FEUDAL DEF]5CE3 ! 9SI/5CE ON TREAT+ ABSOLUTELY EV]YONE ! WAY ?AT ONE US$ ONLY TO HAVE TO TREAT A LORD OR SIMIL> HI]>*ICAL SUP]IOR4 

,P]HAPS ?IS IS NOT SO 9 EV]Y CASE4 ,IMAG9E WE >E ON A CR[D$ BUS1 LOOK+ = A SEAT4 ,A FELL[ PASS5G] MOVES H] BAG ASIDE TO CLE> ONE2 WE SMILE1 OR NOD1 OR MAKE SOME O!R LITTLE GE/URE ( ACKN[L$GM5T4 ,OR P]HAPS WE ACTUALLY SAY 0,?ANK Y\40 ,SU* A GE/URE IS SIMPLY A RECOGNITION ( COMMON HUMANITY3 WE >E ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ! WOMAN :O HAD BE5 BLOCK+ ! SEAT IS NOT A M]E PHYSICAL OB/ACLE BUT A HUMAN BE+1 & ?AT WE FEEL G5U9E GRATITUDE T[>D SOMEONE WE WILL LIKELY NEV] SEE AGA94 ,NONE ( ?IS IS G5]ALLY TRUE :5 ONE ASKS SOMEONE ACROSS ! TABLE TO 0PLEASE PASS ! SALT10 OR :5 ! PO/MAN ?ANKS Y\ = SIGN+ = A DELIV]Y4 ,WE ?9K ( !SE SIMULTANE\SLY AS MEAN+LESS =MALITIES & AS ! V]Y MORAL BASIS ( SOCIETY4 ,!IR APP>5T UNIMPORTANCE CAN BE MEASUR$ BY ! FACT ?AT ALMO/ NO ONE W\LD REFUSE1 ON PR9CIPLE1 TO SAY 0PLEASE0 OR 0?ANK Y\0 9 JU/ AB\T ANY SITUATION--EV5 ?OSE :O MI<T F9D IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY 0,I'M SORRY0 OR 0,I APOLOGIZE40 

,9 FACT1 ! ,5GLI% 0PLEASE0 IS %ORT = 0IF Y\ PLEASE10 0IF IT PLEASES Y\ TO DO ?IS0--IT IS ! SAME 9 MO/ ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 7,FR5* SI IL V\S PLAIT1 ,SPANI% POR FAVOR74 ,ITS LIT]AL MEAN+ IS 0Y\ >E UND] NO OBLIGATION TO DO ?IS40 0,H& ME ! SALT4 ,NOT ?AT ,I AM SAY+ ?AT Y\ HAVE TO60 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE2 !RE IS A SOCIAL OBLIGATION1 & IT W\LD BE ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO COMPLY4 ,BUT ETIQUETTE L>GELY CONSI/S ( ! EX*ANGE ( POLITE FICTIONS 7TO USE LESS POLITE LANGUAGE1 LIES74 ,:5 Y\ ASK SOMEONE TO PASS ! SALT1 Y\ >E ALSO GIV+ !M AN ORD]2 BY ATTA*+ ! WORD 0PLEASE10 Y\ >E SAY+ ?AT IT IS NOT AN ORD]4 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 IT IS4 

,9 ,5GLI%1 0?ANK Y\0 D]IVES FROM 0?9K10 IT ORIG9ALLY MEANT1 0,I WILL REMEMB] :AT Y\ DID = ME0--:I* IS USUALLY NOT TRUE EI!R--BUT 9 O!R LANGUAGES 7! ,PORTUGUESE OBRIGADO IS A GOOD EXAMPLE7 ! /&>D T]M FOLL[S ! =M ( ! ,5GLI% 0MU* OBLIG$0--IT ACTUALLY DOES MEANS 0,I AM 9 Y\R DEBT40 ,! ,FR5* M]CI IS EV5 MORE GRAPHIC3 IT D]IVES FROM 0M]CY10 AS 9 BEGG+ = M]CY2 BY SAY+ IT Y\ >E SYMBOLICALLY PLAC+ Y\RSELF 9 Y\R B5EFACTOR'S P[]--S9CE A DEBTOR IS1 AFT] ALL1 A CRIM9AL4.<#b#i.> ,SAY+ 0Y\'RE WELCOME10 OR 0IT'S NO?+0 7,FR5* DE RI51 ,SPANI% DE NADA7--! LATT] HAS AT LEA/ ! ADVANTAGE ( (T5 BE+ LIT]ALLY TRUE--IS A WAY ( REASSUR+ ! ONE TO :OM ONE HAS PASS$ ! SALT ?AT Y\ >E NOT ACTUALLY 9SCRIB+ A DEBIT 9 Y\R IMAG9>Y MORAL ACC\NT BOOK4 ,SO IS SAY+ 0MY PLEASURE0--Y\ >E SAY+1 0,NO1 ACTUALLY1 IT'S A CR$IT1 NOT A DEBIT--Y\ DID ME A FAVOR BECAUSE 9 ASK+ ME TO PASS ! SALT1 Y\ GAVE ME ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SOME?+ ,I F\ND REW>D+ 9 ITSELF60.<#b#a.> 

,DECOD+ ! TACIT CALCULUS ( DEBT 70,I [E Y\ ONE10 0,NO1 Y\ DON'T [E ME ANY?+10 0,ACTUALLY1 IF ANY?+1 IT'S ME :O [ES Y\10 AS IF 9SCRIB+ & !N SCRAT*+ (F SO MANY 9F9ITESIMAL 5TRIES 9 AN 5DLESS L$G]7 MAKES IT EASY TO UND]/& :Y ?IS SORT ( ?+ IS (T5 VIEW$ NOT AS ! QU9TESS5CE ( MORALITY1 BUT AS ! QU9TESS5CE ( MIDDLE-CLASS MORALITY4 ,TRUE1 BY N[ MIDDLE-CLASS S5SIBILITIES DOM9ATE SOCIETY4 ,BUT !RE >E /ILL ?OSE :O F9D ! PRACTICE ODD4 ,?OSE AT ! V]Y TOP ( SOCIETY (T5 /ILL FEEL ?AT DEF]5CE IS [$ PRIM>ILY TO HI]>*ICAL SUP]IORS & F9D IT SLI<TLY IDIOTIC TO WAT* PO/M5 & PA/RY COOKS TAK+ TURNS PRET5D+ TO TREAT EA* O!R LIKE LITTLE FEUDAL LORDS4 ,AT ! O!R EXTREME1 ?OSE :O GREW UP 9 :AT 9 ,EUROPE >E CALL$ 0POPUL>0 5VIRONM5TS--SMALL T[NS1 POOR NEI<BORHOODS1 ANYPLACE :]E !RE IS /ILL AN ASSUMPTION ?AT PEOPLE :O >E NOT 5EMIES WILL1 ORD9>ILY1 TAKE C>E ( ONE ANO!R--WILL (T5 F9D IT 9SULT+ TO BE CON/ANTLY TOLD1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT !RE IS SOME *ANCE !Y MI<T NOT DO !IR JOB AS A WAIT] OR TAXI DRIV] CORRECTLY1 OR PROVIDE H\SEGUE/S ) TEA4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MIDDLE-CLASS ETIQUETTE 9SI/S ?AT WE >E ALL EQUALS1 BUT IT DOES SO 9 A V]Y P>TICUL> WAY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT PRET5DS ?AT NOBODY IS GIV+ ANYBODY ORD]S 7?9K H]E ( ! BURLY SECURITY GU>D AT ! MALL :O APPE>S BE=E SOMEONE WALK+ 9TO A RE/RICT$ >EA & SAYS1 0,CAN ,I HELP Y\8072 ON ! O!R1 IT TREATS EV]Y GE/URE ( :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ 0BASEL9E COMMUNISM0 AS IF IT W]E REALLY A =M ( EX*ANGE4 ,AS A RESULT1 LIKE ,TIV NEI<BORHOODS1 MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY HAS TO BE 5DLESSLY RECREAT$1 AS A K9D ( CON/ANT FLICK]+ GAME ( %AD[S1 ! CRISS-CROSS+ ( AN 9F9ITY ( MOM5T>Y DEBT RELATIONS1 EA* ONE ALMO/ 9/ANTLY CANCEL$ \T4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS A RELATIVELY REC5T 9NOVATION4 ,! HABIT ( ALWAYS SAY+ 0PLEASE0 & 0?ANK Y\0 FIR/ BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD DUR+ ! COMM]CIAL REVOLUTION ( ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES--AMONG ?OSE V]Y MIDDLE CLASSES :O W]E L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = IT4 ,IT IS ! LANGUAGE ( BUREAUS1 %OPS1 & (FICES1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S IT HAS SPREAD ACROSS ! WORLD ALONG ) !M4 ,IT IS ALSO M]ELY ONE TOK5 ( A MU* L>G] PHILOSOPHY1 A SET ( ASSUMPTIONS ( :AT HUMANS >E & :AT !Y [E ONE ANO!R1 ?AT HAVE BY N[ BECOME SO DEEPLY +RA9$ ?AT WE CANNOT SEE !M4 

,SOMETIMES1 AT ! BR9K ( A NEW HI/ORICAL ]A1 SOME PRESCI5T S\L CAN SEE ! FULL IMPLICATIONS ( :AT IS BEG9N+ TO HAPP5--SOMETIMES 9 A WAY ?AT LAT] G5]ATIONS CAN'T4 ,LET ME 5D ) A TEXT BY SU* A P]SON4 ,9 ,P>IS1 SOMETIME 9 #a#e#dS1 ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS--LAPS$ MONK1 DOCTOR1 LEGAL S*OL>--COMPOS$ :AT WAS TO BECOME A FAM\S MOCK EULOGY1 :I* HE 9S]T$ 9 ! ?IRD BOOK ( HIS GREAT ,G>GANTUA & ,PANTAGRUEL1 & :I* CAME TO BE KN[N AS 0,9 ,PRAISE ( ,DEBT40 

,RABELAIS PLACES ! 5COMIUM 9 ! M\? ( ONE ,PANURGE1 A W&]+ S*OL> & MAN ( EXTREME CLASSICAL ]UDITION :O1 HE OBS]VES1 0KNEW SIXTY-?REE WAYS ( MAK+ MONEY--! MO/ HONORABLE & MO/ R\T9E ( :I* WAS /EAL+40.<#b#a#a.> ,! GOOD-NATUR$ GIANT ,PANTAGRUEL ADOPTS ,PANURGE & EV5 PROVIDES HIM ) A RESPECTABLE 9COME1 BUT IT BO!RS HIM ?AT ,PANURGE CONT9UES TO SP5D MONEY LIKE WAT] & REMA9S UP TO HIS E>S 9 DEBT4 ,W\LDN'T IT BE BETT]1 ,PANTAGRUEL SUGGE/S1 TO BE ABLE TO PAY HIS CR$ITORS8 

,PANURGE RESPONDS ) HORROR3 0,GOD =BID ?AT ,I %\LD EV] BE \T ( DEBT60 ,DEBT IS1 9 FACT1 ! V]Y BASIS ( HIS PHILOSOPHY3 

,ALWAYS [E SOMEBODY SOME?+1 !N HE WILL BE =EV] PRAY+ ,GOD TO GRANT Y\ A GOOD1 LONG & BLESS$ LIFE4 ,FE>+ TO LOSE :AT Y\ [E HIM1 HE WILL ALWAYS BE SAY+ GOOD ?+S AB\T Y\ 9 EV]Y SORT ( COMPANY2 HE WILL BE CON/ANTLY ACQUIR+ NEW L5D]S = Y\1 SO ?AT Y\ CAN BORR[ TO PAY HIM BACK1 FILL+ HIS DIT* ) O!R M5'S SPOIL4.<#b#a#b.> 

,ABOVE ALL ELSE1 !Y WILL ALWAYS BE PRAY+ ?AT Y\ COME 9TO MONEY4 ,IT'S LIKE ?OSE ANCI5T SLAVES DE/9$ TO BE SACRIFIC$ AT !IR MA/]S' FUN]ALS4 ,:5 !Y WI%$ !IR MA/] LONG LIFE & GOOD HEAL?1 !Y G5U9ELY MEANT IT6 ,:AT'S MORE1 DEBT CAN MAKE Y\ 9TO A K9D ( GOD1 :O CAN MAKE SOME?+ 7MONEY1 WELL-WI%+ CR$ITORS7 \T ( ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 

,WORSE /ILL3 ,I GIVE MYSELF TO BONNY ,SA9T ,BOBEL9 IF ALL MY LIFE ,I HAVE NOT RECKON$ DEBTS TO BE1 AS IT W]E1 A CONNECTION & COLLIGATION BETWE5 ,HEAV5 & ,E>? 7UNIQUELY PRES]V+ ! L9EAGE ( ,MAN )\T :I*1 ,I SAY1 ALL HUMAN BE+S W\LD SOON P]I%7 & P]HAPS TO BE ?AT GREAT ,WORLD ,S\L :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,ACADEMICS1 GIVES LIFE TO ALL ?+S4 

,?AT IT REALLY IS SO1 EVOKE TRANQUILLY 9 Y\R M9D ! ,IDEA & ,=M ( A WORLD--TAKE IF Y\ LIKE ! ?IRTIE? ( ! WORLDS IMAG9$ BY ,METRODORUS--9 :I* !RE W]E NO DEBTORS OR L5D]S AT ALL4 ,A UNIV]SE SANS DEBTS6 ,AMONG ! HEAV5LY BODIES !RE W\LD BE NO REGUL> C\RSE :ATSOEV]3 ALL W\LD BE 9 DIS>RAY4 ,JUPIT]1 RECKON+ ?AT HE [$ NO DEBT TO ,SATURN1 W\LD DISPOSSESS HIM ( HIS SPH]E1 & ) HIS ,HOM]IC *A9 HOLD 9 SUSP5SION ALL ! ,9TELLIG5CES1 GODS1 HEAV5S1 DAEMONS1 G5IUSES1 H]OES1 DEVILS1 E>?1 SEA & ALL ! ELEM5TS 444 ,! ,MOON W\LD REMA9 D>K & BLOODY2 :Y %\LD ! ,SUN %>E HIS LI<T ) H]8 ,HE IS UND] NO OBLIGATION4 ,! ,SUN W\LD NEV] %9E ON !IR ,E>?2 ! HEAV5LY BODIES W\LD P\R NO GOOD 9FLU5CES D[N UPON IT4 

,BETWE5 ! ELEM5TS !RE WILL BE NO MUTUAL %>+ ( QUALITIES1 NO ALT]NATION1 NO TRANSMUTATION :ATSOEV]1 ONE WILL NOT ?9K ITSELF OBLIG$ TO ! O!R2 IT HAS L5T IT NO?+4 ,FROM E>? NO LONG] WILL WAT] BE MADE1 NOR WAT] TRANSMUT$ 9TO AIR2 FROM AIR FIRE WILL NOT BE MADE1 & FIRE WILL NOT W>M ! E>?4 ,E>? WILL BR+ =? NO?+ BUT MON/]S1 ,TITANS1 GIANTS4 ,! RA9 WILL NOT RA91 ! LI<T WILL %$ NO LI<T1 ! W9D WILL NOT BL[1 & !RE WILL BE NO SUMM]1 NO AUTUMN1 ,LUCIF] WILL TE> (F HIS BONDS &1 SALLY+ =? FROM DEEPE/ ,HELL ) ! ,FURIES1 ! ,V5GEANCES & ! HORN$ DEVILS1 WILL SEEK TO TURF ! GODS ( BO? ! GREAT] & LESS] NATIONS \T FROM !IR NE/S 9 ! HEAV5S4 

,& :AT'S MORE1 IF HUMAN BE+S [$ NO?+ TO ONE ANO!R1 LIFE W\LD 0BE NO BETT] ?AN A DOG-FI<T0--A M]E UNRULY BRAWL4 

,AMONG HUMAN BE+S NONE WILL SAVE ANO!R2 IT WILL BE NO GOOD A MAN %\T+ ,HELP6 ,FIRE6 ,I'M DR[N+6 ,MURD]6 ,NOBODY WILL COME & HELP HIM4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE HE HAS L5T NO?+3 & NO ONE [ES HIM ANY?+4 ,NO ONE HAS ANY?+ TO LOSE BY HIS FIRE1 HIS %IPWRECK1 HIS FALL1 OR HIS DEA?4 ,HE HAS L5T NO?+4 ,&3 HE W\LD L5D NO?+ EI!R H]EAFT]4 

,9 %ORT1 ,FAI?1 ,HOPE & ,*>ITY W\LD BE BANI%$ FROM ?IS WORLD4 

,PANURGE--A MAN )\T A FAMILY1 ALONE1 :OSE 5TIRE CALL+ 9 LIFE WAS GETT+ L>GE AM\NTS ( MONEY & !N SP5D+ IT--S]VES AS A FITT+ PROPHET = ! WORLD ?AT WAS JU/ BEG9N+ TO EM]GE4 ,HIS P]SPECTIVE ( C\RSE IS ?AT ( A WEAL?Y DEBTOR--NOT ONE LIABLE TO BE TRUNDL$ (F TO SOME PE/IF]\S DUNGEON = FAILURE TO PAY4 ,/ILL1 :AT HE IS DESCRIB+ IS ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ! R$UCTIO AD ABSURDUM1 :I* ,RABELAIS AS ALWAYS LAYS \T ) *E]FUL P]V]SITY1 ( ! ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! WORLD AS EX*ANGE SLUMB]+ BEH9D ALL \R PLEASANT B\RGEOIS =MALITIES 7:I* ,RABELAIS HIMSELF1 9CID5TALLY1 DETE/$--! BOOK IS BASICALLY A MIXTURE ( CLASSICAL ]UDITION & DIRTY JOKES74 

,& :AT HE SAYS IS TRUE4 ,IF WE 9SI/ ON DEF9+ ALL HUMAN 9T]ACTIONS AS MATT]S ( PEOPLE GIV+ ONE ?+ = ANO!R1 !N ANY ONGO+ HUMAN RELATIONS CAN ONLY TAKE ! =M ( DEBTS4 ,)\T !M1 NO ONE W\LD [E ANY?+ TO ANYBODY4 ,A WORLD )\T DEBT W\LD REV]T TO PRIMORDIAL *AOS1 A W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL2 NO ONE W\LD FEEL ! SLI<TE/ RESPONSIBILITY = ONE ANO!R2 ! SIMPLE FACT ( BE+ HUMAN W\LD HAVE NO SIGNIFICANCE2 WE W\LD ALL BECOME ISOLAT$ PLANETS :O C\LDN'T EV5 BE C\NT$ ON TO MA9TA9 \R PROP] ORBITS4 

,PANTAGRUEL WILL HAVE NONE ( IT4 ,HIS [N FEEL+S ON ! MATT]1 HE SAYS1 CAN BE SUMM$ UP ) ONE L9E FROM ! ,APO/LE ,PAUL3 0,[E NO MAN ANY?+1 SAVE MUTUAL LOVE & AFFECTION40.<#b#a#c.> ,!N1 9 AN APPROPRIATELY BIBLICAL GE/URE1 HE DECL>ES1 0,FROM Y\R PA/ DEBTS ,I %ALL FREE Y\40 

0,:AT CAN ,I DO BUT ?ANK Y\80 ,PANURGE REPLIES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

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