,*APT] #e 
,EXILE & ,%AD[S 7#a#i#f#a-#b#a7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e3 ,EXILE & ,%AD[S 7#a#i#f#a-#b#a7 

  

,EV5 ?\< SOME AN>*I/S -- :E!R OR NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION -- HAD GONE 9TO EXILE AS E>LY AS MID #a#i#f1 IT WASN'T UNTIL ! SUMM] ( #aifa ?AT A COLLECTIVE EXODUS BEGAN TO ! ,U4,S4 ,?IS WASN'T ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAD F\ND REFUGE 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,S9CE ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY1 ,KEY ,WE/1 ,TAMPA1 & ,NEW ,YORK HAD BE5 ! PLACES *OS5 BY P]SECUT$ ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS1 BECAUSE !Y (F]$ ! BE/ OPPORTUNITIES ( E>N+ A LIV+1 & BECAUSE ! ,FLORIDA CITIES W]E NE> 5\< TO ,CUBA TO CONT9UE ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,DUR+ ! ,MA*ADO & ,BATI/A DICTATOR%IPS1 EXIL$ AN>*I/S HAD GONE TO !SE CITIES2 & ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD CONTACTS ) AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 O!R ,U4,S4 CITIES4 

,! ,U4,S4 IMMIGRATION LAWS HAD /IFF5$ AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & !SE LAWS W]E /ILL 9 =CE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS -- AS MANY W\LD-BE POLITICAL REFUGEES UNJU/LY D5I$ 5TRANCE WILL REMEMB]4 ,BUT ! ,IMMIGRATION & ,NATURALIZATION ,S]VICE MADE AN EXCEPTION = ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S FLEE+ ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP1 EVID5TLY BELIEV+ ?AT 0! 5EMY ( MY 5EMY IS MY FRI5D10 & ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E !RE=E POT5TIAL ALLIES4 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT ! ,U4,S4 AU?ORITIES ASK$ ALMO/ ALL ( ! NEW REFUGEES AB\T !IR POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS1 ?AT ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS W]E TRU?FUL AB\T ! MATT]1 & ?AT !Y W]E P]MITT$ 5TRANCE TO & RESID5CY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT1 AS 9 O!R TIMES1 IT WAS UNUSUAL TO 5C\NT] A ,CUBAN EXILE :O ?\<T ( REMA9+ 9 ! ,U4,S4 = V]Y LONG4 ,ALL ( ! REC5TLY >RIV$1 9CLUD+ ! LIB]T>IANS1 W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! RETURN TO ,CUBA WAS NE> & !Y PLANN$ !IR ANTI-,CA/RO /RATEGY ACCORD+LY4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#a1 ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO 5 EL ,EXILIO 7,M,C,L,E7 WAS =MALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK BY ! NOT V]Y NUM]\S EXILES 9 ?AT CITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ANO!R LIB]T>IAN GR\P WAS ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9 ,MIAMI2 ?IS GR\P 9CLUD$ ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,ROL&O ,P9]A1 & WAS KN[N AS ! ,DELEGACION ,G5]AL 7( ! ,M,L,C,E74 ,! ,NEW ,YORK SECTION 7( ! ,M,L,C,E7 WAS COMPOS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( MEMB]S ( ! ,S9DICATO ,GA/RONOMICO1 9CLUD+ ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,FLOREAL & ,OM> ,DIEGUEZ1 ,B>TOLO ,G>CIA1 ,F]N&O ,GOMEZ1 ,MANUEL ,RODRIGUEZ1 & ,JUAN ,FIDALGO4 ,FIDALGO E/ABLI%$1 ?R\< ,GOMEZ1 ! FIR/ CONTACTS ) ! EXIL$ ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ( ! ,CLUB ,AURORA 9 ,BO/ON4 ,AT ! TIME1 ANO!R GR\P ( ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN EXILES 9 ,NEW ,YORK EXI/$1 C5T]+ >\ND ! LONG-RUNN+ AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E1 ,CULTURA ,PROLET>IA2 ! ,CUBANS ALSO E/ABLI%$ GOOD RELATIONS ) ?IS GR\P4 

,BUT )\T D\BT1 ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( SOLID>ITY & COOP]ATION = ! NEWLY >RIV$ ,CUBANS WAS ! ,NEW ,YORK-BAS$ AN>*I/ ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 L$ BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F & ,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL4 ,BLACKWELL HAD BE5 A COMBATANT 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & HELD NOTABLE RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T DESPITE1 OR P]HAPS BECAUSE (1 HIS ,TROTSKYI/ PA/4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 9 ?OSE YE>S WAS ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ FIGURES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM1 & AFT] A LONG REVOLUTION>Y C>E] ALSO HAD CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT4 ,ALWAYS AT HIS SIDE -- & AT TIMES 9 FRONT -- WAS HIS COMPAN]A1 ,ES!R ,DOLG(F1 :O HAD ALSO BE5 9VOLV$ 9 CLASS-BAS$ AN>*I/ POLITICS S9CE H] Y\?4 ,ANO!R NOTABLE MEMB] ( ?IS GR\P WAS ,ABE ,BLUE/E91 :O ALSO MA9TA9$ CLOSE RELATIONS ) ! ,CUBANS4 ,9 #a#i#e#d1 ?IS GR\P HAD F\ND$ ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 :I* HAD AS ITS ORGAN ! NEWSLETT] TITL$ ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS4 7,DICK ,ELL+TON1 M5TION$ 9 ! FOOTNOTE BEL[1 WAS A MEMB] ( ! GR\P ?AT PRODUC$ ?IS NEWSLETT]47 ,)\T ! COLLABORATION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 ! TASK ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ EXILES W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* H>D]4 

,ALREADY 9 ?IS P]IOD COLLECTIONS W]E BE+ TAK5 AMONG AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,MEXICO1 ,*ILI1 ,>G5T9A1 & ALMO/ ALL ( ,EUROPE = ! PURPOSE ( HELP+ 5DANG]$ ,CUBAN AN>*I/S &_/OR !IR FAMILIES OBTA9 VISAS & PASSAGE \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 !SE YE>S = ! 5EMIES ( ! REGIME W]E 9DESCRIBABLE2 !Y W]E SUFF]+ 9 ! WOR/ POLITICAL PRISONS EV] KN[N 9 ,CUBA4 ,!Y HAD TO ADAPT !MSELVES TO 9HUMAN CONDITIONS & SUFF]$ TORM5T ON A DAILY BASIS AT ! H&S ( !IR JAIL]S -- ,CUBANS LIKE !MSELVES1 :O W]E 5GAG+ 9 CRUELTY 9 ! NAME ( 0SOCIALISM40 ,! DESIRE TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS GREAT DUNGEON ?AT ,CUBA HAD BECOME WAS AN OBSESSION = ALMO/ ALL ,CUBANS4 

,! DONATIONS 9 ,AUGU/ #aifa TOTAL$ @s#b#h#h 7EQUIVAL5T TO AB\T @s#a#a1#f TODAY71 & PROVOK$ ! ,GAONA EXPLOSION 7! ,D,D,G .<,DOCUM5TO DE ,GAONA.>1 :I* D5\NC$ ! EXIL$ AN>*I/S7 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,!SE FUNDS1 ACCORD+ TO ! BOOKKEEP+ RECORDS ( ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 TREASUR] ( ! ,M,L,C,E1 CAME FROM MANY DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! COMRADES AT ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,/IMME1 ! ,YIDDI% AN>*I/ PAP] 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 CONTRIBUT$ @s#d#b#e4 ,SIX HUNDR$ ONE DOLL>S CAME FROM ! ,S,I,A 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,& MANY 9DIVIDUALS ALSO CONTRIBUT$1 9CLUD+ ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y & ONE ,DUT* AN>*I/1 :O /AT$ ?AT HIS DONATION WAS MADE = HUMANIT>IAN REASONS & ?AT HIS SYMPA?IES REMA9$ ) ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION4 7,?IS WAS TYPICAL ( ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ CONFUSION 9 REG>D TO ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S & ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T47 

,?IS COLLECTION BR\<T MORE ?AN #ff COMPAN]OS & FAMILY MEMB]S TO ! ,U4,S4 AT ! SAME TIME AS ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 EXILE BEGAN A CAMPAIGN TO UNMASK ! M>XI/-L59I/ REGIME AFFLICT+ ,CUBA4 ,BUT TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 AFT] 9ITIAL SUCCESS ! F9ANCIAL APPEAL1 :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 FUR!R SUPPORT$ BY ?OSE FAMILI> ) ! ,CUBAN PROBLEM1 5C\NT]$ DIFFICULTIES4 ,!RE W]E TWO PR9CIPLE REASONS = ! DIM9I%+ CONTRIBUTIONS3 #a7 ! UNEXPECT$ DAMAGE ?AT ! ,D,D,G DOCUM5T WAS DO+ 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,MEXICO1 ,V5EZUELA1 & ,>G5T9A2 & #b7 NOT ALL ( ! REC5TLY >RIV$ ,CUBANS 9 ! ,U4,S4 RESPOND$ TO ! APPEALS4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?IS1 BY MID #aifb ! ,M,L,C,E HAD E/ABLI%$ A SY/EM ( DUES ( @s#b P] MON? P] MEMB]1 :I* COV]$ ! MO/ PRESS+ CO/S1 AMONG !M AID TO REC5TLY >RIV$ COMRADES & ! CAMPAIGN = ,CUBAN POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,& !RE W]E A NUMB] ( !SE4 

,CUBA'S AN>*I/S SUFF]$ ! SAME PUNI%M5T AS O!R ,CUBANS ACCUS$ ( 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 CRIMES4 ,! ABUSE1 MALTREATM5T1 & EV5 TORTURE ( ,CUBA'S POLITICAL PRISON]S OV] ! LA/ F\R DECADES IS WELL DOCUM5T$ BY ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL & O!R HUMAN RI<TS GR\PS4 ,9 QUALITY1 ?IS ABUSE WAS WORSE ?AN ?AT MET$ \T TO POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 MO/ O!R C\NTRIES1 AS IS 9DICAT$ BY ! TE/IMONY ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS 7IMPRISON$ 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,SPA91 & ,CUBA71 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS 7IMPRISON$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#c#i71 & ,CA/O ,MOSCU 7IMPRISON$ 9 ,CUBA 9 #a#i#c#c74 ,9 SU* CASES1 IF ! ACCUS$ ACCEPT$ HIS S5T5CE )\T TOO MU* PROTE/ & DIDN'T MAKE TR\BLE 9 PRISON1 ! AU?ORITIES G5]ALLY FRE$ ! PRISON] 9 ! 5D1 )\T ABUS+ HIM TOO MU* PHYSICALLY4 

,BUT ?AT WASN'T ! CASE 9 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA4 ,ONE MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,CA/RO REGIME & ITS PR$ECESSORS WAS ! %E] NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,! ,CUBAN WRIT] ,JUAN ,CL>K NOTES3 0,ACCORD+ TO A NUMB] ( E/IMATES1 ! HI<E/ NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S WAS #f1 DUR+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL E/IMATES ?AT BY ! MID #a#i#gS ! TOTAL NUMB] RELEAS$ WAS APPROXIMATELY #b140 ,( C\RSE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 !RE W]5'T 5\< PRISONS TO H\SE !SE HUGE NUMB]S ( POLITICAL PRISON]S1 SO ,CA/RO EMB>K$ ON A PRISON-CON/RUCTION CAMPAIGN4 

,CURI\SLY1 ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL PRISON]S FRE$ 9 ! DECADE #a#i#g-#a#i#h1 ! POPULATION ( POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 ,CUBAN GULAGS CAME OV]:ELM+LY FROM WORK+ CLASS & CAMPES9O BACKGR\NDS4 ,!RE %\LD BE NO DISPUTE AB\T ?IS1 GIV5 ! MASS ( EVID5CE3 ! ,CA/RO REGIME P]SECUT$ ITS PROLET>IAN & CAMPES9O 5EMIES F> MORE VIGOR\SLY ?AN ITS CAPITALI/ 5EMIES4 ,MANY AN>*I/S SUFF]$ GREATLY UND] ?IS POLICY4 

,! TE/IMONY ( ! AN>*I/ =M] POLITICAL PRISON]S ,LUIS ,L9SUA9 7ORIG9ALLY CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = ATTEMPT+ TO ASSASS9ATE ,RAUL ,CA/RO71 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 & ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU1 ALL ( :OM S]V$ BETWE5 #ae & #b YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 \TL9ES ! ABUSES SUFF]$ BY ,CA/RO'S POLITICAL FOES4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 :5 ! NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S F> \T/RIPP$ AVAILABLE PRISON SPACE1 PRISON]S LIV$ 9 V]Y CRAMP$ CONDITIONS4 ,! TREATM5T 9 ,CA/RO'S PRISONS WAS 7& APP>5TLY /ILL IS7 BRUTAL4 ,?OSE SL[ TO RESPOND TO ORD]S W]E IMPELL$ TO DO SO BY BE+ BEAT5 ) CLUBS OR JABB$ ) BAYONETS4 ,PRISON]S W]E ALSO =C$ TO WORK 9 QU>RIES OR SUG> CANE FIELDS1 OR TO DO O!R H>D PHYSICAL LABOR4 ,! AU?ORITIES ALSO 9/ITUT$ A SY/EM IMPORT$ FROM ! ,U,S,S,R1 UND] :I* PRISON]S :O /UDI$ & ATT5D$ CLASSES ON M>XISM-L59ISM RECEIV$ BETT] TREATM5T ?AN ?OSE :O RESI/$ ?IS C>ROT-&-/ICK SY/EM4 

,?OSE :O REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS W]E LABEL$ AS DANG]\S 09TRANSIG5TS0 BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,!SE PRISON]S W]E SO H>ASS$ ?AT MANY RESORT$ TO HUNG] /RIKES & 5D$ UP 9 PRISON HOSPITALS4 ,MANY ( !SE1 AS WELL AS O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S -- BASICALLY ANYONE ACCUS$ ( 0ANTISOCIAL CONDUCT0 -- 5D$ UP BURI$ 9 :AT 9 ! ,U4,S4 W\LD BE CALL$ 0! HOLE03 EXTREMELY SMALL CELLS1 LITTLE BIGG] ?AN A C(F91 9 :I* PRISON]S W]E HELD = DAYS OR EV5 WEEKS4 

,ON AN 9DIVIDUAL NOTE1 WE %\LD M5TION ! CASES ( ,SURIA ,L9SUA9 7SI/] ( ,LUIS1 M5TION$ ABOVE7 & ,C>MEL9A ,CASANOVA4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE WAS CONDEMN$ = 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y0 CRIMES TO #c YE>S 9 ! ,GUANAJAY & ,AM]ICA ,LIBRE PRISONS4 ,%E COMPLET$ FIVE YE>S IMPRISONM5T BETWE5 #aifd & #a#i#f#i1 & WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! PRISON HOSPITAL ONLY :5 %E WAS ON ! BR9K ( DEA?4 ,C>MEL9A ,CASANOVA WAS ALSO S5T5C$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,H] CRIME WAS HID+ ANTI-,CA/RO MILITANTS4 ,%E COMPLET$ EI<T YE>S ( H] S5T5CE BE=E BE+ RELEAS$1 & !N FL$ TO ,MIAMI1 H] HEAL? BROK54 ,%E DI$ %ORTLY AFT] H] >RIVAL4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO EXAMPLES2 AT ! M9IMUM1 HUNDR$S ( O!R AN>*I/S SUFF]$ POLITICAL IMPRISONM5T & MI/REATM5T4 

,:ILE AID+ O!R LIB]T>IAN POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ! ,M,L,C,E AGITAT$ TO MOBILIZE 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ OP9ION 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! LIFE ( ,LUIS ,L9SUA94 ,BUT1 ALMO/ UNBELIEVABLY1 C]TA9 SECTORS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ?AT ! 0,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION0 7?AT IS1 ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T7 HAD BECOME A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM ?AT P]SECUT$1 IMPRISON$1 & %OT !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS RE/AT$ ! AN>*I/ E?ICAL REASONS = OPPOS+ ! REGIME ?AT P]SECUT$ !M1 & ALSO SUPPLI$ PRO( ( ! P]SECUTION4 

,BUT ,GAONA'S DIS9=MATION 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T HAD BEGUN TO CIRCULATE 9 ALMO/ ALL ( ! AN>*I/ MILIEUS TO :I* ITS AU?ORS HAD ACCESS1 & WAS ALSO BE+ T\T$ BY AG5CIES AT ! S]VICE ( 9T]NATIONAL M>XISM FROM ,MOSC[ TO ,SYDNEY4 ,9 REPLY1 9 #aifb MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9ITIAT$ A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN ) ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION ,LIB]T>IA 7,B,I,L71 RECEIV+ SUPPORT FROM ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS 9 ,NEW ,YORK & ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A'S ORGAN1 ,ACCION ,LIB]T>IA4 ,! ,>G5T9E AN>*I/S1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,U4,S41 RESPOND$ FROM ! FIR/ TO ! CALLS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 & NEV] DES]T$ !M 9 ! DIFFICULT YE>S TO COME4 

,! CONFUSION 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP REG>D+ ! ,CUBAN SITUATION WAS FOM5T$ BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T'S PROPAG&A APP>ATUS1 :I* HAD 5ORM\S RES\RCES1 TAL5T1 IMAG9ATION1 & GREAT POLITICAL ABILITY4 ,IT REPLI$ TO ! EXIL$ AN>*I/S' ATTACKS PRECISELY 9 ?AT IDEOLOGICAL T]RITORY :I* M>XISM HAD MANIPULAT$ SO SUCCESSFULLY DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL LEFT CONSI/$ ( A NUMB] ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & EV5 RELIGI\S GR\PS ?AT CON/ANTLY ATTACK$ CAPITALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 & ORGANIZ$ RELIGION4 ,! 5TRANCE ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 ,CA/RO REGIME 9TO ?IS POLITICAL W> ZONE WAS A V]Y EFFECTIVE TACTIC 9 MA9TA9+ 9T]NATIONAL SYMPA?Y = ! REGIME & = KEEP+ IT 9 P[]4 ,?IS WAS AN ESPECIALLY P[]FUL TACTIC 9 COMB9ATION ) ! ,CA/RO REGIME'S EXTREMELY SOPHI/ICAT$ ME?ODS ( REPRESSION2 & !SE TWO FACTORS >E ! PR9CIPAL REASONS = ?AT REGIME'S DURABILITY4 

,9 ?IS PROPAG&A W>1 ! ,CA/RO REGIME ( C\RSE US$ ,GAONA'S 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T TO ! FULLE/1 EV5 9 ! REMOTE/ P>TS ( ! PLANET1 TO 0PROVE0 ?AT ! AN>*I/S' *>GES -- :I* !Y DECEITFULLY LABEL$ 0ANTI-,CUBAN10 DELIB]ATELY CONFUS+ ! C\NTRY ) ! POLITICAL SY/EM -- W]E 9 FACT ! PRODUCT ( EX-AN>*I/S 9 ! PAY ( ! WOR/ CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS4 ,!Y CALL$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 0,C,I,A AG5TS1 GO-BETWE5S1 DRUG TRAFFICK]S1 ,BATI/A SUPPORT]S10 & MANY O!R EPI!TS COMMON TO M>XI/ PROPAG&A4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL !Y CIRCULAT$ ! ,D,D,G 9 ALL ( ! LIB]T>IAN MILIEUS TO :I* !Y HAD ACCESS1 9 ?IS MANN] CREAT+ CONFUSION FIR/ & D\BT LAT] 9 REG>D TO ! ,M,L,C,E4 

,( C\RSE1 ONE W\LD HAVE EXPECT$ ?IS MANEUV]4 ,:AT REALLY SURPRIS$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WAS ! REACTION TO IT 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ,CUBANS HAD BELIEV$ 9 ! JU/NESS ( !IR CAUSE4 ,AFT] SUPPLY+ PRO( ( !IR P]SECUTION 9 ,CUBA & RECEIV+ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ,>G5T9IAN AN>*I/S1 !Y ASSUM$ -- ]RONE\SLY AS IT TURN$ \T -- ?AT1 GIV5 ! JU/NESS ( !IR *>GES AGA9/ ,CA/ROISM1 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S W\LD NATURALLY & SPONTANE\SLY RALLY TO !IR AID1 AS !Y HAD TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ VICTIMS ( ,FRANCO4 ,BUT ?IS DIDN'T HAPP54 ,D\BTS W]E RAIS$ 9 AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,MEXICO1 ,V5EZUELA1 ,URUGUAY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,ITALY4 ,9ITIALLY1 !SE D\BTS W]E COMPREH5SIBLE 9 RELATION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT WAS COM+ TO A HEAD 9 ,CUBA -- ESPECIALLY SO GIV5 ?AT ! SAME ,CUBAN AN>*I/S :O W]E N[ 9 EXILE & ATTACK+ ,CA/RO HAD 9ITIALLY SUPPORT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 9 ! MID & LATE #a#i#fS1 !RE'S NO D\BT ?AT ! ,D,D,G WAS DO+ ITS DAMAGE4 ,! ,M,L,C,E KNEW ( IT1 BUT DID LITTLE TO COMBAT IT1 ASSUM+ ?AT NO ONE W\LD PAY ATT5TION TO SU* CALUMNIES & FALLACIES4 ,! ,M,L,C,E /RATEGY WAS TO ATTACK ,CA/ROISM AS ! ONLY POLITICAL 5EMY4 ,9 H9DSI<T1 ?IS WAS AN ]ROR 9 JUDGM5T4 ,9 !SE YE>S1 !RE WAS A CONV]G5CE 9 ! *>GES MADE BY ! ,M,L,C,E AGA9/ ,CA/ROISM & ! *>GES MADE BY ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS WAS TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( BY ! ,CA/ROITES :O *>G$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS W]E 0FOLL[+ ! IMP]IALI/ POLITICAL L9E40 

,NO ONE HAS EV] D5I$ ! CO9CID5CE ( ! *>GES MADE2 ?IS WAS1 & TO A PO9T /ILL IS1 A FACT4 ,BUT ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & ITS P>TISANS WILL RECOGNIZE ?AT AT DIFF]5T TIMES & PLACES AN>*I/S HAVE MADE *>GES AGA9/ GOV]NM5TS SIMIL> TO ?OSE MADE BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & EV5 ! ,VATICAN4 ,:5 !RE'S A COMMON 5EMY1 ONE MAKES COMMON CAUSE ) O!RS1 NO MATT] H[ LITTLE ONE'S IDEAS CO9CIDE ) !IRS4 ,BUT IT'S ONE ?+ TO MAKE *>GES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( NON-AN>*I/ =CES & 5TIRELY ANO!R TO PLACE ONESELF UND] !IR COMM&4 ,9 ! ,CUBAN CASE1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ALWAYS MA9TA9$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS WELL1 ONE %\LD ASK :O OPPOS$ ,CA/RO FIR/8 ,IT'S UND5IABLE ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ,CA/RO BE=E ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T DID4 

,:ILE ! ,CUBAN REGIME'S CALUMNIES PROLIF]AT$1 CONFUSION SPREAD & ! POLEMIC ESCALAT$4 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y'S ,TE/IMONIOS SOBRE LA ,REVOLUCION ,CUBANA & ! ANTI-,CA/RO ,MANIFIE/O DE LOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,*ILI CIRCULAT$ SL[LY 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & !RE W]E SOME DEF5D]S ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IAN CAUSE1 9CLUD+ ,$G> ,RODRIGUES 9 ,BRAZIL & ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE 9 ,MEXICO4 ,/ILL1 ! ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION ,LIB]T>IA 7,B,I,L7 EXPRESS$ SURPRISE AT ! SMALL AM\NT ( SOLID>ITY EXPRESS$ BY SOME AN>*I/ SECTORS1 & ATTRIBUT$ IT TO 0LACK ( TRUE & EXACT 9=MATION0 AB\T ! ,CUBAN SITUATION4 ,ALREADY BY #aifb ! ,B,I,L REPORT$ A C]TA9 0DECL>$ HO/ILITY0 9 SOME AN>*I/ M$IA & AN 09COMPREH5SION0 9 O!RS4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 ! POLEMIC CONC]N+ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION 9T5SIFI$ AL>M+LY4 ,WRIT+ AB\T ?IS USELESS RHETORICAL DISPUTE #b YE>S LAT]1 ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ QUOTES ,JACOBO ,PR9CE 7:O WROTE ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,S\*Y'S ,TE/IMONIOS PAMPHLET73 0,JACOBO ,PR9CE 444 9 A LETT] ( ,DECEMB] #e1 #aifa EMPHASIZ$ ?AT '! FACT ?AT ! MO/ VIOL5T ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO REGIME COME FROM REACTION>Y SECTORS AUGM5TS ! CONFUSION & MAKES NECESS>Y CONSID]ABLE CIVIL C\RAGE TO ATTACK ! MY? ( ?IS REVOLUTION4'0 ,IT'S UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! AN>*I/ M$IA SUSPECT$ ! 5EMIES ( ,CA/ROISM1 AMONG :OM ONE F\ND ! ,CUBAN COMPAN]OS1 BUT IT'S DIFFICULT TO UND]/& :Y !Y D\BT$ ! WORD ( !IR EXIL$ ,CUBAN COMRADES1 GIV5 ?AT !RE WAS NO EVID5CE AGA9/ !M SAVE ! ,D,D,G1 :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 OBVI\S TO ANYONE READ+ IT AS A LY+1 MALIGNANT PIECE ( DIS9=MATION4 

,! C>E ) :I* AN>*I/S HAD TO TREAT ! ,CUBAN MATT] WAS WELL DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,V5EZUELA & ,MEXICO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 ! ,GRUPO ,MALATE/A 9 ,V5EZUELA 09 ! C\RSE ( A CAMPAIGN = ! LIB]ATION ( ,L4,M4 ,L9SUA9 .<CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = HIS ATTEMPT ON ,RAUL ,CA/RO.> 444 HAD TO BE V]Y C>EFUL TO 'CL>IFY' & TO EXPLA9 EXACTLY :AT ! AN>*I/S WANT$ 444 & TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !Y W]5'T REACTION>IES40 ,LAT]1 9 REG>D TO ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 ! AN>*I/ ORGAN 9 ,MEXICO1 ,GOMEZ RELATES ?AT ?IS PUBLICATION 0HAD TO EXPLA9 ?AT ITS CRITICISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME DID NOT IMPLY ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURES40 ,9 BO? !SE CASES1 WE CAN SEE ?AT D\BTS & CONFUSION PREVAIL$ 9 BO? ,C>ACAS & ,MEXICO ,CITY4 ,BUT 9 ! 5D ! CAMPAIGN TO SAVE ,L9SUA9'S LIFE WAS SUCCESSFUL1 ?\< HE WAS /ILL S5T5C$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 

,9 ,HAVANA1 9 LATE #a#i#f#a1 ,CA/RO DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD BE5 0A M>XI/-L59I/ .<HIS.> 5TIRE LIFE40 ,& O!R COMPAN]OS :O HAD ESCAP$ ! EM]G+ TYRANNY BEGAN TO >RIVE 9 ,MIAMI4 ,SANTIAGO ,COBO ,CES>1 :O HAD OCCUPI$ POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,SECRET>IA DE LA ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRANSPORTE1 ONE ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT UNIONS ON ! ISL&1 >RIV$ 9 ,MIAMI VIA ,V5EZUELA1 :]E HE HAD BE5 GIV5 POLITICAL ASYLUM4 ,ONCE 9 ,MIAMI1 HE PLUNG$ 9TO WORK+ ) ! ,M,L,C,E ) ! 5]GY ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ HIM S9CE HIS Y\?4 

,ANO!R EXILE1 ,MANUEL ,F]RO1 ALREADY ( RETIREM5T AGE1 RECOMM5C$ HIS LIB]T>IAN ACTIVISM :I* HAD BEGUN 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,F]RO WAS A LUCID AN>*I/ WRIT] :O HAD NUM]\S 9T]NATIONAL CONTACTS1 & HE DIDN'T DELAY 9 UND]TAK+ ! LONG TASK1 AS DIFFICULT AS IT WAS FRUITFUL1 ( ATTEMPT+ TO %$ SOME LI<T )9 ! %AD[S ( 9COMPREH5SION ?AT W]E 5GULF+ ! LIB]T>IAN WORLD AT ?IS TIME 9 REG>D TO ,CUBA4 

,9 ! COMPANY ( HIS OLD ,ITALIAN FRI5D ,5RICO ,>RIGONI1 & URG$ ON BY HIM1 ,F]RO COMM5C$ 0TO WRITE SEV]AL >TICLES AB\T ! ,CUBAN REALITY0 :I*1 ) ! HELP ( ,>RIGONI'S TRANSLATIONS1 W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS ( ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,MEXICO1 & ,>G5T9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,F]RO1 0,9 ! MAJORITY ( \R MILIEUS .<!SE >TICLES.> W]E RECEIV$ ) DISPLEASURE10 [+ TO ! 05?USIASM0 ) :I* ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 RECEIV$ 9 !M4 ,BUT 9 O!R CASES AN>*I/S RALLI$ TO ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IAN CAUSE4 ,RECON/RUIR 70,TO ,RECON/RUCT07 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 :OSE PUBLI%+ H\SE1 ,COLECTIVO1 FULLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 PUBLI%$ ALL ( ,F]RO'S WORKS4 

,9 REG>D TO ,EUROPE1 ,F]RO 7:O SIGN$ HIS >TICLES 0,JU/O ,MURIEL071 REGUL>LY S5T HIS PIECES TO ! EXIL$ ,SPANI% AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP1 :I* AT ?IS TIME RESID$ 9 ,T\L\SE1 ,FRANCE4 ,HIS FRI5D ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y ONLY PUBLI%$ ?REE4 ,%E EXPLA9$1 ) ! CYNICAL S9C]ITY BORN ( LONG POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 0,IT'S NOT POPUL> TO ATTACK ,CA/RO 9 ,EUROPE40 ,9 REPLY1 ,F]RO NOT$ ?AT 0,NEI!R IS IT POPUL> TO ATTACK ,FRANCO 9 ,MIAMI40 

,! 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY ( ,F]RO & ( ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 AMONG O!R ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 WAS UNCEAS+ 9 ! E>LY & MID #a#i#fS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #c %ORT DICTUMS1 SU* AS ! FOLL[+1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,ACCION ,LIB]T>IA 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES AS 0,REVOLUCION Y ,CONTR>EVOLUCION10 ,IGLESIAS CL>IFI$ ! ABYSMAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! M>XI/ & AN>*I/ CONCEPTIONS ( REVOLUTION 3 

,TO EXPROPRIATE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES1 H&+ !M OV] TO ! WORK]S & TE*NICIANS1 ,?,I,S ,I,S ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N4 ,BUT TO CONV]T !M 9TO /ATE MONOPOLIES 9 :I* ! ONLY RI<T ( ! PRODUC] IS TO OBEY1 ,?,I,S ,I,S ,C,\,N,T,],R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N4 

,ALSO 9 !SE YE>S ! EXIL$ ,CUBANS MADE !IR FIR/ CONTACTS ) ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ ,ITALIAN-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM W]E ALREADY RETIR$ 9 ,TAMPA & ,MIAMI4 ,!SE ELD]LY MILITANTS SU/A9$ A PUBLICATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK CALL$ ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I 70,! ,REUNION ( ! ,REFRACTORY07 :I* 9 !SE YE>S D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO DEF5D+ ,CA/ROISM OR ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION1 S9CE TO ITS $ITORS1 ! SAME AS TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,HAVANA1 ! TWO W]E ID5TICAL4 ,?IS CONFUSION P]SI/$1 & A DEBATE 5SU$ NOT ONLY ) ! ,M,L,C,E BUT ALSO ) ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE4 

,F]RO & ,>RIGONI BEGAN A CAMPAIGN 9 ,ITALY ITSELF1 ) ! IDEA ( TAK+ ! BULL BY ! HORNS4 ,!Y TURN$ TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ P]IODICAL1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA 70,NEW ,HUMANITY071 ! (FICIAL PUBLICATION ( ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA1 ) ! IDEA ( C\NT]BALANC+ ! UND5IABLE 9FLU5CE ( ,L',ADUNATA 9 ! ,ITALIAN-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 & MORE ESPECIALLY ( RESPOND+ TO A S]IES ( PRO-,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ?AT WEEKLY BY ,>M&O ,BOR<I4 ,UMANITA ,NOVA REFUS$ TO PUBLI% ,F]RO'S >TICLES 7TRANSLAT$ BY ,>RIGONI71 SAY+ ?AT !Y DIDN'T WANT TO CREATE A POLEMIC4 ,AT ?AT PO9T ,>RIGONI ACCUS$ !M ( BE+ 9 ! PAY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & !Y EV5TUALLY PUBLI%$ ,F]RO'S RESPONSES TO ,BOR<I4 ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ,BOR<I -- IGNOR+ ! PO9TS RAIS$ BY ,F]RO -- PUBLI%$ A NEW DEF5SE ( ,CA/ROISM 9 ,L',ADUNATA1 BUT ,UMANITA ,NOVA REFUS$ TO PUBLI% ,F]RO'S RESPONSE TO IT4 

,9 ,CUBA AT ?IS TIME !RE W]E /ILL A FEW AN>*I/S SUFF]+ 9 SIL5CE ! DESPOTISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,GU]RA1 ,SI]RA1 & ,SAL9AS1 :O W]E ALL ELD]LY VET]ANS ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 W]E AB&ON$ TO !IR FATE DESPITE ! EF=TS ( !IR COMPAN]OS 9 EXILE TO AID !M 9 OBTA9+ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,! FIR/ TWO ( !SE HAD SIGN$ ,GAONA'S 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T AGA9/ !IR WILL1 AS !Y ADMITT$ 9 PRIVATE4 ,SAL9AS1 :O HAD REFUS$ TO BE AN ACCOMPLICE TO ?IS CRIME1 WAS =C$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TO GO 9TO A TYPE ( 9T]NAL EXILE 9 ,SANTIAGO DE LAS ,VEGAS1 FROM :I* PLACE HE W\LD LAT] GO 9TO ACTUAL EXILE 9 ,MIAMI4 ,ANO!R VET]AN AN>*I/1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO1 W\LD DIE %ORTLY1 A VICTIM ( FRU/RATION & ILL HEAL?4 

,DUR+ !SE YE>S !RE W]E MANY AN>*I/S IMPRISON$ = 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES10 SU* AS ,ANTONIO ,DAGAS1 A ,SPANI>D :O BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION 9 ,CUBA1 :O WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! S9I/] ,LA ,CABANA PRISON 9 ,HAVANA4 ,ALB]TO ,G>CIA1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES ,M$ICOS1 WAS CONDEMN$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,S&ALIO ,TORRES1 ACCUS$ ( 0CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! P[]S ( ! /ATE10 WAS S5T5C$ TO #a YE>S 9 PRISON = REFUS+ TO MAKE FALSE CONSPIRACY *>GES AGA9/ O!R AN>*I/S4 

,ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION AMONG ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA WAS ,SALVADOR ,G>CIA1 :O EV5TUALLY OBTA9$ ASYLUM 9 ,MEXICO4 ,UPON HIS >RIVAL1 HE MADE CONTACT ) O!R EXIL$ ,SPANI>DS1 SU* AS ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE1 ,FIDEL ,MIRO1 ,DOM+O ,ROJAS1 ,ISMAEL ,VIADU1 & ,M>COS ,ALCON1 ALL ( :OM SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,AFT] HIS >RIVAL1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD PUBLI%$ ! TE/IMONY ( ,G>CIA1 :I* NOT ONLY AFFIRM$ ?AT P]SECUTION ( LIB]T>IANS WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 ,CUBA1 BUT ALSO 5DORS$ ! OP9IONS ( ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,LAT]1 9 #a#i#f#b1 ! ALWAYS-SUPPORTIVE ,RECON/RUIR W\LD PUBLI% ,G>CIA'S ACC\NT 9 ,>G5T9A4 

,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME1 ! ,COMITE ,PRO-,LIB]T>IOS ,PRESOS 7,COMMITTEE = ,LIB]T>IAN ,PRISON]S7 WAS CREAT$ 9 ,MIAMI TO COLLECT FUNDS TO HELP ALLEVIATE ! H>D%IPS ( ! COMPAN]OS SUFF]+ 9 ,CA/RO'S PRISONS4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#f#c1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS F9I%$ WRIT+ A BOOKLET ( NE>LY #a PAGES TITL$ ,REVOLUCION Y DICTADURA 5 ,CUBA 70,REVOLUTION & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ,CUBA071 :I* ) A PROLOGUE BY ,JACOBO ,PR9CE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,IGLESIAS1 AS ,PR9CE NOT$1 HAD WRITT5 ) *>ACT]I/IC S9C]ITY A DOCUM5T 0) ! AU?ORITY ( EXEMPL>Y MILITANCE OV] A P]IOD ( #c YE>S1 & :I* SEES .<! ,CUBAN.> PEOPLE SUBJECT$ TO A NEW DICTATOR%IP40 ,REVOLUCION Y DICTADURA1 A CALM D5UNCIATION ( ,CA/RO1 (F]$ A DESCRIPTION ( ,CUBAN SOCIETY B5EA? ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 REGIME4 ,IT 5D$ ) SOME CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! SUBORD9ATION ( ,CUBAN =EIGN POLICY TO ! ,KREML91 & AB\T :AT ! AU?OR CONSID]$ 0! CORRECT TACTIC0 AGA9/ ! NEW DICTATOR%IP3 0REVOLUTION>Y W>40 

,MEAN:ILE 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#f#d1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE UND] ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S LEAD]%IP WAS CONT9U+ ITS PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T1 & ALSO ORGANIZ+ PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ IT4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 A CONTROV]SY >OSE BETWE5 ,DOLG(F & ,DAVE ,DELL+]1 ! PACIFI/ WRIT]1 UPON ,DELL+]'S RETURN FROM ,CUBA AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS 9 ,HAVANA 7! TRIP BE+ PAID = BY ! ,CA/RO REGIME7 -- )1 ( C\RSE1 ! OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y P>ADES1 ,SOVIET SLOGANS1 & ,! ,9T]NATIONAL AS BACKGR\ND MUSIC4 

,FOLL[+ HIS RETURN1 ,DELL+] WROTE A PRO-,CA/RO PIECE :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! 0AN>*O-PACIFI/0 MAGAZ9E1 ,LIB]ATION1 $IT$ BY ,DAVID ,WIECK4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE & SOME ,CUBAN AN>*I/S PUBLICLY PROTE/$ 9 FRONT ( ,LIB]ATION'S $ITORIAL (FICES1 ACCUS+ ,DELL+] & ,WIECK ( BE+ 0APOLOGI/S = ! ,CA/RO REGIME40 ,LONG-TIME ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,MIKE ,H>GIS RECALLS1 0,:ILE MO/ ( ! LEFT 9 ! ,U4,S41 9CLUD+ SOME ]/:ILE AN>*I/S1 LIKE ! PACIFI/S ,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK & ,DAVID ,DELL+]1 JO9$ 9 D5UNCIATION ( ! ,M,L,C,E 7,CUBAN ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 9 ,EXILE7 AS ,C,I,A /OOGES1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE & ! ,I,W,W CAME TO !IR DEF5SE PUBLI%+ ! /ATEM5TS & MANIFE/OS ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS & PUBLICLY *ALL5G+ ,CA/RO'S LEFTI/ APOLOGI/S = !IR WILLFUL BL9DNESS40 

,?AT BL9DNESS ALL[$ ,CA/RO'S P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TO GO UN*ALL5G$ BY =EIGN LEFTI/S1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S4 ,! P]SECUTION ( ! AN>*I/S WAS 9T5SE 9 ! #a#i#f#a-#a#i#g#b P]IOD4 ,IT'S DIFFICULT TO KN[ EXACTLY H[ MANY LIB]T>IANS W]E JAIL$1 = AS LITTLE AS A FEW DAYS OR OV] #b YE>S1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,CUCO ,SAN*EZ1 A BAK] FROM ! CITY ( ,HOLGU9 9 ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE1 :O WAS IMPRISON$ = MANY LONG YE>S 9 ! ,C>CEL DE ,BONIATO 9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA4 ,ANO!R :O SUFF]$ WAS ! ALREADY ELD]LY ,JESUS ,IGLESIAS 7NO RELATION TO ,ABEL>DO7 :O WAS S5T5C$ TO #b YE>S & S]V$ TIME ON ! ,ISLE ( ,P9ES & 9 ! ,COMB9ADO DEL ,E/E PRISON NE> ,HAVANA4 ,:5 HE WAS RELEAS$ HE HAD NO FAMILY & NO PLACE TO LIVE4 ,HE EV5TUALLY MOV$ TO ,GUANABACOA1 :]E HE DI$ 9 POV]TY4 ,AT PRES5T -- BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS RELATIVELY WEAK :5 ,CA/RO CAME TO P[]1 & BECAUSE A GREAT MANY ,CUBAN AN>*I/S FL$ 9TO EXILE -- !RE >E NO MORE ?AN #d AN>*I/S LEFT 9 ,CUBA1 ( :OM P]HAPS #a W]E POLITICAL PRISON]S AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 

,AT ANY RATE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aife AT A CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,URUGUAYA 7,F,A,U7 CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ! GR[+ FRACTIONALIZATION ( ! ,S\!RN ,CONE AN>*I/S 9 REG>D TO ,CUBA BECAME CLE>4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,U1 ) SOME EXCEPTIONS SU* AS ,LUCE ,FABBRI1 DIDN'T HIDE !IR SYMPA?IES = ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,= !IR P>T ! ,>G5T9E DELEGATION1 9VIT$ TO REPRES5T ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A1 OPPOS$ ?IS POSITION4 ,?IS POLEMIC 5D$ BY SPLITT+ ! ,F,A,U 9TO PRO- & ANTI-,CA/RO FACTIONS1 ) ! PRO-,CA/RO MAJORITY -- ACCORD+ TO ! >TICLE 0,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE10 BY ,LUCE ,FABBRI1 PUBLI%$ YE>S LAT] 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ REVIEW1 ,RIVI/A ,AN>*ICA -- 5D+ UP EI!R 9 EXILE 9 ,SW$5 OR 9 ! RANKS ( ! URBAN GU]RILLA GR\P1 ! ,TUPAM>OS4 ,?IS GR\P A*IEV$ NO?+ POSITIVE4 ,IT PROVOK$ ! D[NFALL ( ,URUGUAY'S DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A MILIT>Y REGIME1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PROVID+ ?AT REGIME ) ! P]FECT PRETEXT = ! 9/ITUTION ( MASSIVE REPRESSION1 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS1 & R\T9E TORTURE ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 

,9 VIEW ( ! CONFUSION SURR\ND+ ! ,CUBAN SITUATION AMONG ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S1 ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA ORGANIZ$ A CONF]5CE 9 ,BOLOGNA TO CL>IFY ?+S2 ?IS CONF]5CE WAS HELD FROM ,M>* #bg ?R\< ,M>* #b#i1 #a#i#f#e1 & A DELEGATE FROM ! ,M,L,C,E WAS 9VIT$ TO PRES5T ! POSITION ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS4 ,! ,CUBANS COLLECT$ FUNDS & S5T ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS AS !IR REPRES5TATIVE1 BECAUSE ,IGLESIAS HAD EXP]I5CE ) ?IS TYPE ( DISCUSSION & WAS WELL ABLE TO EXPRESS ! ,M,L,C,E'S VIEWPO9T4 

,AFT] VISIT+ 9 ,T\L\SE & ,P>IS ) O!R VET]ANS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,IGLESIAS TRAVEL$ TO ,BOLOGNA :]E HE SUCCESSFULLY PRES5T$ ! ,M,L,C,E'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,CA/RO4 ,! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA 7,F,A,I,T7 5]GETICALLY CONDEMN$ ,CA/ROISM -- NOT+ ?AT ,CA/RO HAD SUB/ITUT$ VASSALAGE TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 PLACE ( VASSALAGE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- & (F]$ ! ,M,L,C,E ITS FULL SUPPORT 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CA/RO-,COMMUNISM4 ,IT ALSO PL$G$ TO SUPPORT ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! POLITICAL EXECUTIONS TAK+ PLACE 9 ,CUBA4 ,! CONGRESS 5D$ BY CALL+ = ALL ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ P]IODICALS -- ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,L',AGITAZIONE DEL ,SUD1 ,SEMO ,AN>*ICO1 ,VOLANTA1 & O!RS -- TO PUBLI% ITS ACCORDS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,F,A,I,T1 ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A1 ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,MEXICANA1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE 7,U4,S471 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,LONDON1 ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRAL-,ORGANIZATION 7,SW$I% ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,ORGANIZATION -- ,S,A,C71 & ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,ESPANOL SIGN$ ! ACCORDS4 

,AFT] ! ,BOLOGNA CONGRESS1 ,IGLESIAS RETURN$ TO ,T\L\SE :]E HE PRES5T$ ! ,M,L,C,E POSITION AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,?AT CONGRESS CONDEMN$ ! 0M>XI/-L59I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION0 ?AT HAD SUBV]T$ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION1 D5\NC+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME AS BE+ AS BAD AS A FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP OR ONE 9 ! PAY ( ! ,U4,S4 ,! ,FR5* F$]ATION PROMIS$ SUPPORT = ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBAN JAILS & TO LET ,FR5* WORK+ PEOPLE KN[ AB\T ! FATE ( !IR ,CUBAN BRO!RS 9 ! PAGES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,FR5* AN>*I/ PAP]1 ,LE ,MONDE ,LIB]TAIRE4 

,UPON RETURN+ TO ! ,U4,S41 IT APPE>$ ?AT ,IGLESIAS HAD NOT ONLY WON ! LONG & VITRIOLIC DEBATE ) ,CA/RO'S SYMPA?IZ]S1 BUT HAD ALSO MANAG$ TO PROD ALMO/ ALL ( ! F$]ATIONS & LIB]T>IAN GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 9TO CONDEMN+ ! SY/EM IMPOS$ BY ,CA/RO -- A D\BLE VICTORY4 ,?IS WASN'T ! CASE4 ,! ,CA/ROITE P5ETRATION ( AN>*I/ MILIEUS -- OR BETT]1 ! SELF-DECEPTION ( A GREAT MANY 9 ?OSE MILIEUS -- HAD E/ABLI%$ ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( A 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION0 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,AFRICA4 ,ANY CRITICISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME WAS SE5 AS A CRITICISM ( ?IS NEW POLITICAL ADV5TURE EMANAT+ FROM ,HAVANA1 :I* WAS BR++ TO A HEAD ! WORLD SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,TO ?IS TOTALIT>IAN M9DSET1 ANYONE :O WASN'T BEH9D ,CA/ROISM & ?IRD-WORLDISM WAS AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE & ( HUMANITY4 ,SADLY1 ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7AS 9 ,URUGUAY1 ,P]U1 ,*ILI1 & ,V5EZUELA7 PASS$ OV] 9TO ! CAMP ( ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION -- N[ ALWAYS CAPITALIZ$ -- & =GOT AB\T ! ,M,L,C,E & ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 

,! FACTIONALISM ! M>XI/S HOP$ TO FOM5T 7?R\< ! ,D,D,G DOCUM5T & O!R PIECES ( DIS9=MATION7 HAD COME TO PASS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 0,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 444 HAVE LIV$ 9 IMPRESSIVE SOLITUDE1 AB&ON$ 444 BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD :O ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,BUT DESPITE ALL1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,M,L,C,E CONT9U$ !IR CAMPAIGNS = ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ,CUBAN JAILS & AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 

,9 #a#i#f#g1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ALREADY 9 HIS LATE #gS & FATIGU$ BY HIS SUFF]+S ON ! ISL&1 >RIV$ 9 ,MIAMI4 ,SAL9AS C\LD HAVE SIGN$ ! ,D,D,G & ?US 5SUR$ HIMSELF AN HONOR$ PLACE AS A LEAD+ 9TELLECTUAL 9 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA4 ,BUT HE REFUS$ TO SIGN1 & 9/EAD *OSE AT HIS ADVANC$ AGE TO GO 9TO EXILE1 AN EXILE AMONG RI<TI/ & CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS :O HAD NO APPRECIATION ( HIM OR HIS WORKS4 ,BUT ONCE 9 EXILE HE CONT9U$ HIS LIB]T>IAN EF=TS BY WRIT+ >TICLES = ! AN>*I/ PRESS & BY SPEAK+ AT CONF]5CES4 

,HE WAS ALREADY KN[N ABROAD ?R\< HIS EXT5SIVE P]SONAL CORRESPOND5CE ( #e YE>S1 & ?R\< WRIT+ = ,RECON/RUIR 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,ONCE 9 EXILE1 HIS ACTIVITIES COMPLEM5T$ ?OSE ( ,F]RO & ,IGLESIAS4 ,HE CONT9U$ HIS WORK UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #aigf AT ! AGE ( #h#g4 ,) ! PASS+ ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ! ,M,L,C,E NOT ONLY LO/ A D$ICAT$ COMRADE :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T = #g YE>S1 BUT ,CUBA LO/ 9 ?IS ?9 FIGURE ONE ( ! MO/ WELL-R\ND$ 9TELLECTUALS ( HIS G5]ATION4 ,HE WAS A DRAMATI/1 POET1 NOVELI/1 ESSAYI/1 & /ORY TELL]2 9 SUM1 HE WAS AN 5LI<T5$ AUTODIDACT :O WAS AN 9TELLECTUAL =CE ( ! FIR/ ORD] BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,CUBA4 

,! *AOTIC DECADE ( ! #a#i#fS WAS COM+ TO ITS CLOSE4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE 9 ,B]KELEY PREA*$ A M>XISM CLOSE TO AN>*ISM1 & 9 ,BO/ON ,NOAM ,*OMSKY CRITICIZ$ ALL ! HORRORS ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN /ATE2 9 ,P>IS1 ! NEW ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S ATTACK$ ,M>X1 & 9 ! SAME CITY 9 ,MAY ( ?AT YE> A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T 9 :I* /UD5TS1 US+ AN>*I/ SLOGANS & ! BLACK FLAG1 TOOK P>T2 ,AM]ICAN Y\?S AT ?IS TIME D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO /OPP+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 AVOID+ ! DRAFT 7NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ?AT ORD]71 & OP5+ !MSELVES TO GOV]NM5T REPRESSION ?R\< ! USE ( ILLEGAL DRUGS2 ! ,U4,S4 WAS CAU<T UP 9 9T]NAL /RIFE1 BO? RACIAL & POLITICAL2 ! ,U,S,S,R 9VAD$ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA TO AVOID ! K9D ( M>XISM ,M>CUSE WAS PREA*+ 9 ,B]KELEY2 SIMULTANE\SLY 9 ,HAVANA ,CA/RO APPLAUD$ ?IS TRAGIC1 TOTALIT>IAN MANEUV]2 & 9 ,*9A1 ,MAO 9/ITUT$ ! VIOL5T & DESPOTIC 0CULTURAL REVOLUTION40 ,IT WAS 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ?IS YE> ?AT ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA CALL$ AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATIONS4 

,KN[N AS ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C>R>A1 IT WAS HELD FROM ,AUGU/ #c TO ,SEPTEMB] #h1 & WAS WIDELY COV]$ NOT ONLY BY ! AN>*I/ M$IA BUT BY ! WORLD M$IA4 ,?IS CONF]5CE 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES FROM VIRTUALLY ALL ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES AS WELL AS DELEGATIONS ( ,MEXICANS & EXIL$ ,BULG>IANS4 ,! ,SW$I% ,S,A,C1 ! ,C5T] ,9T]NATIONALE P\R ,RE*]*ES SUR ,L',AN>*ISME 7A ,SWISS AN>*I/ RESE>* GR\P7 & ! ,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES 7! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL7 P>TICIPAT$ AS OBS]V]S4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ CONF]5CES HELD 9 OV] HALF A C5TURY4 

,DUE TO LACK ( FUNDS1 ! ,M,L,C,E WAS UNABLE TO S5D A DELEGATE1 & !RE=E ASK$ ,DOM+O ,ROJAS1 FROM ,MEXICO1 TO REPRES5T ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S AT ! CONF]5CE4 ,! CONGRESS HAMM]$ \T EI<T PO9TS ( AGREEM5T1 & ! MO/ DISCUSS$ WAS PO9T #c1 ON ! RELATION%IP ( AN>*ISM & M>XISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,SPANI%1 & ,CUBAN REVOLUTIONS4 

,! CONF]EES DIDN'T HAVE D\BTS AB\T ! S9I/] ACTIONS ( ! M>XI/S 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 BUT ,CUBA WAS A DIFF]5T MATT]4 ,) ! BACKDROP ( ! LIB]T>IAN DISA/]S 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 ! CONF]EES DECL>$ ?AT ! ,CA/RO SY/EM WAS 9DE$ 0A DICTATOR%IP 444 A SATELLITE ( ! ,U,S,S,R10 ETC4 ,BUT !Y !N CONCLUD$ ) A P>AGRAPH ?AT WAS AS \T ( PLACE AS IT WAS CONTRADICTORY3 0,CUBA IS A MORE P]MEABLE C\NTRY TO ! !ORIES 444 ( A TYPE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM UNLIKE ?AT ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS SATELLITE C\NTRIES40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,CUBAN 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 WAS A DIFF]5T CASE -- ?\< !Y DIDN'T EXPLA9 :Y -- & !RE WAS !RE=E HOPE ( P5ETRAT+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME 9 ORD] TO GET IT TO MODIFY ITS /ATI/1 TOTALIT>IAN POLICIES1 & TO ADOPT 9 !IR PLACE AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 ACCORD ) LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 

,ANALYZ+ ?IS ACCORD #c YE>S LAT]1 IT SEEMS PA!TIC1 EV5 CONSID]+ ! TIME 9 :I* IT WAS WRITT54 ,! WORLD'S AN>*I/S HAD LO/ !IR P]SPECTIVE ON ,CUBA4 ,! WORDS ( ?IS DOCUM5T >E AN 9DICATION ( H[ ! ,CA/RO REGIME WAS W9N+ ! PROPAG&A BATTLE ON ! LEFT ) ITS FALSE 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PO/ULATES & SLOGANS2 IT ALSO CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ! P5ETRATION ( ,CA/ROITE PROPAG&A 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD 9 REG>D TO ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,! AN>*I/ M$IA 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA SUPPORT$ ! ,CUBAN REGIME MORE EA* DAY AS !Y AB&ON$ !IR ,CUBAN COMPAN]OS1 ! VICTIMS ( ?AT REGIME4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 ) ALMO/ NO EXCEPTIONS1 !Y HAVE NEV] PUBLICLY ADMITT$ ?IS MI/AKE4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT MANY AN>*I/S 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA W]E AW>E ( ! NATURE ( ,CA/RO'S DICTATOR%IP OV] ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE & ( ,CA/RO'S P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA'S PUBLICATION ( ,F]RO'S RESPONSE TO ,BOR<I 7& ?AT ONLY UND] PRESSURE71 NOT A S+LE AN>*I/ P]IODICAL 9 ,EUROPE1 & V]Y FEW 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 PUBLI%$ A S+LE >TICLE ACKN[L$G+ -- MU* LESS CONDEMN+ -- ,CA/RO'S DICTATOR%IP & POLITICAL P]SECUTIONS4 

,BY #aig ! ,M,L,C,E KNEW ?AT IT HAD LO/ ! BATTLE4 ,EV5 ?\< ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S KEPT UP ! PROPAG&A FI<T1 !Y KNEW !Y W]E SPEAK+ TO ! DEAF4 ,! BITT] WORDS ( ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS 9 ,B,I,L 9 #aig >E EXPLICIT3 0?OSE :O PICK UP ! ,COMMUNI/ ACCUSATIONS DON'T HESITATE 9 ACCUS+ US ( BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( REACTION4 .<,!SE 9CLUDE.> ,ADUNATA DE ,REFRATT>I 444 ,F.<$]ACION.> ,A.<N>QUI/A.> ,U.<RUGUAYA.> 444 ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA & ITS P]IODICAL1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA 444 ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 ETC40 ,IGLESIAS REC\NT$ ?AT AT ,C>R>A ,COHN-,B5DIT 0ACCUS$ ! ,M,L,C,E ( BE+ 'F9ANC$ BY ! ,C,I,A4'0 ,9 ANO!R >TICLE PUBLI%$ LAT]1 ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ M5TION$ ?AT ,LE ,MONDE ,LIB]TAIRE1 ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>*I/E ,FRANCAISE1 HAD PUBLI%$ A PIECE M5TION+ ALL CURR5T DICTATOR%IPS -- EXCEPT ?AT ( ,CUBA4 ,?IS WAS 0AS IF ! ,FR5* COMRADES0 CONSID]$ ,CUBA AN EXCEPTION & ALSO 0CONSID]$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S SECOND-CLASS AN>*I/S1 UNDES]V+ ( !IR SOLID>ITY40 

,EV5 9 #aige !RE /ILL REMA9$ MU* MI/RU/ ( ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?AT YE>1 ! WELL-DESIGN$ AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E ,COMUNIDAD 70,COMMUNITY071 PUBLI%$ 9 ,/OCKHOLM BY REFUGEES 7PRIM>ILY ,URUGUAYANS7 FROM ! DICTATOR%IPS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA'S ,S\!RN ,CONE1 PR9T$ AN >TICLE TITL$1 0,LIB]T>IAN ,PRES5CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA10 :I* WAS LAT] REPUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E1 ,BICICLETA 70,BICYCLE07 9 A SPECIAL $ITION D$ICAT$ TO 0,AN>*ISM ,?R\<\T ! ,WORLD40 ,9 REF]5CE TO ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 ! >TICLE'S AU?ORS /AT$ ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E WAS COMPOS$ ( 0M]E ANTI-,COMMUNI/S10 & ?AT ITS POSITIONS W]E 0CLE>LY REGRESSIVE40 ,?IS *>GE WAS SO RIDICUL\S ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E S5T ,BICICLETA A REPLY TO IT P>TIALLY 9 JE/4 ,?IS RESPONSE WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,B,I,L & /AT$1 9 P>T3 0,9 REG>D TO \R 'CLE>LY REGRESSIVE POSITIONS1' !SE HAVE ALWAYS CONSI/$ ( OPPOSITION TO ! TYRANT ( ! DAY1 BE !Y 9 ,CUBA OR ANY:]E ELSE1 NO MATT] :AT !IR /RIPE 444 .<NO MATT].> :AT RELIGION !Y PR(ESS OR :AT POLITICAL DOGMA !Y FOLL[40 ,CURI\SLY1 ,BICLICETA NEV] PUBLI%$ ! ,M,L,C,E REPLY DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ITS SPECIAL $ITION WAS HEAD$ BY ! /ATEM5T ?AT IT WAS 9T5D$ TO 0/IR UP DEBATE 444 TO OP5 UP DEBATE40 

,! ACCUSATIONS 9 ! ,COMUNIDAD_/,BICICLETA >TICLE W]E TYPICAL4 ,! *>GE 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E WAS A REACTION>Y ORGANIZATION ) NO PROGRAM BEYOND ANTI-,COMMUNISM4 ,NO M5TION WAS EV] MADE AB\T :Y ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W]E 9 EXILE1 & ?IS *>GE FIT NEATLY ) ,CA/RO'S PROPAG&A :I* CEASELESSLY REPEAT$ ?AT ALL ( ! 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS 9 ,MIAMI0 W]E [N$ BY ! CAPITALI/S & W]E 5GAG+ 9 SU* ?+S AS DRUG TRAFFICK+ & :ITE SLAV]Y4 ,ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! SITUATION W\LD HAVE KN[N ?AT !SE W]E \TRAGE\S SL&]S AGA9/ ! ,M,L,C,E1 BUT ANYONE DEP5D+ UPON ! WORLD'S AN>*I/ PRESS = 9=MATION AB\T ,CUBA W\LDN'T HAVE KN[N IT4 

,IT WASN'T UNTIL #aigf ?AT ! ATMOSPH]E ( SUSPICION & DI/RU/ ( ! ,M,L,C,E BEGAN TO DISSIPATE1 ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F4 ,?IS BOOK WAS WELL DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD1 FROM ,LONDON TO ,SYDNEY1 & HAD A DEMOLI%+ IMPACT AMONG ! LEFT 9 G5]AL & AN>*I/S 9 P>TICUL>4 ,IT WAS ! MU/ CUTT+ CRITIQUE ,CA/ROISM HAD RECEIV$ 9 !SE YE>S ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ADV5TURISM 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & WAS ! DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ! *ANGE 9 ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,M,L,C,E )9 WORLD AN>*ISM4 ,! BOOK SUCCE$$ BEYOND ! HOPES ( ITS AU?OR1 & WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI% & LAT] 9TO ,SW$I%4 ,DOLG(F SUBSEQU5TLY DECL>$1 0,I NEV] RECEIV$ A C5T = !SE PR9T+S1 BUT ,I FELT HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO PROPAGATE MY OP9IONS AB\T ! ,M,L,C,E & ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CA/RO 9 ?IS BOOK40 

,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#g#i1 9 ! FIR/ PO/-,FRANCO YE>S 9 ,SPA91 :5 ! AN>*I/ ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO_/,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,N,T_/,A,I,T7 C\LD AGA9 BEG9 TO OP]ATE )\T BE+ P]SECUT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 A CELEBRATORY CONGRESS WAS CALL$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,AN ,M,L,C,E DELEGATE WAS 9VIT$ TO P>TICIPATE1 & HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY A MAJORITY ( ?OSE PRES5T1 9CLUD+ ALMO/ ALL ( ! =EIGN REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! ,M,L,C,E1 :I* AT ! TIME WAS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) BETT]+ RELATIONS ) O!R SECTORS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM1 R5EW$ ITS FRAT]NAL TIES ) ! ,A,I,T4 

,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ! ,SPANI% P]IODICAL ,BICICLETA1 :I* 9 ?OSE YE>S WAS PR9T+ AN>*I/ MAT]IALS1 PUBLI%$ P>T ( ! PREVI\SLY QUOT$ PIECE BY ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 0,! ,CUBAN ,AN>*I/S1 OR ! ,BAD ,CONSCI5CE ( ,AN>*ISM40 ,?IS PIECE WAS LAT] REPR9T$ BY ! EXIL$ ,BULG>IAN AN>*I/S 9 !IR ORGAN1 ,I,Z,T,O,K1 9 ,P>IS1 & WAS /ILL LAT] REPR9T$ BY ! NEW MAGAZ9E ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 ,MIAMI1 ,GUANG>A ,LIB]T>IA1 9 ! SUMM] #aiha ISSUE4 7,SEE BEL[47 ,IGLESIAS FOLL[$ ) AN EXPLICATORY >TICLE 9 ! AUTUMN ISSUE1 :I* FUR!R DEL9EAT$ ! POSITION ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 REG>D TO ,CA/RO1 & ABOVE ALL ADDRESS$ ! AN>*I/ WORLD ( ! P]IOD4 ,HE QUOT$ ,PROGRESO ,ALF>A*E ,>RABAL 7A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T :O HAD FL$ TO ,MEXICO & WAS MEMB] ( ! $ITORIAL GR\P PRODUC+ ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD74 ,ALF>A*E COMM5T$ ON ! ACTIONS & ATTITUDES ( MANY AN>*I/S3 0,9 ! ,CUBAN CASE1 ! KE5 9/9CT = LIB]TY1 :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM1 HAS FAIL$ LAM5TABLY40 ,ONE CAN WELL REG>D ?IS >TICLE BY ,IGLESIAS AS ! T]M9ATION ( ?IS LONG & DAMAG+ AFFAIR4 

,BUT !RE W]E ALSO *ANGES 9 ! WORLD :I* W]E AFFECT+ ! AN>*I/S4 ,A NEW ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN WORLD VIEW HAD BEGUN TO TAKE HOLD 9 ! #a#i#gS1 & 9 ! #a#i#hS ,CA/ROISM CAME TO BE SE5 BY AN>*I/S AS IT REALLY WAS 7& IS7 -- A SELF-AGGR&IZ+ DICTATOR%IP ?AT DIDN'T REPRES5T ITS PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< A LONG BUT SURE REPUDIATION ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME HAD BEGUN AMONG ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S1 IT WAS ALREADY V]Y LATE4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ! VICTIMS ( PREJUDICE & DEFAMATION 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD1 9 ADDITION TO BE+ EXIL$1 ?R[N 9 JAIL1 & BE+ CONSIGN$ TO A %AD[Y SOLITUDE4 

,DESPITE EV]Y?+1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S LAUN*$ !IR NEW QU>T]LY MAGAZ9E1 ,GUANG>A ,LIB]T>IA1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#g#i4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MIAMI1 & ITS FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#h4 ,AN AV]AGE ISSUE CONSI/$ ( #cb #h4#e8,X#a#a8 PAGES PR9T$ 9 BLACK 9K ON NEWSPR9T4 ,GUANG>A SUP]S$$ ! TWO EXI/+ ,CUBAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS1 ! ,B,I,L & ,EL ,GA/RONOMICO1 :I* W]E MODE/ BULLET9S ) LIMIT$ CIRCULATION4 ,GUANG>A WAS DESIGN$ TO HAVE BROAD] APPEAL TO & WID] CIRCULATION AMONG ! ,CUBAN EXILE COMMUNITY4 ,?IS NEW PUBLICATION WAS F9ANC$ BY ITS /AFF1 SUBSCRIB]S1 & MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E4 

,! NAME HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 :O NOT$ ?AT 0= ,CUBANS1 IT MEANS NOISE1 DISORD]1 & A R\< JOKE4 ,DEF9ITIVELY1 BRONCA 7A CO>SE JOKE71 BULLA 7A L\D >GUM5T71 & GUANG>A CAN BE TAK5 AS SYNONYMS = *AOS & DISORD]40 ,9 KEEP+ ) ?IS AN>*I/IC SPIRIT1 ! POSITION ( 0DIRECTOR0 79 EFFECT1 MANAG+ $ITOR7 WAS ABOLI%$ & ,GUANG>A WAS COLLECTIVELY MANAG$ & $IT$4 ,! $ITORIAL COLLECTIVE 9CLUD$ ,SANTIAGO ,COBO1 ,OM> ,DIEGUEZ1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ1 & ,CA/O ,MOSCU4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ASPECTS W]E H&L$ BY A COLLECTIVE 9CLUD+ ,JOSE ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,AGU/9 ,CA/RO1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ,>I/IDES ,VAZQUEZ4 

,! CONT5T AT ?IS TIME CONSI/$ ( >TICLES WRITT5 BY ! $ITORIAL /AFF AS WELL AS ?OSE SUBMITT$ BY READ]S 7PRIM>ILY ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S7 SPREAD ?R\<\T ! AN>*I/ DIASPORA 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,TRANSLATIONS FROM ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ P]IODICALS ALSO APPE>$4 ,GUANG>A 9CLUD$ A BOOK REVIEW SECTION 7$IT$ BY ,MANUEL ,F]RO71 PORTRAITS ( HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ FIGURES1 & NEWS & OP9ION AB\T EV5TS 9 ,CUBA & 9 ! EXILE COMMUNITY4 ,DUR+ !SE FIR/ YE>S ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ,GUANG>A HAD A PRESS RUN ( #a COPIES & WAS DI/RIBUT$ ONLY 9 ,MIAMI1 ?\< IT HAD AB\T #a SUBSCRIB]S SCATT]$ >\ND ! GLOBE4 

,GIV5 ! PLACE :]E ! MAGAZ9E WAS PUBLI%$1 ,MIAMI -- HOME BASE ( ! EXTREME RI<T-W+ ,CUBAN EXILE COMMUNITY -- ,GUANG>A'S $ITORS KNEW FROM ! />T ?AT !Y'D HAVE TO BE C>EFUL AB\T H[ ! MAGAZ9E PRES5T$ ITSELF4 ,!RE WAS A V]Y REAL DANG] ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE FROM RI<T-W+ ELEM5TS1 & BO? LOCAL & F$]AL AU?ORITIES W]E1 ( C\RSE1 KEEP+ !M UND] OBS]VATION4 ,SO1 = ! FIR/ FEW YE>S ,GUANG>A WAS FAIRLY MUT$ 9 ITS ADVOCACY ( AN>*ISM1 BILL+ ITSELF 9 ITS SUBTITLE AS 0,! ,REVIEW ( ,ECLECTIC ,LIB]T>IAN ,?\<T40 ,IT ALSO RAN >TICLES BY NONAN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ?\< ( C\RSE ALL SU* >TICLES /ILL FELL 9 ! BROAD 0PROGRESSIVE0 VE94 ,ALL ( ?IS L$ SOME PURI/ TYPES TO *>GE ?AT ,GUANG>A WAS MORE 0LIT]>Y0 ?AN LIB]T>IAN4 

,AT AB\T ! TIME ( ,GUANG>A'S APPE>ANCE 9 E>LY #a#i#h1 ,MIAMI WAS %AK5 BY DEMON/RATIONS FOLL[+ ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,P]UVIAN EMBASSY 9 ,HAVANA BY ,CUBANS SEEK+ ASYLUM4 ,! ,M,L,C,E AN>*I/S 9 ,MIAMI P>TICIPAT$ ACTIVELY 9 !SE DEMON/RATIONS1 :ILE %[+ !IR COLORS1 & !Y ORGANIZ$ SOME ( !SE DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP4 

,! FIR/ SIGNS ( AN EXPLOSION OCCURR$ 9 ! E>LY MORN+ H\RS ( ,APRIL #d1 #a#i#h1 :5 A SMALL GR\P ( ,CUBANS 5T]$ ! ,P]UVIAN EMBASSY 9 ,HAVANA 9 SE>* ( POLITICAL ASYLUM4 ,! ,P]UVIAN GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO H& ! ASYLUM SEEK]S OV] TO ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T1 & 9 RESPONSE ! ,CUBAN REGIME RECALL$ ! GU>DS WAT*+ OV] ! EMBASSY4 ,!N1 ) ! GU>DS )DRAWN1 A MULTITUDE ( MORE ?AN #a1 PEOPLE TRI$ TO SEEK ASYLUM AT ?AT SAME EMBASSY4 

,COMPREH5D+ ! DANG] 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS TYPE ( PROTE/1 & ?AT IT C\LD QUICKLY SPREAD1 ! AU?ORITIES DECID$1 AFT] A SPEE* BY ! MAXIMUM LEAD]1 TO P]MIT ANYONE :O WANT$ TO EXIT ! ISL& TO DO SO4 ,DESPITE ! OPPRESSIVE OMNIPRES5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! WILL+NESS ( MANY GOV]NM5T SUPPORT]S TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE1 9 A FEW WEEKS AN EXODUS ( GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS TOOK =M4 ,MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A MILLION ,CUBANS LEFT !IR HOMEL& ON BOATS SUPPLI$ BY ,CUBAN EXILES 9 ,MIAMI4 ,?IS SPECTACLE W\LD HAVE 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS4 

,! COMMUNICATIONS M$IA ( ! 5TIRE WORLD WITNESS$ ! L>GE/ HUMAN /AMP$E 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 A /AMP$E ( POLITICAL 7& ECONOMIC7 REFUGEES4 ,?IS SPECTACLE WAS A PUBLIC RELATIONS DISA/] = ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 DESPITE ITS SKILLFUL DIS9=MATION EF=TS4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,M>IEL 0BOATLIFT10 ,GUANG>A WAS RE9=C$ BY A NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUALS :O ESCAP$ ,CUBA VIA ,M>IEL1 AMONG !M WRIT]S SU* AS ,B5JAM9 ,F]R]A1 ,5RIQUE ,G4 ,MORATO1 ,MIGUEL ,A4 ,SAN*EZ1 & ! ,AFRO-,CUBAN POET1 ,E/EBAN ,LUIS ,C>D5AS4 ,?IS HELP$ TO CREATE :AT WAS 9 EFFECT A NEW ,GUANG>A COLLECTIVE1 :I* 9CLUD$ WRIT]S1 ESSAYI/S1 HI/ORIANS1 & POETS1 9DIVIDUALS SU* AS ,P$RO ,LEYVA1 ,ANGEL ,AP>ICIO ,LAUR5CIO1 ,B5ITO ,G>CIA1 ,RIC>DO ,P>EJA1 & ,S]GIO ,MAG>OLAS1 AMONG O!RS4 

,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME1 & AT ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S SUGGE/ION1 ,GUANG>A 9CORPORAT$ AS A NONPR(IT UND] ! NAME ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ,HI/ORICAL @& ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES 7,I,%,S,S74 ,V>I\S MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E S]V$ ON ! ,SOCIETY'S BO>D4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS SET UP W]E ?AT IT ALL[$ ,GUANG>A TO RECEIVE TAX-D$UCTIBLE DONATIONS & ALSO ALL[$ IT TO MAIL ITS ISSUES AT M9IMAL CO/ )9 ! ,U4,S4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,I,%,S,S 9CORPORATION1 ,GUANG>A 9CREAS$ ITS PRESS RUN TO #c COPIES4 ,?IS MADE IT ONE ( ! L>GE/-CIRCULATION AN>*I/ P]IODICALS -- P]HAPS ! L>GE/ -- 9 ! ,U4,S42 & IT WAS ! ONLY ONE PUBLI%$ 9 ,SPANI%4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( GR[?1 ,GUANG>A BEGAN TO PUBLI% TRANSLATIONS FROM ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS1 & ALSO BEGAN TO BE BETT] RECEIV$ 9 ,MIAMI4 

,FEEL+ MORE CONFID5T1 ,GUANG>A'S COLLECTIVE />T$ PUBLI%+ MORE EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ MAT]IALS1 & MOV$ BEYOND ATTACK+ ,CA/RO2 ,GUANG>A BEGAN TO ALSO PUBLI% ATTACKS ON ! REACTION>Y EXILE COMMUNITY & UPON ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T4 ,! ATTACKS ON ! F>-RI<T EXILE LEAD]%IP FOCUS$ UPON ITS LACK ( POLITICAL IMAG9ATION1 ITS RELIGI\S &_/OR PSEUDO-DEMOCRATIC ORI5TATION1 & ITS V]Y MI/AK5 POLITICAL & SOCIAL POSITIONS1 (T5 BAS$ ON DIS9=MATION PLANT$ BY ,CA/RO'S PROPAG&A APP>ATUS4 7,! PURPOSE ( ?IS DIS9=MATION WAS TO HELP 5SURE ?AT NO VIABLE -- ?AT IS1 DEMOCRATIC & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN -- OPPOSITION W\LD EM]GE 9 ,MIAMI1 & SO ?AT ,CA/RO C\LD ?US CONT9UE TO PRES5T ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ) ! FALSE *OICE ( HIS REGIME OR ! EXTREMELY REACTION>Y ,CUBAN EXILE LEAD]%IP47 

,BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#h#e1 ,GUANG>A HAD A NUMB] ( NEW 9T]NATIONAL CORRESPOND5TS3 ,/EPHAN ,BACIU 9 ,HAWAII1 ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE 9 ,MEXICO1 ,COSME ,PAULES 9 ,*ILI1 ,ABRAHAM ,GUILL5 9 ,SPA91 ,M4,A4 ,SAN*EZ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & ,VICTOR ,G>CIA 9 ,C>ACAS4 ,BO? ,G>CIA & ,GUILL5 W]E WELL KN[N AMONG ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 & !IR COLLABORATION GAVE ,GUANG>A ! 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SION ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E HAD ALWAYS S\<T4 

,9 #aihf ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC$ A L>GE SPECIAL $ITION1 & BY #aihg ,GUANG>A'S CIRCULATION HAD 9CREAS$ TO #e COPIES1 MAK+ IT ! L>GE/-CIRCULATION AN>*I/ P]IODICAL 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,! QUALITY ( BO? ITS WRIT+ & ITS GRAPHIC PRES5TATION HAD IMPROV$2 & TWO NEW WRIT]S1 ,M>IA ,T]ESA ,F]N&EZ & ,LUCY ,IBRAHIM1 CONTRIBUT$ BO? TRANSLATIONS & POEMS4 ,GUANG>A *ANG$ ITS SUBTITLE ?AT YE> TO 0,A ,CRY ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,BLACK @& ,:ITE02 9 #a#i#i1 IT *ANG$ IT AGA9 TO 0,FROM ,LIB]TY1 = ,LIB]TY0 

,! D[NFALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS LONG-OV]DUE RELEGATION TO ! 0DU/B9 ( HI/ORY0 WAS RECEIV$ ) JUBILATION BY ,GUANG>A'S COLLECTIVE & ! RE/ ( ! ,M,L,C,E1 & ,GUANG>A PUBLI%$ AN $ITORIAL PR$ICT+ ! SWIFT D[NFALL ( ,CA/RO4 7,( C\RSE1 ,GUANG>A WAS MI/AK5 AB\T ?IS1 BUT IT WAS H>DLY ALONE2 SU* PR$ICTIONS W]E COMMON 9 ! DAYS FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ,CA/RO'S PATRON1 ! ,U,S,S,R47 

,9 #a#i#i#b1 ,GUANG>A PUBLI%$ ITS #e? $ITION4 ,IT 9CLUD$ AN 9V5TORY 9 :I* IT NOT$ ?AT ,GUANG>A HAD PUBLI%$ OV] #b#b#e1 COPIES4 ,BUT BY ?IS TIME ,GUANG>A'S ALL-VOLUNTE]1 5TIRELY UNPAID /AFF WAS GR[+ WE>Y1 & ! FALL #aiib ISSUE WAS ,GUANG>A'S F9AL $ITION4 

,IT W\LD BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ,GUANG>A CONV9C$ HALF ! WORLD ( ! EVIL ( ,CA/RO'S REGIME4 ,IT W\LD EQUALLY BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT IT DE/ROY$ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASE ( ,CA/ROISM4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE FAIR TO SAY ?AT ,GUANG>A BREA*$ ! BULW>KS ( PAID ANTI-,COMMUNISM 9 ! EXILE COMMUNITY1 & ?AT IT RECLAIM$ ! RI<T TO DISAGREE4 ,IT W\LD ALSO BE FAIR TO SAY ?AT IT OP5$ ! EYES ( MANY :O LABOR$ UND] ! BURD5 ( PRO-,CA/RO1 /AL9I/ SUPPOSITIONS4 

,9 ! 5D1 ONE ( ! MO/ TELL+ 9DICATIONS ( ! SUCCESS ( ,GUANG>A WAS ?AT IT PUBLI%$ #$ ISSUES OV] #ac YE>S1 )\T EV] HAV+ A COV] PRICE OR BE+ SOLD ON ! NEWS/&4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS FREE TO ANYONE :O ASK$ = IT1 & IT WAS SUPPORT$ SOLELY BY ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ITS COLLECTIVE1 ITS SUBSCRIB]S1 & ITS ,M,L,C,E SUPPORT]S4 ,?OSE :O WORK$ ON ,GUANG>A CONT9UE TO PURSUE O!R PROJECTS1 SU* AS WRIT+ BOOKS & CONTRIBUT+ TO O!R AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AS ONE CAN APPRECIATE1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAVE SURVIV$ ALL TYPES ( P]SECUTIONS FROM ! /ATE1 9/IGAT$ BY ! MONEY$ CLASSES & ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT %\LD BE EQUALLY CLE> ?AT !IR IDEAS W]E = MANY YE>S ! MAJORITY VIEWPO9T )9 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T2 !Y RESI/$ ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION1 ! SUG> & TOBACCO MAGNATES1 ! HAC5DADOS & PLANTATION [N]S1 CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALI/S1 & ! FIR/ & SECOND REPUBLICS -- & F9ALLY ! MO/ DESPOTIC1 TOTALIT>IAN REGIME ,CUBA HAS EV] KN[N4 

,9 !IR LONG HI/ORY SPANN+ MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S -- ?OSE :O HAD C>RI$ ! BANN]S1 ! WRIT]S1 ! !ORETICIANS1 ! ORATORS1 ! UNION ACTIVI/S1 ! PROPAG&I/S1 & EV5 ! LA/ ( ! MILITANTS -- MADE BLUND]S & ]RORS1 :I* WE MU/ ADMIT & ACCEPT4 ,BUT WE CAN BE SURE ?AT !Y MA9TA9$ ! SPIRIT ( DIS9T]E/$ /RUGGLE = ! GOOD ( ,CUBA & ITS PEOPLE4 ,?OSE :O SURVIVE TODAY >E ! 9H]ITORS ( A LONG TRADITION ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 UNIT$ BY ! CONFID5CE ?AT ?IS NEW C5TURY WILL BR+ ! DAWN ( A BETT] WORLD1 A WORLD 9 :I* !IR IDEAS WILL F9ALLY BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 

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