,*APT] #c 
,CON/ITUTION & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c3 ,CON/ITUTION & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h7 

  

,DESPITE ! TRIUMPH REPRES5T$ BY ,MA*ADO'S OV]?R[1 ! SITUATION AFT] HIS FALL WAS UNFAVORABLE TO ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,!IR MO/ D$ICAT$ LEAD]S & ACTIVI/S HAD BE5 VICTIMS ( GOV]NM5TAL MURD] OR HAD BE5 DEPORT$4 ,AS A RESULT1 :5 !RE WAS A C\P D'ETAT ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 #aicc AGA9/ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T BACK$ BY ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY1 ! AN>*I/S W]E SURPRIS$ & UNPREP>$ -- 9 :AT C\LD BE CALL$ A 0PREORGANIZ$0 /ATE4 

,! NEW 0AU!NTIC0 REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 AS IT CALL$ ITSELF1 WAS LEFTI/ ) NATIONALI/ OV]TONES4 ,ITS PR9CIPAL FIGURES W]E ,RAMON ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 & ,ANTONIO ,GUIT]AS4 ,IT WAS TI$ TO ! MILIT>Y M5 :O HAD C>RI$ \T ! C\P -- PRIVATES1 CORPORALS & S]GEANTS FROM HUMBLE BACKGR\NDS1 & ) ALL MANN] ( SOCIAL IDEAS -- :OSE LEAD+ FIGURE WAS ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A4 ,?IS NEW GOV]NM5T1 ! FIR/ ( ITS K9D ON ! ISL&1 DEFI$ ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY & 5ACT$ LAWS B5EFITT+ ! PUBLIC2 IT ALSO REMOV$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION4 

,AS C\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T LA/$ ONLY AB\T #a DAYS4 ,GIV5 ITS 0NATIONALISM )\T A NATION10 ITS REMOVAL ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION1 ITS DECREE M&AT+ /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ! YANKEE-[N$ ELECTRICAL & TELEPHONE UTILITIES1 & ITS PASSAGE ( AN EI<T-H\R WORKDAY LAW1 ITS D[NFALL WAS NO SURPRISE4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT MANAG$ TO DAMAGE ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S BY PASS+ ! 0#e.0 LAW10 :I* =C$ [N]S TO RES]VE AT LEA/ HALF !IR JOBS = ,CUBANS4 ,?IS =C$ MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO LEAVE ! ISL& & RETURN TO !IR HOMEL&1 :]E A TRAGIC CIVIL W> W\LD %ORTLY TAKE PLACE4 

,?US1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S F\ND !MSELVES GRAVELY WEAK5$ AT A PIVOTAL PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ! ,COMMUNI/S MANIPULAT$ ! CAUSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) SUCCESS1 DESPITE ! SETBACK ( ! ,AUGU/ 0]ROR40 ,!Y VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ ! AN>*I/S PHYSICALLY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ATTACK+ !M V]BALLY ) GROSS CALUMNIES4 ,!SE TACTICS W\LD BE> FRUIT 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>2 & ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD REPEAT !M ) EV5 GREAT] SUCCESS 9 #a#i#f4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S ACCUS$ ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS ( BE+ 0YANKEE AG5TS10 AS WELL AS 0ASSOCIAT+ & ALLY+ ) EX-,MA*ADI/AS1 BOSSES1 & EV5 FASCI/ ELEM5TS10 :I* AT ! TIME F\ND SOME SYMPA?Y 9 ,CUBA4 ,BUT DESPITE ! GREAT DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ,MA*ADO1 ! LOSSES UND] ! 0#e.0 LAW10 & ! 9CESSANT ,COMMUNI/ ATTACKS1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 5T]$ ?IS NEW /AGE ) A VIGOR & RESI/ANCE ?AT WAS A/ONI%+4 ,!Y 9CREAS$ !IR PROPAG&A WORK AMONG ,CUBA'S Y\?1 & A SECOND G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS RALLI$ TO AN>*I/ BANN]S 9 ! UNIONS & O!R LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#c#c1 ) ! AID ( ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY & ! SUPPORT ( ,CUBA'S B\RGEOISIE1 ! BY-!N COLONEL ,BATI/A BECAME ! 0/RONG MAN0 ( ,CUBA4 ,SE>*+ = ALLIES AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION1 SOME Y\NG AN>*I/S AFFILIAT$ !MSELVES ) ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ,JOV5 ,CUBA 7,Y\NG ,CUBA71 L$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y & >*5EMY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,ANTONIO ,GUIT]AS1 :O HAD N[ FALL5 FROM P[]4 

,AGA91 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS FAC$ REPRESSION4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#c#e1 ,BATI/A DEFEAT$ A G5]AL /RIKE CALL$ & LAT] ABORT$ BY ! ,P,C,C4 ,& SOON ! ,P,C,C W\LD ADOPT ,MOSC['S 0POPUL> FRONT0 L9E1 ALLY ITSELF ) ! GOV]NM5T1 & FOLL[ 0! DEMOCRATIC PACES ( ,COLONEL ,BATI/A40 

,BATI/A ATTEMPT$ TO LEGITIMIZE HIS DICTATOR%IP ?R\< ! ELECTORAL PROCESS4 ,HE HAD NO POLITICAL BACK+ BEYOND ! POLICE & >M$ =CES1 & ?IS WASN'T SUFFICI5T = POLITICAL CR$IBILITY4 ,! ,P,C,C CAME TO HIS RESCUE4 ,IT (F]$ HIM A DEAL PUTT+ ALL ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,CUBAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNISM AT HIS S]VICE1 & IT PROMIS$ TO DELIV] VOTES 9 ! COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,BATI/A BADLY NE$$ ?IS ELECTORAL SUPPORT4 

,= ! AN>*I/S1 ! POLITICAL SITUATION HADN'T *ANG$ MU*4 ,S9CE ! FALL ( ,MA*ADO ! AU?ORITIES HAD EX]CIS$ AN IRON CONTROL OV] ! LABOR ACTIVITIES ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY C5SOR$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PRESS1 & DE/ROY$ MAT]IALS COM+ FROM ! EXT]IOR1 ) ! CURI\S EXCEPTION ( ! MAGAZ9E ,CULTURA ,PROLET>IA -- F\ND$ 9 ! #a#i#bS BY ! ALREADY ELD]LY ,P$RO ,E/EVE1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK BY A GR\P ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/ EXILES 9CLUD+ ,FRANK ,GONZALEZ & ,M>CEL9O ,G>CIA -- :I* AT TIMES PUBLI%$ NEWS ( ! P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELIO ,N>DO1 A WITNESS TO ! EV5TS ( !SE YE>S1 0,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,M>* #a#i#c#e1 WE F\ND \RSELVES UND] BRUTAL REPRESSION 444 ,?\S&S ( OPPON5TS .<( ! ,BATI/A GOV]NM5T.> F\ND !MSELVES 9 JAIL4 ,ALL ( ! T[NS 444 CAME TO BE UND] MILIT>Y CONTROL40 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,N>DO1 DIFFICULTIES W]E >IS+ BETWE5 ! PREVI\S G5]ATION & ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S4 ,HE RECALLS1 0444 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REA*+ AN UND]/&+ ) ! OLD] MILITANTS 5TR5*$ 9 'GRUPISMO' 7,F,G,A,C70 -- H]E ,N>DO REF]S TO ?OSE AN>*I/S :O HAD SURVIV$ ,MA*ADO'S REPRESSION1 ! 0#e.0 LAW10 & ! MILIT>Y AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,BATI/A'S E>LY DAYS4 ,?IS 0L$ TO ! F\ND+ 9 ,HAVANA ( ! ,JUV5TUD ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA0 7,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ( ,CUBA74 ,N>DO RECALLS ?AT ITS F\ND]S 9CLUD$ ,GU/AVO ,LOPEZ1 ,FLOREAL ,B>R]AS1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ,MIGUEL ,RIVAS1 ,JULIO ,AYEON ,MORGAN1 ,TEODORO ,FABEL1 ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO1 ,JOSE ,F]N&EZ ,M>TI1 & ONE Y\NG AN>*I/ ) ! CURI\S NAME ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO4 ,HE ALSO RECALLS ?AT ! MEET+S ( ?IS GR\P W]E 0RIGOR\SLY CL&E/9E40 

,= HIS P>T1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES RECORD$ HIS Y\?FUL IMPRESSIONS DECADES LAT]4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT HE JO9$ ,JUV5TUD ,LIB]T>IA ?R\< ,F]N&EZ ,M>TI1 & ?AT HE CAME TO KN[ 0! HI<E/ FIGURES ( MILITANT ,CUBAN AN>*ISM40 ,DOM+O ,DIAZ1 A PH>MACI/ FROM ,>ROYO ,>5AS1 NE> ,HAVANA1 RECALLS ?AT HE CAME TO KN[ ,V5ANCIO ,TURON1 AN OLD RAILWAY WORK] & A F\ND] ( ! ,C,N,O,C1 AS WELL AS 0,RAFAEL ,S]RA1 A BLACK TOBACCO WORK] :O REMA9$ AS A RELIC ( ! H]OIC TIMES ( ! LIB]T>IAN PROLET>IAT10 & F9ALLY1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ,CUBAN 9TELLECTUALS ( HIS G5]ATION4 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S RALLI$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES1 & TO FUR!R !IR AIMS F\ND$ ! ,SOLID>IDAD ,9T]NACIONAL ,ANTIFASCI/A 7,S,I,A7 9 ,HAVANA1 :OSE MEMB]S WORK$ ZEAL\SLY TO S5D MONEY & >MS TO !IR ,SPANI% COMRADES 9 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO_/,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA 7,C,N,T_/,F,A,I74 ,CONSID]+ ! DEPRESS$ ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ,CUBA1 ! AID !Y S5T TO !IR ,SPANI% COMRADES WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,IT'S ALSO FITT+ TO M5TION ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 9 ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,SPANI% FASCISM4 ,) SOME ( !IR MEMB]S =C$ TO LEAVE ,CUBA BY ! 0#e.0 LAW10 5TIRE MIX$ FAMILIES ( ,CUBAN_/,SPANI% AN>*I/S F\<T 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I1 AMONG !M ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 ,MANUEL DE LA ,MATA1 & ,COSME ,PAULES4 ,A NUMB] ( ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ALSO W5T DIRECTLY TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ,ADOLFO ,CAM9O1 ,GU/AVO ,MALAGAMBA1 ,JOSE ,P5DAS1 ,HUMB]TO ,MONTEAGUDO1 ,P$RO ,FAJ>DO ,BOH]AS1 ,JULIO ,CON/ANT9O ,CAV>ROCAS1 & MANY O!RS4 

,) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#i1 MANY ( ! SURVIV+ ,CUBAN AN>*I/S RETURN$ TO ,CUBA1 AS DID MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S :O SAIL$ FROM ,FRANCE & ,SPA9 ) ,CUBAN PASSPORTS OBTA9$ ) ! HELP ( LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS ) FRI5DS 9 ! ,CUBAN ,M9I/RY ( ,/ATE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S BEGAN TO COLLECT FUNDS TO AID EX-COMBATANTS 9 NE$2 :5 !SE PEOPLE >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA1 !Y RECEIV$ A G5]\S WELCOME FROM !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,!RE W]E CASES ( >RIV+ AN>*I/S BE+ DETA9$ BY ! IMMIGRATION AU?ORITIES1 :O W]E !N RELEAS$ AFT] ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9T]V5$ ON !IR BEHALF4 ,AS ,PAUL9O ,DIEZ NOTES 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 ,CUBA S]V$ AS A TRAMPOL9E = ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! DIASPORA -- IT WAS A JUMP+ (F PO9T = !M ON !IR J\RNEYS TO CITIES ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAS1 FROM ,*ICAGO TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#cS1 ,BATI/A WAS A MILIT>Y MAN LACK+ A POPUL> BASE4 ,SO HE DECID$ TO CREATE A POLITICAL COALITION ) ! HELP ( ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO4 ,& ! ,P,C,C 5T]$ 9TO A PACT ) ,BATI/A4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ITS S]VICES & ITS SUPPORT 9 ! NEXT PRESID5TIAL ELECTION1 ! ,P,C,C WAS H&$ ! REC5TLY CREAT$ ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA 7,C,T,C -- ,CUBAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S71 :I* HAD BE5 CREAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & BY ITS ELECTORAL ALLIES 9 ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS 7,C,O -- ,LABOR]S' .<OR ,WORK]S'.> ,COMMISSIONS74 ,! ,C,T,C WAS DESIGN$ TO BE ! L>GE/1 MO/ C5TRALIZ$ LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,CUBA1 ONE ?AT W\LD COMB9E ALL EXI/+ SOCIAL FACTIONS1 9CLUD+ A DUES-PAY+ AN>*I/ M9ORITY4 ,ONE MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,C,T,C & ! PREVI\S UMBRELLA LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,N,O,C1 WAS ?AT ! ,C,N,O,C HAD BE5 DESIGN$ TO BE NONSECT>IAN & NON- 7OR ANTI-7 POLITICAL1 :ILE ! ,C,T,C WAS DESIGN$ FROM ! />T TO BE A TOOL 9 SECT>IAN POLITICS1 & HAD BE5 PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,P,C,C BY ,BATI/A4 ,?US1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA1 !RE WAS A M>RIAGE ( UNIONISM & ! /ATE4 

,BUT !RE WAS AT LEA/ ONE FAVORABLE DEVELOPM5T UND] ,BATI/A4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aid M>K$ ! BIR? ( A NEW REPUBLIC4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 A CON/ITUTIONAL DOCUM5T CONSID]$ ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 & ITS AU?ORS TRI$ TO CORRECT ! ]RORS & OMISSIONS ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,NOTABLY1 IT RESC9D$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T1 ?\< ,U4,S4 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL 9FLU5CE OV] ,CUBA W\LD CONT9UE UNTIL #a#i#f4 

,MOD]N & PROGRESSIVE1 ?IS ,CUBAN ,MAGNA ,C>TA WAS ! WORK ( TWO G5]ATIONS ( ,CUBANS4 ,MEMB]S ( ALL SOCIAL CLASSES & ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,IT CONSID]$ 9 M9UTE DETAIL ALL ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAD COME & ALL ?AT ITS AU?ORS ?\<T W\LD COME -- SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 AGR>IAN1 & LABOR PROBLEMS FROM ! PREVI\S CONVULSIVE DECADES ( ,CUBAN HI/ORY4 ,! #aid ,CON/ITUTION WAS 9T5D$ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 & ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS TO PUT IT TO ! TE/ BY PUTT+ IT 9TO PRACTICE4 

,! SURVIV+ SECTORS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#b-#a#i#d P]IOD1 N[ WORK+ 9 ! ,S,I,A & ! ,F,G,A,C1 RE9=C$ BY ?OSE ,CUBAN MILITANTS & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FLEE+ N[-FASCI/ ,SPA91 AGRE$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! DECADE TO HOLD AN ASSEMBLY ) ! PURPOSE ( REGR\P+ ! LIB]T>IAN =CES 9SIDE A S+LE ORGANIZATION4 ,! GU>ANTEES ( ! #aid ,CON/ITUTION P]MITT$ !M TO LEGALLY CREATE AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS TYPE1 & IT WAS ?US ?AT !Y AGRE$ TO DISSOLVE ! TWO PR9CIPAL ,CUBAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,S,I,A & ,F,G,A,C1 & CREATE A NEW1 UNIFI$ GR\P1 ! ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA 7,A,L,C71 A SIZABLE ORGANIZATION ) A MEMB]%IP 9 ! ?\S&S4 

,OV] #a DELEGATES -- BO? ,CUBANS & ,SPANI% EXILES -- MET AT ! SMALL ,MORDAZO RAN*1 HOME ( ,JUAN ,NAPOLES & HIS COMPAN]A ,M>IA1 9 ! ,PALAT9O B>RIO ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,HAVANA4 ,!Y *OSE ,DOM+O ,DIAZ AS ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL & ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y ( ! NEW GR\P4 ,!Y ALSO AGRE$ TO AID ! ,SPANI% EXILES :O W]E CON/ANTLY >RIV+ ON ! ISL&2 TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONT9UATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN PUBLICATION ,RUMBOS 70,PA?S071 :I* HAD APPE>$ SPORADICALLY DUR+ ! F9AL YE>S ( ! #a#i#cS2 & TO CALL ! 0,PRIM] ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO0 9 #a#i#d#d4 

,! L>GE NUMB] ( C5ETI/AS 7MEMB]S ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T7 :O >RIV$ 9 ,HAVANA 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> W]E ATT5D$ TO AS WELL AS WAS POSSIBLE BY !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,H[EV]1 ! G5]ALIZ$ UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ,CUBA 9 ! E>LY #a#i#dS OBLIG$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( !SE COMPAN]OS TO EMIGRATE TO C\NTRIES SU* AS ,PANAMA1 ,MEXICO1 & ,V5EZUELA1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 WEAK5$ ! ,A,L,C4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ = SOME TIME A NEW PROPAG&A ORGAN CALL$ ,RUMBOS ,NUEVOS 70,NEW ,PA?S07 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS4 ,CONTRIBUTORS 9CLUD$ ,DOM+O ,ALONSO & ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ4 ,AS WELL1 ! ,A,L,C DID C>RY \T ITS PLAN = ! ,PRIM] ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,IT WAS HELD AT ! ,PLA/]]S ,UNION HALL 9 ,HAVANA1 WAS FACILITAT$ BY ,MANUEL ,PIS1 ( ?AT UNION1 & ELECT$ AS ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO & AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y1 ONCE AGA91 ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! #a#i#dS1 ! ,A,L,C LIB]T>IANS D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO ORGANIZ+ 9 ! LABOR FIELD4 ,GIV5 !IR HI/ORY ( WORK 9 ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T -- & !IR PRIM>Y ROLE 9 IT UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i#bS -- ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S /ILL HAD A LOT ( POPUL> BACK+1 AS WELL AS A REPUTATION = HONOR1 COMBATIV5ESS1 & SACRIFICE1 ALL BAS$ ON A LONG & CLEAN REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 ,! ,A,L,C BEGAN CREAT+ TEAMS ( MILITANTS FROM ! REC5TLY =M$ ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS 7,J,L71 ) ! GOAL ( REGA9+ ! GR\ND LO/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S & RE=MI/S4 ,!Y F\ND$ 0ACTION GR\PS0 AMONG BO? /UD5TS & WORK]S ?R\< ! ,J,L4 ,!SE W]E PROPAG&A GR\PS ( HI< S*OOL /UD5TS & Y\NG AN>*I/ WORK]S :O D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO DI/RIBUT+ AN>*I/ BOOKS1 PAMPHLETS1 PAP]S & MAGAZ9ES 9 S*OOLS & WORKPLACES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aid HAD 5%R9$ ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 :I* HAD BE5 DECRE$ 9 #aicc -- ?US ONE ( ! UTOPIAN VISIONS FROM ! PAGES ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 9 #ahhh WAS F9ALLY FULFILL$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,CON/ITUTION REGULAT$ ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 BUT /ILL RECOGNIZ$ IT AS A RI<T4 ,?IS SITUATION1 & ! POLITICAL 9FILTRATION 9SIDE ! ,C,T,C1 OBLIG$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S )9 ! ,C,T,C TO CREATE PRESSURE GR\PS1 ) ! OBJECT ( *ALL5G+ ! 9]TIA1 BUREAUCRACY1 & ! FRANK COLLABORATION ( ! ,P,C,C & ,C,O ) ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T4 

,BATI/A HAD BE5 ELECT$ PRESID5T ) ! AID & BACK+ ( ! ,P,C,C4 ,= ?IS ! ,P,C,C RECEIV$ M9I/]IAL PO/S1 MONEY1 MEANS ( PROPAG&A1 & /ATE PROTECTION4 ,9 RETURN1 ! ,P,C,C CONF]R$ UPON ,BATI/A POMP\S TITLES SU* AS 0! MESS5G] ( PROSP]ITY10 & PUT AT HIS S]VICE NOT ONLY ! PROPAG&I/IC S]VICES ( ! P>TY1 BUT ALSO ! ,C,T,C1 CONTROLL$ FROM ! HEI<TS BY ,P,C,C ELEM5TS4 ,!Y HAD 9 EFFECT CONV]T$ ! ,C,T,C 9TO A POLITICAL WORK =CE :ILE ?RIV+ 9 ! %AD[ ( /ATE P[] -- ?US ONCE AGA9 BETRAY+ ! TRUE ORIG9S & PR9CIPLES ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,CUBA4 ,= ?IS1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S CONF]R$ UPON !M ! TITLE1 0FR5TE CRAPUL>0 70DEBAU*$ FRONT0 OR 0EVIL FRONT0 -- A REF]5CE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ 0POPUL> FRONT0 .<0FR5TE POPUL>0.> /RATEGY ( ! #a#i#cS74 

,RAMON ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T91 ! C&IDATE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO ,AUT5TICO 7,P,R,C,A7 :I* HAD >IS5 9 #a#i#c#c1 WON ! ELECTION & ASSUM$ P[] 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,! PEOPLE EXPECT$ SUB/ANTIAL *ANGE FROM ! NEW1 FREELY ELECT$1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 ALL[$ ! ,COMMUNI/S TO REMA9 9 !IR PO/S4 

,! ONLY IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' SITUATION OCCURR$ ON ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#i#d#g1 AT ! />T ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 :5 ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T1 UND] NOTICEABLE ,U4,S4 PRESSURE1 EXPELL$ ! ,COMMUNI/S FROM !IR PO/S 9 ! ,C,T,C4 ,?IS DECISION S]V$ AS PRO( ?AT DESPITE ! DELETION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION1 ?OSE :O HAD REMOV$ IT /ILL FOLD$ UND] PRESSURE FROM ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 

,!RE WAS A LIB]T>IAN R5EWAL 9 !SE YE>S4 ,A NUMB] ( SMALL AN>*I/ 9=MATION & PROPAG&A BULLET9S APPE>$ 9 ,HAVANA UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,F$]ACION DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS DE ,CUBA 7,F,J,L,C -- ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?S ( ,CUBA71 & A MON?LY 0BULLET9 ( ! SUBDELEGATION ( ! ,C,N,T ( ,SPA910 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,V4 ,VELASCO & ,C4 ,TRIGO ALSO APPE>$4 ,BO? ! ,F,J,L,C & ,C,N,T PUBLICATIONS LI/$ !IR ADDRESS AS ?AT ( ! ,A,L,C AT ,CALLE ,JESUS ,M>IA #c#a1 ,HAVANA4 ,AS WELL1 ! GOV]NM5T DECISION TO PURGE ! /AL9I/ REPRES5TATIVES 9SIDE ! ,C,T,C LEFT ! DOOR WIDE OP5 = ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FREE ELECTIONS 9 ! V>I\S TRADES ?AT MADE UP ! ,C,T,C1 & MANAG$ TO ELECT SEV]AL RESPONSIBLE COMPAN]OS TO PO/S 9 PROM95T UNIONS4 

,! PRE/IGE & WELL-E>N$ REPUTATION = HONE/Y ( ,CUBA'S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S GAVE !M EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( SEV]AL IMPORTANT UNIONS1 SU* AS ! TRANSPORT WORK]S1 CUL9>Y WORK]S1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 & ELECTRIC UTILITY WORK]S1 & ALL[$ !M TO =M PRESSURE GR\PS 9SIDE ALMO/ ALL ( ! O!R UNIONS ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,C,T,C AT ! TIME4 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! ISL& ALSO CREAT$ ! ,ASOCIACIONES ,CAMPES9AS AT ?IS TIME1 = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ ! POORE/1 L&LESS CAMPES9OS4 ,!SE EF=TS BORE !IR GREATE/ FRUITS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,CAMAGUEY1 ! OLD LIB]T>IAN BA/ION1 & 9 ! PORT ( ,NUEVITAS & ! S\!RN C(FEE ZONE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ORI5TE 9 ! ,B>ACOA-,GUANTANAMO M\NTA9 RANGE1 :]E = MANY YE>S AN>*I/S HAD F\ND$ & MA9TA9$ FREE AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 

,9 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HELD ANO!R NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,IT WAS WELL ATT5D$1 ) #aee DELEGATES PRES5T4 ,! PAMPHLET ,MEMORIAS DEL ,I,I ,CONGRESO ,LIB]T>IO RECORDS ?AT ON1 0,FEBRU>Y #b#a1 AT #i P4M41 & ) A GREAT CR[D FILL+ 444 ! HALLS ( ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,PLANTAS ,ELECTRICAS 444 AT ,PASEO DE ,M>TI #fae 444 ! ,SECOND ,NATIONAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONGRESS1 CONVOK$ BY ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA1 COMM5C$40 ,! CONGRESS WAS OP5$ BY ! WORDS ( ! OLD FRI5D ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS1 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y1 :O 9 ?OSE YE>S REPRES5T$ ! ,A,I,T 7,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJADORES_/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION74 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO & ,HELIO ,N>DO ALSO SPOKE4 ,! ,CONGRESS HELD A PL5>Y SESSION ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ) ,RAFAEL ,SI]RA PRESID+1 & ) ,VIC5TE ,ALEA ACT+ AS PROVISIONAL SECRET>Y4 ,IT CREAT$ F\R ,WORK ,COMMISSIONS3 ,ORGANIZATION1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO & ,HELIO ,N>DO2 ,PROPAG&A1 UND] ,N4 ,SU>EZ & ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ2 ,F9ANCE1 UND] ,MANUEL ,CA/ILLO & ,VIC5TE ,ALEA2 & ,O!R ,MATT]S1 UND] ,ANTONIO ,L&RIAN & ,SURIA ,L9SUA94 

,! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS CLOS$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #bd ) A S]IES ( DICTUMS1 :I* W]E PUBLI%$ LAT] 9 ! YE> AS A PAMPHLET4 ,! PAMPHLET CONTEMPLAT$ ! CREATION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY 9 ,CUBA1 & APPEAL$ TO ALL ECONOMIC1 9DU/RIAL1 UNION & AGRICULTURAL LEVELS ON ! ISL&4 ,! PASSAGE ( ! YE>S HAS %[N H[ IMPORTANT TO ,CUBAN AN>*ISM ?IS DOCUM5T WAS4 ,IT SKET*$ ! SITUATION 9 ?OSE UNC]TA9 YE>S ( ,CON/ITUTION & ,REPUBLIC ) A SURE H&2 IT ATTACK$ ,CUBAN AN>*ISM'S P]PETUAL 5EMY1 ! /AL9I/ ,P,C,C2 IT \TL9$ ! DANG] ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*'S 9FLU5CE2 IT DECL>$ ITSELF ANTICAPITALI/ &1 ABOVE ALL1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 ATTACK+ BO? ! ,U4,S4 & ! ,U,S,S,R AS 0=EIGN P[]S10 ?US APPEAL+ A BIT TO !N-FA%IONABLE ,CUBAN NATIONALISM4 

,AMONG ! AMBITI\S PO9TS ON :I* ! DELEGATES HAD REA*$ AGREEM5T1 & :I* COV]$ ALMO/ ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ,CUBA1 WAS ONE ?AT /AT$ ! NECESSITY ( HAV+ AN EFFECTIVE & REGUL>LY APPE>+ PROPAG&A ORGAN4 ,!Y *OSE ! GA/RONOMIC WORK]S' MON?LY PUBLICATION ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 :I* ALREADY EXI/$1 & ! ,CONGRESS AGRE$ TO MAKE IT ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,IT W\LD HAVE A LONG LIFE 9 ,CUBAN PROLET>IAN CULTURE4 

,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA'S FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ ON ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#d#i1 AS A F\R-PAGE NEWSPAP] PR9T$ ON NEWSPR9T & PRIC$ AT FIVE C5TAVOS4 ,IT WAS BILL$ AS 0! ORGAN ( ORI5TATION & COMBAT40 ,ITS /AFF 9CLUD$ ,JOSE ,M4 ,FU5TES ,C&ON AS DIRECTOR1 ,DOM+O ,ALONSO & ,JORGE ,JORGE AS ADM9I/RATORS1 & ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ & ,ROB]TO ,CABANELLAS AS $ITORS4 ,IT APPE>$ MON?LY 9 ?IS =MAT UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#a1 :5 ITS SIZE 9CREAS$ TO SIX PAGES2 9 ,DECEMB] #ai$ ITS SIZE 9CREAS$ AGA9 TO EI<T PAGES1 & IT BEGAN TO BE PR9T$ ON BETT] PAP]4 ,9 ,JULY #aief ITS SIZE 9CREAS$ AGA9 TO #ab PAGES -- ! SIZE AT :I* IT W\LD REMA9 UNTIL ITS F9AL ISSUE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f4 ,ONE HUNDR$ TW5TY-FIVE ISSUES W]E PR9T$ 9 ALL1 & ITS CIRCULATION WAS 9 ! #a-#a#e COPY RANGE4 ,EV5 ?\< IT WAS PUBLI%$ BY GA/RONOMICAL WORK]S & WAS ! ORGAN ( !IR F$]ATION1 IT REA*$ A BROAD] AUDI5CE & ITS WRIT]S 9CLUD$ ! MO/ \T/&+ ,CUBAN EXPON5TS ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,9 ADDITION TO NEWS & ANALYSIS1 IT CONTA9$ A BOOK SECTION $IT$ BY ,DOM+O ,ALONSO1 :I* DEALT ) BOOKS ON V>I\S LIB]T>IAN TOPICS4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA WAS ONE ( ! LA/ 9DEP5D5T PUBLICATIONS %UT D[N BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T4 

,C>LOS ,PRIO ,SOC>RAS ASSUM$ ! ,CUBAN PRESID5CY 9 #a#i#d#h1 & FOLL[$ ! SAME TOL]ANT PA? AS ,GRAU 9 ! SOCIAL & LABOR FIELDS4 ,SO1 ! AN>*I/S W]E /ILL FREE TO ORGANIZE & TO PROPAGATE LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,9 #aidi ! AN>*I/S )9 ! ,C,T,C1 ALONG ) O!R SYMPA!TIC ELEM5TS1 TRI$ & FAIL$ TO CREATE A NEW LABOR C5TRAL1 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,G,T74 ,! IDEA WAS TO CREATE A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,T,C & ITS POLITICAL 9FLU5CE & ELECTORAL P>TICIPATION2 ?IS WAS V]Y MU* 9 L9E ) ! TRADITIONAL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POSITION 7SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,C,N,O,C7 :I* TOTALLY REJECTS UNIONS FUNCTION+ AS POLITICAL 9/RUM5TS ( ! /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELIO ,N>DO1 ONE ( ! SURVIVORS ( ! ATTEMPT TO UNTIE LABOR FROM ! ,C,T,C1 0,! IDEA ( CREAT+ A SECOND LABOR C5TRAL WAS ! RESULT ( BELIEF 9 A NONPOLITICAL_/NON-ELECTORAL SYNDICALISM1 .<A PROJECT.> ON :I* ,I WORK$ 9T5SELY ALONG ) ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS & ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO40 ,) ! SUPPORT ( ,ANGEL ,C(9O1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ELECTRICAL WORK]S1 & ,VIC5TE ,RUBI]A FROM ! TELEPHONE WORK]S1 ! ,COMITE ,OBR]O ,NACIONAL ,9DEP5DI5TE 7,C,O,N,I7 WAS =M$4 ,N>DO NOTES ?AT IT 0444 HAD A DAILY RADIO PROGRAM ON ,R,H,C ,BLUE ,*A910 & ?AT 0= ! BROADCA/ WE W\LD WRITE DAILY 9 ! HALL ( ! ,A,L,C40 ,DESPITE ALL ( ! OPPOSITION TO ?IS NEW /EP T[>D SYNDICALISM FREE ( POLITICAL PRESSURE1 0IT CAME 9TO BE+ 444 ) ! NAME ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,G,T7 444 ) ITS (FICES 9 ! ,CALLE ,AGUILA40 

,! ,T]C] 7,?IRD7 ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO WAS HELD ON ! #a#a? & #a#b? ( ,M>* #a#i#e4 ,IT'S OBJECT WAS REORGANIZATION1 TO TAKE ORI5T+ POSITIONS )9 ,CUBAN UNIONISM1 & TO ATTEMPT TO PO9T ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 A HEAL?I] DIRECTION4 ,! ,CONGRESS AGRE$ 0TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T BY BUREAUCRATS 444 POLITICIANS1 CULTS1 RELIGIONI/S1 ETC444 & TO EXP\ND ! TRUE SIGNIFICANCE ( SYNDICALISM1 :I* MU/ BE APOLITICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y & F$]ALI/10 9 ?IS MANN] COMBAT+ ! EXI/+ SYNDICALISM :I* WAS 0TYRANNICAL1 CONV]T$ 9 FACT 9TO AN AG5CY ( ! /ATE40 

,! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS 5D$ BY CALL+ UPON WORK]S TO REPUDIATE ! ,C,T,C AS AN ORGANIZATION 0SUPPORT$ BY ! /AL9I/ & FALSE WORK]S' ALLIES FACTION1 )\T A TRACE ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 SPIRIT1 OR PRACTICE 444 .<&.> DOM9AT$ BY DICTATORIAL POLITICAL P>TIES & A CORRUPT LEAD]%IP40 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO D$ICAT$ ITSELF 0TO ACTIVELY WORK+ ) ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,G,T1 ! ONLY LEGITIMATE WORK]S ORGANIZATION ) SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES & ! ONE MO/ S5SITIVE TO ! TRUE NE$S ( ! WORK]S40 

,IT WAS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO CREATE ANO!R UNION C5TRAL W\LD FAIL TOTALLY4 ,! IDEA ( CREAT+ ! ,C,G,T 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,T,C -- & !RE=E 9DEP5D5T ( GOV]NM5T 9FLU5CE -- RAN 9TO =MIDABLE OB/ACLES ?ANKS TO RE=MI/ ELEM5TS1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,PRESID5T ,PRIO WAS WELL AW>E ( ! DANG]S POS$ BY A NEW WORK]S CONF$]ATION UND] /RONG AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE1 :I* C\LD NOT BE MANIPULAT$ BY HIS POLITICAL P>TY 7,P,R,C,A71 & AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 HE UNLEA%$ A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,C,G,T 9 BO? ! ,CUBAN COMMUNICATIONS M$IA & 9 ! (FICIALLY APPROV$ UNIONS ) ! AIM ( D]AIL+ ! ,C,G,T 9ITIATIVE4 ,PRIO'S EXCUSE WAS OPPOSITION TO 0DIVISIV5ESS0 OR 0FACTIONALISM40 

,9 !SE YE>S1 AS A PRODUCT ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ,PRIO1 MOTIVAT$ BY ,U4,S4 0SUGGE/IONS0 & BY MEMB]S ( HIS [N P>TY1 ALSO ACT$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,HE DECL>$ ! ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,POPUL> 7,P,S,P -- ! ,COMMUNI/S' ELECTORAL FRONT7 ILLEGAL1 & CLOS$ ITS COMMUNICATIONS M$IA4 ,?IS CAUS$ ! ,CUBAN /AL9I/S TO SE>* = A NEW ALLIANCE ) !IR OLD FRI5D1 ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A4 

,! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T'S FE> ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S AT ?IS TIME WAS NOT TOTALLY UNF\ND$4 ,ALREADY BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#dS1 ! AN>*I/S HAD REGA9$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 ,!RE W]E AN>*I/ MILITANTS SCATT]$ ACROSS ALMO/ ! 5TIRE ISL& 9 SMALL GR\PS1 FUNCTION+ AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S W]E ALSO PRES5T 9 EV]Y PROV9CIAL CAPITAL 9 ,CUBA4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 9 HIS BOOK1 ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,APPRAISAL1 NOTES3 0!IR SYMPA?IZ]S & !IR 9FLU5CE WAS \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ GR\PS USUALLY CONSI/$ ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT L>G] NUMB]S EXI/$ 9 MANY LOCAL & REGIONAL UNIONS1 AS 9 O!R ORGANIZATIONS40 ,SOME 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/S 9CLUD$ ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 & ,B>TOLO ,G>CIA 9 ! ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES ,GA/RONOMICOS2 ,FRANCISCO ,BRETAU & HIS BRO!R ,ROB]TO 9 ! ,F$]ACION DE ,PLANTAS ,ELECTRICAS2 ,SANTIAGO ,COBO1 AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y 9 ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,TRANSPORTE2 & ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ,HAVANA ,PROV9CE 9 ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,CON/RUCCION4 

,ONE %\LD ALSO NOTE ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW AN>*I/-ORI5T$ P]IODICAL 9 ,APRIL #aie 9 ,HAVANA TITL$ ,E/UDIOS3 ,M5SU>IO DE ,CULTURA 70,/UDIES3 ,CULTURAL ,MON?LY074 ,?IS NEW P]IODICAL REA*$ BEYOND ! SLOGANE]+ /YLE ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ MANY PREVI\S AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS2 ,E/UDIOS HAD A MOD]N LOOK AS WELL AS MOD]N CONT5T -- ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL TEXT WAS COMPLEM5T$ BY NUM]\S PHOTOS & DRAW+S & EXCELL5T TYPOGRAPHY4 ,?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ,E/UDIOS 9CLUD$ ITS BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ITS ADM9I/RATOR1 ,SANTIAGO ,VELASCO1 & ITS PUBLICITY DIRECTOR1 ,ROB]TO ,BRETAU4 ,IT HAD A CIRCULATION ( #a & WAS F9ANC$ BY ! V>I\S UNIONS4 ,?IS L>GE MAGAZ9E ( #eb PAGES D]IV$ MU* ( ITS MOD]N LOOK FROM ! DRAW+S ( ! PA9T] ,JOSE ,M>IA ,MIJ>ES1 :I* APPE>$ 9 EV]Y ISSUE1 & ITS USE ( PHOTOGRAPHY 79CLUD+ NUDES -- A TRUE NOVELTY AT ! TIME74 

,ONE O!R MON?LY AN>*I/ P]IODICAL WAS ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 ,CUBA AT ?IS TIME1 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,?IS P]IODICAL HAD APPE>$ SPORADICALLY 9 NEWSPAP] =MAT S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 & WAS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS4 ,ITS IRREGUL> APPE>ANCE WAS DICTAT$ BY F9ANCES1 & IT1 ALONG ) ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 WAS ONE ( ! LA/ 9DEP5D5T PUBLICATIONS %UT D[N BY ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,IT WAS A F\R-PAGE NEWSPAP] PRIC$ AT FIVE C5TAVOS1 & ITS CONTRIBUTORS & COLLABORATORS 9CLUD$ ,ROL&O ,P9]A 7ITS ADM9I/RATOR71 ,MANUEL ,GAONA ,S\SA1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & FROM ,MEXICO1 ,SILVIA ,MI/RAL1 & FROM ,SW$51 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#e#b1 ,BATI/A C>RI$ \T A C\P D'ETAT4 ,! ,CUBAN PEOPLE RECEIV$ ! NEWS ) UTT] 9DIFF]5CE1 GIV5 ! MORAL & ADM9I/RATIVE CORRUPTION ( ! ,PRIO GOV]NM5T4 ,A CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE FAIL$ TOTALLY1 & ! ,C,T,C1 UND] ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL 7G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,T,C1 & AN EX-,COMMUNI/ & EX-,TROTSKYI/ :O HAD BELONG$ TO ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS7 QUICKLY CAME TO T]MS ) ,BATI/A1 DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,C,T,C TO ! IMPOSITION ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,AS AN EXCUSE = HIS CONDUCT1 ,MUJAL TOLD UNION LEAD]S ?AT OPPOS+ ,BATI/A'S C\P W\LD HAVE MEANT ! \/+ ( ?OSE :O RESI/$ IT & !IR SUB/ITUTION BY MEMB]S ( ! ,P,C,C1 BACK$ BY ,BATI/A'S MILIT>Y4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,COMMUNI/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES TO P5ETRATE ! ,C,T,C BUREAUCRACY1 BUT W]E UNABLE TO REGA9 !IR ONCE-PREPOND]ANT 9FLU5CE 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,BATI/A EMBRAC$ ! ,COMMUNI/S AS ALLIES1 BUT ?IS TIME 9 SIL5CE4 ,! ,COLD ,W> WAS 9 FULL SW+ & HE HAD TO BE C>EFUL AB\T HIS /AL9I/ POLITICAL ASSOCIATES4 

,ANO!R SIGNIFICANT FIGURE APPE>$ 9 ?IS P]IOD3 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 A Y\NG1 ,JESUIT-$UCAT$ POLITICIAN FROM A B\RGEOIS BACKGR\ND1 :O S\<T TO FILL ! VACUUM ( OPPOSITIONAL P[] CREAT$ BY ,BATI/A'S C\P4 ,ON ,JULY #b#f1 #a#i#e#c1 ,CA/RO & A GR\P ( REVOLUTION>IES C>RI$ \T AN ATTACK ON ! ,MONCADA ,B>RACKS 9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA1 :I* 5D$ 9 BLOOD%$ & ) MANY VICTIMS ON BO? SIDES4 ,CA/RO WAS TAK5 PRISON] & AT HIS TRIAL1 9 HIS DEF5SE PLEA1 HE \TL9$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROGRAM ?AT WAS ANY?+ BUT -- IT WAS SIMPLY RE=MI/ & BASICALLY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC4 ,HIS PRIM>Y OBJECT WAS TO REE/ABLI% ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d1 :I* ,BATI/A HAD VIOLAT$ BY OV]?R[+ ,PRIO4 ,! TRIAL CONCLUD$ AT ! 5D ( #aiec ) ,CA/RO BE+ CONDEMN$ TO #ae YE>S 9 PRISON1 ALONG ) A NUMB] ( HIS COMRADES4 ,HE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! OCCASION BY F\ND+ ! #b#f? ( ,JULY ,MOVEM5T 7,M#b#f,J74 ,AFT] BE+ IMPRISON$ = A FEW MON?S1 ,CA/RO WAS RELEAS$ BECAUSE ( A GOV]NM5TAL AMNE/Y1 & HE LEFT = ,MEXICO4 

,BY ?IS TIME ! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A HAD TURN$ VIOL5T1 & ,BATI/A1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 RESPOND$ BRUTALLY TO PROVOCATIONS4 ,! POLITICAL CLIMATE WAS HEAT+ UP1 & ! OPPOSITION1 :I* EMBRAC$ NON-,CA/RO AS WELL AS PRO-,CA/RO FACTIONS1 GREW RAPIDLY4 ,PREOCCUPI$ BY ! POLITICAL SITUATION1 9 ,M>* #aiee ! REC5TLY NAM$ ,A,L,C ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL CALL$ = A ,NATIONAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONF]5CE1 :I* WAS HELD ON ,APRIL #b#d? ( ! SAME YE> AT AN ECOLOGICAL PRES]VE 9 ! T[N ,CAMPO ,FLORIDO1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,HAVANA4 ,! CONF]5CE HAD AN AG5DA ( #a PO9TS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ,NATIONAL ,AFFAIRS4 

,ITS REPORT EVALUAT$ ALL ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES C>RI$ \T S9CE ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS4 ,IT NOT$ ?AT ONE EV5T WAS ! CLOS+ ( ,EL ,LIB]T>IO 9 ,APRIL #aieb BY ! ,BATI/A REGIME4 ,IT ALSO COMM5T$ ON ! CURR5T POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,CUBA1 DECRY+ 0! RE/RICTION ( LIB]TY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 ! SURVEILLANCE & P]SECUTIONS 444 ! DET]M9ATION DEMON/RAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 GO+ AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT W\LD SIGNIFICANTLY BETT] ! WORK+ CLASS 444 .<&.> ! TAXES ?AT 9CREASE DAILY40 ,! REPORT 5D$ BY NOT+ ?AT EV5TS 0=CE US LIB]T>IANS 444 TO CONFRONT ! REGIME ) ALL \R =CES2 WE WILL COOP]ATE ) 9ITIATIVES ?AT T5D TO RETURN TO ! C\NTRY ! LIB]TY IT IS CURR5TLY D5I$40 

,9 #aief ,CUBA BECAME TOTALLY POL>IZ$ BETWE5 ,BATI/A & HIS POLITICAL 5EMIES1 9CLUD+ ! ELECTORAL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY A RESULT ( HIS SUSP5SION ( ! #aid CON/ITUTION4 ,! AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ !IR ANTI-DICTATORIAL POSITIONS & D5\NC$ ! DISA/R\S POLITICS ( ,BATI/A4 ,9 ?IS CRUCIAL YE>1 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET WRITT5 BY ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS & ,CA/O ,MOSCU TITL$ ,PROYECCIONES ,LIB]T>IAS 70,LIB]T>IAN ,PROJECTIONS071 :I* D5\NC$ 0! EVIL POLITICS ( ,BATI/A0 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PR$ICT+ :AT W\LD EMANATE FROM ! ,SI]RAS ,ORI5TALES & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 

,ALREADY 9 #aieg AT ! #b#d? ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,C,T,C1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU D5\NC$ ! (FICIAL REPORT ( ! SECRET>Y G5]AL ( ?AT ORGANIZATION1 ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL1 :I* ADVOCAT$ ?AT -- 9 VIOLATION ( ! ACCORDS ( ! ,C,T,C -- ! ORGANIZATION UND]TAKE ELECTORAL P>TY POLITICK+ 9SIDE ! UNIONS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! *ANGE 9 DIRECTION ( ! ,C,T,C1 & 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! 0ACCORDS ( \R ORGANIZATION10 TWO PROM95T AN>*I/S RESIGN$ !IR POSITIONS 9 ! ,C,T,C3 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO 7,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y7 & ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS 7,CULTURAL ,SECRET>Y74 

,DESPITE ! DIFFICULTIES ( !SE D>K TIMES1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA CONT9U$ PUBLI%+ MON?LY4 ,?AT ?IS P]IODICAL APPE>$ 9 TIMES ( C5SOR%IP & SUSP5SION ( CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS IS A TE/AM5T TO ! DET]M9ATION ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA C\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS BO? VISC]ALLY ANTI-COMMUNI/ & ANTI-FASCI/1 & IT ZEAL\SLY DEF5D$ 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM40 ,ITS DIRECTORS W]E ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,DOM+O ,ALONSO1 & ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ITS (FICES REMA9$ AT ! 5D ( ! DECADE AT ,JESUS ,M>IA #c#a1 ! (FICES ( ! ,A,L,C4 

,ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#e#g1 ! ,CONF]5CIA ,AN>QUI/A DE LAS ,AM]ICAS WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ,URUGUAY4 ,! ,A,L,C S5T ,CA/O ,MOSCU & ,JOSE ,A4 ,ALV>EZ AS ITS REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?IS CONF]5CE D5\NC$ ALL ( ! DICTATOR%IPS PLAGU+ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 9CLUD+ ! ONE 9 ,CUBA4 

,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y /AGE OP5$ AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,A,L,C1 A PLACE :I* WAS (T5 ! SITE ( CL&E/9E MEET+S4 ,AMONG ?OSE CONSPIR+ W]E OP5LY 9SURRECTION>Y GR\PS SU* AS ! ,DIRECTORIO ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE1 A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC GR\P7 & ,M#b#f,J4 ,! ,A,L,C HEADQU>T]S WAS RAID$ ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS BY ,BATI/A'S POLICE1 ?\< )\T MU* SUCCESS = !IR REPRESSIVE PURPOSES4 

,AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 9SURRECTIONAL ACTIVITIES 9CLUD$ ,GILB]TO ,LIMA & ,LUIS ,L9SUA91 :O W]E P>T ( ,M#b#f,J4 ,! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T WAS DIVID$ 9TO ZONES1 & ,LIMA P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! URBAN >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! ,HAVANA-,MATANZAS >EA1 & ,L9SUA9 TOOK P>T 9 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE4 ,ANO!R AN>*I/1 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,SEGUNDO ,FR5TE 7,SECOND ,FRONT7 GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,ESCAMBRAY ,M\NTA9S4 ,!SE W]E BUT A FEW ( ! MANY AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT+ 9 >M$ ACTIONS AT ?IS TIME4 

,! AN>*I/S W]E1 ( C\RSE1 P]SECUT$ = !IR P>T 9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,GILB]TO ,LIMA WAS JAIL$ & TORTUR$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 & ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU WAS VICI\SLY TORTUR$1 ALMO/ TO DEA?4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,ISIDRO WAS TAK5 PRISON] & TORTUR$ ALONG ) A NUMB] ( O!R COMPAN]OS :O HAD BE5 PREP>+ AN >M$ UPRIS+ 9 ,P9> DEL ,RIO ,PROV9CE4 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,ROB]TO ,BRETAU1 ,LUIS ,L9SUA91 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 & ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO W]E ALSO >RE/$1 ALONG ) MANY O!R AN>*I/S4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,B>BEITO1 & ,AQUILES ,IGLESIAS W5T 9TO EXILE AFT] !Y W]E RELEAS$ FROM PRISON4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#e#h1 ! ,CUBAN CAPITALI/ ELITE BEGAN TO COMPREH5D ?AT ,BATI/A & HIS REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS W]E AT ! PO9T ( LOS+ P[]4 ,?IS PRIVILEG$ GR\P1 ALONG ) ,U4,S4 9T]E/S1 FELT ?REAT5$ & NO LONG] CONSID]$ ,BATI/A AN ALLY4 ,SO1 !Y DECID$ TO SUPPORT ! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A4 ,CA/RO OBTA9$ SEV]AL MILLION DOLL>S FROM !M TO BUY >MS4 ,?IS MONEY CAME FROM BIG 9DU/RIALI/S & BIG BUS9ESSES1 SU* AS ,H]MANOS ,BABUN ,%IP ,BUILD]S1 & ,BAC>DI ,RUM1 AS A REW>D = ,CA/RO'S HAV+ RESI/$ ,BATI/A 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE = TWO YE>S4 7,BATI/A HAD ORD]$ A WELL-CALCULAT$ 0P]SECUTION0 ( ,CA/RO1 DESIGN$ NOT TO EXT+UI% ! REBELLION1 BUT RA!R TO EVADE ITS POLITICAL 5DS47 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! HI<E/ ,CUBAN ECONOMIC SPH]ES CONSID]$ ,CA/RO AS ! SOLUTION TO ! !N-CURR5T CRISIS1 & AS A POT5TIAL ALLY4 ,HE C]TA9LY APPE>$ SO4 ,HIS >M$ UPRIS+1 KN[N AS 0! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP0 7DESPITE LAT] PROPAG&A71 NEV] HAD A SOLID CAMPES9O BASE1 LET ALONE A PROLET>IAN BASE4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 9 GOOD P>T ! WORK ( CAPITALISM & ! ,CUBAN B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 #aieg & #aieh !RE W]E SEV]AL >M$ ACTIONS3 A NAVAL UPRIS+ AT ,CI5FUEGOS1 AN ATTACK ON ! ,GOICURIA ,B>RACKS 9 ,MATANZAS1 A L&+ ON ! NOR? COA/ ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE1 & AN ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ( ,BATI/A 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,PALACE ,ATTACK40 ,ALL ( !SE FAIL$ MIS]ABLY1 CO/+ MANY LIVES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN 9DEP5D5T GU]RILLA UPRIS+ OCCURR$ 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,ESCAMBRAY 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ,CUBA4 ,A NUMB] ( >M$ GR\PS W]E ACTIVE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LAS ,VILLAS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! M\NTA9\S P>T ( ! PROV9CE4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! ,DIRECTORIO ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE7 & ! ,SEGUNDO ,FR5TE DEL ,ESCAMBRAY 7,SECOND ,FRONT ( ,ESCAMBRAY74 ,MANY ( ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ W]E VET]ANS ( URBAN COMBAT SEEK+ REFUGE 9 ! M\NTA9S2 !RE W]E ALSO MANY CAMPES9OS DISAFFECT$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 :O DIDN'T DO MU* 9 ! WAY ( >M$ ACTIONS1 BUT :O KEPT ! GOV]NM5T'S TROOPS TI$ UP = MON?S4 ,= ITS P>T1 ,M#b#f,J HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !SE EV5TS1 & !Y W]E PUBLICLY & OP5LY REPUDIAT$ BY ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#e#h1 ,BATI/A HAD LO/ ! POLITICAL BATTLE & C\LD NO LONG] MILIT>ILY CONTA9 ! REBELS4 ,WA%+TON TURN$ ITS BACK ON HIM & W\LD NO LONG] SELL HIM >MS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MEMB]S ( ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TRAVEL$ TO ,CA/RO'S CAMP 9 ! ,SI]RA ,MAE/RA & BEGAN MAK+ DEALS ) LIKE-M9D$ REBELS1 & LAT] ) ,CA/RO P]SONALLY4 ,! BE>D$ LEAD] GREW POLITICALLY /RONG] EV]Y DAY1 & SIGN$ A PACT 9 ,C>ACAS1 ,V5EZUELA ) ALL OPPOSITION ELEM5TS1 ALL ( :OM EVID5TLY ADMIR$ HIM4 ,CA/RO'S ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL PROGRAM CONT9U$ BE+ ! SAME -- AT LEA/ HE DECL>$ IT SO -- AS 9 #a#i#e#c3 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 ELECTORAL-POLITICAL RE=M1 & ! RE-IMPLEM5TATION ( ! WELL-RESPECT$ ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d4 

,F9ALLY1 ,BATI/A FL$ ,CUBA ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#e#h4 ,ANO!R HI/ORICAL CYCLE HAD BEGUN = ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/