,CUBA3 ,! ,AN>*I/S & ,LIB]TY 

#aihg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ?IS LITTLE ESSAY \R E/EEM$ COMRADE ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ TRACES ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS ON ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T TRACES BACK TO AT LEA/ ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY1 ,AN>*ISM WAS NOT A SMALL & ISOLAT$ SECT4 ,IT WAS A REAL PEOPLE'S MASS MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! LABOR MOVEM5T W]E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,!Y GREW UP TOGE!R4 ,A HI/ORY ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE IS NOT WOR? READ+ ,IF IT DOES NOT 9CLUDE ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ /RUGGLES = ! FREE SOCIETY4 

,AL?\< BRIEF1 ?IS ESSAY REVEALS 9=MATION :I* ,I DID NOT HAVE 9 MY BOOK AB\T ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION .<',! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION' BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7#b PAGES71 NOT YET AVAILABLE 9 ELECTRONIC =M1 BUT IT CAN BE ORD]$ FROM ,A,K ,PRESS4 ,AN AU?OR SE>* ON ',DOLG(F' 9 !IR CATALOG %\LD F9D IT4 ,!Y ALSO C>RY ?IS PAMPHLET4 -,GREG.> & W\LD HAVE GLADLY 9CLUD$ 9 ! *APT] 0,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,9 ,C,U,B,A04 ,I REF] = EXAMPLE1 TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! TOBACCO WORK]S 9 ! ,W,O,R,K,],S ,A,L,L,I,A,N,C,E 9 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/1 ,FLORIDA DUR+ ! GREAT /RIKES4 ,I AM GLAD TO NOTE ?AT COMRADE ,F]N&EZ PO9TS \T ?AT :ILE AN>*I/S TOOK A V]Y ACTIVE P>T 9 ,JOSE ,M>TI'S MOVEM5T = 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CUBA1 !Y DID 0NOT R5\NCE !IR IDEALS ( LIB]TY & SOCIAL JU/ICE04 

,\R COMRADE ,F]N&EZ RI<TFULLY DEPLORES ! ANTI-AN>*I/ & PRO-,CA/RO S5TIM5T ( MANY SECTIONS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :O LE>N$ NO?+ FROM ! DISA/R\S DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9TO A TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,!Y IGNOR$ APPEALS = ELEM5T>Y SOLID>ITY ) \R EMBATTL$1 OPPRESS$ AN>*I/ COMRADES & WORK]S 9 ,CUBA4 ,:ILE !RE HAS BE51 AS ! AU?OR PO9TS \T1 0A C]TA9 *ANGE 9 ! PRO-,CA/RO S5TIM5T ,9 ! #a#i#gS01 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y1 :OM ,I MET 9 #aigf OR #aigg :ILE HE T\R$ ! ,U4,S4 = ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 9=M$ ME ?AT TOTAL IGNORANCE ( ,CUBAN AFFAIRS & HI/ORY & PRO-,CA/RO S5TIM5T /ILL EXI/$ 9 MANY AN>*I/ GR\P+S4 ,& ?IS REM9DS ME ( AN>*I/S :O >E V]Y 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! FALSE 0,NIC>AGUAN ,REVOLUTION0 :I* FOLL[S ! PATT]N SET BY ! ,CA/RO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,?US F> !RE IS NO REALLY ?OR\< & RELIABLE HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,CUBA4 ,9 WRIT+ SU* A BOOK \R COMRADE IS MAK+ A V]Y GREAT CONTRIBUTION TO \R MOVEM5T4 ,WE WI% HIM ALL SUCCESS 9 ?IS DIFFICULT1 BUT NECESS>Y TASK4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAS 9 A C5TURY & A HALF ( /RUGGLE WRITT5 A GLORI\S1 9DELIBLE PAGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 FROM :I* NEW G5]ATIONS ( MILITANTS WILL CONT9UE TO DRAW 9SPIRATION4 

,SAM ,DOLG(F1 

,NEW ,YORK1 ,AUTUMN #aihf 

,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS WORK IS A BRIEF OV]VIEW ( ! 9FLU5CE LIB]T>IAN IDEAS HAVE HAD UPON ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE ! DUTY TO FAI?FULLY REPORT ! ANNALS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 :O = MORE ?AN A C5TURY HAVE /RUGGL$ & SACRIFIC$ 9 DEF5SE ( LIB]TY & = ! 9T]E/ ( ! MO/ D[NTRODD5 CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIAL & UNION /RUGGLES4 ,WE WILL BRIEFLY REVIEW ! ACTIONS ( A GR\P ( M5 & WOM51 :O1 TOTALLY )\T RES\RCES1 )\T AID OR PROTECTION1 =GOTT5 & P]SECUT$1 NOT ONLY 9FLU5C$ ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS & CAMPES9OS1 BUT ALSO ! HI/ORY ( ! 5TIRE ,CUBAN PEOPLE4 ,!Y C]TA9LY W]E ! =]UNN]S ( ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 

#a4 ,COLONIAL ,TIMES & ,SEP>ATISM 

,! ,IDEAS ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON MADE HIM ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?9K]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 HIS ECONOMIC !ORIES HAD A GREAT IMPACT 9 ,EUROPE1 & EX]CIS$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ,CUBAN AN>*ISM4 ,PR\DHON1 )\T A D\BT ! =EMO/ MOD]N AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN1 HAS A FOLL[+ AMONG PROGRESSIVE >TISANS & WORK]S ON ! ISL&4 ,9 #aheg ! FIR/ MUTUALI/ 7,PR\DHONIAN7 ,SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ 9 ,CUBA4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ONLY :5 ,SATURN9E ,M>T9EZ F\ND$ ! WEEKLY ,LA ,AURORA 9 #ahfe ?AT ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON REALLY TOOK ROOT4 ,! FIR/ 0FREE ASSOCIATIONS0 ( CIG>-MAK]S1 TYPESETT]S1 WAGE-LABOR]S & >TISANS1 :AT WE CONSID] AN 9CIPI5T ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT1 W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ?AT P]IOD4 ,CUBA IS 9DEBT$ TO ,PR\DHON =1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! CREATION ( REGIONAL C5T]S1 S*OOLS1 HEAL? FACILITIES & MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS4 

,! FIR/ ,CUBAN ATTEMPT TO BREAK FROM ,SPA91 :I* 5D$ 9 DEFEAT1 WAS ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> 7#a#h#f#h-#a#h#g#h71 ,SOME AN>*I/ ELEM5TS FROM ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY P>TICIPAT$4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,V9C5TE ,G>CIA & ,SALVADOR ,CISN]OS ,BETANC\RT1 BO? SYMPA?IZ]S ( ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALISM1 !Y TOOK AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! W>4 ,!SE EV5TS RECEIV$ 9SPIRATION & SOLID>ITY FROM C]TA9 ,SPANI% COMRADES P]SECUT$ 9 ,EUROPE = !IR REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & :O F\ND REFUGE ON ! ISL&4 

,DUR+ !SE YE>S AN>*I/ ?\<T HAD TAK5 A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 & ,RUSSIA4 ,! MO/ PROM95T ORGANIZ] & ADVOCATE WAS ANO!R IMPORTANT FIGURE ( ! TIME3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,DESPITE HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#g#f1 HIS IDEAS & >GUM5TS CIRCULAT$ & P5ETRAT$ ,EUROPE ) SURPRIS+ VIGOR4 ,! F\NDATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE 7#a#h#f#d71 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE 7#a#h#f#h7 & A ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES WRITT5 BY ,BAKUN91 9FLU5C$ ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ,CUBA1 :I* HAD ALREADY ABSORB$ ! CONCEPTS ( ,PR\DHON ON LABOR ORGANIZATION & ! NEW IDEAS ( ,BAKUN9 GRADUALLY DISPLAC$ ?AT ( ,PR\DHON'S UPON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,CUBAN WORK]S W]E BEG9N+ TO DEVELOP CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( #ahhe ! MO/ PRE/IGI\S FIGURE 9 ,CUBAN AN>*ISM CAME UPON ! SC5E 9 ! P]SON ( ,5RIQUE ,ROIG DE ,SAN ,M>T9 7#a#h#d#c-#a#h#h#i71 F\ND] ( ! WEEKLY ,EL ,PRODUCTOR & ! NEW !ORETICIAN & ORGANIZ] ( ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! /RIKES :I* OCCURR$ AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#h'S W]E ALL 9SPIR$ BY AN>*I/S & W]E ORGANIZ$ VIA ,EL ,PRODUCTOR4 ,?IS PUBLICATION & ,ROIG DE ,SAN ,M>T9 HELP$ TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE ( OBVI\S ,BAKUN9I/ 9SPIRATION4 

,?IS ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE WAS /RONGLY SUPPORT$ 9 TWO TOBACCO 9DU/RY LOCATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/4 ,9 #ahhg ! FIR/ ,F$]ATION ( ,TOBACCO ,WORK]S WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,HAVANA1 ?IS F$]ATION HAD REPLAC$ ! ,UNION ( ,TOBACCO ,WORK]S1 & IT EMBRAC$ ALMO/ ALL ! WORK]S 9 ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ FOLL[$1 9 !SE TWO SMALL ,AM]ICAN T[NS ITS MO/ \T/&+ ACTIVI/S W]E ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 9 ADDITION TO AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S SU* AS ,LEAL1 ,SEGURA & ,PALOM9O4 ,9 #ahhi A G5]AL /RIKE WAS DECL>$ 9 ,KEY ,WE/ :I* 5D$ ) ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORK]S 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( #a#h#i4 ,FROM ,HAVANA1 ! ,ALLIANCE & ! ,CUBA WORK]S HAD %[N SOLID>ITY ) ! /RIKE1 & ?R\< ,EL ,PRODUCTOR !Y 5C\RAG$ & HELP$ ORI5T ! /RIK]S EV5 AFT] ! DEA? ( ,ROIG DE ,SAN ,M>T94 

,ALSO FROM ! %ORES ( ,FLORIDA1 ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS PREP>+ = ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ W]E G5U9E /RON<OLDS = 9DEP5D5CE P>TISANS1 AN>*I/S & 5EMIES ( IMP]IAL ,SPA9 9 G5]AL4 ,DUR+ ?OSE YE>S1 ,JOSE ,M>TI1 ! PATRIOTIC APO/LE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COLONIAL P[]1 RECRUIT$ FOLL[]S & MILITANTS )9 ! BE/-ORGANIZ$ GR\PS ( ,CUBAN EMIGRES4 ,H[EV] ! AN>*I/S GR\P$ )9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY VIEW$ ! ,CUBAN PROBLEM FROM A SOCIALI/ & 9T]NATIONALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ,M>TI SPOKE ) !M & MADE CONCESSIONS 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E TO !M ) ! PURPOSE ( ATTRACT+ !M TO ! SEP>ATI/ CAUSE4 ,! AN>*I/S1 9FLU5C$ BY ! P]SUASIVE P[] & ELOQU5CE ( ,M>TI1 BEGAN TO GA!R 9 ,M>TI'S REVOLUTION>Y CLUBS & SOME ( ! MO/ RESPONSIBLE1 SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 ,SORONDO1 ,RIV]A ,MONTESSORI1 ,BLANCO1 ,BLA9O1 ,SEGURA1 ETC41 UNIT$ BEH9D ,M>TI'S 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 )\T R5\NC+ !IR IDEALS ( LIB]TY & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,! AID & SUPPORT GIV5 TO ,M>TI BY ! AN>*I/S WAS 5ORM\S BO? 9 A MORAL S5SE AS WELL AS POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,M>TI !N DECID$ TO F\ND A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ) A MAJORITY ( ! EXIL$ TOBACCO WORK]S :OSE UNIONS W]E 0REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/01 A EUPHEMI/IC T]M ADOPT$ BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! TIME ESPECIALLY AFT] ! TRAGIC ,HAYM>KET EV5TS ( ,*ICAGO1 9 #a#h#h#f1 :5 A GR\P ( AN>*I/ LABOR ORGANIZ]S W]E EXECUT$ = !IR SUPPOS$ 9VOLVEM5T 9 A BOMB+ 9CID5T4 

,MAY ,DAY #ahi WAS CELEBRAT$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE 9 ,HAVANA ) A RALLY & PUBLIC ACT 9 REMEMBRANCE ( ?OSE EXECUT$ 9 ,*ICAGO 9 #ahhf !RE WAS A CALL = A CONGRESS1 & 9 ,JANU>Y #ahib ! AN>*I/S CELEBRAT$ ! FIR/ ,CUBAN ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS4 ,!Y RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS JO9 ! RANKS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM0 & TAKE ! PA? ( 9DEP5D5CE AS PROCLAIM$ BY ,M>TI 9 A F9AL 0,MANIFE/O0 !Y WROTE A PHRASE :I* HAS PASS$ TO HI/ORY 0444IT W\LD BE ABSURD = ONE :O ASPIRES TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM TO OPPOSE ! COLLECTIVE FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE44404 ,! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES SUSP5D$ ! CONGRESS1 CLOS$ D[N ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 DECL>$ ILLEGAL ! ,ALLIANCE & DEPORT$ OR IMPRISON$ ! BETT]-KN[N CONGRESS'S P>TICIPANTS4 

,! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>TI EXPLOD$ 9 ,CUBA 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#i#e4 ,AN>*I/S JO9$ ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM1 AMONG !M ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 :O DI$ 9 COMBAT 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,LAM5TABLE = EV]YONE1 ! PROMISES & SOCIAL PA?S PROMIS$ BY ,M>TI DISAPPE>$ ) HIM1 :5 ! APO/LE ( ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE DI$ :ILE FI<T+ ,SPANI% TROOPS 9 ,MAY #a#h#i#e4 ,! W> 5D$ ) ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 #ahih & ! DEFEAT ( ,SPA94 ,BO? 9 EXILE & 9 ,CUBA1 ! AN>*I/S DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ACT$ CEASELESSLY TO RAISE FUNDS1 TO SUPPORT ! /RUGGLE1 & 9 ADDITION1 TO C>RY \T CAMPAIGNS 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE4 ,TWO Y\NG ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S JO9$ ! W>3 ,ORE/ES ,F]R>A & ,F$]ICO ,FALCO4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ( ,SPANI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO BY ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,ANGIOLILLO 9 #ahig ) ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ,EMET]IO ,BETANCES1 A ,PU]TO ,RICAN DOCTOR REPRES5T+ ! ,CUBAN EXILES 9 ,P>IS1 WAS )\T D\BT ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 ,SPA9'S DEFEAT4 ,CANOVAS DECL>$ UPON ,CUBA A W> ( SY/EMATIC EXT]M9ATION1 0SUPPRESS ! REVOLT01 HE PROCLAIM$1 0TO ! LA/ MAN & TO ! LA/ PESETA04 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE )/OOD PRESSURE FROM ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T & ! ,N4,Y4 PRESS4 ,9 ! HEYDAY ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM & IMP]IALISM1 ,CANOVAS BELONG$ TO ! SAME ELITE ( ,EMP]ORS1 ,K+S & POLITICIANS :O NOT ONLY OPPRESS$ ITS [N PEOPLE BUT ALSO EXT5D$ !IR DOM9ATION TO ! LESS ADVANC$ WORLD4 ,HIS 9FLU5CE & REPUTATION WAS NOT ONLY AMONG ! ,VATICAN1 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN1 ! ,RUSSIAN OR ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE BUT ALSO 9 ! HI< CIRCLES ( P[] & MONEY 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY1 :O C]TA9LY APPROV$ ,CANOVAS'S REPRESSION 9 ,CUBA4 

,! ?REE %OTS :I* T]M9AT$ ,CANOVAS'S LIFE ALSO PUT AN 5D TO HIS CRIM9AL TACTICS 9 ,CUBA4 ,HIS SUCCESSOR1 ,MATEO ,SAGA/A1 WAS A WEAK & 9EPT POLITICIAN1 )\T RESPECT OR SYMPA?Y AMONG HIS PE]S EI!R 9 ,SPA9 OR 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4 ,HIS POLICIES ( 0APPEASEM5T0 T[>D ! ,U4,S4 ESCALAT$ 9EXORABLY ! PROVOCATIONS ( ! NEW ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM4 ,! ,SPANI% EMPIRE CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,9DIFF]5CE PREVAIL$ 9 ,EUROPE4 

,DUR+ ! ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 #a#h#i#i1 ! AN>*I/S F]M5T$ A /RIKE 9 ! BRICKLAY]S' GUILD4 ,IT WAS SUPPRESS$ VIOL5TLY1 EV5 ?\< 9 ! 5D ! /RIK]S OBTA9$ SOME 9CREASE 9 WAGES4 ,?IS /RIKE HAD ! COMPLETE BACK+ ( ! WEEKLY 6,TI]RA6 $IT$ BY ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA & ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE4 

#b4 ,! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC 

,IMPORTANT /RIKES TOOK PLACE UND] ! FIR/ 9DEP5D5T ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T3 CIG>-MAK]S1 BAK]S1 C>P5T]S1 MASONS1 W]E FI]CELY REPRESS$1 JU/ AS DUR+ ! WOR/ TIMES ( COLONIAL RULE4 ,! REPUBLIC ( LIB]ALS OR CONS]VATIVES DID NOT ADDRESS ITSELF TO 0SOCIAL PROBLEMS0 & HAD =GOTT5 ! PROMISE MADE BY ,M>TI 0) EV]YONE & = EV]YONE04 

,! ,MEXICAN REVOLUTION HAS A S]I\S IMPACT ON ,CUBAN WORK]S & CAMPES9OS2 ! WRIT+S ( ,RI*>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON & ! GUNS ( ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA W]E A SPUR TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! LONG =GOTT5 SUG> CANE WORK]S1 EMPLOY$ 9 ! C\NTRY'S L>GE/ 9DU/RY4 ,9 #aiae ! ,MANIFE/O DE ,CRUCES WAS PROCLAIM$1 :I*1 BY ITS LIT]>Y QUALITIES1 WAS A HYMN ( AN>*I/ COMBATIVELY3 0,WE MU/ SU/A9 \R CRY ) ! =CE ( \R >MS0 & 0,SIL5CE IS COMPROMISE0 >E ! BE/ REPRES5TATIVE /ATEM5TS ( A GR\P ( WORK]S ?AT ASS]T$ ! RI<T TO BETT] DE/9IES ?AN ?AT ( ! H]$IT>Y HUNG] !Y SUFF]$ = G5]ATIONS1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y W]E ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE =CE ON ! ISL&4 ,9 ?IS SAME YE> ! FIR/ ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION 7,F$]ACION ,CAMPES9A DE ,CUBA7 ON ,LAS ,VILLAS PROV9CE WAS F\ND$1 AMONG ITS ORGANIZ]S BE+3 ,F]NAFIDO ,IGLESIAS1 ,LAUREANO ,OT]O1 ,MANUEL ,LOPEZ1 ,JOSE ,LAGE1 ,B5JAM9 ,JANEIROS1 ,LUIS ,M5ESES1 ,SANTO ,G>OS1 ,MIGUEL ,RIPOLL1 ,FRANCISCO ,B>AGOITIA1 ,&RES ,FU5TES1 ,TOMAS ,RAYON & ,FRANCISCO ,RAMOS4 ,DUE TO ! ABUSES COMMITT$ BY ! ,U4,S4 & ,SPANI% SUG> COMPANIES :I* CONTROLL$ ! LION'S %>E ( NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 ! AN>*I/S ATTEMPT$ TO CONDUCT SEV]AL /RIKES1 BUT FAIL$ BECAUSE ( ! REPRESSION UNLEA%$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,HAVANA UND] ,PRESID5T ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL1 US+ ! PRETORIAN >MY & ! ,RURAL ,GU>D TO MURD] & P]SECUTE ! /RIK]S4 ,?IS WAS ! MO/ ACTIVE P]IOD 9 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,CUBAN ,LIB]T>IANS & LA/$ = MORE ?AN TWELVE YE>S & 5D$ ) ! PHYSICAL LIQUIDATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T'S MO/ SELFLESS MEMB]S4 

,9 ?AT P]IOD !RE W]E MANY REGUL> P]IODICALS ( A LIB]T>IAN ORI5TATION1 AL?\< MANY ( ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = PUBLI%+ W]E EV5TUALLY DEPORT$3 ,LA ,BATALLA1 ,NUEVOS ,RUMBOS1 ,ESP>TACO1 ,VIA ,LIBRE1 ,VOZ ,REBELDE1 ,SOLID>IDAD1 ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO1 ,EL ,BOLET9 ,TABACAL]O1 & ( C\RSE 6,TI]RA64 ,! MO/ \T/&+ AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ FIGURES COLLAB\RAT$ 9T5SELY1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 ,MANUEL ,F]RO1 ,JESUS ,IGLESIAS1 ,]NE/O ,ILLAS1 ,FRANCISCO ,MONTANES1 ,PAUL9E ,DIEZ & ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE AMONG O!RS4 ,SOME HELD TO ! IDEAS ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 O!RS W]E SYMPA!TIC TO ,MALATE/A OR ,PIETRO ,GORI1 O!RS MA9TA9$ ! TRADITION ( ,BAKUN92 & ! RE/ & ! MAJORITY MOV$ T[>D ! 9CIPI5T AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ?AT CAME FROM ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T74 ,9 #aibb ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ FROM ! ,PR9T]S' ,UNION1 ORGANIZ$ ! ,LABOR ,F$]ATION ( ,HAVANA1 ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A DE ,LA ,HABANA 7,F,O,H71 9 :I* ! MO/ COMBATIVE WORK]S' UNIONS1 GR\PS & ,LABOR ASSOCIATIONS ( ! CAPITAL W]E 9CORPORAT$4 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ 9ITIAT$ ! MO/ DYNAMIC /AGE ( A LONG SOCIAL & LABOR PROCESS2 HE HELP$ TO ORGANIZE UNIONS1 LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS1 WORK]S' C5T]S1 NATURE CLUBS & A WORK]S' COLLEGE1 ,POPUL> ,UNIV]SITY ,JOSE ,M>TI1 ,UNIV]SIDAD ,POPUL> ,JOSE ,M>TI4 ,9 ?OSE TR\BL$ & TURBUL5T YE>S1 ! AN>*I/S1 )\T ECONOMIC RES\RCES & )\T ANY HELP1 FIR/ ORGANIZ$1 GA!R$ & ORI5T$ ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S1 RURAL & URBAN1 ?R\<\T ! ISL&4 

,9 #aibe & UND] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 BACK$ BY ?REE WORK]S' CONGRESSES 9 ,HAVANA1 ,CI5FUEGOS & ,CAMAGUEY RESPECTIVELY1 CREAT$ ! ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,CONF$]ATION ( ,CUBA1 ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,CUBA 7,C,N,O,C71 AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION ( ALL ! UNIONS1 FRAT]NAL ASSOCIATIONS1 GUILDS1 BRO!RHOODS & MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS 9 ,CUBA3 #abh COLLECTIVES & MORE ?AN #b1 WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY #af DELEGATES4 ,! MO/ \T/&+ MEMB]S 9 ADDITION TO ,LOPEZ1 W]E ,PASCUAL ,NUNEZ1 ,BI5V5IDO ,REGO1 ,NICANOR ,TOMAS1 ,JOSE ,A4 ,GOV91 ,DOM+O ,ROSADO1 ,FLOR5T9O ,PASCUAL1 ,LUIS ,TRUJ$A1 ,PAUL9E ,DIEZ1 ,V5ANCIO ,RODRIGUEZ1 ,RAFAEL ,S]RA1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS & ,5RIQUE ,V]ONA4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( ! ,C,N,O,C BYLAWS WAS 0! TOTAL & COLLECTIVE REJECTION ( ELECTORAL ACTION04 ,!RE W]E 9 ADDITION1 O!R LABOR-RELAT$ ACCORDS & SLOGANS3 ! CLASSIC DEM& = AN EI<T-H\R DAY1 & = ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 & A UNANIM\S PL$GE NOT TO BUREAUCRATIZE ! NEWLY-E/ABLI%$ ORGANIZATION4 

,! NEW PRESID5T ( ,CUBA1 ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 A TYPICAL CAUDILLO CONSID]$ ! POLITICAL ATTITUDE ( ! WORK]S 0NOT V]Y PATRIOTIC0 & UNLEA%$ A REL5TLESS & M]CILESS P]SECUTION AGA9/ ! ,C,N,O,C & ITS LEAD+ MILITANTS4 ,MA*ADO ORD]$ ! C[>DLY MURD]S ( ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA1 ! ORGANIZ] ( ! RAILWAY WORK]S1 ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,FACTORY ,WORK]S' ,UNION & ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,O,C,C4 ,MA*ADO JAIL$ OR DEPORT$ EV]Y AN>*I/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/1 MEMB] OR MILITANT1 HE C\LD LAY HIS CLAWS ON1 & DECL>$ ILLEGAL ANY UNION OR GUILD HE DESIR$4 ,= OV] EI<T YE>S ,MA*ADO ATTACK$ ! WORK ( ! AN>*I/S1 PROVID+ AN OPPORTUNITY = ! REC5TLY F\ND$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO SET ITSELF 9 A POSITION ( =CE1 )9 ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,O,C4 ,YE>S LAT]1 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS REGIME1 ! ,COMMUNI/S EV5 SIGN$ A PACT ) ,MA*ADO4 

,ALL ( ?IS VICI\S H>ASSM5T C\LDN'T PREV5T ! AN>*I/S FROM GA!R+ )9 A NEW ORGANIZATION1 CREAT$ 9 #a#i#b#d1 CALL$ ! ,F$]ATION ( ,CUBAN ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS1 ,F$]ACION DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CUBA 7,F,G,A,C74 ,IT PROMULGAT$ /RIKES1 CIRCULAT$ PROPAG&A & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! VIOL5CE & DISORD] ( ! MO/ CONFUS$ & BLOODY P]IODS ( ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 #a#i#c-#c#c4 ,MA*ADO'S TYRANNY LA/$ ONLY UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#b?1 #a#i#c#c1 & WAS BR\<T D[N BY A G5]AL /RIKE F]M5T$ & MA9TA9$ BY AN>*I/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,TRANSPORT ,UNION1 FIR/ & !N BY ! ,/REETC> ,WORK]'S ,UNION & F9ALLY BY ! MASSES ( PEOPLE4 

,DESPITE ?IS TRIUMPH1 ! AN>*I/S DID NOT F>E WELL1 !Y HAD BE5 BADLY HURT BY ! DESPOTIC ,MA*ADO GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR MO/ \T/&+ ?9K]S & ACTIVI/S HAD BE5 VICTIMS ( GOV]NM5T REPRESSION OR HAD BE5 DEPORT$4 ,AFT] ,MA*ADO'S D[NFALL1 ! ,COMMUNI/S MANEUV]$ TO RETA9 !IR LO/ 9FLU5CE1 & BEGAN VIOL5TLY ATTACK+ ! AN>*I/S4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 :5 A C\P TOOK PLACE AGA9/ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 #a#i#c#c1 ! ,COMMUNI/S TRI$ A /RATEGY ( SEEK+ (FICIAL SUPPORT FROM ONE ,COLONEL ,PULG5CIO ,BATI/A1 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! C\P & A RIS+ FIGURE AMONG ! NEW MILIT>Y4 ,?IS MANEUV] W\LD LAT] BE KN[N AS 0! ,POPUL> ,FRONT04 

,) ! OBJECT ( REGR\P+ & RE-ORGANIZ+1 ! AN>*I/S TRI$ TO F9D ALLIES )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A & SOME ( ! MORE EXP]I5C$ MILITANTS BECAME AFFILIAT$ ) A SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,Y\NG ,CUBA1 ,JOVAN ,CUBA1 L$ BY AN >*5EMY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,ANTONIO ,GUIT]AS4 ,?IS TIME ! REPRESSION CAME FROM ! SAME ,COLONEL ,BATI/A1 :O1 ) ! AID ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CAUS$ ! FAILURE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#e4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! MAJOR BL[S ! AN>*I/S TOOK DUR+ ?IS TIME ( SOCIAL RECOV]Y4 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S RALLI$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE & F\ND$ 9 ,HAVANA = ?IS PURPOSE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,SOLID>ITY1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,9T]NACIONAL ,ANTI-,FASCI/A 7,S,I,A71 :I* WORK$ ) D$ICATION 9 ! MIDDLE ( A WORLD DEPRESSION TO COLLECT FUNDS1 M$IC9ES & >MS TO S5D TO ! ,SPANI% COMRADES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO-,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA74 ,MANY ,CUBANS DI$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> DEF5D+ !IR IDEALS 9 ! RANKS ( ! AN>*I/ COLUMNS4 ,AFT] ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT1 MANY RETURN$ TO ,CUBA1 TOGE!R ) A L>GE NUMB] ( ,SPANI% COMRADES :O FL$ ,EUROPE ) ,CUBAN PASSPORTS4 ,AGA91 ON ?IS OCCASION1 MONEY WAS COLLECT$ = DI/RESS$ MILITANTS4 

,9 #a#i#c#i1 FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM ,MOSC[1 ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MADE A PACT ) ,BATI/A1 N[ A ,G5]AL1 :O TOTALLY LACK$ POPUL> SUPPORT1 & 9 EX*ANGE = !IR S]VICES & SOLID>ITY ,BATI/A GAVE !M ! DIRECTOR%IP ( A NEW ,LABOR ,CONF$]ATION1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,CUBAN ,WORK]S1 ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA1 7,C,T,C7 ! L>GE/ LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,CUBA1 :I* 9CLUD$ ALL SOCIAL FACTIONS1 9CLUD+ AN AN>*I/ M9ORITY4 ,9 !SE YE>S1 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 BY ORD] ( ,BATI/A1 WAS ORGANIZ$ & LEGALIZ$ UND] ,COMMUNI/ CONTROL4 ,! AN>*I/S = !IR P>T F\ND$ AN ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA1 ,ASSOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA1 ,A,L,C7 ) ! PURPOSE ( REGR\P+ TOGE!R ALL ! AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O SURVIV$ ! DECADE ( ! #a#i#cS4 

#c4 ,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 

,! ,CUBAN CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d1 M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW REPUBLICAN ]A4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY TO CONT5D ) SOCIAL ISSUES BY GOV]NM5TAL ACTION1 & REPRES5T$ AN EF=T TO CORRECT ]RORS & OMISSIONS UND] E>LI] REGIMES4 ,A MOD]N & PROGRESSIVE DOCUM5T1 ?IS ,CUBAN ,MAGNA-,C>TA REPRES5T$ AN EF=T ( TWO G5]ATIONS1 FROM ALL SOCIAL CLASSES & SPH]ES ( NATIONAL LIFE4 ,A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS1 PRES5T 9 ?IS DIFFICULT P]IOD ( \R HI/ORY W]E DEALT ) 9 GREAT DETAIL3 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 AGR>IAN1 CIVIC & LABOR RELAT$4 ,! #aid ,CON/ITUTION WAS )\T D\BT A WELL-CONCEIV$ DOCUM5T3 ALL ?AT WAS LEFT TO DO WAS TO SET IT TO PRACTICE4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! #a#i#d'S1 ! LIB]T>IANS HAD ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! ,A,L,C4 ,! BASIS = !IR POPUL> SUPPORT W]E ! REMNANTS ( ! UNIONS ?AT SO /RONGLY FUNCTION$ BE=E ! MID-#a#i#b'S4 ,! AN>*I/S RETA9$ A GOOD REPUTATION AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 BECAUSE ( !IR SPIRIT ( COMBAT & SACRIFICE BAS$ ON !IR SELFLESS1 REVOLUTION>Y & UNCORRUPT$ PA/4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ FRE% CADRES ( MILITANTS ?R\< ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?S 7,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS71 ) ! 9T5TION ( RECOV]+ T]RA9 LO/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! UNIONS & AMONG /UD5TS4 ,FUR!R1 AL?\< ! CON/ITUTION ( #aid RECOGNIZ$ ! EI<T-H\R DAY & ! WORK]'S RI<T TO /RIKE1 IT ALSO SEV]ELY REGULAT$ !SE ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS SITUATION =C$ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S )9 ! ,C,T,C TO CREATE MILITANT ACTION GR\PS 9 ORD] TO DEF5D OR NEGOTIATE !IR DEM&S4 

,BATI/A WAS ELECT$ ,PRESID5T & MA9TA9$ HIS ALLIANCE ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :O1 RECEIV+ M9I/]IAL PO/S1 MONEY & M$IA = PROPAG&A AMONG ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE4 ,!Y ADDRESS$ ,BATI/A ) CONSID]ABLE FLATT]Y1 AS 0! MESS5G] ( PROSP]ITY01 & COLLABORAT$ ) HIM AT ! P>TY & UNION LEVELS 7?R\< ! (FICIAL ,COMMUNI/ ELECTORAL ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS ?R\< ! ,C,T,C UNION F$]ATION CONTROLL$ FROM ! TOP BY !M7 ?US BETRAY+1 ONCE MORE ! TRUE GOALS ( LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM4 

,CUBA'S NEXT ,PRESID5T1 ,RAMON ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T91 WON ! ELECTIONS & ASSUM$ P[] 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,! PEOPLE EXPECT$ RADICAL *ANGES S9CE HIS GOV]NM5T WAS EXPECT$ TO BE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC4 ,H[EV]1 ,GRAU KEPT ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 !IR PO/S & ONLY ONE SIGNIFICANT *ANGE TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,CUBAN UNION MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,MAY ,DAY #aidg ,GRAU1 =C$ BY ! ,COLD ,W>1 EXPELL$ ! M>XI/S FROM !IR HI]>*ICAL PO/S )9 ! ,C,T,C4 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ,U4,S4 PRESSURE1 ,GRAU LEFT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9TACT4 ,! AN>*I/S US$ ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO CALL = FREE ELECTIONS 9 ALMO/ ALL ! UNIONS2 H5CE A NUMB] ( !IR MO/ RESPECT$ COMRADES W]E ELECT$ 9 ! ,C,T,C 9 DIFF]5T PO/S4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR PRE/IGE & D$ICATION1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S EFFECTIVELY L$ A NUMB] ( TRADE UNIONS3 TRANSPORT1 FOOD WORK]S & CON/RUCTION4 ,!Y W]E ALSO ABLE TO SU/A9 MILITANT ACTION GR\PS 9 ALMO/ ALL ! ,C,T,C UNIONS4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S1 ! AN>*I/S ALSO SET UP PEASANTS ASSOCIATIONS1 BAS$ ON ! POORE/1 L&LESS1 MONEYLESS PEASANTS4 ,!SE ORGANIZ+ EF=TS W]E MORE EFFECTIVE 9 ! NOR? COA/ PROV9CE ( ,CAMAGUEY1 AN OLD AN>*I/ BA/ION1 & ! C(FEE PLANTATIONS 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CE ( ,ORI5TE1 :]E = MANY YE>S AN>*I/S HAD F\ND$ & SUPPORT$ FREE AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 

,C>LOS ,PRIO ,SOC>RAS ASSUM$ ! PRESID5CY 9 #aidh & FOLL[$ SIMIL> POLICIES ( TOL]ANCE 9 SOCIAL & LABOR RELATIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,GRAU4 ,9 #aidi ! AN>*I/S )9 ! ,C,T,C MANEUV]$ ) K9DR$ ELEM5TS TO CREATE A NEW1 SEP>ATE TRADE UNION F$]ATION1 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES OR ,C,G,T74 ,! IDEA1 FOLL[+ AN OLD AN>*I/ TRADITION1 WAS TO CREATE A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9DEP5D5T FROM ! GOV]NM5TALLY SUP]VIS$ ,C,T,C2 H[EV]1 ?IS ATTEMPT FAIL$ DUE TO PRESSURE EX]CIS$ BY ! PRESID5CY ?R\< ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR1 :I* CATEGORICALLY OPPOS$ IT1 BECAUSE ( ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS4 ,9 #a#i#e1 ,PRIO \TLAW$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 !N KN[N AS ! ,POPUL> ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 7,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,POPUL>1 ,P,S,P74 ,H5CE1 ONCE AGA9 ! ,COMMUNI/S S\<T AN ALLIANCE ) ,BATI/A4 

,9 ,M>* #aieb ,BATI/A1 VIOLAT+ ! CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM ( ,CUBA1 L$ A C\P D'ETAT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S TOOK ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO TRY TO P5ETRATE ! (FICIAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,H[EV]1 !Y C\LD NOT RECOV] !IR LO/ 9FLU5CE4 ,! ,COLD ,W> WAS AT ITS APOGEE & ,BATI/A HAD TO BE PRUD5T ) HIS ,M>XI/ ALLIES4 ,9 ORD] TO FILL ! P[] VACUUM AMONG ! OPPOSITIONAL =CES1 N[ 9 FULL RETREAT1 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 AN OBSCURE ELECTORALI/ POLITICIAN ( B\RGEOIS ORIG9S & ,JESUI/IC $UCATION1 ) A GR\P ( Y\NG REVOLUTION>IES1 ATTACK$ ! ,MONCADA B>RACKS 9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA4 ,?IS ACTION WAS A BLOODY FAILURE2 !IR 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROGRAM WAS M]ELY A MIDDLE CLASS ONE1 ) RE=MI/ *>ACT]I/ICS & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC CONT5T4 ,CA/RO & HIS COMRADES W]E PUT 9 PRISON1 & AFT] HAV+ BE5 P>DON$1 9 A FEW MON?S LEFT = ,MEXICO4 ,! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A BECAME VIOL5T &1 AS EXPECT$1 ,BATI/A RETALIAT$ 9 A BRUTAL FA%ION4 

,BY ! 5D ( #aief !RE WAS DEF9ITE POL>IZATION BETWE5 ,BATI/A & ! OPPOSITION4 ,! AN>*I/ ,A,L,C DECID$ TO =M AN ALLIANCE ) ! DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION =CES1 AGA9/ ! DICTATOR4 ,9 ?AT YE>1 ,CA/RO L&$ 9 ! ,ORI5TE PROV9CE & 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 HE LAUN*$ A SMALL GU]RILLA W> FROM ! M\NTA9S ( ?AT PROV9CE4 ,9 ! MORE IMPORTANT CITIES ( ! ISL&1 ,CA/RO'S ,JULY #b#f? ,MOVEM5T1 HIS POLITICAL FRONT1 WON FOLL[]S :O C>RI$ \T PROVOCATIVE ACTS1 FOLL[$ BY ! USUAL GOV]NM5T REPRESSION4 ,BY ! 5D ( #aieh ,BATI/A HAD LO/ ! POLITICAL W> & C\LD NO LONG] CONTA9 ! REBELS BY =CE4 ,CA/RO BECAME POLITICALLY /RONG] & WON OV] ! RE/ ( ! OPPOSITION4 ,HIS SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROGRAM WAS /ILL AS IT WAS BE=E3 SOCIAL JU/ICE & RE=M1 BAS$ ON ! RETURN ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d1 :I* ,BATI/A EFFECTIVELY NULLIFI$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O PREVI\SLY HAD OP5LY BACK$ & COLLABORAT$ ) ,BATI/A & EV5 ATTACK$ ,CA/RO1 *ANG$ !IR POSITION & MADE AN ALLIANCE ) ,CA/RO 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#e#h4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#e#h1 ,BATI/A FL$ ,CUBA & A NEW HI/ORICAL CYCLE BEGAN = ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE4 

#d4 ,CA/ROISM & ,EXILE 

,! AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BATI/A4 ,SOME 9 ! GU]RILLA =CES 9 ,ORI5TE PROV9CE & 9 ! ,SI]RA DEL ,ESCAMBRAY 9 ,LAS ,VILLAS PROV9CE1 O!RS 9 ! URBAN /RUGGLE4 ,!IR OBJECTIVE1 ALONG ) ?AT ( ! RE/ ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 WAS TO LIQUIDATE ! ,BATI/A DICTATOR%IP4 ,H[EV]1 !Y NEV] FULLY TRU/$ ,CA/RO4 ,BY #a#i#e#f1 !Y ALREADY SAW 9 ,CA/RO A POT5TIAL DICTATOR1 HEAD ( A TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION ) TOTALIT>IAN TRAITS1 :OSE IMAGE WAS CLOS] TO ?AT ( ,HITL] ?AN ( ,DURRUTI4 ,CA/RO1 ACCORD+ TO ! ILL-CONCEIV$ EVALUATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION1 WAS A TEMPOR>Y YET NECESS>Y EVIL2 A PRODUCT ( ! CONFUSION1 FRAGM5TATION & EV5 C[>DICE ?AT EXI/$ )9 ! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A4 ,! AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ ,CA/RO & HIS REVOLUTION DIFF]5TLY FROM ! POLITICAL ELITE ( ! TIME1 :O HOP$ TO MANIPULATE ! VICTOR4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#e#i1 ) ! EXCUSE ( PURG+ FROM ! ,C,T,C UNION F$]ATION ?OSE ELEM5TS ?AT COLLAB\RAT$ ) ,BATI/A1 ! NEW 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T >BITR>ILY REMOV$ FROM (FICE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS :O W]E ORI5T$ T[>D ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,MANY ( !M1 9 FACT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY P]SECUT$ & JAIL$ BY ,BATI/A4 

,! LIB]T>IANS1 EV5 ?\< DISLODG$ FROM ! ,C,T,C 7N[ CALL$ 0REVOLUTION>Y071 MA9TA9$ !IR PRE/IGE ) ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 A CONGRESS ORGANIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T AT ! 5D ( #aiei ! UNION ELEM5TS )9 ! #b#f? ( ,JULY ,MOVEM5T1 ?R\< !IR ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL1 ,DAVID ,SALVADOR1 & ALLI$ ?IS TIME ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS MEMB]S )9 ! UNION C5TRAL1 DELIV]$ ! ORGANIZATION ONCE AGA9 TO ! GOV]NM5T1 ?IS TIME REPRES5T$ BY ! 0MAXIMUM LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION01 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO & ALL ?IS ACCORD+ TO ! BE/ 0DEMOCRATIC TRADITION04 

,CA/RO1 ANXI\S TO RETA9 P[] AT ALL CO/S1 ALLI$ HIS REGIME ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 MAK+ ,CUBA ONE BIG SUG> PLANTATION = ! PR(IT ( ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,! B5EFITS1 RI<TS & DEM&S ?AT ?R\< MORE ?AN A C5TURY ( /RUGGLES1 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S HAD WON AT ! PRICE ( !IR BLOOD1 5D$ AS ,M>X ONCE SAID1 9 0! RUBBI% HEAP ( HI/ORY04 ,! OMNIPRES5T & DESPOTIC ,/ATE BECAME ! ONLY EMPLOY] & SOCIAL LEAD]4 ,9 #a#i#f#a1 ! OLD POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] COLLAPS$ COMPLETELY & ! ISL& BECAME A FACTORY & A ,L59I/ DOM9ION4 

,E>LY 9 #a#i#f1 ! AN>*I/S REJECT$ ,CA/RO1 & ADOPT$ A COMBATIVE ATTITUDE T[>D ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !IR PUBLICATIONS1 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO & ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RDRIOMICA1 W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,! ONLY REC\RSE WAS TO GO UND]GR\ND1 & !N 9TO EXILE4 

,! UND]GR\ND RESI/ANCE PROCESS HAD TWO /AGES4 ,! FIR/ COMM5C$ ) ! CL&E/9E PUBLICATION ( ,NUE/RA ,PALABRA ,SEMANAL 7,\R ,WEEKLY ,MESSAGE71 ORGAN ( ! ,MOVEM5T = ,TRADE ,UNION ,ACTION1 7,MOVIMI5TO DE ,ACCION ,S9DICAL4 ,M,A,S71 ) ! PURPOSE ( G5]AL 9=MATION = ! WORK]S & ! PEOPLE4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS T\<] ?AN IT HAD BE5 AGA9/ ,BATI/A & ! REPRESSION WAS MU* H>%]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ?IS NEW CIVIL /RUGGLE WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,U4,S4 & ! ,CUBAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* HAD FEW ?+S 9 COMMON ) LIB]T>IANS4 ,! ,U4,S4 WAS NOT G5U9ELY 9T]E/$ 9 OV]?R[+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME & PROV$ =EV] RELUCTANT :ILE ! B\RGEOISIE LACK$ ! PREP>ATION & VOCATION = A REVOLUTION>Y 5T]PRISE ( SU* A MAGNITUDE & CALIB]1 BUT BO? GR\PS W]E P[]FUL & HAD PL5TY ( RES\RCES4 ,! ,CUBAN PEOPLE DID NOT ACCEPT COMMUNISM & A L>GE NUMB] BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/S FAIL$ ON ALL FRONTS DESPITE !IR WORK AMONG ! PROLET>IANS & PEASANTS1 C>RI$ \T ) MU* P]SONAL SACRIFICE4 

,! SECOND /AGE WAS ?AT ( EXILE1 EI!R ?R\< A SYMPA!TIC EMBASSY OR ILLEGALLY4 ,9 #aifa ! ,CUBAN ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 7,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO2 ,M,L,C7 WAS F\ND$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E ?OSE %IPWRECK$ BY ,CA/RO'S HURRICANE W]E REGR\P$1 & MA9TA9$ CONTACT ) ! REMA9S ( ! ,A,L,C 9 ,CUBA4 ,!Y W]E FEW1 BUT !IR LABOR WAS IMPORTANT = ! CAUSE ( ,CUBAN FRE$OM4 ,?IS WAS A P]IOD ( 9T5SE WORK & SACRIFICE3 PROPAG&A1 COLLECTION ( MONEY TO RESCUE PEOPLE FROM ! ISL&1 & DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! ,/AL9I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,! #a#i#fS W]E D$ICAT$ TO ! /RUGGLE1 BAS$ 5TIRELY ON P]SONAL EF=TS4 ,EL ,GA/RONOMICO 7,! ,FOOD ,WORK]7 BEGAN PUBLICATION 9 ,MIAMI & !RE WAS CONC]T$ EF=T MADE TO CONV9CE ! RE/ ( ! AN>*I/ WORLD ?AT ,CA/RO WAS NOT REALLY A REVOLUTION>Y1 AS SO MANY SAW HIM1 BUT A CORRUPT DESPOT4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD TO WORK H>D & BE PATI5T4 ,MANIFE/OS1 >TICLES1 ESSAYS1 PAMPHLETS1 LETT]S W]E NECESS>Y2 !Y LAUN*$ APPEALS TO OLD FRI5D%IPS1 TO ! FRAT]NAL COMRADES ( ! PA/1 ) :OM DIFFICULT MOM5TS HAD BE5 %>$4 ,!Y ISSU$ /ATEM5TS 9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 ,MEXICO1 ,>G5T9A1 ,V5EZUELA1 ,PANAMA1 ,*ILI1 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 HALF ! WORLD1 BUT ALL 9 VA91 = ?OSE :O ANSW]$ & %[$ SOLID>ITY W]E FEW1 SOME BECAUSE ( CONVICTION1 O!RS BECAUSE ( IDEOLOGICAL AFF9ITY4 ,AN>*I/S >\ND ! WORLD EI!R DID NOT UND]/& ! SITUATION OR DID NOT WANT TO UND]/& IT2 ! EF=TS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S BECAME A DIALOGUE ) ! DEAF4 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#g'S *ANGES BEGAN TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD1 ONE BEGAN TO ASC]TA9 *ANGES 9 ! WORLD'S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MILIEU1 LESS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS BUT RA!R T[>D DIS5*ANTM5T ) ,CA/RO'S REVOLUTION4 ,SUDD5LY ,CA/RO WAS SE5 AS A ,COMMUNI/ DICTATOR :O OPPRESS$ HIS PEOPLE4 ,BUT IT WAS TOO LITTLE TOO LATE2 MU* PRECI\S & IMPORTANT TIME HAD BE5 LO/4 ,MANY AN>*I/S W]E EXIL$1 VALUABLE COMRADES HAD BE5 SACRIFIC$1 SOME HAD BECOME FRU/RAT$1 O!RS REMA9$ ALONE ON ! ISL&1 & /ILL O!RS ROTT$ 9 JAILS4 ,! LACK ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ) ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WAS NOTORI\S AS 0AN>*ISM'S BAD CONSCI5CE01 AS WAS LAT] SAID4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON1 COMP>ABLE ONLY ) :AT HAPP5$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S 9 RELATION TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aiag & ) ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN COMRADES 9 PO/ ,W,W,I,I ,EUROPE1 WAS BAS$ ON A NEGLECT ( !SE HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS1 & DID A LOT ( DAMAGE & CO/ DE>LY4 ,LACK ( SOLID>ITY & IDEOLOGICAL UND]/&+1 H[EV]1 DID NOT /OP ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 !IR /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,9 ITS HI/ORY ( MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY ( P]SECUTIONS1 ASSASS9ATIONS1 DEPORTATIONS & IMPRISONM5TS1 IT HAD NEV] SUFF]$ A DEFEAT ) ! P[] & MAGNITUDE ( ?AT BR\<T BY ,CA/RO4 ,COMMUNISM HAS APP>5TLY WON2 H[EV]1 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S TODAY DO NOT ACCEPT IT4 ,9 ! PA/ TW5TY-EI<T YE>S WE HAVE KEPT \R BANN] HI< & \R IDEALS UN*ANG$1 )\T EV] R5\NC+ ! DESIRE TO SET \R PEOPLE FREE FROM ! DESPOT ?AT OPPRESSES !M4 

,CUBA & ! AN>*I/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY ( ! PURSUIT ( FRE$OM4 ,! E>LY LABOR /RUGGLES1 ! IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,SPA91 !IR PROTE/ AGA9/ ,U4,S4 9T]V5TIONS1 !IR CRITICAL ATTITUDES T[>D SOCIAL PROBLEMS DUR+ ! TWO REPUBLICS1 !IR SPIRIT ( COMBAT & SACRIFICE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IPS & DISORD]S ( ,MA*ADO1 ,BATI/A & ,CA/RO4 ,F9ALLY1 ! UNBREAKABLE FAI? ?AT UNITES US 9 ! PRES5T S9I/] MOM5T ( \R DE/9Y1 S]VE AS A P[]FUL SPUR TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE UNTIL ! 5D4 

,MIAMI1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#h#g4 

,W,E ,%,A,L,L ,F,I,<,T ,T,O ,! ,5,D ,T,O ,E,/,A,B,L,I,% ,! ,?,I,R,D ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C6 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #aihg 3 ,CUBA3 ,! ,AN>*I/S & ,LIB]TY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,CUBA3 ,! ,AN>*I/S & ,LIB]TY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,CUBA3 ,! ,AN>*I/S & ,LIB]TY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/