,CRITIQUE ( ,M>CUSE 
,ONE ,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN ,9 ,CLASS ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4OOCITIES4ORG_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/,LOBBY_/#b#c#g#i_/M>CUSE4HTM2  
,PUBLI%$3 BY ,H]D] & ,H]D]_/,M]L9 ,PRESS2 

,9 AN ADDRESS DELIV]$ 9 ,KORCULA1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE 
RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( 0:E!R IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( REVOLUTION 
:5 !RE IS NO VITAL NE$ = IT40 ,! NE$ = REVOLUTION1 HE 
EXPLA9$1 0IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM A VITAL NE$ = BETT] 
WORK+ CONDITIONS1 A BETT] 9COME1 MORE LIB]TY & SO ON1 :I* CAN BE 
SATISFI$ )9 ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,:Y %\LD ! OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ 
ORD] BE ( VITAL NECESSITY = PEOPLE :O [N1 OR CAN HOPE TO [N1 GOOD 
CLO!S1 A WELL-/OCK$ L>D]1 A ,T,V SET1 A C>1 A H\SE & SO ON1 ALL )9 
! EXI/+ ORD]40 7#a7 ,M>X1 
,M>CUSE RELAT$1 EXPECT$ A WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION BECAUSE1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! 
LABOR+ MASSES REPRES5T$ ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,! 
ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL DE/9$ ! WORK]S TO 9CREAS+ SOCIAL & MAT]IAL 
MIS]Y4 ,!Y W]E ?US BO? 9CL9$ & DRIV5 TO OPPOSE & TO TRANS=M 
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! PROLET>IAT IS NO LONG] ! NEGATION ( 
CAPITALISM1 !N1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 0IT IS NO LONG] QUALITATIVELY 
DIFF]5T FROM O!R CLASSES & H5CE NO LONG] CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A 
QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T SOCIETY40 7#b7 

,M>CUSE IS FULLY AW>E ( ! SOCIAL UNRE/ 9 EV5 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS & ( ACTUALLY OR POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS 9 MANY 
UND]-DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,H[EV]1 ! MOVEM5TS 9 ADVANC$ NATIONS >E 
MOVEM5TS = 0B\RGEOIS RI<TS0 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,NEGRO 
/RUGGLES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& ! MOVEM5TS 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES 
>E CLE>LY NOT PROLET>IAN BUT NATIONAL :OSE PURPOSE WAS OV]COM+ =EIGN 
OPPRESSION & ! BACKW>DNESS ( !IR [N CONDITIONS4 ,AL?\< ! 
CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM /ILL P]SI/1 ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION 
NO LONG] FITS ! ACTUAL SITUATION1 =1 9 ,M>CUSE'S VIEW1 ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM HAS SUCCE$$ 9 09 *ANNEL+ ANTAGONISMS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT 
CAN MANIPULATE !M4 ,MAT]IALLY AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! V]Y CLASSES 
:I* W]E ONCE ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM >E N[ MORE & 
MORE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO IT4 7#c7 

,! MEAN+ & EXT5T ( ?IS 09TEGRATION0 ,M>CUSE DEVELOPS AT 
L5G? 9 HIS BOOK 0,ONE ,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN40 7#d7 ,! 9TEGRAT$ MAN LIVES 9 A SOCIETY )\T 
OPPOSITION4 ,AL?\< B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT >E /ILL ITS BASIC CLASSES1 
! /RUCTURE & FUNCTION ( !SE CLASSES HAS BE5 ALT]$ 9 SU* A WAY 
0?AT !Y NO LONG] APPE> TO BE AG5TS ( HI/ORICAL 
TRANS=MATION40 7#e7 ,:ILE ! 
ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY IS 0CAPABLE ( CONTA9+ QUALITATIVE *ANGE 
= ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE10 ,M>CUSE DOES ACKN[L$GE ?AT 0=CES 
& T5D5CIES /ILL EXI/ :I* MAY BREAK ?IS CONTA9M5T & EXPLODE 
SOCIETY40 7#f7 ,9 HIS VIEW1 
0! FIR/ T5D5CY IS DOM9ANT1 & :ATEV] PRECONDITIONS = A 
REV]SAL MAY EXI/ >E BE+ US$ TO PREV5T IT40 7#g7 ,?IS SITUATION MAY BE ALT]$ ACCID5TALLY1 BUT 
0UNLESS ! RECOGNITION ( :AT IS BE+ DONE & :AT IS BE+ PREV5T$ 
SUBV]TS ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! BEHAVIOR ( MAN1 NOT EV5 A CATA/ROPHE 
WILL BR+ AB\T ! *ANGE40 7#h7 

,NOT ONLY IS ! WORK+ CLASS WRITT5 (F H]E AS AN AG5T ( HI/ORICAL 
*ANGE BUT SO IS ITS B\RGEOIS OPPON5T4 ,IT IS AS IF A 0CLASS-LESS0 
SOCIETY W]E EM]G+ )9 CLASS-SOCIETY1 = ! =M] ANTAGONI/S >E N[ 
UNIT$ 9 0AN OV]RID+ 9T]E/ 9 ! PRES]VATION & IMPROVEM5T ( 
! 9/ITUTIONAL /ATUS QUO40 7#i7 ,& ?IS IS SO1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 BECAUSE 
TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T-TRANSC5D+ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 
- T5DS TO CREATE A TOTALIT>IAN PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS :I* DET]M9ES 
NOT ONLY ! SOCIALLY-NE$$ OCCUPATIONS1 SKILLS1 & ATTITUDES1 BUT ALSO 
9DIVIDUAL NE$S & ASPIRATIONS4 

,IT 0OBLIT]ATES ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 PRIVATE & PUBLIC EXI/5CE1 
BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL NE$S10 & IT S]VES 0TO 9/ITUTE 
NEW1 MORE EFFECTIVE1 & MORE PLEASANT =MS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & SOCIAL 
COHESION40 7#a7 ,9 
TOTALIT>IAN TE*NOLOGY1 ,M>CUSE SAYS1 0CULTURE POLITICS1 & ! ECONOMY 
M]GE 9TO AN OMNIPRES5T SY/EM :I* SWALL[S UP OR REPULSES ALL 
ALT]NATIVES4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY & GR[? POT5TIAL ( ?IS SY/EM /ABILIZE 
! SOCIETY & CONTA9 TE*NICAL PROGRESS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( 
DOM9ATION40 7#a#a7 

,M>CUSE RECOGNIZES ( C\RSE ?AT !RE >E L>GE >EAS :]E !SE 
TOTALIT>IAN T5D5CIES ( CONTROL & COHESION DO NOT EXI/4 ,BUT HE REG>DS 
?IS AS M]ELY A QUE/ION ( TIME1 AS !SE T5D5CIES ASS]T !MSELVES 
0BY SPREAD+ TO LESS DEVELOP$ & EV5 TO PRE-9DU/RIAL >EAS ( ! 
WORLD1 & BY CREAT+ SIMIL>ITIES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & 
COMMUNISM40 7#a#b7 ,BECAUSE 
TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY T5DS TO BECOME POLITICAL RATIONALITY1 ,M>CUSE ?9KS 
?AT ! TRADITIONAL NOTION ( ! 0NEUTRALITY ( TE*NOLOGY0 MU/ 
BE GIV5 UP1 = ANY POLITICAL *ANGE CAN 0TURN 9TO QUALITATIVE SOCIAL 
*ANGE ONLY TO ! DEGREE TO :I* IT W\LD ALT] ! DIRECTION ( TE*NICAL 
PROGRESS - ?AT IS1 DEVELOP A NEW TE*NOLOGY40 7#a#c7 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,M>CUSE IS NOT REALI/ICALLY DESCRIB+ EXI/+ CONDITIONS 
BUT RA!R OBS]VABLE T5D5CIES )9 !SE CONDITIONS4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 IT IS 
! UN*ALL5G$ UNFOLD+ ( ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! PRES5T SY/EM :I* 
SEEMS TO LEAD 9TO ! COMPLETELY 9TEGRAT$ TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,PREV5T+ 
?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ,M>CUSE SAYS1 W\LD N[ REQUIRE ?AT ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES 
0LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM !MSELVES AS WELL AS FROM !IR 
MA/]S40 7#a#d7 ,TO TRANSC5D 
E/ABLI%$ CONDITIONS PRESUPPOSES TRANSC5D5CE )9 !SE 
CONDITIONS1 A FEAT D5I$ ONE-DIM5SIONAL MAN 9 ONE-DIM5SIONAL SOCIETY4 ,& 
?US ,M>CUSE CONCLUDES ?AT 0! CRITICAL !ORY ( SOCIETY POSSESSES NO 
CONCEPTS :I* C\LD BRIDGE ! GAP BETWE5 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE2 HOLD+ 
NO PROMISE & %[+ NO SUCCESS1 IT REMA9S NEGATIVE40 7#a#e7 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CRITICAL !ORY 
- OR ,M>XISM-IS N[ M]ELY A BEAU GE/E4 

,I,I4 

,BY REFUS+ TO ACCEPT ! APP>5TLY UN*ANGEABLE CONDITIONS ( 
A NEW 0B>B>ISM10 :I* >ROGANTLY REG>DS ITSELF AS ! V]Y 
HEI<T ( CIVILIZATION1 ,M>CUSE TURNS HIS NEGATIVISM 9TO EFFECTIVE SOCIAL 
CRITICISM1 :I* REMA9S VALID EV5 ?\< ! G5]AL T5D5CIES D]IV$ FROM 
IT MAY NOT COME TO PASS1 OR MAY NOT COME TO PASS 9 ! WAY =ESE5 BY HIM4 
,AL?\< ONE MAY NOT %>E HIS EXCESSIVE 0PESSIMISM0 AS REG>DS ! 
0=ESEEABLE FUTURE10 ?IS PESSIMISM IS NONE!LESS W>RANT$ 9 
VIEW ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 

,USUALLY1 9 ! PA/ AS WELL AS TODAY1 HOPE = A SOCIALI/ WORK+-CLASS 
REVOLUTION IS GIV5 UP 9 ! EXPECTATION ?AT SOCIAL PROBLEMS >E SOLVABLE BY 
WAY ( RE=MS )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ?IS VIEW1 REVOLUTION HAS 
BECOME NOT ONLY HI<LY IMPROBABLE BUT 5TIRELY UNNECESS>Y4 ,! RISE ( 
ONE-DIM5SIONAL SOCIETY & ONE-DIM5SIONAL MAN IS NOT ONLY NOT BEWAIL$ BUT IS 
CELEBRAT$ AS ! COMMON A*IEVEM5T ( LABOR & CAPITAL TO ! B5EFIT ( 
ALL ( SOCIETY4 ,M>CUSE DIFF]5TIATES HIMSELF FROM SU* 0CRITICS0 
( ,M>XISM & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BY OPPOS+ ! 0F9AL0 
RESULTS ( ! RE=MI/ 5DEAVORS4 ,= HIM1 ! WORLD IS 9 A BAD & 
HOPELESS /ATE JU/ BECAUSE !RE WAS NOT1 & APP>5TLY WILL NOT BE1 A 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 JU/ BECAUSE ,M>XISM PROV$ NO MAT* = ! RESILI5CE 
( CAPITALISM & = ITS CAPACITY NOT ONLY TO ABSORB ! REVOLUTION>Y 
POT5TIALITIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT TO TURN !M TO ITS [N ADVANTAGE4 

,9 VIEW ( ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 HI/ORY 
SEEMS TO VALIDATE 0,M>XIAN0 REVISIONISM RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>Y 
,M>XISM4 ,! LATT] WAS ! PRODUCT ( A P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* CAPITAL 
ACCUMULATION WAS 9DE$ A P]IOD ( 9CREAS+ MIS]Y = ! LABOR+ 
POPULATION4 

,>\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 H[EV]1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT 9 ITS 
DECISIVE ASPECTS ! ,M>XIAN PROGNOSIS DEVIAT$ FROM ! REAL DEVELOPM5T2 
I4E41 CAPITALISM DID NOT IMPLY ! CONT9U\S IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! 
WORK+-CLASS1 & ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 F> FROM BECOM+ MORE 
CLASS-CONSCI\S1 W]E 9CREAS+LY MORE SATISFI$ ) ! /EADY IMPROVEM5T 
( !IR CONDITIONS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! W> ( #aiad REVEAL$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD CEAS$ BE+ A 
REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 

,! MIS]IES ( W> & ( ! PROLONG$ DEPRESSION 9 ITS WAKE REVIV$ TO 
SOME EXT5T ! OPPOSITIONAL 9CL9ATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! SPECT] 
( SOCIAL REVOLUTION /ALK$ ! WORLD AGA94 ,BUT CAPITALISM ONCE MORE PROV$ 
ABLE TO SIDE-TRACK ! RELEAS$ REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES & TO UTILIZE !M 9 
PURSUIT ( ITS [N 5DS4 ,PRACTICALLY & IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 
& ITS AFT]MA? L$ TO AN ALMO/ TOTAL ECLIPSE ( WORK+-CLASS SOCIALISM4 
,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 D5Y+ ?IS OBVI\S FACT4 ,IT IS TRUE1 NONE!LESS1 ?AT 
! ABS5CE ( ANY EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM PRESUPPOSES 
! SY/EM'S ABILITY TO /EADILY IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! LABOR+ 
POPULATION4 ,IF IT %\LD TURN \T ?AT ?IS IS NOT A CONT9U\S PROCESS1 ! 
PRES5T 0COHESION0 ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM MAY WELL BE LO/ AGA9 
- AS IT HAS BE5 LO/ 9 PREVI\S CRISES ( LONG DURATION4 

,M>CUSE BASES HIS PESSIMISM ON :AT APPE>S TO HIM TO BE CAPITALISM'S 
NEWLY-GA9$ ABILITY TO SOLVE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,9 HIS 
VIEW1 LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ) ITS CRISIS-CYCLE HAS BE5 
SUCCESSFULLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A 0REGULAT$ PR(IT ECONOMY1 CONTROLL$ BY 
! /ATE & ! L>GE MONOPOLIES1 9TO A SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ 
CAPITALISM40 7#a#f7 ,HE ASSUMES 
?AT ?IS SY/EM IS ABLE CON/ANTLY TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY1 
P>TICUL>LY ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITIES ( AUTOMATION1 & WILL ?US BE ABLE 
TO CONT9UE TO MA9TA9 HI< LIV+ /&>DS = ITS WORK]S4 ,!RE EXI/S1 
,M>CUSE ?9KS1 ACTUAL & POT5TIAL 0ABUNDANCE10 :I*1 ?\< 
ACCOMPANI$ BY AN UNPREC$5T$ 0DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION ( CULTURAL1 
POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC P[]10 SATISFIES M5'S MAT]IAL NE$S 
SUFFICI5TLY SO AS TO EXT+UI% !IR DESIRE = SOCIAL *ANGE & TO EVOKE A 
0WORLD ( ID5TIFICATION40 

,! POSSIBILITY ( AN 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 EI!R PLEAS$ OR 
WORRI$ MANY SOCIAL !ORETICIANS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ?IS IDEA SUPPORT$ ,RUDOLF 
,HILF]D+'S !ORY ( ! =MATION ( A ,G5]AL ,C>TEL1 7#a#g7 9 :I* PRODUCTION WAS COMPLETELY 
ORGANIZ$ :ILE BAS$ ON AN ANTAGONI/IC SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,SU* A 
NONCOMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 ?\< P]HAPS CONCEIVABLE ON A NATIONAL SCALE1 IS 
5TIRELY 9CONCEIVABLE AS A WORLD-WIDE SY/EM &1 = ?AT REASON1 W\LD BE 
ONLY P>TIALLY REALIZABLE ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,:AT NATIONAL CAPITALI/ 
ORGANIZATION >OSE WAS MA9LY 9 RESPONSE TO 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION1 & ! 
MORE ?AT 0PLANN+0 5T]$ 9TO1 & TRANS=M$1 ! M>KET 
ME*ANISM1 ! MORE *AOTIC & DE/RUCTIVE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BECAME4 
,CAPITALI/IC PROP]TY RELATIONS PRECLUDE ANY EFFECTIVE =M ( SOCIAL 
ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & IT IS ONLY :]E !SE PROP]TY RELATIONS HAVE 
BE5 DE/ROY$1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA = 9/ANCE1 ?AT IT PROV$ POSSIBLE1 9 SOME 
MEASURE1 TO ORGANIZE SOCIAL PRODUCTION C5TRALLY ON ! BASIS ( AN 
ANTAGONI/IC SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ! *>ACT] ( ! 
PLANN$ ECONOMY IS /ILL CO-DET]M9$ BY 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION & TO ?AT 
EXT5T REPRES5TS AN 0ORGANIZATION0 :I* HELPS P]PETUATE ! 
G5]AL AN>*Y ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 

,M>CUSE DESCRIBES ?IS SITUATION AS ! CO-EXI/5CE ( COMMUNISM & 
CAPITALISM1 0:I* EXPLA9S BO? ! METAMORPHOSIS ( CAPITALISM & ! 
DISFIGUREM5T :I* ! ORIG9AL IDEA ( SOCIALISM HAS UND]GONE 9 
PRACTICE40 7#a#h7 ,:ILE ?IS 
CO-EXI/5CE PRECLUDES ! FULL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM1 HE ALSO SEES IT AS 
! 0DRIV+ P[]0 BEH9D ! G5]AL GR[? ( PRODUCTIVITY & 
PRODUCTION4 ,IT IMPELS CAPITALISM1 HE SAYS1 0 TO /ABILIZE ITSELF & 
H5CE IT BR+S SOCIAL 9TEGRATION )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 !RE IS A 
SUSP5SION ( ANTI!SES & CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! SOCIETY40 7#a#i7 ,N[1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT 9 
BO? ! SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/ NATIONS & 9 CAPITALISM PROP] PRODUCTIVITY HAS 
BE5 9CREAS$ & WILL BE FUR!R 9CREAS$ ) CONT9U$ TE*NOLOGICAL 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO GREAT] /ABILIZATION & 
SOCIAL 9TEGRATION2 IT CAN HAVE1 & 9 \R VIEW1 MU/ HAVE1 QUITE OPPOSITE 
RESULTS4 

,I,I,I4 

,ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT EV5 )\T CO-EXI/5CE COMPETITIVE 
CAPITAL ACCUMULATION G5]ATES 5\< 0DRIV+ P[]0 TO 9CREASE 
! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 IT %\LD BE CLE> ?AT ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION >E NOT ID5TICAL ) TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS NOT 
PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY AS SU* :I* PROPEL CAPITALISM1 BUT ! PRODUCTION 
( PR(ITS AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IT IS NOT A PHYSICAL 
9ABILITY TO PRODUCE :I* LEADS TO A DECL9E ( PRODUCTION 9 A CRISIS 
SITUATION1 BUT ! 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE PR(ITABLY4 ,! COMMODITY GLUT ON ! 
M>KET 9DICATES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 
,IT IS1 !N1 NOT ! TE*NICAL P[] TO PRODUCE 0ABUNDANCE0 :I* 
DET]M9ES ! /ATE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 BUT M]ELY ! P[] - OR 
! LACK ( IT-TO PRODUCE AN ABUNDANCE ( PR(IT4 ,A TE*NOLOGY ( ACTUAL OR 
POT5TIAL 0ABUNDANCE0 DOES NOT IMPLY A REAL ABUNDANCE CAPABLE ( 
SATISFY+ EXI/+ SOCIAL NE$S4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! REAL WAGES ( WORK]S HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 MOD]N TIMES4 ,BUT 
ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 :I* IMPLIES ?AT ! RELATION%IP 
BETWE5 WAGES & PR(IT REMA9S G5]ALLY ! SAME4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 
ROSE FA/ 5\< TO ALL[ = BO? CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & A HI<] /&>D 
( LIV+4 ,9 P]IODS ( DEPRESSION !RE WAS A TEMPOR>Y REV]SAL ( ?IS 
TR5D4 ,:]E CAPITAL DID NOT ACCUMULATE1 LIV+ /&>DS EI!R DECL9$1 OR 
REMA9$ :AT !Y W]E PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X 
- :OSE !ORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IT IS ASSUM$ ! READ] IS 
ACQUA9T$ ) - CAPITAL ACCUMULATION LEADS NECESS>ILY TO A DECL9E ( 
PR(ITABILITY RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL1 & !RE) TO CRISES 
& DEPRESSIONS DEVA/AT+ 5\< TO PRODUCE SOCIAL CONVULSIONS &1 
EV5TUALLY1 ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,BUT ,M>X'S 0G5]AL 
LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION10 D]IV$ AS IT IS FROM HI<LY AB/RACT 
CONSID]ATIONS ( CAPITALISM'S /RUCTURE & DYNAMICS1 WAS NOT PROVID$ ) A 
TIME-TABLE4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION C\LD COME TO A HEAD 
SOON] OR LAT] - EV5 MU* LAT]4 

,DIFFICULTIES 9 ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL >E1 ( C\RSE1 CONCRETELY 
C\NT]$ BY ALL AVAILABLE MEANS CAPABLE ( RE/OR+ A REQUIR$ PR(ITABILITY1 
:I*1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 ASSURE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT A M]E 
9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION IS NOT A SIGN ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION2 IT IS SU* ONLY 
:5 ISSU+ 9TO CAPITAL =MATION1 & BY DO+ SO 9 ACCEL]AT+ MEASURE4 
,AL?\< !RE IS AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION 9 TIMES ( W>1 IT IS 
ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EXCESSIVELY L[ RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION4 ,SURPLUS-LABOR1 
9/EAD ( BE+ CAPITALIZ$ 9 ADDITIONAL PR(IT-YIELD+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 
IS UTILIZ$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( WA/E & = ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL 
ALREADY ACCUMULAT$4 ,LIKEWISE1 9 TIMES ( 0PEACE10 PRODUCTION MAY 
BE 9CREAS$ DESPITE A /AGNAT+ OR DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION BY WAY 
( COMP5SATORY GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,! PREVAL5CE ( ! 
0MIX$ ECONOMY0 IS AN ADMISSION ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD F9D ITSELF 
9 A DEPRESSION IF IT W]E NOT = ! EXP&+ GOV]NM5T-DET]M9$ SECTOR 
( ! ECONOMY4 

,AS F> AS LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM IS CONC]N$1 ,M>X'S PR$ICTION 
( ITS DECL9E & EV5TUAL DEMISE IS OBVI\SLY /ILL SUPPORT$ BY ! ACTUAL 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>CUSE1 TOO1 9SI/S1 ?AT 0! ECONOMY CAN ONLY 
FUNCTION BECAUSE ( ! DIRECT OR 9DIRECT 9T]V5TION ( ! ,/ATE 9 VITAL 
SECTORS40 7#b7 ,BUT :AT DOES 
?IS 9T]V5TION IMPLY AS REG>DS ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY8 ,NO D\BT1 IT 
9CREASES PRODUCTION &1 BY MEANS ( ?IS 9CREASE1 EXP&S ! PRODUCTIVE 
APP>ATUS BEYOND :AT IT W\LD BE )\T ,/ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,9 SO F> AS 
!RE IS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IT IS MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< GOV]NM5T4 ,! 
LATT] AVAILS ITSELF ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES NOT ITS [N BY PUR*AS+ C]TA9 
PRODUCTS FROM PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,IF ! GOAL ( !SE TRANSACTIONS IS ! 
/ABILIZATION ( ! M>KET ECONOMY1 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION MU/ BE 
NONCOMPETITIVE4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T W\LD PUR*ASE CONSUMPTION GOODS & 
DURABLES 9 ORD] TO GIVE !M AWAY1 IT W\LD1 TO ! EXT5T ( ITS PUR*ASES1 
R$UCE ! PRIVATE M>KET DEM& = !SE COMMODITIES4 ,IF IT W\LD PRODUCE 
EI!R ( !SE COMMODITIES 9 GOV]NM5T-[N$ 5T]PRISES & (F] !M = 
SALE1 IT W\LD 9CREASE ! DIFFICULTIES ( ITS PRIVATE COMPETITORS BY R$UC+ 
!IR %>ES ( A LIMIT$ M>KET DEM&4 ,GOV]NM5T PUR*ASES1 & ! 
PRODUCTION IT 5TAILS1 MU/ FALL \T ( ! M>KET SY/EM2 IT MU/ BE 
SUPPLEM5T>Y TO M>KET PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS !RE=E PR$OM9ANTLY CONC]N$ 
) GOODS & S]VICES ?AT HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY1 ?AT IS1 ) 
PUBLIC WORKS & PUBLIC EXP5DITURES ( ALL DESCRIPTIONS4 

,! DIVISION BETWE5 PRIVATE & PUBLIC PRODUCTION IS1 ( C\RSE1 NOT 
ABSOLUTE4 ,POLITICAL EXIG5CIES 9DUCE GOV]NM5TS TO 5T] ! SPH]E ( 
PRIVATE M>KET PRODUCTION1 = 9/ANCE1 BY SUBSIDIZ+ C]TA9 COMMODITIES & 
BY PUR*AS+ SURPLUS PRODUCTS TO BE UTILIZ$ 9 =EIGN & DOME/IC AID 
PROJECTS4 ,!RE IS SOME OV]-LAPP+ ( PRIVATE & PUBLIC BUS9ESS ACTIVITIES 
9 V>I\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION AS WELL AS 9 !IR M>KET+ & F9ANC+4 
,G5]ALLY1 H[EV]1 ONE CAN SPEAK ( ! DIVISION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO A 
PR(IT-DET]M9$ PRIVATE SECTOR1 & A SMALL]1 NON-PR(ITABLE1 PUBLIC SECTOR4 
,! PRIVATE SECTOR MU/ REALIZE ITS PR(ITS ?R\< M>KET TRANSACTIONS1 ! 
PUBLIC SECTOR OP]ATES 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! M>KET1 EV5 ?\< ITS EXI/5CE 
& ITS ACTIVITIES AFFECT ! PRIVATE SECTOR'S M>KET RELATIONS4 

,! GOV]NM5T 9CREASES ! 0EFFECTIVE DEM&0 ?R\< 
PUR*ASES FROM PRIVATE 9DU/RY1 EI!R F9ANC$ ) TAX MONEY OR BY 
BORR[+S ON ! CAPITAL M>KET4 ,9 SO F> AS IT F9ANCES ITS EXP5DITURES 
) TAX MONEY1 IT M]ELY TRANSF]S MONEY MADE 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR TO ! 
PUBLIC SECTOR1 :I* MAY *ANGE ! *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION TO SOME EXT5T BUT 
DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 5L>GE IT4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T BORR[S MONEY AT ! CAPITAL 
M>KET1 IT CAN 9CREASE PRODUCTION ?R\< ITS PUR*ASES4 ,BUT ?IS 9CREASE 9 
PRODUCTION 9CREASES ! NATIONAL DEBT BY WAY ( DEFICIT-F9ANC+4 

,CAPITAL EXI/S EI!R 9 0LIQUID0 =M1 I4E41 AS MONEY1 OR 9 
FIX$ =M1 ?AT IS1 AS MEANS & MAT]IALS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! MONEY BORR[$ 
BY GOV]NM5T PUTS PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES TO WORK4 ,!SE RES\RCES >E PRIVATE 
PROP]TY1 :I*1 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION AS CAPITAL1 MU/ BE REPRODUC$ & 
5L>G$4 ,DEPRECIATION *>GES & PR(ITS GA9$ 9 ! C\RSE ( 
GOV]NM5T-CONTRACT$ PRODUCTION - NOT BE+ REALIZABLE ON ! M>KET 
- >E 0REALIZ$0 \T ( ! MONEY BORR[$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 
,BUT ?IS MONEY1 TOO1 IS PRIVATE PROP]TY - ON LOAN TO ! GOV]NM5T AT A 
C]TA9 RATE ( 9T]E/4 ,PRODUCTION IS ?US 9CREAS$1 ! EXP5SE ( :I* 
PILES UP AS GOV]NM5T 9DEBT$NESS4 

,TO PAY (F ITS DEBTS & ! 9T]E/ ON !M1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS TO USE TAX 
MONEY1 OR MAKE NEW BORR[+S4 ,! EXP5SE ( ADDITIONAL1 GOV]NM5T-CONTRACT$ 
PRODUCTION IS ?US C>RI$ BY PRIVATE CAPITAL1 EV5 ?\< IT IS DI/RIBUT$ 
OV] ! :OLE ( SOCIETY & OV] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 
PRODUCTS :I* ! GOV]NM5T 0PUR*ASES0 >E NOT REALLY PUR*AS$1 
BUT GIV5 TO ! GOV]NM5T FREE1 = ! GOV]NM5T HAS NO?+ TO GIVE 9 
RETURN BUT ITS CR$IT /&+1 :I*1 9 TURN1 HAS NO O!R BASE ?AN ! 
GOV]NM5T'S TAX+-P[] & ITS ABILITY TO 9CREASE ! SUPPLY ( 
CR$IT-MONEY4 ,WE WILL NOT 5T] H]E 9TO ! 9TRICACIES ( ?IS RA!R 
COMPLEX PROCESS1 = H[EV] ! CR$IT EXPANSION IS BR\<T AB\T1 & H[EV] 
IT IS DEALT ) 9 ! C\RSE ( AN EXP&+ GOV]NM5T 9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 
ONE ?+ IS CLE>1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! NATIONAL DEBT1 & ! 9T]E/ ON IT1 
CANNOT BE HONOR$ SAVE AS A R$UCTION ( CURR5T & FUTURE 9COME G5]AT$ 
9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 

,IF NOT CAUS$ BY W>1 GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 ! ECONOMY F9DS ITS 
REASON 9 ! MALFUNCTION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,! LATT] IS NOT 
PR(ITABLE 5\< TO ASSURE ITS SELF-EXPANSION1 :I* IS A PRE-CONDITION = 
! FULL USE ( ITS PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES4 

,PR(ITABILITY CANNOT BE 9CREAS$ BY WAY ( NON-PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION2 9 SO 
F> AS CAPITAL PRODUCES )\T REG>D TO PR(ITABILITY IT DOES NOT FUNCTION AS 
CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ITS UNUS$ PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES >E PUT TO USE BY GOV]NM5T 
CONTRACTS1 0PR(ITS0 MADE 9 ?IS WAY1 & 0CAPITAL 
ACCUMULAT$0 9 ?IS PROCESS >E M]E BOOK-KEEP+ DATA RELAT+ TO ! 
NATIONAL DEBT1 & NOT ACTUAL PR(IT-YIELD+ NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 EV5 
:]E ! PHYSICAL PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS GR[S ) ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION4 
,A RELATIVELY FA/] 9CREASE 9 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION ?AN TOTAL SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION IMPLIES ! RELATIVE DECL9E ( PRIVATE CAPITAL =MATION4 ,! 
DECL9E IS COV]$-UP BY ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION TO GOV]NM5T ACC\NT1 ! 
0PR(ITS0 ( :I* TAKE ON ! =M ( CLAIMS ON ! 
GOV]NM5T4 

,BECAUSE GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION IS ITSELF A SIGN ( A DECL9+ RATE 
( CAPITAL =MATION 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 IT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO S]VE 
AS ! VEHICLE = AN EXPANSION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL EFFECTIVE 5\< TO ASSURE 
CONDITIONS ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & G5]AL PROSP]ITY4 ,IT RA!R TURNS 9TO AN 
OB/ACLE TO SU* EXPANSION1 AS ! DEM&S ( GOV]NM5T ON ! ECONOMY1 & 
! OLD & NEW CLAIMS ON ! GOV]NM5T1 DIV]T AN 9CREAS+ P>T ( ! 
NEWLY-PRODUC$ PR(IT FROM ITS CAPITALIZATION TO PRIVATE ACC\NT4 

,( C\RSE1 CLAIMS ON ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* MAKE UP ! NATIONAL DEBT1 CAN BE 
REPUDIAT$1 & 0PR(ITS0 MADE VIA GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION 
>E ?US REVEAL$ = :AT !Y ACTUALLY >E1 NAMELY1 IMAG9>Y PR(ITS4 ,BUT 
?\< P]HAPS UNAVOIDABLE SOME DAY1 GOV]NM5TS1 REPRES5T+ PRIVATE CAPITAL1 
WILL PO/PONE ?IS DAY AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 P>TICUL>LY1 BECAUSE ! 
REPUDIATION ( DEBTS ALONE DOES NOT GU>ANTEE ! RESUMPTION ( A PR(ITABLE 
PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS A SL[ BUT /EADY 
DEPRECIATION ( 9COMES & DEBTS BY WAY ( 9FLATION - A NECESS>Y 
PROCESS CONNECT$ ) ! EXPANSION ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION BY WAY ( 
DEFICIT-F9ANC+4 

,NOT)/&+ ! LONG DURATION ( RA!R 0PROSP]\S0 
CONDITIONS 9 ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 !RE IS NO GR\ND = ! 
ASSUMPTION ?AT CAPITAL PRODUCTION HAS OV]COME ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS 
?R\< ,/ATE 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,! 9T]V5TIONS !MSELVES PO9T 
TO ! P]SI/5CY ( ! CRISIS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 & ! GR[? ( 
GOV]NM5T-DET]M9E PRODUCTION IS A SURE SIGN ( ! CONT9U+ DECAY ( ! 
PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,TO >RE/ ?IS DECAY W\LD MEAN TO HALT ! VA/ 
EXPANSION ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION & TO RE/ORE ! SELF-EXPANSIVE 
P[]S ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION2 9 %ORT1 IT IMPLIES A REV]SAL ( ! G5]AL 
DEVELOPM5TAL TR5D ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY CAPITALISM4 ,AS ?IS IS HI<LY 
IMPROBABLE1 ! ,/ATE WILL BE =C$ TO EXT5D ITS ECONOMIC 9ROADS 9TO ! 
PRIVATE SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY & ?US BECOME ITSELF ! VEHICLE = ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,BUT :]E ! ,/ATE REPRES5TS PRIVATE 
CAPITAL1 IT WILL DO SO ONLY ) GREAT HESITATION & AGA9/ GR[+ 
OPPOSITION ON ! P>T ( PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,?IS HESITATION MAY BE 5\< TO 
*ANGE ! CONDITIONS ( AN APP>5T 0PROSP]ITY0 9TO CONDITIONS 
( ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

,M>CUSE DOES RECOGNIZE ?AT !RE >E 0CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! PRIVATE 
& /ATE SECTORS0 ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT HE DOES NOT ?9K 0?AT ?IS 
IS ONE ( ! EXPLOSIVE CONFLICTS :I* C\LD LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( 
CAPITALISM02 P>TICUL>LY NOT1 HE SAYS1 BECAUSE !SE CONFLICTS 0>E 
NO?+ NEW 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM40 7#b#a7 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS OPPOSITION1 ( C\RSE1 TO 
GOV]NM5T CONTROLS AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 LAISSEZ-FAIRE IDEOLOGY1 YET ! PRES5T 
OBJECTIVE CONFLICT BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESS IS ( A DIFF]5T *>ACT] 
BECAUSE ( ! RELATIVELY FA/] GR[? ( ! GOV]NM5T-DET]M9E PRODUCTION 
9 ! C\RSE ( ! G5]AL EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,! QUANTITATIVE *ANGE 
PO9TS TO AN UNDESIR$1 YET 9ESCAPABLE1 QUALITATIVE *ANGE4 ,PRIVATE CAPITAL 
MU/ OPPOSE ?IS *ANGE ) ! SAME DET]M9ATION ) :I* IT OPPOSES 
SOCIALISM ITSELF1 = AN EXT5SIVE ,/ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY =ECA/S ! 
5D ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT CAPITALISM OPPOSES 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS AS IF !Y W]E SOCIALI/ REGIMES1 =1 FROM !IR 
9T]E/-POSITION1 ONE EQUATES ) ! O!R1 NO MATT] H[ F> REMOV$ ! 
NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ /ATE-CAPITALI/ 7OR /ATE-SOCIALI/7 SY/EM ACTUALLY IS 
FROM ! 0ORIG9AL CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM40 

,! OBJECTIVE OPPOSITION BETWE5 /ATE-CONTROL & PRIVATE CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION IS /ILL CL\D$ & APPE>S AS ! SUBJECTIVE COOP]ATION ( 
BUS9ESS & GOV]NM5T 9 ! NOM9ALLY M>KET-DET]M9$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS 
0COOP]ATION10 H[EV]1 IS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE IT /ILL 
SUBORD9ATES GOV]NM5T POLICIES TO ! SPECIFIC NE$S ( BIG BUS9ESS4 ,BUT ! 
SPECIFIC NE$S ( BIG BUS9ESS CONTRADICT ! G5]AL NE$S ( SOCIETY1 & ! 
SOCIAL CONFLICTS !REBY RELEAS$ WILL TURN 9TO CONFLICTS AB\T ! ROLE ( 
GOV]NM5T 9 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 ?AT IS1 WILL BE POLITICAL /RUGGLES = ! 
CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] EI!R TO RE/RICT1 OR TO EXT5D1 ITS 
9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,?IS /RUGGLE TRANSC5DS - EI!R 
BACKW>D OR =W>D - ! E/ABLI%$ CONDITIONS & DOES SO 
)9 !SE CONDITIONS4 

,I,V4 

,CAPITALISM WILL NOT TURN ITSELF 9TO SOCIALISM4 ,BUT NEI!R CAN 
IT MA9TA9 ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY AS A 0MIX$ ECONOMY10 :]E9 
GOV]NM5T SOLVES ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION BY POLITICAL MEANS4 
,GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS ITSELF RE/RICT$ BY ! 
LIMITATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
PRESUPPOSES ! EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,IT WILL BE JU/ AS DIFFICULT1 
H[EV]1 TO MAKE A /ATE-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION AS IT IS TO MAKE A SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION4 ,BUT %ORT ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES1 ALL /ATE 
9T]V5TIONS 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY - :ILE P]HAPS RAIS+ PRODUCTION TO 
! EXT5T ( !SE 9T]V5TIONS-WILL 9CREASE ! DIFFICULTIES ( COMPETITIVE 
CAPITAL =MATION 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 DEF9ITE SOCIAL RELATIONS - OR PRODUCTION 
RELATIONS-CORRESPOND TO DEF9ITE SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES RELEAS$ BY !M & 
B\ND TO !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION%IP DET]M9ES ! 
UNFOLD+ ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ONLY 
)9 ! FRAME ( CAPITAL =MATION DO SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY EXP& ! 
CAPACITIES ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION BY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,UND] 
! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ! GIV5 POT5TIALITIES ( 
SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION CANNOT BE FULLY REALIZ$1 S9CE !IR REALIZATION W\LD 
DE/ROY EXI/+ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T 9 ITS 
DEVELOPM5T1 CAPITAL BECOMES A H9DRANCE TO A FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! SOCIAL 
=CES ( PRODUCTION1 &1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PRODUCTION1 *ANGES FROM A 
PROGRESSIVE 9TO A REGRESSIVE =CE4 ,ONLY DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
CAN N[ ASSURE CONT9U$ PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>CUSE HIMSELF PO9TS 
\T ?AT 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY 0! SOCIAL MODE ( PRODUCTION1 NOT TE*NICS1 
IS ! BASIC HI/ORICAL FACTOR40 7#b#b7 ,HE DEVIATES FROM ?IS POSITION H[EV]1 AL?\< 
RELUCTANTLY1 BY NOT+ ?AT SOCIETY 0SU/A9S ITS HI]>*IC /RUCTURE 
:ILE EXPLOIT+ EV] MORE EFFICI5TLY ! NATURAL & M5TAL RES\RCES1 & 
DI/RIBUT+ ! B5EFITS ( ?IS EXPLOITATION ON AN EV]-L>G] SCALE40 
7#b#c7 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,M>CUSE ?9KS 
?AT CAPITALISM CAN CONT9UE TO DEVELOP ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & 
/ILL MA9TA9 ITS CLASS /RUCTURE4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 IT IS NOT CAPITALISM'S CLASS 
*>ACT] :I* H9D]S TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT IS TE*NOLOGY RA!R :I* 
SECURES ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM4 

0,TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 TE*NOLOGY ITSELF10 ,M>CUSE SAYS1 0HAVE 
BECOME A NEW SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION10 7#b#d7 A SY/EM :I* IS NO LONG] 
*ALL5G$ BUT WILL+LY1 OR PASSIVELY1 ACCEPT$ BY ALL SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,BUT AT 
?IS PO9T1 ,M>CUSE REMA9S ILL AT EASE1 = HE ALSO SAYS 0?AT 
TE*NOLOGY IS NOT ! MAJOR FACTOR RESPONSIBLE = ?IS SITUATION40 7#b#e7 ,TE*NIC & TE*NOLOGICAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 HE EXPLA9S1 0IS A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION 444 ORGANIZ$ 9 
SU* A WAY ?AT ! EXI/+ 7SOCIAL7 SY/EM 9 ! HI<LY 9DU/RIAL 
CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES IS V]Y L>GELY HELD TOGE!R BY !M40 7#b#f7 

,= ,M>CUSE1 ! PRES5T TE*NOLOGY IS SPECIFIC TO1 BUT NOT LIMIT$ BY1 
CAPITALISM4 ,IT (F]S A WAY \T = CAPITALISM & IS !RE=E ! MO/ 
IMPORTANT OB/ACLE TO ITS ABOLITION4 ,= ,M>X1 TOO1 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY >E 
SPECIFIC TO CAPITALISM1 BUT ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !IR DIRECTION & 
DEVELOPM5T F9D !IR DET]M9ATION & LIMITATIONS 9 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,%\LD !SE RELATIONS BE ABOLI%$1 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY C\LD 
TAKE ON AN UNHAMP]$ & DIFF]5T C\RSE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CONSCI\S 
& RATIONAL DECISIONS ( FULLY-SOCIALIZ$ MAN4 ,= ,M>X1 IT IS NEI!R SCI5CE 
NOR TE*NOLOGY :I* CON/ITUTES A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION1 BUT IT IS ! 
DOM9ATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL :I* - ) EV]Y?+ ELSE - 
TURNS SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 9TO 9/RUM5TALITIES ( EXPLOITATION & CLASS 
RULE4 ,9 ,M>CUSE'S VIEW1 H[EV]1 IT IS NO LONG] CAPITALISM :I* DET]M9ES 
! /ATE & NATURE ( TE*NOLOGY2 IT IS TE*NOLOGY :I* DET]M9ES ! /ATE 
& NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 

,M>CUSE ?9KS ?AT 0,M>X DID NOT =ESEE TE*NOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ 
SOCIETY441 NOR ALL ! ?+S :I* CAPITALISM C\LD ACCOMPLI% 444 SIMPLY BY 
EXPLOIT+ ITS TE*NICAL BREAK?R\<S40 7#b#g7 ,YET1 ALL ?AT CAPITALISM CAN ACCOMPLI% 9 ?IS WAY1 
EV5 9 ,M>CUSE'S VIEW1 IS ITS [N MA9T5ANCE BY KEEP+ TE*NOLOGICAL 
PROGRESS )9 ! B\ND>IES ( CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,BUT AS ?IS TE*NOLOGY 
F9DS - BY & L>GE - ! SUPPORT ( ALL LAY]S ( SOCIETY BY 
SATISFY+ !IR MAT]IAL NE$S1 IT CAN ASSURE ITS DOM9ATION OV]1 & ITS 
GR[? )91 CLASS SOCIETY4 

,M>CUSE'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0,M>X DID NOT =ESEE 
TE*NOLOGICALLY-ADVANC$ SOCIETY0 IS H>DLY JU/IFIABLE 9 VIEW ( ,M>X'S 
PROJECTION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D ! 0ABOLITION ( LABOR0 
?R\< ! UNFOLD+ ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* 9CLUDE SCI5CE 
& TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT IT IS TRUE ?AT ,M>X DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT MU* 9 ?IS 
DIRECTION C\LD BE DONE )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALISM1 :I* WAS AN 
ADDITIONAL REASON = CALL+ = ITS ABOLITION4 

,! UTOPIAN 0ABOLITION ( LABOR0 IMPLIES ! ABOLITION ( 
CAPITALISM1 OR ( ANY O!R SUCCESSIVE =M ( CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS 
ACTUALLY UNREA*ABLE GOAL ONLY S]VES TO 9DICATE ! G5]AL DIRECTION :I* 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T MU/ TAKE 9 ORD] TO DECREASE NECESS>Y LABOR-TIME 9 
FAVOR ( FREE TIME4 ,! 0ABOLITION ( LABOR0 IS NOT ONLY AN 
UNREA*ABLE BUT ALSO AN 9HUMAN GOAL1 = IT WAS LABOR ITSELF :I* 
DIFF]5TIAT$ MAN FROM ANIMAL & CREAT$ HUMANITY4 ,! 0ABOLITION ( 
LABOR0 HAS MEAN+ ONLY AS ! PROGRESSIVE ABOLITION ( NECESS>Y1 OR 
=C$1 LABOR4 ,FREE-TIME CAN ALSO BE 0LABOR-TIME10 FREELY 5GAG$ 
91 9 ! PURSUIT ( A V>IETY ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL 5DS4 ,BUT FREE-TIME 9 
?IS S5SE PRESUPPOSES A R$UCTION 9 ! LABOR-TIME NECESS>Y TO SU/A9 
SOCIAL LIFE1 & REQUIRES AN 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ?R\< ! 
LABORS ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 

,SOCIALISM WAS1 !N1 CONCEIV$ AS ! 5D ( EXPLOITATION & ! FREE+ ( 
! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION FROM !IR CAPITALI/ FETT]S1 SO AS TO ASSURE 
A MAXIMUM ( FREE-TIME4 ,SOCIALISM ITSELF PRESUPPOS$ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 
,M>CUSE ?9KS IT TIMELY1 H[EV]1 TO QUE/ION ! CONT9U+ VALIDITY ( ! 
7,M>XIAN7 CONCEPT ?AT 0! REALM ( WORK REMA9S ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 
:]EAS ! REALM ( LIB]TY CAN ONLY DEVELOP ABOVE & BEYOND ! REALM ( 
NECESSITY10 BECAUSE1 9 HIS VIEW1 0! 5D ( NECESS>Y WORK IS 9 
SI<T2 IT IS NOT A UTOPIA2 IT IS A REAL POSSIBILITY40 7#b#h7 

,TO BE SURE1 ,M>CUSE IS C>EFUL TO MAKE HIS PROGNO/ICATIONS 9 ! =M ( 
QUE/IONS4 ,HE ASKS1 = 9/ANCE1 0,:AT DOES IT MEAN :51 9 MASS 
TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY-WORK-TIME-SOCIALLY-NECESS>Y TIME - IS R$UC$ TO A 
M9IMUM & FREE TIME PRACTICALLY BECOMES FULL TIME80 7#b#i7 ,AL?\< HE ONLY RAISES ! 
QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ITSELF SEEMS TO IMPLY ! POSSIBILITY ( ! EM]G5CE 
( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,BUT PLAC$ 9 CONTEXT ) CAPITALISM1 !SE >E 
FALSE QUE/IONS4 ,! TE*NICAL REVOLUTION REQUIR$ TO ELIM9ATE WORK-TIME 9 
FAVOR ( FREE-TIME IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) CAPITALISM4 

,CAPITAL IS CONGEAL$ SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 & IT 
FE$S & EXP&S ON LIV+ LABOR4 ,9 SO F> AS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS A 
FUNCTION ( CAPITAL =MATION 9 VALUE T]MS1 ! CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! 
MAT]IALIZATION ( UNPAID LABOR-TIME4 ,! R$UCTION ( LABOR-TIME1 NOT TO 
SPEAK ( ITS ABOLITION1 ALSO IMPLIES ! R$UCTION ( UNPAID LABOR-TIME1 & 
!RE) ! R$UCTION ( CAPITAL =MATION4 ,TO BE SURE1 UNPAID LABOR-TIME 
CAN BE 9CREAS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( PAID LABOR-TIME1 EV5 :ILE TOTAL 
LABOR-TIME IS DECREAS$1 ?R\< ! 9CREASE ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! 
C\RSE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,AS LESS LABOR-TIME IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! 
COMMODITY-EQUIVAL5T ( ! WORK]S' 9COME1 MORE ( ! TOTAL LABOR-TIME CAN 
TAKE ON ! =M ( PRODUCTS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT ! 
CONT9U\S R$UCTION ( LABOR-TIME MU/ EV5TUALLY ALSO R$UCE UNPAID 
LABOR-TIME & ?US /OP ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION BY WAY ( ! 
9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,:]E !RE IS NO LABOR1 !RE CAN BE NO 
SURPLUS-LABOR &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,:ATEV] ! EXT5T ( AUTOMATIZATION & COMPUT]IZATION1 MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION NEI!R OP]ATE NOR REPRODUCE !MSELVES4 ,ON ! QUITE IMPROBABLE 
ASSUMPTION ?AT !IR [N]S1 ! CAPITALI/S1 5GAG$ !MSELVES 9 
PRODUCTION1 !Y W\LD !REBY CEASE BE+ CAPITALI/S1 ?AT IS1 BUY]S ( 
LABOR-P[] = PURPOSES ( EXPLOITATION4 ,ASSUM+1 :AT IS MORE PROBABLE1 
?AT !Y SUCCE$ 9 CONT9U\SLY R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 
!Y W\LD ALSO R$UCE ! UNPAID LABOR-TIME RELATIVE TO ! MASS ( ! 
ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL4 ,IT WILL !N BECOME 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT TO 
CONT9UE ! CAPITAL =MATION PROCESS1 :I* IS ONLY ! ACCUMULATION ( 
UNPAID LABOR-TIME TRANS=M$ 9TO PR(IT-YIELD+ NEW MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION4 

,CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS >E VALUE RELATIONS1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ?AT MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION >E NOT ?AT ONLY BUT >E ALSO CAPITAL VALUES1 & ?AT LABOR-P[] 
IS NOT ?AT ONLY BUT IS ALSO ! S\RCE ( VALUE & SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,TO 
CONSUMMATE ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS1 SURPLUS-VALUE MU/ HAVE A 
DEF9ITE RELATION TO ! VALUE ( CAPITAL1 I4E41 IT MU/ BE SUFFICI5T TO 
5SURE ITS 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,AS VALUE-RELATIONS >E LABOR-TIME RELATIONS1 
IT %\LD BE CLE> - AT LEA/ TO ! ,M>XI/ - ?AT A R$UCTION 9 
LABOR-TIME :I* W\LD DI/URB ! NECESS>Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 
SURPLUS-VALUE & CAPITAL IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) CAPITALISM & WILL1 = ?AT 
REASON1 9T]RUPT1 OR 5D1 ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,V4 

,TO >GUE 9 ?IS MANN] IS TO >GUE1 H[EV]1 ON A V]Y HI< 
LEVEL ( AB/RACTION4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! BASIC SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 
BEH9D ! CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC CATEGORIES CAN BE BR\<T TO LI<T4 

,BUT !SE RELATION%IPS1 :ILE DET]M9+ ! B\ND>IES ( CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION1 DO NOT AFFECT CAPITALI/IC BEHAVIOR4 ,& ?US1 :ILE ! R$UCTION 
( SOCIAL LABOR-TIME BECOMES A DETRIM5T TO CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 ! R$UCTION 
( LABOR-CO/S REMA9S A NECESS>Y REQUIREM5T = EA* S+LE 5T]PRISE1 OR 
CORPORATION4 ,!IR PR(ITABILITY 9CREASES AS !IR LABOR-CO/S DIM9I%4 ,IT 
IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR BY CAPITAL CANNOT BE HALT$ 
)9 ! COMPETITIVE CAPITAL =MATION PROCESS1 EV5 ?\< IT UND]M9ES ! 
V]Y /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,ALL SOCIAL PROGRESS IS BAS$ ON ! ABILITY TO PRODUCE MORE ) LESS 
LABOR4 ,CAPITALISM IS NO EXCEPTION4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ALWAYS DISPLACES 
LABOR1 :I* IS ONLY ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT PRODUCTION 9CREASES ?R\< 
AN 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY4 ,A RAPID RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION1 H[EV]1 CAN 
9CREASE ! ABSOLUTE NUMB] ( WORK]S :ILE DECREAS+ ?IS NUMB] RELATIVE 
TO ! GR[+ CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( RELATIVE CAPITAL 
/AGNATION ?AT ADVANC+3 TE*NOLOGY DIM9I%ES ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 
ABSOLUTELY4 

,9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY MANIFE/S ITSELF NOT ONLY 9 A DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( 
WORK]S RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL1 BUT ALSO 9 ! R$UCTION ( 
!IR WORK+-TIME4 ,MORE CAN BE PRODUC$ 9 A %ORT] ?AN 9 A LONG] 
WORK-P]IOD1 ?R\< *ANGES 9 WORK-TE*NIQUES & MA*9E TE*NOLOGY4 ,! 
R$UCTION ( WORK+-TIME IS ONLY ANO!R EXPRESSION = ! 9CREASE 9 REAL 
WAGES1 & HAS BE5 ?RU/ UPON ! CAPITALI/S BY WAY ( LABOR /RUGGLES AS 
WELL AS BY ! RATIONALITY ( MOD]N ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,:ILE CAPITALISM FE$S ON LABOR & TRANS=MS ! BULK ( ! POPULATION 
9TO WAGE WORK]S1 IT ALSO CON/ANTLY DECREASES ! NUMB] ( LABOR]S & 
!IR LABOR-TIME RELATIVE TO ! MASS ( COMMODITIES !Y >E ABLE TO PRODUCE4 
,:ILE1 ON ! ONE H&1 CAPITALISM ASPIRES TO ! MAXIMUM ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 OR 
SURPLUS-LABOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 A M9IMUM ( LABOR MU/ PRODUCE A MAXIMUM 
( COMMODITIES4 ,! 0IDEAL0 W\LD BE1 ( C\RSE1 TO GET ! MAXIMUM 
( SURPLUS-LABOR FROM ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( WORK]S1 BUT ?IS 
0IDEAL0 CONFLICTS ) ! REALITIES ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & ! 
CIRCULATION PROCESS TO :I* IT GAVE RISE4 

,! SEP>ATE CAPITAL 5TITIES PRODUCE = ! M>KET & REALIZE !IR 
PR(ITS ?R\< ! SALE ( !IR COMMODITIES4 ,!RE IS COMPETITION & ?US A 
CON/ANT PRESSURE TO R$UCE PRODUCTION CO/S1 :I*1 = EA* CAPITALI/ 
5T]PRISE1 MEANS MA9LY LABOR CO/S4 ,! PRESSURE IS RELIEV$ ?R\< 
TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS1 :I* ALL[ ! SAME1 OR A SMALL]1 AM\NT ( LABOR 
TO PRODUCE MORE COMMODITIES ?AN BE=E4 ,! PROCESS IS REFLECT$ 9 A *ANGE 
( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 S9CE RELATIVELY FEW] WORK]S 
ATT5D TO A GREAT] AM\NT ( CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 AB/RACT VALUE T]MS1 A MORE RAPID RISE ( ! CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 MEANS 
( PRODUCTION ?AN ?AT 9VE/$ 9 LABOR-P[] DEPRESSES ! RATE ( PR(IT1 
:I* IS MEASUR$ ON TOTAL CAPITAL4 ,BUT ?IS NE$ NOT1 & DOES NOT1 WORRY ! 
CAPITALI/S1 :O WILL REALIZE !IR CU/OM>Y PR(ITS ON !IR CAPITAL IF !Y 
SUCCE$ 9 SELL+ !IR 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION AT COMPETITIVE PRICES4 ,! 
GREAT] PRODUCTION ( ! LABOR EMPLOY$ MORE ?AN COMP5SATES = ! 
RELATIVE DECL9E ( LABOR ?R\< TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & ! 
ACCUMULATION PROCESS CAN PROCE$4 

,!RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME1 H[EV]1 ?AT AN 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION 
AUTOMATICALLY 5L>GES ! M>KET1 NOR ?AT ! T5D5CY ( FALL+ 
PR(ITABILITY 9 ! C\RSE ( CAPITAL =MATION IS AUTOMATICALLY OV]COME 
?R\< ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,?+S MAY NOT FALL TOGE!R TO 
ASSURE A FRICTIONLESS CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 
MAY NOT BE SUFFICI5T TO C\NT]-ACT ! D[NW>D PRESSURE ( ! RATE ( 
PR(IT ?R\< ! /RUCTURAL *ANGES ( CAPITAL2 PR(ITS MADE 9 PRODUCTION 
MAY NOT BE REALIZABLE ON ! M>KET2 & A :OLE HO/ ( O!R DIFFICULTIES MAY 
RET>D1 OR 9T]RUPT1 ! CAPITAL =MATION PROCESS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 UNTIL 
REC5TLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM HAS BE5 PUNCTUAT$ BY P]IODS ( 
DEPRESSION ( 9CREAS+ SEV]ITY & DURATION4 

,TO ! CAPITALI/S1 ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES APPE> AS M>KET+ PROBLEMS1 AS A 
LACK ( EFFECTIVE DEM&1 :I* LEADS TO R$UC$ PRODUCTION & UNEMPLOYM5T4 
,!RE IS NO 9C5TIVE = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! 5SU+ /AGNATION1 OR 
DEPRESSION1 :ILE DE/ROY+ MANY BUS9ESSES IMPROVES ! PR(ITABILITY ( ! 
SURVIVORS BY PRES5T+ !M ) L>G] M>KETS4 ,A MORE CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL 
N[ COMM&S A L>G] SPH]E ( BUS9ESS OP]ATIONS4 ,IT DEF5DS & 
CONSOLIDATES ! NEWLY-WON POSITION ?R\< ! CUTT+ ( LABOR-CO/S1 BY 
9VE/+ A NEW 9 TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 
COMPETITION =CES ALL CAPITALS TO DO ! SAME & A NEW WAVE ( 9VE/M5TS1 
ALT]+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 PR(IT & WAGES1 9ITIATES A NEW P]IOD ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALISM1 COM+ TO ! =E ON ! 
M>KET1 F9D !IR SOLUTIONS 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 EV5 ?\< ! 
SOLUTION IS NOT COMPLETE UNTIL IT ALSO AFFECTS M>KET RELATIONS4 

,?IS BRIEF DESCRIPTION DOES NOT DO JU/ICE TO ! COMPLEXITY ( ! 
BUS9ESS-CYCLE4 ,BUT IT MU/ SUFFICE H]E TO 9DICATE ?AT BASICALLY IT IS A 
PROBLEM ( PR(IT PRODUCTION4 ,EA* NEW UPSW+ AFT] A P]IOD ( DEPRESSION 
9CREASES PRODUCTION F> BEYOND :AT IT WAS BE=E4 ,! CONDITIONS ( 
PRODUCTION PRIOR TO ! DEPRESSION REMOV$ ! 9C5TIVES = CAPITAL 
EXPANSION1 & ! LACK ( SU* EXPANSION DEPRESS$ ! ECONOMY SUFFICI5TLY TO 
CAUSE A GLUT ON !3 M>KET1 A LACK ( BUY+-P[]1 OR A LACK ( EFFECTIVE 
DEM&4 ,! MU* L>G] PRODUCTION 9 ! UPSW+ P]IOD F9DS ITS BUY+-P[] 
9 ! CAPITAL EXPANSION PROCESS ITSELF1 AS IT ONCE MORE BECOMES VIABLE ?R\< 
A *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* RAISE ! PR(ITABILITY ( 
CAPITAL4 

,:AT >E CONSID]$ CONDITIONS ( PROSP]ITY >E CONDITIONS ( CONT9U\S 
CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,)\T !M DEPRESSION PREVAILS4 ,9 ! PA/1 DEPRESSION 
WAS A PRE-CONDITION ( PROSP]ITY & ! LATT] L$ 9V>IABLY 9TO A NEW 
DEPRESSION4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS MANN] ?AT CAPITAL 0REORGANIZ$0 ITSELF 
BY WAY ( M>KET EV5TS-BR++ =? *ANGES 9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION 
- )\T CONSCI\S 9T]F]5CES 9 ITS M>KET ME*ANISM4 ,BUT *ANGES 9 
! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION-CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS1 ?AT IS - MAKE 
SIMIL> FUTURE *ANGES 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT AS CAPITAL 9CREASES 9 MASS 
:I* 9 TURN REQUIRES AN ALWAYS ACCEL]AT+ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY 9 ORD] 
TO OV]COME ITS 9H]5T T5D5CY ( DECREAS+ PR(IT-RATES ?R\< ! 
/RUCTURAL *ANGES BR\<T =? BY CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,H[EV]1 LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM HAS BE5 SUCCE$$ BY :AT 
,M>CUSE CALLS 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM10 & IT C\LD WELL BE ?AT ! 
DYNAMICS ( ! 0OLD0 CAPITALISM1 ISSU+ 9TO 9CREAS+LY MORE 
DEVA/AT+ DEPRESSIONS1 HAVE LO/ !IR VALIDITY = ! 0NEW0 
CAPITALISM1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY MONOPOLI/IC FEATURES & EXT5SIVE GOV]NM5T 
9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY4 

,) GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS WE HAVE DEALT BE=E4 ,AS REG>DS MONOPOLY1 IT 
0ORGANIZES0 NO?+ BUT ! P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( MONOPOLY 
CAPITAL )9 COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 & :ILE AVOIDABLE1 IS NONE!LESS A 
DIS9TEGRAT+1 NOT AN 9TEGRAT+1 FACTOR ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,MONOPOLY IS ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ BY COMPETITION4 ,IT IS ITSELF ONLY A =M ( 
COMPETITION4 ,MONOPOLY1 I4E41 ! PREVAL5CE ( MONOPOLI/IC1 ADM9I/]$ 
PRICES1 RELATES TO ! TOTAL M>KET SITUATION4 ,! HI<] ! MONOPOLY PRICE1 
! SMALL] WILL BE ! DEM& = COMMODITIES (F]$ AT ?AT PRICE1 = ! 
M>KET DEM& IS ITSELF LIMIT$ BY ! TOTAL SOCIAL 9COME4 ,MOREOV]1 :AT IS 
BE+ 0OV]-PAID0 9 ! MONOPOLY PRICE CANNOT BE SP5T ON 
COMMODITIES SUBJECT$ TO COMPETITION4 ,DEM& 9 ! COMPETITIVE BUS9ESS WORLD 
WILL ACCORD+LY DIM9I%4 ,ON ! BASIS ( A GIV5 SOCIAL 9COME1 :I* 
DET]M9ES ! SOCIAL DEM&1 MONOPOLY PRICES =CE O!R PRICES BEL[ :AT 
!Y W\LD BE UND] MORE P]FECT CONDITIONS ( COMPETITION4 ,:AT TAKES PLACE 
H]E IS A 70TRANSF]0 ( 9COME FROM ! MORE-COMPETITIVE TO ! 
LESS-COMPETITIVE BUS9ESSES BUT NOT ANY K9D ( 9TEGRAT+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 
( PRODUCTION4 

,SU* 0TRANSF]S10 H[EV]1 NE$ NOT AFFECT ! ABSOLUTE SIZE ( 
ANY P>TICUL> BUS9ESS-9COME UND] CONDITIONS ( FLUX1 ?AT IS1 ) A 
GR[+ SOCIAL 9COME 9 AN EXP&+ M>KET4 ,ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL 
/AGNATION WILL ! 9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION :I*1 9 P>T1 IS ITSELF AN 
EXPRESSION ( /AGNATION1 BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A PROGRESSIVE DE/RUCTION ( 
COMPETITIVE 5T]PRISES1 A PROCESS ?AT W\LD F9D ITS 0LOGICAL0 
5D 9 ! COMPLETE MONOPOLIZATION ( ALL BUS9ESS1 :I* W\LD ALSO BE ! 5D 
( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY4 

,V,I4 

,! CAPITALI/ /ABILIZATION1 ORGANIZATION1 & 
9TEGRATION ( :I* ,M>CUSE SPEAKS IS ( A PECULI> K9D4 ,9 A PAP] 
PRES5T$ TO ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 9 #a#i#f#d1 ,M>CUSE DESCRIBES 
0H[ MATURE CAPITALISM1 9 ! EFFICI5CY ( ITS REASON1 MAKES EV5 ! 
PLANN$ ANNIHILATION ( MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S & ! PLANN$ DE/RUCTION ( 
!IR LABOR ! F\NTA9HEAD ( A BIGG] & BETT] PROSP]ITY2 EV5 %E] 
9SANITY BECOMES ! BASIS1 NOT ONLY ( ! CONT9UATION ( LIFE1 BUT ( A MORE 
COM=TABLE LIFE 444 ,9 ! FACE ( 9HUMAN MIS]Y & ME?ODICAL CRUELTY1 ! 
'AFFLU5T' SOCIETY SQU&]S ITS UNIMAG9ABLE TE*NICAL1 MAT]IAL1 & 
9TELLECTUAL P[] & USES IT = ! PURPOSE ( P]MAN5T 
MOBILIZATION40 7#c7 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! VICTIMS ( ?IS PROCESS C\LD NOT POSSIBLY %>E SU* AN 
5?USIASM = ! 0AFFLU5T SOCIETY0 AS MAY BE DISPLAY$ BY ITS 
PR(ITE]S4 ,! SITUATION ITSELF SPLITS SOCIETY1 & ! OPPOSITIONAL =CES 
D5Y ,M>CUSE'S CONCEPT ( ! ONE-DIM5SIONAL SOCIETY )\T OPPOSITION4 

,IT IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! OPPOSITIONAL =CES DO NOT F9D EXPRESSION 9 
A CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 CAPITALI/ 
COMPETITION1 IMP]IALI/IC RIVALRIES1 & ! COLD W> BETWE5 TWO DISSIMIL> 
SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,!RE >E1 !N1 MANY 0ONE-DIM5SIONAL0 SOCIETIES 
9 CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 ,IT IS A SITUATION ?AT HAS PREVAIL$ = ! LA/ 
FIFTY YE>S4 ,!SE CONFLICTS1 IF !Y D5OTE ANY?+1 DEMON/RATE ! UTT] 
9ABILITY ( CAPITALISM TO ORGANIZE & /ABILIZE AN 9TEGRAT$ CAPITALI/ 
WORLD SY/EM ABLE TO DOM9ATE ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,CAPITALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 SIMULTANE\SLY A PRODUCTIVE & A DE/RUCTIVE 
SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOT ONLY 9 EV]YDAY COMPETITION1 BUT1 9 AN ACCEL]AT$ & 
CONC5TRAT$ =M1 9 TIMES ( CRISIS & DEPRESSION4 ,IMP]IALI/ CONFLICTS1 
F9D+ !IR DECISIVE S\RCE 9 ECONOMIC RIVALRIES1 L$ TO DE/RUCTIVE 
WORLD-WIDE W>S4 ,BO? ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL VALUES 9 PEACEFUL COMPETITION 
& 9 COMPETITION BY WAY ( W> W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 BR++ AB\T A NEW 
UPSW+ 9 CAPITAL PRODUCTION & A FUR!R EXT5SION ( ITS M>KETS4 ,:AT 
,M>CUSE RELATES AS TYPICAL = 0MATURE CAPITALISM10 HAS BE5 
TYPICAL ALL ALONG2 ONLY ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES W]E LESS DEVA/AT+ & LESS 
F]OCI\S BECAUSE ! MORE LIMIT$ POSSIBILITIES ( PRODUCTION ALSO 
CIRCUMSCRIB$ ?OSE ( DE/RUCTION4 ,! RESPECTIVE QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! PRES5T AM\NTS TO A QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE 9 A 
TW(OLD S5SE3 NOT ONLY DOES IT 9CLUDE ! TE*NICAL POSSIBILITY ( DE/ROY+ 
MO/ ( ! WORLD & ITS POPULATION BUT IT EXCLUDES ! UTILIZATION ( W> = 
PURPOSES ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,9 ORD] TO S]VE AS 9/RUM5TS ( ACCUMULATION1 ! DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION MU/ RETA9 A C]TA9 DEF9ITE RELATION%IP TO ITS 
PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL VALUES 9 A DEPRESSION AFFECTS 
ONLY A SMALL AM\NT ( CAPITAL 9 ITS PHYSICAL =M4 ,! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE 
APP>ATUS REMA9S L>GELY 9TACT & IS M]ELY CONC5TRAT$ 9TO FEW] H&S 9 
! =M ( L[]$ CAPITAL VALUES4 ,W>1 H[EV]1 DE/ROYS CAPITAL 9 BO? ITS 
PHYSICAL & ITS VALUE =M1 & IF TOO MU* IS DE/ROY$ 9 ITS MAT]IAL =M1 
! SURVIV+ CAPITALS F9D !MSELVES ?R[N BACK TO AN 0E>LI]0 
/AGE ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* !IR [N ADVANC$ *>ACT]I/ICS BECOME 
AN ANA*RONISM4 ,BECAUSE !IR [N PR(ITS >E B\ND UP ) A DEF9ITE MASS ( 
TOTAL SOCIAL 9COME1 ! R$UCTION ( ! LATT] ALSO R$UCES ! PR(ITABILITY 
( ! SURVIV+ CAPITALS4 ,9 O!R T]MS1 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR PRODUCTS = 
LACK ( BUY]S BECAUSE !IR [N PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY DEM&S A L>G] 
G5]AL PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,! DISPROPORTIONALITIES CAUS$ BY ! 
DE/RUCTION & DISLOCATIONS ( W> MU/ FIR/ BE OV]COME BE=E ! G5]AL 
PROCESS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAN AGA9 PROCE$4 

,TWO WORLD W>S FAIL$ TO RE9/ATE CONDITIONS ( PROGRESSIVE PRIVATE CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION SU* AS EXI/$ 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY CAPITALISM4 ,! LA/ GREAT 
DEPRESSION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 :I* L$ TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 LA/$ 
TOO LONG & P5ETRAT$ ! SOCIAL FABRIC TOO DEEPLY TO BE /ILL ACCEPTABLE AS 
A NECESS>Y EVIL = REGA9+ ! BLESS+S ( PROSP]ITY4 ,DEPRESSIONS ( ?IS 
NATURE SEEM NO LONG] SOCIALLY VIABLE & ?US MU/ BE PREV5T$ BY GOV]NM5T 
ACTIONS4 ,!Y HAVE LO/ !IR UTILITY )9 ! CAPITAL EXPANSION PROCESS4 ,& 
) REG>D TO W> AS A M$IUM ( ACCUMULATION1 IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT A ?IRD 
WORLD W> BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ P[]S W\LD LET LOOSE SU* DE/RUCTIVE =CES 
AS TO DE/ROY NOT ONLY CAPITALISM BUT SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,!RE IS NO FUTURE = CAPITALISM 9 W> & DEPRESSION4 ,YET !RE >E NO 
O!R WAYS TO EFFECT ! L>GE-SCALE /RUCTURAL *ANGES :I* ! CONT9U\S 
EXPANSION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION DEM&S4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! EXI/+ /RUCTURE 
9T]NATIONALLY1 AS WELL AS 9 EA* CAPITALI/ NATION SEP>ATELY1 ?AT IS1 TO 
MA9TA9 ! FULL EMPLOYM5T ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES1 N[ REQUIRES AN 
9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( NON-PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION2 9 ,M>CUSE'S WORDS1 ! 
0SQU&]+ ( TE*NICAL1 MAT]IAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL P[] = ! 
PURPOSE ( P]MAN5T MOBILIZATIAN40 ,TO DO SO1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO 
MA9TA9 SO-CALL$ AFFLU5CY1 PRODUCTIVITY MU/ BE CONT9U\SLY 9CREAS$ TO 
SECURE ! NECESS>Y PR(ITABILITY ( ! RELATIVELY DIM9I%+ 
PR(IT-PRODUC+ P>T ( ! ECONOMY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY IS 
ACCOMPLI%+2 IT ALL[S = BO? AN UNIMAG9ABLE AM\NT ( WA/E-PRODUCTION 
& AN 0AFFLU5CY10 :I*1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( A M9ORITY ( 
UNEMPLOYABLES1 WELDS ALL SOCIAL CLASSES TO ! SY/EM & CREATES 
ONE-DIM5SIONAL MAN4 ,9 ?IS1 ,M>CUSE ?9KS1 M5 >E SELL+ ! PROSPECTS ( 
A TRULY HUMAN1 SELF-DET]M9$1 FUTURE = ! MESS ( POTTAGE ( TODAY'S HI< 
LIV+ /&>DS4 ,H[ MU* MORE WOR?:ILE W\LD !IR LIVES BE1 & H[ MU* 
BETT] !IR /&>D ( LIV+1 IF WA/E-PRODUCTION W]E 5TIRELY ELIM9AT$ 
& SOCIAL PRODUCTION W]E RATIONALLY GE>$ TO ! REAL NE$S ( M54 

,WA/E-PRODUCTION 9 AN 0AFFLU5T0 SOCIETY IS1 ( C\RSE1 :AT 
KEEPS ?AT SOCIETY AFFLU5T10 )\T1 H[EV]1 HAV+ ! 9DIRECT 
EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL & ITS RATE ( 
ACCUMULATION4 

,PR(ITABILITY CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY1 
?R\< LABOR-DISPLAC+ & CAPITAL-SAV+ TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,! MORE 
0AFFLU5T0 SOCIETY BECOMES BY MEANS ( WA/E-PRODUCTION1 ! 
GREAT] IS ITS NE$ = LABOR-SAV+ DEVICES1 SO AS TO PREV5T ! LOSS ( 
PR(ITABILITY :I* W\LD O!RWISE ACCOMPANY ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION4 

,! /EADY 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY ?R\< LABOR-SAV+ 
DEVICES HAS ! TW(OLD EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL & 
REPRODUC+ ! NE$ = FUR!R VA/ 9CREASES 9 PRODUCTIVITY ON AN 
EV]-N>R[+ BASE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 

,EV5 IF CAPITAL-SAV+ 9NOVATIONS W]E TO *ECK ! GR[+ DISCREPANCY 
BETWE5 ?AT CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ?AT 9VE/$ 9 
LABOR-P[]1 & 9 ?IS MANN] CURB ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT ON TOTAL 
CAPITAL1 ?IS CAN ONLY BE A TEMPOR>ILY MITIGAT+ FACTOR4 ,! CONSI/5T 
DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR MU/ EV5TUALLY T]M9ATE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( 
PR(ITABILITY & IS1 = ?AT REASON1 AN IMPOSSIBILITY = CAPITALISM4 ,BUT 
NEI!R CAN IT DO )\T ! /EADY DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR1 = ?IS IS 
SEEM+LY ! ONLY WAY LEFT OP5 TO COPE ) ! GR[+ NON-PR(ITABLE 
PRODUCTION )9 ! PR(IT-PRODUC+ ECONOMY4 ,:ILE ! DISPLACEM5T ( 
LABOR IS A WAY \T = CAPITALISM1 ! WAY ITSELF LEADS ONLY 9TO A 
CUL-DE-SAC4 ,:AT ,M>CUSE CONSID]S A CAPITALI/IC SOLUTION TO CAPITALISM'S 
DIFFICULTIES1 NAMELY1 ITS NEW TE*NOLOGY1 REPRES5TS1 9/EAD1 ! PRES5T & 
FUTURE 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION )9 ! PROP]TY 
RELATIONS ( ! M>KET ECONOMY4 

,V,I,I4 

,:]EAS FUTURE EV5TS MAY PROVE ,M>CUSE RI<T 9 HIS PESSIMISM 
) RESPECT TO ! *ANCES ( A WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION1 HIS 
0OPTIMISM0 ) REG>D TO CAPITALISM'S ABILITY TO SAVE ITSELF BY 
TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL MEANS WILL MO/ PROBABLY BE DISPROV$ BY ACTUAL 
DEVELOPM5TS4 ,AT ! PRES5T1 ( C\RSE1 ,M>CUSE'S ASS]TION CAN ONLY BE 
ANSW]$ BY A C\NT]-ASS]TION4 ,9 VIEW ( :AT HAS HAPP5$ S9CE ! 5D ( 
! SECOND WORLD W>1 IT W\LD APPE> ?AT CAPITALISM HAS F\ND A WAY TO ESCAPE 
! P]ILS ( ITS CLASS /RUCTURE1 & HAS BE5 ABLE TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9 A 
SOCIETY FRE$ ( EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION4 ,M>CUSE'S 0OPTIMISM0 9 ?IS 
RESPECT1 IT %\LD BE REPEAT$1 IS NOT AT ALL TO HIS [N LIK+2 HE ACCEPTS IT 
ONLY GRUDG+LY 9 ORD] TO FREE HIMSELF ( ALL ILLUSIONS4 

,ANY P>TICUL> /ATE ( CAPITALISM IS TRANSITORY1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY PREVAIL 
= A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY BY CONSID]+ ! G5]AL 
LAWS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT ANY ( ITS GIV5 HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS 
REVEAL ITS TRANSI5T NATURE4 ,! FUTURE ( CAPITALISM RE/S ON ITS CONT9U+ 
ABILITY TO EXTRACT SUFFICI5T PR(ITS \T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION TO 5SURE ITS 
5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,A P]SI/5TLY DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION 
9DICATES1 9CREAS+LY1 ! LOSS ( ?IS ABILITY1 & ?IS DESPITE A G5]AL 
9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION ?R\< GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS4 ,H[EV]1 SO LONG AS 
! 9CREASE CAN /ILL BE CONCILIAT$ ) ! DECREASE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL 
=MATION ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 ! 0MIX$ 
ECONOMY0 MAY BE EXP]I5C$ NOT AS A TEMPOR>Y POSSIBILITY BUT AS AN 
ACTUAL TRANS=MATION :I* RESOLVES ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 
,BUT ?IS1 TOO1 IS AN ILLUSION4 

,! QUE/ION IS !N1 CAN CAPITALISM EVOLVE 9TO SOME?+ O!R ?AN IT IS2 
CAN ! G5]AL LAWS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T BE SET ASIDE BY TE*NOLOGICAL 
& POLITICAL MEANS1 :I* ATT5D TO BO? ! PR(IT NE$S ( PRIVATE CAPITAL 
& ! G5]AL WELF>E BY ! SIMPLE EXP$I5CY ( WA/E-PRODUCTION8 ,IT IS 
TRUE1 ?AT ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT HAS HAPP5$4 ,YET TO SEE ?IS PROCESS AS A 
P]MAN5T & EV]-WID5+ SOCIAL PRACTICE IS TO ASSUME ?AT CAPITALISM CAN 
TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO ANO!R SY/EM1 9 :I* - TO SPEAK 9 ,M>XIAN 
T]MS - IT IS NO LONG] EX*ANGE-VALUE BUT USE-VALUE ?AT RULES4 ,SU* A 
*ANGE W\LD IMPLY A *ANGE 9 PROP]TY RELATIONS BAS$1 AS !Y >E1 ON ! 
PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( EX*ANGE-VALUES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT W\LD 
REQUIRE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,NOT SO1 H[EV]1 9 ,M>CUSE'S OP9ION4 ,! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ SOCIETY1 HE 
SAYS1 IS 0A /ATIC SOCIETY1 DESPITE ALL ITS DYNAMISM4 ,ITS NON/OP 
EXPANSION1 ITS SO>+ PRODUCTIVITY1 ITS 9CREAS+ GR[? PRODUCE NO?+ BUT 
MORE & MORE ( ! SAME1 )\T ANY QUALITATIVE *ANGE OR ANY HOPE ( 
QUALITATIVE *ANGE40 7#c#a7 ,BUT 
,M>CUSE ALSO SPEAKS ( A CAPITALI/ 0METAMORPHOSIS0 9 RESPONSE TO 
! PH5OM5ON ( ! COLD W>1 :I* FIR/ PROVIDES CAPITALISM ) ! 
IMPETUS TO 0ORGANIZE0 ITSELF & TO EXP& ITS PRODUCTION4 ,/ILL1 
9 HIS VIEW1 ?IS 0METAMORPHOSIS0 IMPLIES NOT A QUALITATIVE BUT 
ONLY A QUANTITATIVE *ANGE1 ?R\< 0! EV]-9CREAS+ TIDE ( GOODS 
& ! EV]-9CREAS+ /&>D ( LIV+1 :I* SEEM EV] MORE 
DESIRABLE10 & :I* PROVIDE ! MASSES ) 0EV]Y REASON TO 
9TEGRATE !MSELVES 9TO ! SY/EM40 7#c#b7 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 0EV5 ! MO/ HI<LY ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM 
RETA9S ! SOCIAL NE$ = PRIVATE APPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( PR(IT AS 
! REGULATOR ( ! ECONOMY40 7#c#c7 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT HE DISSOCIATES HIMSELF 
FROM ! POSITION1 HELD BY SOME1 ?AT 0! CONTEMPOR>Y CONFLICT BETWE5 
CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM IS A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO =MS OR MODES ( ONE & 
! SAME COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY40 7#c#d7 ,= HIM1 !RE EXI/S A FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 ! NATIONALIZ$ & ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES1 EV5 ?\< BO? 
SY/EMS %>E ! SAME TE*NOLOGY & ! SAME 9CL9ATION NOT TO DEVELOP IT 9 
DIRECTIONS :I* W\LD DE/ROY ! BASIS ( CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,M>CUSE'S 
0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 IS NOT ID5TICAL ) A /ATE-REGULAT$ 
ECONOMY SU* AS PREVAILS 9 ,RUSSIA1 =1 TO REPEAT1 IT 0RETA9S ! NE$ 
= PRIVATE APPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( PR(IT AS ! REGULATOR ( ! 
ECONOMY40 

,IF ?IS IS SO1 H[EV]1 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 ALSO RETA9S 
CAPITALI/ VALUE RELATIONS & IT BECOMES NECESS>Y = ,M>CUSE TO DEMON/RATE 
?AT !SE RELATIONS H>MONIZE ) ! CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION BY 
TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL MEANS4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,M>CUSE QUOTES ,M>X TO 
! EFFECT ?AT ! MA*9E NEV] CREATES VALUE BUT M]ELY TRANSF]S ITS [N 
VALUE TO ! PRODUCT1 :ILE SURPLUS-VALUE REMA9S ! RESULT ( ! 
EXPLOITATION ( LIV+ LABOR4 ,! MA*9E IS ! EMBODIM5T ( HUMAN LABOR 
P[]1 & ?R\< IT1 PA/ LABOR 7DEAD LABOR7 PRES]VES ITSELF & 
DET]M9ES LIV+ LABOR40 7#c#e7 ,CONSID]+ AUTOMATION1 H[EV]1 ,M>CUSE REM>KS1 
?AT IT 0SEEMS TO ALT] QUALITATIVELY ! RELATION BETWE5 DEAD & 
LIV+ LABOR2 IT T5DS T[>D ! PO9T :]E PRODUCTIVITY IS DET]M9$ BY 
! MA*9ES1 & NOT BY ! 9DIVIDUAL \TPUT40 7#c#f7 ,?IS ALSO OCCURR$ TO ,M>X1 :O PO9T$ \T ?AT 
SOCIAL WEAL? IS NOT ONLY A VALUE RELATION BUT IS EMBODI$1 9 9CREAS+ 
MEASURE1 9 A PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS :I* TURNS ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 9TO 
! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION REPRES5T A 
DEF9ITE SUM ( VALUES & CAN CAPITALI/ICALLY BE PRODUCTIVE ONLY ?R\< ! 
5L>GEM5T ( ?IS SUM ( VALUES1 9 !IR REAL1 PHYSICAL =M1 & BY !IR 
CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T1 IT IS ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION1 NOT LABOR-TIME1 :I* EXPRESSES ! GR[+ PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( 
SOCIAL LABOR4 ,= ,M>X1 0LABOR-TIME CEASES TO BE ! MEASURE ( WEAL?1 
& EX*ANGE-VALUE CEASES TO BE ! MEASURE ( USE-VALUE1 AS SOON AS LABOR 9 
ITS DIRECT =M CEASES TO BE ! S\RCE ( WEAL?40 7#c#g7 

,BUT = ,M>X1 ! ABOLITION ( VALUE RELATIONS IS ! ABOLITION ( 
CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,IF IT W]E NOT = CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! 
GR[+ SOCIAL WEAL? W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY A CONT9U\S R$UCTION ( 
DIRECT LABOR-TIME1 & ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY W\LD BE MEASUR$ NOT BY LABOR 
TIME BUT BY FREE TIME4 ,SO LONG1 H[EV]1 AS EX*ANGE-VALUE IS ! GOAL ( 
PRODUCTION1 LABOR-TIME QUANTITIES REMA9 ! S\RCE & MEASURE ( CAPITALI/ 
WEAL?1 BECAUSE1 AS VALUE1 CAPITAL CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN APPROPRIAT$ 
LABOR-TIME4 0,AL?\< ! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION10 ,M>X WROTE1 09DICATES TO :AT A L>GE DEGREE ! 
G5]AL KN[L$GE ( SOCIETY HAS BECOME A DIRECT PRODUCTIVE P[]1 :I* 
CONDITIONS ! SOCIAL LIFE & DET]M9ES ITS TRANS=MATION10 7#c#h7 CAPITALISM'S P>TICUL> 
CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS CONSI/S ( NO MORE 0?AN 9 ITS 
USE ( ALL ! M$IA ( ! >TS & SCI5CES TO 9CREASE ! SURPLUS-LABOR1 
BECAUSE ITS WEAL?1 9 VALUE =M1 IS NO?+ BUT ! APPROPRIATION ( 
SURPLUS-LABOR TIME40 7#c#i7 

,! DIM9UTION ( LABOR AS ! S\RCE & MEASURE ( VALUE ALREADY TAKES 
PLACE UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 ,DEP5D+ ON ACTUAL CONDITIONS & ! 
/RUCTURE ( CAPITAL1 IT MAY HAVE EI!R A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE EFFECT UPON 
! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,N[1 :5 ,M>CUSE SAYS1 0?AT EV5 ! MO/ 
HI<LY ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM RETA9S ! SOCIAL NE$ = PRIVATE APPROPRIATION 
& DI/RIBUTION ( PR(IT AS ! REGULATOR ( ! ECONOMY10 HE IS SAY+ 
ONLY ?AT ! VALUE RELATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION >E H]E RETA9$ & 
REGULATE ! ECONOMY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ECONOMY IS 0REGULAT$0 BY 
ITS ABILITY OR 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE SURPLUS-VALUE1 & NOT BY ITS ABILITY OR 
9ABILITY JU/ TO PRODUCE4 ,! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( PR(IT 
PRESUPPOSES M>KET RELATIONS1 & !SE M>KET RELATIONS PRESUPPOSE VALUE 
RELATION4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 PR(IT REMA9S SURPLUS-VALUE1 OR 
SURPLUS-LABOR1 EV5 :]E ! RELATIONS BETWE5 0DEAD0 & 
0LIV+0 LABOR HAVE BE5 REV]S$4 ,& UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! 
DIM9UTION ( LABOR RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL IMPLIES A 
R$UCTION ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 EXCEPT :]E ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 9CREASES 
AT A FA/] PACE ?AN ! QUANTITY ( LABOR DIM9I%ES4 

,IT IS ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 NOT ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL01 
:I* ACC\NTS = ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT4 ,TO BE SURE1 PR(IT PRESUPPOSES ! 
EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL1 & ! MORE 0PRODUCTIVE0 ?IS CAPITAL IS 9 
ITS PHYSICAL =M1 ! HI<] ! PR(ITS MAY RISE4 ,/ILL1 PR(ITS CAN ONLY BE 
! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PAID & UNPAID LABOR4 ,IF1 9 SOME MY/]I\S WAY1 !Y 
%\LD D]IVE FROM ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL10 9DEP5D5TLY ( 
! LABOR :I* FIR/ SETS ?IS CAPITAL 9 MOTION1 !Y W\LD NOT BE PR(ITS 
9 ! CAPITALI/IC S5SE1 ?AT IS1 ! RESULT ( LABOR EXPLOITATION4 ,IT W\LD 
/ILL BE TRUE ?AT CAPITAL REPRES5TS TRANS=M$ PA/ SURPLUS-LABOR1 BUT IT 
W\LD NO LONG] DET]M9E LIV+ LABOR4 ,ACTUALLY1 ( C\RSE1 CAPITAL 
PRESUPPOSES WAGE-LABOR JU/ AS WAGE-LABOR PRESUPPOSES CAPITAL2 BO? >E ! 
TWO NECESS>Y SIDES ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS = ! PRODUCTION 
( SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,:]E !RE IS NO CAPITAL 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUCTION1 !RE IS NO 
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & :]E CAPITAL IS NO LONG] DEP5D5T ON WAGE-LABOR1 
CAPITALISM HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 

,M>CUSE HIMSELF PO9TS \T ?AT 0AUTOMATION1 ONCE IT BECOMES ! 
PROCESS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 W\LD REVOLUTIONIZE ! :OLE SOCIETY40 
7#d7 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON1 HE 
SAYS1 ?AT BO? ! NATIONALIZ$ & ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES MU/ 
CONTA9 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & 0>RE/ MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL 
GR[? AT A PO9T :]E DOM9ATION /ILL IS RATIONAL & PR(ITABLE40 
7#d#a7 ,9 HIS VIEW1 H[EV]1 ?IS 
PO9T SEEMS TO BE F> (F1 &1 MEAN:ILE CAPITALISM RESPONDS TO ! 
0*ALL5GE ( COMMUNISM BY A SPECTACUL> DEVELOPM5T ( ALL PRODUCTIVE 
=CES AFT] ! SUBORD9ATION ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S 9 PR(ITABILITY :I* 
>RE/ SU* DEVELOPM5T40 7#d#b7 

,MOREOV]1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 IT IS NOT ONLY ! 0*ALL5GE ( 
COMMUNISM0 :I* BR+S ?IS *ANGE AB\T1 BUT ALSO ! 
0TE*NOLOGICAL PROCESS & MASS PRODUCTION1 :I* %ATT] ! 
9DIVIDUALI/IC =MS 9 :I* PROGRESS OP]AT$ DUR+ ! LIB]ALI/IC 
]A40 7#d#c7 ,AP>T FROM ! 
FACT ?AT !SE 09DIVIDUALI/IC =MS0 W]E FIR/ DECISIVELY 
%ATT]$ 9 TE*NOLOGICALLY-BACKW>D NATIONS )\T MASS PRODUCTION1 W]E IT 
ACTUALLY TRUE ?AT !SE 09DIVIDUALI/IC =MS0 >E %ATT]$1 IT 
C\LD NOT SIMULTANE\SLY BE TRUE ?AT 0PRIVATE APPROPRIATION & 
DI/RIBUTION ( PR(IT0 IS BE+ RETA9$ AS ! 0REGULATOR ( ! 
ECONOMY01 NOR C\LD IT BE TRUE ?AT 0PRIVATE 9T]E/S 9 
PR(ITABILITY0 HAVE BE5 0SUBORD9AT$0 TO ! SOCIAL NE$ ( 
A FUR!R 0SPECTACUL> ADVANCE ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES40 

,ONE CANNOT HAVE IT BO? WAYS2 EI!R ! ECONOMY IS LEFT TO ITS 
0SELF-REGULATION0 VIA ! VALUE-PRICE RELATIONS 9 A COMPETITIVE 
M>KET ( 9DIVIDUALLY-ORI5T$ PRODUC]S1 ?AT IS1 CAPITALI/ICALLY2 OR IT IS 
CONSCI\SLY REGULAT$1 MORE OR LESS SUCCESSFULLY1 BY GOV]NM5T DECISIONS 
CONSID]+ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY AS A :OLE ON ! BASIS ( ITS P>TICUL> 
9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS4 ,A COMB9ATION ( M>KET- & PLANN$-REGULATION ( 
! ECONOMY CAN ONLY BE A SIDE-BY-SIDE AFFAIR2 IT DOES NOT REALLY 
0MIX0 ! ECONOMY1 BUT T5DS1 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T1 TO 
ELIM9ATE ONE SIDE OR ! O!R1 UNLESS ONE ( !SE SIDES CAN ALWAYS BE HELD 
9 A SUBORD9ATE POSITION4 ,BUT TO HOLD IT !RE IS TO LIMIT ITS 
EFFECTIV5ESS4 

,V,I,I,I4 

,WE MU/ H]E RECAPITULATE4 ,9 ORD] TO SU/A9 ! CAPITALI/IC 
*>ACT] ( ! ECONOMY1 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION MU/ BE NONCOMPETITIVE 
) PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,IF IT W]E O!RWISE IT W\LD1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 
SUPPLANT PRIVATE PRODUCTION4 ,?IS BE+ SO1 ! EXP&+ GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ 
PRODUCTION CANNOT 5HANCE BUT CAN ONLY HEM 9 PRIVATE CAPITAL =MATION1 = 
ITS EXP5SES MU/ ULTIMATELY BE C>RI$ BY ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 
,! MA9T5ANCE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION ?US SETS A DEF9ITE LIMIT TO ! 
5L>GEM5T ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CONT9U\S 
EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE ATTA9$ BY PRIVATE PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ?IS 
PRIVATE PRODUCTION IS SUBJECT TO VALUE RELATIONS & !IR M>KET APPE>ANCE 
& F9DS ITS LIMITS 9 ITS [N EXPANSION4 

,!RE >E1 !N1 )9 ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 LIMITS SET 
TO BO? PRIVATE PRODUCTION & GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION2 ! LIMITS ( ! 
LATT] >E ! LIMITS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ITSELF4 

,! 0MIX$0 *>ACT] ( PRES5T-DAY CAPITALISM IS ONLY 
APP>5T1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION /IMULATES ! 
:OLE ( ! ECONOMY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT PUBLIC WORKS & WA/E-PRODUCTION 
EMPLOYS MA*9]Y1 MAT]IALS1 & LABOR4 ,! MONEY 9VE/$ 9 !SE ITEMS IS 
SP5T 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY & TO ?AT EXT5T 9CREASES ! 
PRIVATE M>KET DEM&4 ,BUT - - /ILL TO RECAPITULATE - ! MONEY 
ITSELF /EMS FROM ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* TURNS ! :OLE 
PROCESS 9TO AN EXT5SION ( ! CR$IT ME*ANISM4 ,PRIVATE CAPITAL C\LD 
- & TO SOME EXT5T DOES - DO SO ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,IT DOES NOT DO 
SO EXT5SIVELY 5\<1 BECAUSE1 9 ! LI<T ( EXI/+ M>KET CONDITIONS1 ! 
EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION IS CLE>LY NOT CR$IT-WOR?Y4 ,:ILE PRIVATE CAPITAL 
HESITATES1 ! GOV]NM5T GU>ANTEES A FUR!R CR$IT EXPANSION BY DIRECT+ IT 
9TO NONCOMPETITIVE PRODUCTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 PRODUCTION IS !REBY G5]ALLY 
9CREAS$1 AS ! GOV]NM5T'S 9ITIATIVE CREATES ADDITIONAL M>KETS = ALL 
! CAPITALS 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ GOODS ?AT 5T] 9TO GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ 
PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ! CONSUMPTION GOODS ( ! LABOR]S EMPLOY$ !RE94 
,! F9AL PRODUCT ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 RESULT+ FROM A 
LONG *A9 ( 9T]M$I>Y PRODUCTION PROCESSES1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT HAVE ! 
=M ( A COMMODITY :I* C\LD PR(ITABLY BE SOLD ON ! M>KET4 ,:ATEV] 
5T]$ 9TO ITS PRODUCTION W]E ITS PRODUCTION-CO/S1 :I* CANNOT BE 
RECOV]$ 9 A SALES PRICE1 = !RE >E NO BUY]S ( PUBLIC WORKS & 
WA/E-PRODUCTS4 

,! DUAL-ECONOMY1 ) ITS PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR1 WILL ?US APPE> AS A 
0MIX$0 ECONOMY B5EFIT+ BO? PRIVATE CAPITAL & SOCIETY AT 
L>GE4 ,IT WILL BE CELEBRAT$1 OR DEPLOR$1 AS A NEW TYPE ( CAPITALISM1 EV5 AS 
A 0PO/-CAPITALI/0 SY/EM - AS IT HAS ALREADY BE5 CALL$ BY 
SOME PEOPLE4 ,YET1 IT IS /ILL ! FAMILI> CAPITALISM1 HELD TOGE!R BY 
GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS :I*1 BY !IR [N NATURE1 & ! NATURE ( 
CAPITALISM1 CAN ONLY BE ( TEMPOR>Y AVAIL4 ,:ILE SOLV+ SOME PROBLEMS 
IMM$IATELY1 !SE 9T]V5TIONS OP5 UP NEW & L>G] PROBLEMS 9 ! 
=ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,:5 EVALUAT+ ! /ATE ( ! ECONOMY1 ECONOMI/S DO NOT USUALLY 
DI/+UI% BETWE5 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ & PRIVATE-CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,AL?\< 
EA* GOES ITS SEP>ATE WAY1 9 ?AT ! ONE IS PR(ITABLE & ! O!R NOT1 
!Y >E NEV]!LESS 9SEP>ABLY 9T]TW9$ 9 ! ACTUAL PRODUCTION & 
M>KET+ PROCESS4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL REASONS1 !N ! ECONOMY IS A 
0MIX$ ECONOMY10 EV5 ?\< GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION CANNOT 
ADD BUT ONLY SUBTRACT FROM ! TOTAL PR(IT ( TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 
,NONE!LESS1 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION IS USUALLY REG>D$ AS A M$IUM ( 
CAPITAL =MATION4 ,BUT ?IS VIEW M]ELY MI/AKES ! PO/PONEM5T ( A PROBLEM 
= ITS DISAPPE>ANCE4 

,:ILE A VA/ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY 5ABLES ! SIMULTANE\S GR[? ( 
PRIVATE & GOV]NM5T PRODUCTIONS1 ! RESULT+ PROSP]ITY IS QUITE 
DECEPTIVE1 AS IT IS BAS$1 BY WAY ( ! CR$IT ME*ANISM1 ON FUTURE PR(ITS 
:I* MAY1 OR MAY NOT1 MAT]IALIZE4 

,MOREOV]1 JU/ AS ! PROSP]ITY ITSELF IS BAS$ ON A CONT9U\S & 
ACCEL]AT+ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY SO IS ITS CONT9UATION4 ,?IS REQUIRES ! 
DISPLACEM5T ( LESS-PRODUCTIVE BY MORE-PRODUCTIVE MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & 
!RE) ! TRANS=MATION ( P>T ( ! REALIZABLE PR(IT 9TO ADDITIONAL 
CAPITAL4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS FA%ION ?AT A NE$ = ALWAYS L>G] PR(ITS 
ACCOMPANIES ! PROLONGATION ( PROSP]ITY4 

,:ILE1 H[EV]1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL0 
9CREASES ?R\< ITS MOD]NIZATION BECAUSE IT ALL[S = A HI<] PRODUCTIVITY 
( LABOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 0! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR0 DECL9ES 
BECAUSE ( ! HI<] PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS IS NOT AS P>ADOXICAL AS IT 
S\NDS4 ,9 CAPITALISM1 0PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR0 ALWAYS REF]S TO 
! PRODUCTION ( PR(ITS4 ,! 9CREASE 9 ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( 
CAPITAL0 IMPLIES ?AT NEW CAPITAL IS ADD$ TO EXI/+ CAPITAL4 ,! NEW 
& ! OLD CAPITAL CON/ITUTE AN 5TITY1 A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( VALUE1 
EXPRESS$ 9 MONEY T]MS4 ,TO AVOID DIS9VE/M5T1 ! :OLE CAPITAL MU/ BE 
REPRODUC$ & 5L>G$4 ,! L>G]1 MOD]NIZ$ CAPITAL IMPLIES A %IFT 9 
9VE/M5T RELATIONS2 A RELATIVELY L>G] AM\NT ( CAPITAL IS N[ 9VE/$ 9 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AN 9 LABOR P[]4 ,BUT ! MOD]NIZATION ALL[S FEW] 
WORK]S TO PRODUCE MORE1 & ?IS RAISES ! RATE ( PR(IT DESPITE ! DECL9E 
( APPLI$ LABOR-P[]4 ,/ILL1 !RE >E FEW] WORK]S & A L>G] CAPITAL1 
& ! PROCESS :I* BR\<T IT AB\T MU/ BE REPEAT$ OV] & OV] 
AGA94 

,WE WILL NOT GO 9TO ! TE*NICAL DETAILS ( :Y ! PR(IT-R$UC+ EFFECT 
( A DECL9+ NUMB] ( WORK]S CANNOT P]PETUALLY BE NEUTRALIZ$1 ,OR 
OV]-COMP5SAT$ =1 BY !IR 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY1 & :Y1 = ?AT 
REASON1 ! T5D5CY ( A FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT MU/ TURN 9TO ITS ACTUAL 
DECL9E AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,=1 9 VIEW ( ! PRES5T 
?REAT ( AUTOMATION1 IT IS N[ ALMO/ G5]ALLY DISC]N$1 H[EV] VAGUELY1 
?AT ! GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL MU/ COME TO A PO9T 
:I* W\LD EXCLUDE A FUR!R PROGRESSIVE CAPITAL EXPANSION ?R\< LABOR 
EXPLOITATION4 

,?IS GR[+ CONVICTION IMPLIES AN UNCONSCI\S ACCEPTANCE ( ,M>X'S !ORY 
( ACCUMULATION1 IF ONLY BECAUSE IT IS DRESS$ 9 NON-,M>XIAN T]MS4 ,9/EAD ( 
D$UC+ ! EV5TUAL COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM FROM ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR10 :I* IS ONLY ANO!R EXPRESSION = ! ACCUMULATION ( 
CAPITAL1 ! 9V]T$ 0,M>XI/S0 D$UCE IT FROM ! 
0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL0 & ITS T5D5CY TO DISPLACE LABOR4 ,9 
EI!R CASE1 ! SY/EM ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ?R\< LABOR EXPLOITATION COMES 
TO AN 5D4 ,S9CE ! GR[+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IMPLIES ! GR[+ 
PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL1 & VICE V]SA1 ! 5D ( CAPITALISM BY WAY 
( AUTOMATION EQUATES ) ! 5D ( CAPITALISM = LACK ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,BUT :ATEV] ! !ORY1 ! 5D ( CAPITALISM SEEMS F> AWAY1 BECAUSE 
SURPLUS-VALUE IS /ILL PRODUC$ 9 SUFFICI5T MEASURE TO SECURE ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL )9 ! CONDITIONS ( A DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION1 & AUTOMATION1 CONSID]$ 9 RELATION TO WORLD-CAPITALISM1 IS AS 
YET NO MORE ?AN AN EXOTIC EXCEPTION TO A RA!R /AGNANT TE*NOLOGY4 

,WE WILL RECALL ?AT ,M>X'S ACCUMULATION !ORY OP]ATES ON A HI< LEVEL ( 
AB/RACTION1 :I* ONLY CONSID]S ! ESS5TIALS ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR 
RELATIONS 9 A M5TAL CON/RUCTION1 OR MODEL1 :I* IS NOT A REPLICA ( 
REALITY4 ,! DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 !SE BASIC RELATION%IPS >E 
CONT9U\SLY EI!R PRECIPITAT$ OR C\NT]M&$ BY ACTUAL OCCURR5CES 9 ! 
REAL WORLD ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT1 UNLESS ADJUDG$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! AB/RACT 
!ORY1 ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS W\LD NOT BE UND]/&ABLE1 NOR W\LD !Y 
(F] A CLUE TO ! ACTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO MAKE /ATEM5TS REG>D+ ! ACTUAL 
C\RSE ( EV5TS1 H[EV]1 IT IS ! EV5TS !MSELVES1 NOT ! !ORY :I* 
ELUCIDATES !IR MEAN+1 ?AT >E ( =EMO/ IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS TRUE = ANY 
O!R !ORY & ALSO = ?AT :I* SEES TE*NOLOGY AS ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 
9 ! TOTAL PROCESS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! QUE/ION IS !N NOT :AT 
AUTOMATION C\LD DO1 BUT :AT IT ACTUALLY IS DO+ UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS1 & 
:AT ! CONDITIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE = ITS UNH9D]$ DEVELOPM5T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 AUTOMATION1 :I* 0W\LD TURN WORK-TIME 9TO 
FR+E-TIME & FREE-TIME 9TO FULL-TIME 444 CANNOT BE REALIZ$ )9 ! 
7EXI/+7 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS2 444 IT W\LD MEAN1 PLA9LY1 ! 
F9AL CATA/ROPHE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM40 7#d#d7 ,9 SAY+ ?IS1 ,M>CUSE REFUTES1 AT LEA/ TO SOME 
EXT5T1 ANO!R1 SIMULTANE\SLY-HELD POSITION1 NAMELY1 ?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY 
0TRANSC5DS0 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT :AT IS NEW 9 
TE*NOLOGY IS JU/ ?IS AUTOMATION BUS9ESS1 :I*1 IF 9APPLICABLE 9 
CAPITALISM1 MEANS ?AT ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION ALSO 0TRANSC5DS0 
TE*NOLOGY1 ?AT IS1 DET]M9ES ! DEGREE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO BE SURE1 
!RE IS QUITE A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FULL AUTOMATION & P>TIAL AUTOMATION1 BUT 
:Y IT CAN ONLY BE P>TIAL & NOT FULL1 DEP5DS AGA9 ON ! MODE ( 
PRODUCTION4 

,TRANSC5DANCE MEANS = ,M>CUSE TO 0OV]%OOT ! E/ABLI%$ UNIV]SE 
( DISC\RSE & ACTION T[>DS ITS HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE40 7#d#e7 ,AUTOMATION IS SE5 AS ! 
ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM1 = :I* REASON IT CANNOT BE REALIZ$ 9 
CAPITALISM4 ,S9CE IT APPE>S1 NONE!LESS1 9 CAPITALISM1 IT %\LD1 TO ?AT 
EXT5T1 9DICATE ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( CAPITALISM & NOT ITS 
0/ABILIZATION0 & 09TEGRATION40 ,M>CUSE ASSUMES1 
H[EV]1 ?AT CAPITALISM IS ABLE TO USE ! NEW TE*NOLOGY1 9CLUD+ P>TIAL 
AUTOMATION1 TO SECURE ITS [N EXI/5CE SIMPLY BY RAIS+ LIV+ /&>DS & 
BY AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 WA/E-PRODUCTION4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 H[EV]1 ! 
SY/EM W\LD /ILL BE =C$ TO >RE/ FUR!R TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! 
DIRECTION ( AUTOMATION1 = ! NUMB] ( UNEMPLOYABLES W\LD COME TO EXCE$ 
?AT ( ! EMPLOY$4 ,EV5TUALLY1 A SMALL M9ORITY W\LD HAVE TO PROVIDE = 
! L>GE MAJORITY1 ?US REV]S+ ! USUAL CONDITIONS ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,BUT 
:]E & :5 TO /OP ?IS PROCESS-S9CE ANY ( ITS ASC5D+ /AGES BR+S 
! DISSOLUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM SO MU* NE>]8 

,9 SO F> AS TE*NOLOGY TRANSC5DS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 IT 
PO9TS T[>DS ANO!R SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! DEVELOP+ SOCIAL 
=CES ( PRODUCTION :I* GR[ )1 BUT CANNOT BE ACCOMMODAT$ )91 ! 
CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION CON/ITUTE A SOCIAL CONTRADICTION TO BE 
RESOLV$ BY WAY ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,9 ,M>CUSE'S VIEW1 :I* EXCLUDES A 
SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! TRANSC5D+ TE*NOLOGY DOM9ATES SOCIETY BY ADAPT+ 
ITS SOCIAL RELATIONS TO ! TE*NOLOGY4 ,IT DOES NOT REALLY PO9T TO A 
HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE1 BUT ISSUES 9TO 0! PROGRESSIVE 5SLAVEM5T ( 
MAN BY A PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS :I* P]PETUATES ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 
7#d#f7 ,DESPITE ACKN[L$G$ 
DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! NATIONALIZ$ & ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES1 
,M>CUSE FE>S1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! 9CORPORATION ( CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY 
9TO SOCIALISM WILL %[ !RE ! SAME EVIL EFFECTS AS IT DOES 9 CAPITALISM4 
,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 HE SPECULATES 0AB\T ! POSSIBLE ASSIMILATION ( ! 
TWO SY/EMS40 7#d#g7 ,! MA9 
VILLA9 IS1 !N1 NOT CAPITALISM BUT SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 = IT ?REAT5S 
TO1 OR DOES ALREADY1 NULLIFY ! EFFECTS ( A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION FROM 
CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 

,I,X4 

,IT IS RA!R /RANGE TO F9D ,M>CUSE FOLL[+ ! G5]AL 
PATT]N 9 US+ ! T]MS SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM :5 
REF]R+ TO A SOCIETY SU* AS EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS = 0IDEOLOGICAL 
COMMUNISM10 & = ! B\RGEOISIE PROP]1 = ,M>CUSE1 TOO1 
NATIONALIZATION CREATES 0! SOCIALI/ BASE ( PRODUCTION40 ,= 
,M>CUSE1 H[EV]1 0NATIONALIZATION1 )\T 9ITIATIVE & CONTROL 'FROM 
BEL[' BY ! 'IMM$IATE PRODUC]'1 IS BUT A TE*NOLOGICAL-POLITICAL DEVICE = 
9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 = ACCEL]AT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
PRODUCTIVE =CES & = !IR CONTROL FROM ABOVE - A *ANGE 9 ! MODE 
( DOM9ATION1 RA!R ?AN PR]EQUISITE = ITS ABOLITION40 7#d#h7 ,9 HIS VIEW1 IT IS ?US ONLY A 
HALF-TRU? ?AT ! CLASS RELATIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY SOCIETY >E NO LONG] 
! MOTOR ( ! NATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTION PROCESS2 0! O!R HALF ( ! 
TRU? IS ?AT QUANTITATIVE *ANGE W\LD /ILL HAVE TO TURN 9TO QUALITATIVE 
*ANGE1 9TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,P>TY1 ! ,PLAN1 ETC41 AS 
9DEP5D5T P[]S SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! 9DIVIDUALS40 7#d#i7 ,BUT 9 AS MU* 0AS ?IS 
*ANGE W\LD LEAVE ! MAT]IAL BASE ( SOCIETY 7! NATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTIVE 
PROCESS7 9TACT1 IT W\LD BE CONF9$ TO A POLITICAL REVOLUTION40 7#e7 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 ,M>CUSE 
REM>KS ?AT 0! RUL$ T5D NOT ONLY TO SUBMIT TO ! RUL]S BUT ALSO TO 
REPRODUCE 9 !MSELVES !IR SUBORD9ATION4 ,?IS PROCESS IS NOT SPECIFIC TO 
,SOVIET ,SOCIETY4 ,! MEANS & REW>DS ( HI<LY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 
! WORK & LEISURE ATTITUDES CALL$ =? BY ITS ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION 
& DI/RIBUTION1 E/ABLI% A HUMAN EXI/5CE :I* MAKES = A *ANGE 9 BASIC 
VALUES - = A TRANS=MATION ( FRE$OM 9TO SECURITY40 7#e#a7 

,:AT ,M>X FAIL$ TO =ESEE1 TO COME BACK TO A PREVI\SLY-RAIS$ PO9T1 WAS 
NOT ! G5]AL C\RSE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( ! 
NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION AS A NEW =M ( CAPITALIZATION & EXPLOITATION4 
,TO BE SURE1 HE ALSO SPOKE ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 
BUT ONLY AS A ONCE-UND]TAK5 REVOLUTION>Y ACT & PRELUDE TO ! 9/ITUTION 
( SOCIALISM4 ,= ,M>X1 CAPITALISM WAS PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM1 & :]E 
IT SEEM$ TO LOSE ITS /RICTLY PRIVATE-5T]PRISE NATURE1 AS 9 
/ATE-9DU/RIES1 & EV5 9 ! JO9T /OCK COMPANIES1 HE SAW IT AS A P>TIAL 
ABOLITION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( 
PRODUCTION2 A SIGN ( ! DECAY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,HE DID NOT 
CONTEMPLATE SY/EMS ( /ATE-CAPITALISM SU* AS PREVAIL 9 ! SO-CALL$ 
SOCIALI/ P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,= HIM1 MOREOV]1 ONLY HI<LY-DEVELOP$ 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS CONTA9$ ! PRE-CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM2 ! 
OV]-ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 NOT ITS UND]DEVELOP$ /ATUS1 CAUS$ ?OSE 
P>TICUL> SOCIAL FRICTIONS :I* W]E EXPECT$ TO LEAD TO SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTIONS4 

,BUT ASIDE FROM ,M>X'S 0FAILURE ( PR$ICTION10 IT IS NOT ! 
ADOPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY BY ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ REGIMES :I* 
MAY PREV5T !M FROM TURN+ ! 0HALF-TRU?0 ( !IR DESIGNATION 
AS SOCIALI/ /ATES 9TO ! 0FULL-TRU?0 ( SOCIALI/ FRE$OM4 ,IT 
IS !IR %IFT FROM PRIVATE- TO /ATE-APPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-LABOR :I* 
TURNS ! APP>5T 0HALF-TRU?0 9TO A FULL LIE4 ,IT IS A SOCIAL 
TRANS=MATION1 NOT TE*NOLOGY1 :I* ACC\NTS = ! DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS 9 
! NOM9ALLY SOCIALI/ NATIONS4 ,NOT O!R 0VALUES10 BUT ANO!R 
SOCIAL TRANS=MATION IS CALL$ =1 S9CE ! *ANGE FROM PRIVATE- TO 
/ATE-CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAS PROV$ NOT TO BE A 0BASE ( 
SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION40 

,IT IS A BASE = ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL & !RE=E = ! 
REPRODUCTION ( WAGE-LABOR1 :I* DOES NOT ALL[ A *OICE BETWE5 
0FRE$OM & SECURITY10 BUT1 9 FACT1 EXCLUDES BO?4 ,/ILL1 
NATIONALIZ$ CAPITAL IS ! OPPOSITE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 EV5 ?\< - AS 
REG>DS ! PRODUC]S-BO? =MS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ?RIVE ON EXPLOITATION4 
,?IS IS ! PO9T ( !IR 0ASSIMILATION10 :ILE !Y REMA9 
DIVID$ ON ALL O!R ISSUES4 ,IT IS ?IS COMMON PO9T :I* 5C\RAGES ! 
CURR5T HOPE = !IR EV5TUAL CONV]G5CE4 ,BUT :ILE BO? SY/EMS AGREE ON 
! IMPORTANCE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 !Y DISAGREE ON ! F> MORE IMPORTANT 
QUE/ION AS TO :AT P>TICUL> SOCIAL LAY]S >E TO BE ITS B5EFICI>IES4 ,:ILE 
9 ! 0,SOVIET0 SY/EM W> & EVOLUTION DECID$ ! ISSUE TO ! 
DETRIM5T ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 IT /ILL AGITATES ! 0,WE/]N0 
SY/EM AS AN OPPOSITION TO 9T]NAL SOCIALIZATION & TO ! 
0COMMUNI/0 WORLD4 ,9 VIEW ( ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ 
OPPOSITION1 ! CAPITALI/ OPPOSITION TO 0SOCIALISM0 RE/RICTS 
ITSELF TO BE+ OPPOS$ TO AN EXT5SION ( GOV]NM5T CONTROLS :I* W\LD 
5DANG] & EV5TUALLY DE/ROY ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE *>ACT] ( ! 
ECONOMY4 

,! NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY IS NO LONG] A M>KET ECONOMY1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY 
RETA91 OR RE-9TRODUCE1 SOME QUASI-M>KET RELATIONS SUBORD9AT$ TO OV]ALL 
GOV]NM5T CONTROL4 ,GOOD OR BAD1 IT CAN ACTUALLY PLAN ITS PRODUCTION & 
DI/RIBUTION1 AL?\< ! NATURE ( ! PLANN+ ITSELF IS CO-DET]M9$ BY 
9T]NAL NECESSITIES1 ! WORLD M>KET1 & ! *ANG+ REQUIREM5TS ( ! 
COLD-W> SITUATION4 ,IT CAN PLAN ! AVOIDANCE ( EXPLOITATION BY CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS1 IF NOT ALWAYS 9 TRADE RELATIONS1 AT ANY RATE1 ) RESPECT TO =EIGN 
9VE/M5TS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 IT SETS BORD]S TO ! EXT5SION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION4 ,ITS [N EXI/5CE & EXT5SION 9 SPACE 5DANG]S ! EXI/5CE ( 
PRIVATE CAPITALISM BY LIMIT+ ! LATT]'S EXPANSION4 ,TO SECURE ! CONT9U+ 
EXI/5CE ( ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE SY/EM IT IS !RE=E ESS5TIAL TO CONTA9 
! SPREAD+ ( NATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTION &1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO PUT AN 5D TO IT 
ALTOGE!R4 

,! /RICTNESS ( ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 PRIVATE & GOV]NM5T CONTROL OV] 
! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BETWE5 ! M>KET & ! REGULAT$ CAPITALI/ 
ECONOMY1 SEEMS TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( ! 0MIX$ 
ECONOMY0 & ITS PROJECTION ONTO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E AS A POSSIBLE 
H>MONI\S CO-EXI/5CE ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,( C\RSE1 A /RICTLY 
CAPITALI/ PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ECONOMY NEV] & NO:]E EXI/$2 ! PRIVATE 
SECTOR WAS ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ BY A PUBLIC SECTOR1 :I* V>I$ 9 ITS RELATIVE 
IMPORTANCE ACCORD+ TO SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! DEVELOP+ 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,BUT ! PUBLIC SECTOR WAS REG>D$ NOT AS AN 9DEP5D5T 
SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT AS AN UNAVOIDABLE EXP5SE = ASSUR+ ! PROP] 
FUNCTION+ ( ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,?IS WAS NO LESS SO1 EV5 :]E ! PUBLIC 
SECTOR 9CLUDES - BESIDES ! MILIT>Y CAPITAL - ! TRANSPORTATION 
SY/EM1 UTILITIES1 & O!R SPECIAL 9DU/RIES4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 :E!R MORE OR 
LESS EXT5SIVE1 ! PUBLIC SECTOR ALWAYS DID ACC\NT = ! SMALL] P>T ( 
! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 

,! GOV]NM5TS ( 0MIX$ ECONOMIES0 RE/RICT !IR ECONOMIC 
ACTIVITIES TO NONPRODUCTIVE1 ?AT IS1 NON-PR(ITABLE 5DEAVORS1 AS1 9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = 9/ANCE1 9 NUCLE> & SPACE TE*NOLOGY1 :I* HAVE NO 
CONCEIVABLE APPLICATION 9 O!R FIELDS & CANNOT DIRECTLY F9D COMM]CIAL 
EXPLOITATION4 ,OR !Y 5T] DEFICIT-9DU/RIES1 SU* AS COAL M9+ 9 ,5GL& 
& ,FRANCE1 :I* CAN NO LONG] BE PR(ITABLY OP]AT$ & EXP&$ BY PRIVATE 
CAPITAL1 BUT CAN CONT9UE TO FUNCTION :5 BACK$ BY ! PUBLIC PURSE4 
,GOV]NM5TS MAY ALSO 5T] ! PRIVATE SPH]E ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION BY ! 
CAPITALIZATION ( UND]-CAPITALIZ$ 9DU/RIES ) PUBLIC FUNDS AS 9 ,NORWAY1 
= EXAMPLE1 & 9 ?IS MANN] 9CREASE !IR COMPETITIVE ABILITIES TO ! 
ADVANTAGE ( BO? GOV]NM5T & PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,OR 9DU/RIES MAY BE 
NATIONALIZ$ = POLITICAL REASONS1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! ,SECOND 
,WORLD ,W> TO PUNI% C]TA9 ,FR5* FIRMS :I* HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! 
5EMY4 

,9 :ATEV] MANN]1 & = :ATEV] REASON CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS MAY 5T] 
! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 !Y DO SO TO SUPPORT1 NOT TO DE/ROY1 PRIVATE 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 !ORY1 ( C\RSE1 IT C\LD BE O!RWISE4 ,9 A 
0DEMOCRACY10 IT IS NOT 5TIRELY 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT A GOV]NM5T MAY 
COME TO P[] COMMITT$ TO ! SL[ OR RAPID NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,SU* 
A GOV]NM5T W\LD BE A REVOLUTION>Y1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T1 9 SO F> AS 
CAPITALISM IS ID5TIFI$ ) PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 
ORD] TO REALIZE ITS PROGRAM1 IT W\LD BE =C$ TO DISPLACE ! M>KET 
SY/EM BY A PLANN+ SY/EM1 SO AS TO 5ABLE ITSELF C5TRALLY TO ALLOCATE 
PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES & TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ON A 
NONCOMPETITIVE BASIS4 ,AS F> AS ! CAPITALI/S >E CONC]N$1 IT W\LD BE 
!IR DEA?-W>RANT1 & IT IS NOT EASILY CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y W\LD ACCEPT IT 
)\T PROTE/4 ,MO/ LIKELY1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY W\LD LEAD TO 
CIVIL W>4 ,IT IS FE> ( ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( AN EXT5SIVE 
NATIONALIZATION :I* PREV5TS ?OSE IDEOLOGICALLY COMMITT$ TO IT FROM 
ACTUALLY ATTEMPT+ ITS REALIZATION4 0,LABOR GOV]NM5TS0 9 
,5GL& & ELSE:]E NEV] UTILIZE !IR GOV]NM5TAL P[] TO ADVANCE 
NATIONALIZATION BEYOND ! PO9T :]E IT C\LD NO LONG] BE TOL]AT$ BY 
PRIVATE CAPITAL4 

,X4 

,%ORT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 IT IS HI<LY IMPROBABLE ?AT ! 
M>KET ECONOMY W\LD SL[LY TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS 
EQUALLY IMPROBABLE ?AT A ONCE-NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD RETURN TO CAPITALI/ 
M>KET RELATIONS4 ,! RE/ORATION ( ! M>KET W\LD MEAN ! RE/ORATION ( 
PRIVATE CAPITAL1 IF NOT DE JURE1 AT ANY RATE1 DE FACTO4 ,9 
! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ NATIONS !RE EXI/S ! FALSE CONCEPT ( A 
0PEOPLES' CAPITALISM10 I4E41 A SY/EM :]E9 /OCK-[N]%IP IS 
WIDELY DISP]S$ & :]E1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 !RE >ISES A DIVISION BETWE5 ! 
[N]%IP & ! CONTROL ( CAPITAL4 ,:AT 9T]E/S US H]E IS ONLY ! 
ALLEG$ DIVORCE BETWE5 [N]%IP & CONTROL1 :I* SEEM+LY TURNS ! 
NON-[N+ MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY 9TO ACT+ CAPITALI/S4 ,IF ! FUNCTIONS ( 
! CAPITALI/S CAN BE EX]CIS$ BY MANAGEM5T )\T [N]%IP1 ! REW>DS 
( [N]%IP MAY ALSO BECOME ! REW>DS ( MANAGEM5T4 ,AL?\< H>DLY 
PROBABLE1 IT IS NOT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! MANAG]S ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 9 
COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T1 & ) ! CONS5T ( L>GE LAY]S ( ! 
POPULATION1 MI<T PROCE$ TO RE/ORE A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY BAS$ ON 
PRIVATE PR(IT PRODUCTION1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EA* 5T]PRISE W\LD OP]ATE AS 
ANY PRIVATE 5TREPR5EUR1 OR CORPORATION1 W\LD4 ,AS BE=E1 GOV]NM5T W\LD 
SIPHON (F ! EQUIVAL5T ( ITS [N REQUIREM5TS FROM BO? PAID & UNPAID 
LABOR BY WAY ( TAXES4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD CON/ITUTE A PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION UND] ! GUISE ( A 0MANAG]IAL REVOLUTION10 
& W\LD AT ONCE RE9TRODUCE 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY ALL ! CONTRADICTIONS 
:I* >E IMMAN5T 9 COMPETITIVE PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 

,:AT A PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY CAN 5GAGE 91 %ORT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 
IS A =M ( PSEUDO-PLANN+1 & :AT ! NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY CAN RE/ORE1 
%ORT ( SOCIAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 IS SOME SORT ( PSEUDO-M>KET4 ,9 EI!R 
CASE1 ! SPURI\S M>KET COMPETITION1 OR ! SPURI\S PLANN+ ATTEMPT1 
9DICATE EXI/+ DIFFICULTIES )9 ! M>KET SY/EM OR )9 ! PLANN$ 
ECONOMY4 ,BUT TO COMBAT !SE DIFFICULTIES ) 9/RUM5TALITIES =EIGN TO ! 
RESPECTIVE SY/EMS & !IR SPECIFIC NE$S1 :ILE1 P]HAPS1 ( SOME TEMPOR>Y 
USEFULNESS1 WILL HAVE TO BE >RE/$ 9 TIME TO SECURE ! SY/EMS' BASIC 
*>ACT]I/ICS4 ,!RE IS NO CONGRU5CY BETWE5 ! PLANN$ & ! M>KET 
SY/EM1 EV5 ?\< SOME ECONOMIC-TE*NICAL >RANGEM5TS1 9 DI/9CTION TO 
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 MAY BE COMMON TO BO?4 

,ALL ! /ATE-CAPITALI/1 OR1 IF ONE PREF]S1 /ATE-SOCIALI/1 SY/EMS 
RESEMBLE ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY 9 !IR MA9T5ANCE ( CAPITAL-LABOR 
RELATIONS & !IR ADAPTATIONS ( CAPITALI/IC BUS9ESS ME?ODS4 ,9/EAD ( 
BE+ [N$ BY CAPITALI/S1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E N[ CONTROLL$ BY 
GOV]NM5TS4 ,! LATT] SET A C]TA9 VALUE 79 MONEY T]MS7 UPON PRODUCTIVE 
RES\RCES & EXPECT A GREAT] VALUE 79 MONEY T]MS7 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y 
( PRODUCTION4 ,MONEY WAGES >E PAID TO ! WORK]S1 :OSE FUNCTION IT IS TO 
CREATE A GREAT] VALUE ?AN ?AT REPRES5T$ BY !IR WAGES4 ,! SURPLUS IS 
ALLOCAT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DECISIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT FE$S ! 
NON-WORK+ LAY]S ( SOCIETY1 SECURES NATIONAL DEF5SE1 TAKES C>E ( PUBLIC 
REQUIREM5TS1 & IS RE-9VE/$ 9 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL4 ,ALL ECONOMIC 
TRANSACTIONS >E EI!R EX*ANGE TRANSACTIONS1 OR APPE> AS SU*4 ,LABOR-P[] 
IS SOLD TO MANAGEM5T ( SOME 5T]PRISES & WAGES BUY COMMODITIES FROM 
MANAGEM5T ( O!R 5T]PRISES4 ,!RE IS QUASI-TRADE BETWE5 ! MANAGEM5T ( 
SOME 5T]PRISES & ! MANAGEM5T ( O!R 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS IS C>RI$ ON 
BETWE5 ! V>I\S DIVISIONS ( L>GE CORPORATIONS 9 ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 
& :I* REA*ES ITS COMPLETE =M 9 ! FULLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE ECONOMY4 
,=MALLY1 !RE IS NOT MU* DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PRIVATE-5T]PRISE 
ECONOMY & /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY1 EXCEPT ! C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL OV] 
! SURPLUS-PRODUCT1 OR SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,ALL ACTUALLY-EXI/+ /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS W]E1 OR >E1 TO BE F\ND 9 
CAPITAL-POOR NATIONS4 ,!IR FIR/ REQUIREM5T IS ! =MATION ( CAPITAL AS A 
PRE-SUPPOSITION = !IR NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & AS PRECONDITION = ! 
9T5D$ SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,B\ND MORE OR LESS 
7DEP5D+ ON ! C\NTRY & ITS P>TICUL> SITUATION7 TO ! CAPITALI/IC 
09T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR10 !Y MU/ RELATE !IR 
ECONOMIES TO WORLD M>KET CONDITIONS1 & MU/ P>TAKE 9 9T]NATIONAL 
COMM]CIAL COMPETITION1 :I* LIMITS OR EXCLUDES A POSSIBLE DESIRE ON !IR 
P>T NOT TO MAKE ! MONEY-ECONOMY & ITS EXPANSION ! MOTIVE =CE ( !IR 
ACTIVITIES4 

,! EMPHASIS IS ON ACCUMULATION & !RE) ON EXPLOITATION - :I* 
ALSO *>ACT]IZES ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,! 0SOCIALIZATION0 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS H]E /ILL 
ONLY ! NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL AS CAPITAL1 I4E41 ?\< PRIVATE [N]%IP 
NO LONG] EXI/S1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAVE /ILL ! *>ACT] ( CAPITAL 
BY BE+ CONTROLL$ BY GOV]NM5T 9/EAD ( BE+ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! :OLE 
( SOCIETY4 ,AL?\< PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS N[ EXCLUD$1 ! 
EXPLOITATION ( M5 BY M5 CONT9UES BY WAY ( AN UNEQUAL SY/EM ( 
DI/RIBUTION ) RESPECT TO BO? ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! 
CONDITIONS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS P]PETUATES COMPETITION AS A /RUGGLE = 
LUCRATIVE POSITIONS & BETT]-PAID JOBS1 & C>RIES ! ANTAGONISMS ( 
CAPITALISM 9TO ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,/ATE-CAPITALISM IS /ILL A SURPLUS-LABOR PRODUC+ SY/EM1 BUT IT IS NO 
LONG] A SY/EM :I* F9DS ITS 0REGULATION0 ?R\< M>KET 
COMPETITION & CRISIS4 ,! SURPLUS-PRODUCT NO LONG] REQUIRES COMPETITION 9 
ORD] TO BE REALIZ$ AS PR(IT2 IT D]IVES ITS SPECIFIC MAT]IAL *>ACT]1 & 
ITS DI/RIBUTION1 FROM CONSCI\S DECISIONS ON ! P>T ( ! /ATE'S PLANN+ 
AG5CIES4 ,?AT !SE DECISIONS >E CO-DET]M9$ BY 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC & 
POLITICAL COMPETITION & BY ! REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULATION DOES NOT *ANGE 
! FACT ?AT ! LACK ( AN 9T]NAL CAPITAL M>KET DEM&S A 
C5TRALLY-DET]M9$ DIRECT SY/EM ( DECISION-MAK+ ) REG>D TO ! 
ALLOCATION ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL LABOR & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL 
PRODUCT4 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! USE ( QUASI-M>KET RELATIONS IS A CONV5I5CE1 
SO TO SPEAK1 NOT A NECESSITY1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY HAVE BE5 =C$ UPON ! 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS BY CIRCUM/ANCES !Y W]E UNWILL+ TO RESI/4 ,9 ! 
,U4,S4,S4,R41 = EXAMPLE1 ! QUASI-M>KET RELATIONS PROVIDE 5T]PRISES ) A 
QUASI-AUTONOMY1 ! CONSUM]S ) A QUASI-FRE$OM ( *OICE ( CONSUMPTION1 
& ! WORK]S ) A QUASI-*OICE ( OCCUPATION4 ,BUT ALL !SE QUASI-M>KET 
RELATIONS >E SUBORD9AT$ TO OV]-ALL DIRECTION BY GOV]NM5T4 

,)9 DEF9ITE LIMITS1 ?IS RE/RICT$ 0FREE PLAY0 ( M>KET 
=CES CAN BE EXT5D$ OR CONTRACT$ )\T S]I\SLY AFFECT+ ! PLANN+ 
SY/EM AS SU*4 ,PRES5TLY1 IT IS EXT5D$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS WILL MAKE = 
GREAT] 0EFFICI5CY10 )\T DIM9I%+ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! 
PLANN+ SY/EM4 ,IT 9VOLVES SOME DE-C5TRALIZATION ( ! DECISION-MAK+ 
PROCESS & MORE SELF-DET]M9ATION = 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES - NOT 9 
OPPOSITION TO1 BUT 9 SUPPORT (1 ! OV]ALL DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY AS A 
:OLE4 ,! GOAL IS NOT TO *ANGE ! *>ACT] ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT M]ELY TO 
PROVIDE IT ) A GREAT] PR(ITABILITY ?R\< A MORE EXT5SIVE USE ( 
CAPITALI/IC 9C5TIVES4 

,9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES >E GIV5 MORE LEEWAY 9 DET]M9+ !IR PRODUCTION 
PROCESSES1 SO AS TO FULFILL & EXCEL !IR PLANN$ PRODUCTION QUOTAS2 A 
GREAT] REG>D = CONSUM]S' PREF]5CES IS EXPECT$ TO AID PRODUCTION PLANS 
& TO ELIM9ATE WA/E2 9T]E/ *>GES ON BORR[$ CAPITAL >E SUPPOS$ TO 
LEAD TO GREAT] ECONOMIC RATIONALITY 9 9VE/M5T DECISIONS2 WAGE DIFF]5CES 
)9 ! PLANT >E LEFT TO SOME EXT5T TO ! DISCRETION ( MANAGEM5T2 
PORTIONS ( ! PR(ITS MADE ?R\< HI<] PRODUCTIVITY & IMPROV$ 
ORGANIZATION MAY BE RETA9$ BY MANAGEM5T & REFLECT$ 9 WAGE 9CREASES4 
,!SE & O!R 09NOVATIONS0 >E 9T5D$ TO ACC5TUATE 
:AT HAS ALWAYS EXI/$1 NAMELY1 ! USE ( CAPITALI/IC 9C5TIVES 9 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,!Y DO NOT AFFECT ! CONTROL ( 9VE/M5TS BY 
GOV]NM5T1 NOR1 TO ?AT 5D1 ! CONTROL ( TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION & ITS 
DIVISION 9 ACCORDANCE ) A G5]AL PLAN4 ,:]E EV] ! \TCOME ( !SE 
09NOVATIONS0 DOES NOT SUIT ! G5]AL PLAN1 A GOV]NM5T VETO CAN 
*ANGE ! SITUATION EI!R BY DECREE OR ?R\< A *ANGE 9 PRIC+ POLICIES4 
,! LIMIT$ 0FREE M>KET0 CAN AT ANY TIME BE SUSP5D$ BY ! REAL 
P[] RELATIONS BEH9D ! PSEUDO-M>KET RELATIONS4 

,IT %\LD BE OBVI\S 9 ANY CASE ?AT AT A TIME :5 NOT EV5 ! 
PRIVATE-5T]PRISE SY/EM IS ABLE TO EXI/ EXCEPT ?R\< EXT5SIVE GOV]NM5T 
9T]V5TIONS1 NO /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM WILL F9D ITSELF ON ! ROAD ( 
RETURN TO ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE SY/EM4 ,9 FACT1 ITS ONLY ADVANTAGE OV] ! 
LATT] CONSI/S ( ITS COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 TO COMP5SATE 
= ITS ECONOMIC 9EFFECTIV5ESS VIS-A-VIS ! HI<LY-DEVELOP$ 
PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM DOES NOT SUFF] ?AT 
P>TICUL> CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PR(ITABLE & NON-PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION :I* 
PLAGUES PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM1 & :I* (F]S AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO 
/AGNATION ONLY ITS DE/RUCTION AS A PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,HAV+ ?IS 
DE/RUCTION ALREADY BEH9D ITSELF1 ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY MAY ALSO 
PRODUCE PR(ITABLY & NON-PR(ITABLY1 BUT ?IS NE$ NOT LEAD TO 
/AGNATION4 

,NOT TO DIGRESS ANY FUR!R1 WE WILL M]ELY EMPHASIZE ?AT AN 9DEF9ITE 
PEACEFUL CO-EXI/5CE ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ & M>KET-ORI5T$ ECONOMIES IS NO 
LESS ILLUSORY ?AN ! 9DEF9ITE EXI/5CE ( ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 
AS A M>KET-ECONOMY4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS PRECISELY ! ADVANC+ /ATE-CONTROL 9 
! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES :I* ACC5TUATES ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO 
DIFF]5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EMS4 ,! W>S BETWE5 ID5TICAL CAPITALI/ SY/EMS 
HAVE MADE IT CLE> ?AT CAPITAL COMPETITION TURNS 9TO IMP]IALI/IC 
COMPETITION & ?AT W>S W\LD OCCUR EV5 IF !RE W]E NOT A S+LE 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ NATION4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> DEMON/RAT$ ! FEASIBILITY ( 
TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCES BETWE5 /ATE-CAPITALI/ & 0LIB]ALI/IC0 
SY/EMS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION2 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ! 
BASIC IRRECONCILABILITY ( !SE TWO SY/EMS1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ( 
NEWLY->IS+ CONFLICT+ NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/IC 9T]E/S BUT ALSO BECAUSE 
( !IR DIFF]5T SOCIAL /RUCTURES4 ,F> FROM BR++ 
0TRADITIONAL0 CAPITALISM CLOS] TO /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMIES1 ! 
ADV5T ( ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 9T5SIFIES !IR 5MITIES1 IF ONLY 
TO CURTAIL ! EXPANSION ( /ATE-CONTROL 9 ! M>KET ECONOMIES4 ,9 CURR5T 
POLITICAL T]MS1 ! 0CONTA9M5T ( COMMUNISM0 BECOMES A 
PRE-CONDITION = ! CONT9U+ EXI/5CE ( ! PRIVATE-5T]PRISE 
SY/EM4 

,X,I4 

,M>CUSE SEES ! FACTOR ( CO-EXI/5CE AS BO? A DIVISIVE & A 
UNIFY+ =CE4 ,IT IS COMPETITION :I*1 9 HIS VIEW1 DI/ORTS BUT ALSO 
0B5EFITS0 BO? SY/EMS2 IT EXPLA9S ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( 
0COMMUNISM0 AS WELL AS ! UNLEA%$ PRODUCTIVITY ( 
CAPITALISM4 

,IT EXPLA9S1 TOO1 ! UNSAVORY ASPECTS ( BO? SY/EMS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 
,M>CUSE ?9KS ?AT 0! SITUATION ( HO/ILE CO-EXI/5CE MAY EXPLA9 
! T]RORI/IC FEATURES ( ,/AL9I/ 9DU/RIALIZATION40 7#e#b7 ,H[EV]1 ALL CAPITALI/IC EXI/5CE 
IS HO/ILE CO-EXI/5CE4 ,T]RORISM1 MOREOV]1 WAS NOT CONF9$ TO ,/AL9'S 
,RUSSIA1 NOR DID IT F9D ITS ROOTS !RE SO MU* 9 HO/ILE CO-EXI/5CE AS 9 
! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT-ECONOMY 9TO /ATE-CONTROLL$ 
ECONOMY4 ,9 SO F> AS ! T]ROR HAD A 0RATIONAL0 GR\ND1 IT WAS 
! 9CONGRUITY BETWE5 C5TRALI/IC PLANN+ & M>KET PRODUCTION :I* 
9DUC$ ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME TO DE/ROY ! BUDD+ PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( PEASANT FANN+ & SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ?AT ,RUSSIA'S =C$ 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS NECESS>Y TO 
SECURE ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT HO/ILE 
CO-EXI/5CE :I* L$ TO ! DI/ORTION ( 0SOCIALISM02 T]ROR WAS US$ 
TO 5D ! CO-EXI/5CE ) ! POT5TIAL 09T]NAL 5EMY10 ?AT 
IS1 ) ! PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 PEASANT PRODUCTION1 
:I* ?REAT5$ TO UNDO ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 
REVOLUTION4 ,NEI!R DOES CO-EXI/5CE EXPLA9 ! APP>5T CONSOLIDATION ( 
CAPITALISM1 TO 5ABLE ONE TO SAY1 AS ,M>CUSE FEELS 9CL9$ TO DO1 ?AT 
0COMMUNISM HAS BECOME ! DOCTOR BY ! SICK-B$ ( CAPITALISM40 ,IF 
IT W]E NOT = COMMUNISM1 HE SAYS1 0IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLA9 
! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC UNIFICATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,WORLD40 7#e#c7 

,! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC UNIFICATION ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ( :I* 
,M>CUSE SPEAKS1 DOES NOT REALLY EXI/4 ,M>CUSE HIMSELF RECOGNIZES ?AT 
0!RE >E /ILL NUM]\S CONTRADICTIONS AMONG ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S 
BUT10 9 HIS VIEW1 0!SE CONTRADICTIONS NO LONG] SEEM LIKELY TO 
LEAD1 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 TO ! \TBREAK ( W>40 7#e#d7 ,BUT ! UNLIKELIHOOD ( W> AMONG 
! CAPITALI/ P[]S - BY ITSELF - DOES NOT MAKE = POLITICAL & 
ECONOMIC UNIFICATION ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,IT WAS W> ITSELF1 9 FACT1 :I* 
L$ TO ?AT DEGREE ( 0UNIFICATION0 ( :I* ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 
IS CAPABLE1 NAMELY1 ! COMB9ATION ( SOME NATIONS AGA9/ A COMB9ATION ( 
O!R NATIONS4 ,UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 AS PO9T$ \T BE=E1 W> NO LONG] 
(F]S A WAY \T = CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT CAPITALISM WILL 
NOT RESORT TO W>1 OR ?AT W> WILL NOT OV]:ELM CAPITALISM4 ,9 FACT1 ! 
SMALL-SCALE W>S PRES5TLY WAG$ MAY BE SE5 AS ! H>B+]S ( NEW 
WORLD-WIDE CONFLAGRATIONS :I*1 AS SU*1 MAY EXPLA9 :AT MEASURE ( 
CAPITALI/IC UNITY /ILL 5DURES4 

,! ONLY 0UNIFICATION0 ( :I* CAPITALISM IS CAPABLE1 & :I* 
AM\NTS TO MORE ?AN A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE = WAG+ W>1 IS UNIFICATION BY WAY 
( ABSORPTION1 ?R\< ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONC5TRATION & 
C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 ?IS REQUIRES A 
0FREE0 WORLD M>KET & ! 0FREE0 MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL2 
9 O!R WORDS N9ETE5?-C5TURY CONDITIONS SU* AS ALL[$ = SOME DEGREE ( 
CAPITALI/IC 9TEGRATION 9 ECONOMIC T]MS4 ,?IS 0UNITY0 BY WAY ( 
M>KET RELATIONS IS IRRETRIEVABLY LO/4 ,ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION MU/ N[ BE 
BR\<T AB\T BY POLITICAL MEANS1 BY GOV]NM5T ACTIVITIES1 ?R\< ALLIANCES1 
:I* SET GR\PS ( NATIONS AGA9/ O!R GR\PS ( NATIONS4 ,A REAL ECONOMIC 
FUSION ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD W\LD IMPLY ! SACRIFICE ( ! PR(ITABILITY 
PR9CIPLE 9 FAVOR ( A RATIONAL ALLOCATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES 
ACCORD+ TO NATIONAL NE$S2 9 BRIEF1 IT W\LD IMPLY ! ABOLITION ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,%ORT ( ?IS1 09TEGRATION0 CAN ONLY MEAN ! CREATION 
( SPH]ES ( 9T]E/S1 ( ECONOMIC BLOCS1 OPPOS$ TO O!R ECONOMIC BLOCS4 
,BUT ! CREATION ( SU* BLOCS ATTE/S TO NO MORE ?AN AN 9T5SIFI$ CAPITAL 
COMPETITION 9 A %R9K+ WORLD M>KET4 ,& EV5 !SE LIMIT$ =MS ( 
CAPITALI/ 0UNIFICATION0 NECESSITATE CONDITIONS ( PROSP]ITY4 
,UND] CRISIS CONDITIONS !Y FALL AP>T AGA9 AS EA* NATION SEEKS TO EXTRICATE 
ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R NATIONS4 

,DESIGN$ & BUILT-UP ) A VIEW T[>DS AN EXP&+ WORLD M>KET1 ! 
PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS 9 ! CAPITALI/ICALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES EXCE$S ! 
SCOPE ( !IR NATIONAL M>KETS4 ,AS ?IS IS MORE OR LESS TRUE = ALL 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 !IR COMB9$ PRODUCTION EXCE$S ! SCOPE ( ! WORLD 
M>KET1 UNLESS ?IS WORLD M>KET %\LD EXP& AS FA/ AS 9DU/RIAL 
PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! PA/ IT PROV$ MORE PR(ITABLE = ,WE/]N CAPITALISM TO 
RE/RICT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T TO ITS [N P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,ONCE ?IS 
MONOPOLI/IC POSITION WAS REA*$ & CONSOLIDAT$1 IT C\LD NOT FREELY BE 
GIV5 UP )\T S]I\SLY DI/URB+ ! :OLE FABRIC ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 
,TO PRES]VE ! NON-9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES AS M>KETS = ! MANUFACTUR+ 
9DU/RIES ( ! 9DU/RIAL NATIONS WAS !N ! COMM]CIAL POLICY ( ALL 
DEVELOP$ NATIONS1 & WAS POLITICALLY 5=C$ 9 C\NTRIES UND] !IR 
CONTROL4 ,QUITE ASIDE FROM ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT ! UND]DEVELOP$ 
C\NTRIES1 IF !Y HAD BE5 LEFT ALONE1 W\LD HAVE 9ITIAT$ 9DU/RIAL 
DEVELOPM5T ON !IR [N1 ! PRES5CE & DOM9ANCE ( ! COLONIAL P[]S 
W]E H9DRANCE 5\< & SUBJECT$ :ATEV] DEVELOPM5T !RE WAS TO !IR [N 
NE$S4 ,NATURE ITSELF1 IT WAS ASS]T$1 DE/9$ SOME C\NTRIES TO BE PRODUC]S 
( 9DU/RIAL COMMODITIES & O!RS TO BE PRODUC]S ( PRIM>Y PRODUCTS4 ,MORE 
?AN A 0NATURAL FACT01 IT WAS ALSO AN ECONOMIC CONV5I5CE1 AS ELUCIDAT$ 
BY ! !ORY ( COMP>ATIVE CO/S1 I4E41 ! NOTION ?AT IT WAS MORE 
0ECONOMICAL0 TO PRODUCE PRIM>Y PRODUCTS 9 PRIM>Y-GOODS PRODUC+ 
C\NTRIES AS WELL AS MORE 0ECONOMICAL0 TO PRODUCE 9DU/RIAL 
COMMODITIES 9 9DU/RIAL NATIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 SUPPOS$LY1 EV]YONE GA9$ BY 
! 09T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR01 ?AT IS1 BY ! DIVISION ( ! 
WORLD 9TO 9DU/RIAL & NON-9DU/RIAL NATIONS4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 ! EX 
*ANGE BETWE5 !SE C\NTRIES WAS ALWAYS ADVANTAGE\S TO ! DEVELOP$ ONES 
& DISADVANTAGE\S TO ! UND]DEVELOP$4 

,! 5RI*M5T ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD WAS ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! 
NON-CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,BECAUSE ( ! COLONIAL & SEMI-COLONIAL *>ACT] ( 
! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 ATTEMPTS ON !IR P>T TO ESCAPE ! DEBILITAT+ 
SITUATIONS ( AN 09T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR0 DET]M9$ BY1 
& FAVOR+1 ! CAPITALIZATION NE$S ( ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS 
REQUIRES POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 LEAD+ TO SOME DEGREE ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 
:I* ASSURES A NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T DIFF]5T FROM ?AT DECID$ BY ! 
M>KET-DET]M9$ 0SELF-EXPANSION0 ( CAPITAL4 ,9 SO F> AS IT WAS 
POSSIBLE AT ALL1 !IR CAPITALI/IC TRANS=MATION APPE>S !N AS A NATIONAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 & (T5 AS A NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS1 ( 
C\RSE1 A V]Y COMPLEX PROCESS1 9VOLV+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & NATIONAL 
IDEOLOGIES2 & TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 IT REQUIRES FAVORABLE CONDITIONS SU* AS 
GR[ \T ( ! DISRUPTIONS ( WORLD ECONOMY ?R\< CRISES & W>S4 

,:]EAS ! NATIONALISM ( ! LA/ C5TURY EXT5D$ ! 0FREE WORLD 
M>KET0 & ?AT DEGREE ( ECONOMIC 09T]DEP5D5CY0 
POSSIBLE UND] CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL =MATION - 9 SPITE ( ALL 
! PROTECTIONISM :I* WAS TACTICALLY EMPLOY$ - PRES5T-DAY NATIONALISM 
>OSE 9 OPPOSITION TO ! RESULTS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ON A 
0FREE WORLD M>KET40 ,! CAPITALIZATION ( ! UND]-DEVELOP$ P>T 
( ! WORLD PROCE$S 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,WE/]N CAPITAL MONOPOLY1 S9CE ! 
LATT] IS NEI!R WILL+ NOR ABLE TO CAPITALIZE ! WORLD4 ,CAPITAL MOVEM5TS 
>E GOV]N$ BY PR(ITABILITY &1 MORE REC5TLY1 BY CONSID]ATIONS ( 
SECURITY4 ,! MO/ PR(ITABLE ECONOMIES ATTRACT MO/ ( ! WORLD'S CAPITAL & 
9CREASE !IR PRODUCTIVITY ACCORD+LY4 ,?IS DIM9I%ES CONT9UALLY ! 
ALREADY PREC>I\S COMPETITIVE ABILITY ( LESS-PRODUCTIVE1 UND]-CAPITALIZ$ 
NATIONS1 & ASSURES !IR 9T5SIFI$ EXPLOITATION UND] EXI/+ 
9T]NATIONAL M>KET RELATIONS4 ,POOR 9 CAPITAL1 !Y >E DE/9$ TO BECOME 
POOR] 9 EV]Y RESPECT ?R\< ! CON/ANT WID5+ ( ! PRODUCTIVITY-GAP 
BETWE5 ! DEVELOP$ & ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 

,MO/ ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS DO NOT HAVE AN 9DU/RY ABLE TO GR[ & 
PROSP] ?R\< PROTECTION FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 ,SU* 9DU/RY HAS FIR/ TO 
BE CREAT$4 ,BUT ! EXTRACTION ( SURPLUS-LABOR = ! REQUIR$ CAPITAL 
DEVELOPM5T \T ( A L>GE & PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT POPULATION - ALREADY 
CLOSE TO ! />VATION LEVEL - IS1 IF POSSIBLE AT ALL1 A LONG-DRAWN-\T1 
GRUESOME UND]TAK+ REQUIR+ ! WORK ( G5]ATIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$1 
NEV]!LESS1 UND] MORE OR LESS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT IT NECESSITATES ! 
ELIM9ATION ( =EIGN EXPLOITATION & ! OV]-ALL CONTROL ( ! NATIONAL 
ECONOMY SO ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T WILL HAVE PRIORITY OV] PRIVATE 
9T]E/S4 ,?IS BR+S !SE ECONOMIES 9 DEADLY CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) !IR 
[N TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES1 OP]AT+1 AS !Y DO1 )9 ! CONDITIONS ( 
! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET1 BUT ALSO ) ! M>KET-DET]M9$ /RUCTURE ( 
WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,NOT ONLY DO ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION T5D5CIES IMMAN5T 9 
COMPETITIVE CAPITAL PRODUCTION IMP$E ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( WORLD 
PRODUCTION1 9 TIME1 & BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+ PAUP]IZATION ( ! 
UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS ( ! WORLD2 !Y ALSO DELIMIT ! EXPANSION ( ! 
CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL 9 ! ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,BY FO/]+ ONLY ! 
EXPLOITATION ( PRIM>Y GOODS1 BY TRANSF]R+ PR(ITS MADE 9 !SE >EAS TO 
! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS1 & BY WAY ( T]MS ( TRADE FAVOR+ ! 
DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ! UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS' ABILITY TO BUY 
MANUFACTUR$ GOODS IS PROGRESSIVELY R$UC$4 ,! POOR] ! UND]DEVELOP$ 
NATIONS BECOME1 ! LESS !Y (F] A M>KET = ! PRODUCTS ( ! 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,! MORE !Y DELIV] TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 
! LESS !Y RECEIVE FROM IT1 & ! LESS ABLE !Y >E TO CAPITALIZE 
!MSELVES & TO 9CREASE ) ! G5]AL DEM& ALSO ! DEM& = GOODS 
FROM ! DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 

,! /ATE ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>T ( ! WORLD TE/IFIES TO CAPITALISM'S 
9ABILITY TO EXT5D ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION 9TO A WORLD SY/EM4 ,ALL IT WAS ABLE 
TO DO WAS TO CREATE ! WORLD M>KET1 & IT WAS ?IS CREATION ITSELF :I* 
DIVID$ ! WORLD 9TO 0POOR0 & 0RI*0 NATIONS4 ,! 
AMASS+ ( CAPITAL TO PRIVATE ACC\NT DISREG>DS ALL REAL SOCIAL NE$S1 
NATIONALLY & 9T]NATIONALLY1 YET BY DO+ SO1 CAPITAL PRODUCTION COMES 9TO 
ALWAYS %>P] CONFLICT ) ! ACTUAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! WORLD POPULATION4 
,IT ALSO DE/ROYS ITS M>KETS AT A TIME :51 9 VIEW ( ITS 9CREAS$ 
PRODUCTIVITY & PRODUCTION1 IT %\LD EXT5D !M MORE ?AN EV] BE=E2 BUT 
?IS IS ONLY AN 9DICATION ?AT M>KET RELATIONS >E N[ COMPLETELY \T ( ANY 
K9D ( H>MONY ) ! PRODUCTIVE =CES RELEAS$ BY CAPITALISM1 OR1 :AT IS 
! SAME ?+1 CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS HAVE BECOME AN OB/ACLE TO A 
FUR!R EXPANSION ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE4 

,! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-LABOR1 OR PR(IT1 :I* S ITSELF DIM9I%+ 
BECAUSE ( ! /RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS1 IS ONLY 
HALF1 ?\< ! BASIC HALF1 ( ! DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION4 ,! O!R HALF CONC]NS ! PROBLEM ( PR(IT REALIZATION1 ! NE$1 
?AT IS1 TO SELL ! PRODUC$ COMMODITIES AT PRICES GU>ANTEE+ ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL4 ,! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION ?R\< 9CREAS+ 
PRODUCTIVITY MU/ LEAD TO ! EXT5SION ( M>KETS1 = O!RWISE CAPITAL WILL 
NOT ONLY BE UNPR(ITABLE BUT W\LD 9 P>T BE LO/4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A S+LE CAPITAL1 AN 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY1 & 
EV5 AUTOMATION1 IS NO D\BT A GOOD ?+1 IF ?IS CAPITAL IS !REBY 5ABL$ 
TO 5L>GE ITS M>KET ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( LESS-EFFICI5T COMPETITORS4 
,:AT IT LOSES 9 ! PRODUCTION ( PR(ITS BECAUSE ( ! DECREASE ( 
SURPLUS-LABOR1 SO TO SPEAK1 IT REGA9S & EXCE$S ?R\< ! 5L>GEM5T ( 
ITS M>KET4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL IS NOT AW>E1 NOR C\LD IT BE 
AW>E1 ( ! LOSS ( PR(IT ?R\< ! LOSS ( SURPLUS-LABOR1 AS ITS ONLY 
CONSID]ATIONS >E ITS PRODUCTION CO/S & ITS RETURNS ON SALES4 ,! DECL9E 
9 SURPLUS-LABOR %[S ITSELF ONLY SOCIALLY AS ! DECL9E 9 ! AV]AGE RATE 
( PR(IT ON TOTAL CAPITAL1 :I* IS M]ELY AN ADDITIONAL REASON = EA* 
CAPITAL TO MA9TA9 ITS [N PR(ITABILITY ?R\< ! EXPANSION ( ITS CAPITAL4 
,IT IS 9 ?IS FA%ION ?AT ! DECL9E ( PR(ITABILITY ACC5TUATES ! SE>* 
= GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY & !RE) ! SE>* = NEW M>KETS4 ,AS ?IS IS A 
WORLD ( MANY NATIONS1 ! PROCESS GO+ ON 9 EA* NATION SEP>ATELY IS 
REPEAT$ ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ?AT ! CAPITAL 
CONC5TRATION PROCESS F9DS AN 9T]NATIONAL EXT5SION4 ,JU/ AS 9 A S+LE 
NATION ! MORE EFFICI5T CAPITALS USURP A L>G] M>KET AT ! EXP5SE ( 
LESS-EFFICI5T CAPITALS1 SO ! MORE PRODUCTIVE NATIONS ATTEMPT TO 9CREASE 
!IR %>ES ( ! WORLD M>KET AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT IMPLIES 
! DE/RUCTION ( WEAK] CAPITALS ABROAD JU/ AS IT IMPLIES !IR DE/RUCTION 
AT HOME4 ,ONLY ABROAD IT IS MORE DIFFICULT2 NATIONS RESI/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( 
O!R CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,COMPETITION IS BO? ECONOMIC & POLITICAL & 9 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ITS POLITICAL =M TAKES PREC$5CE4 

,AT A TIME :5 ! FUR!R CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! FUR!R 9CREASE 
9 PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! HI<LY-ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS >E YIELD+ 
DIM9I%+ RETURNS1 !SE NATIONS LOOK MORE 9T5TLY TO ! \TSIDE WORLD = 
PR(ITS & M>KETS :I* WILL SECURE !IR SOLV5CY-NOT TO SPEAK ( !IR 
EXPANSION REQUIREM5TS4 ,BUT ! HORIZON ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & ITS 
REALIZATION N>R[S = ! 0FREE0 M>KET ECONOMIES AS 9DU/RY 
BEG9S TO DEVELOP 9 HI!RTO RAW-MAT]IAL PRODUC+ >EAS1 & AS ! RISE ( 
A 0SECOND WORLD M>KET0 - DOM9AT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! 
NEWLY-DEVELOP+ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS - %R9KS ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 
M>KET ( OLD4 ,AS ! NEW SY/EM SPREADS1 OPPORTUNITIES = ! OLD CONTRACT1 
& ?IS AT A TIME :5 IT MU/ EXP& TO SECURE A FUTURE = ! 
PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,CAPITALI/IC WORLD POLITICS CONSI/S !N 9 
KEEP+ OP5 ! CLOS+ WORLD ( PRIVATE PR(IT PRODUCTION1 IF NECESS>Y BY 
! PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,! 0DEF5SE0 
( ! 0FREE WORLD0 IS ! DEF5SE ( A P>TICUL> SY/EM ( PR(IT 
PRODUCTION :I* RI<TLY FEELS ITSELF ?REAT5$ BY ! RESULTS ( ITS [N 
HI/ORY4 

,! PRES5T WORLD SITUATION AS WELL AS ! CONDITIONS 9 ! SEP>ATE 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS >E NOT AS ,M>CUSE BELIEVES1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY /ABILIZATION1 
ORGANIZATION1 & 9TEGRATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD IS F> 
MORE UN/ABLE1 DISORGANIZ$1 & DIS9TEGRAT$ ?AN IT WAS1 SAY1 FIFTY YE>S 
AGO4 ,! CURR5T MIXTURE ( FREE & CONTROLL$ PRODUCTION1 ( FREE 
& CONTROLL$ M>KET RELATIONS1 9/EAD ( MAK+ = GREAT] ORD]1 
EXCLUDE BO? AN 0AUTOMATIC0 & A 0CONTROLL$0 
9TEGRATION ( BO? ! NATIONAL & ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,MOREOV]1 NATIONALISM 
AS IMP]IALISM1 & NATIONALISM 9 OPPOSITION TO IMP]IALISM LEAD TO AN ALWAYS 
GREAT] 9T]NATIONAL DECOMPOSITION AT A TIME :5 ! ACTUAL WORLD CONDITIONS 
& ! PHYSICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES >E 9 NE$ ( ! CLOSE/ ECONOMIC 
9TEGRATION SO AS TO SATISFY ! MO/ IMM$IATE REQUIREM5TS ( ! WORLD 
POPULATION4 

,X,I,I4 

,CAPITALISM HAS LONG CEAS$ TO BE A SOCIALLY-PROGRESSIVE SY/EM 
( PRODUCTION & HAS BECOME - NOT)/&+ ALL ! SUP]FICIAL 
APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y - A REGRESSIVE & DE/RUCTIVE =M ( SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION4 ,IT HAS L$ TO ! DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO A FEW 
HI<LY-9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES & A L>GE NUMB] ( NATIONS UNABLE TO LIFT 
!MSELVES \T ( A /ATE ( 9CREAS+ POV]TY4 ,YET ! DE/9IES ( ALL 
NATIONS >E 9EXTRICABLY 9T]TW9$2 IT IS ! SITUATION AS A :OLE1 ! WORLD 
SITUATION1 :I* F9ALLY DET]M9ES ! FUTURE ( ANY & ALL NATIONS4 ,! 
PROSPECTS = EV5 ! MO/ PROSP]\S C\NTRIES MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 ! 
LI<T ( EXI/+ WORLD CONDITIONS1 & SE5 9 ?IS WAY !Y >E 9DE$ BLEAK4 
,! CONDITIONS = PROSP]ITY =M RA!R SMALL CASES 9 A HUGE DES]T ( HUMAN 
MIS]Y4 

,NO LONG] ABLE TO EXTRACT \T ( !IR [N WORK+ POPULATIONS ! 
QUANTITIES ( SURPLUS-LABOR ?AT W\LD SECURE A PR(ITABLE PRIVATE CAPITAL 
ACCUMULATION1 ! DOM9AT+ CAPITALI/ P[]S F9D ?AT ! S\RCES ( 
SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>T ( ! WORLD >E ALSO DRY+ UP4 
,OV]-ACCUMULATION 9 ! DEVELOP$ NATIONS IS1 9 L>GE P>T1 RESPONSIBLE = 
! LACK ( ACCUMULATION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$4 ,BECAUSE PR(ITS CAN NO LONG] 
SUFFICI5TLY BE 9CREAS$ BY A FUR!R GR[? ( CAPITAL 9 ! 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 !Y >E ALSO DIM9I%+ 9 ! BACKW>D 
NATIONS BECAUSE ( !IR LACK ( CAPITAL4 ,TO KEEP ON EXPLOIT+ ! BACKW>D 
>EAS WILL SL[LY DE/ROY !IR EXPLOITABILITY4 ,BUT NOT TO EXPLOIT !M MEANS 
TO R$UCE EV5 MORE ! ALREADY 9SUFFICI5T PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL 9 ! 
ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,!Y WILL ?US TRY TO 9CREASE RA!R ?AN TO RELAX !IR 
EXPLOITATION1 IF NO LONG] 9 COLLABORATION ) ! BACKW>D NATION'S 
TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES1 !N BY WAY ( NEOCOLONIALISM1 I4E41 9 
COLLABORATION ) ! NEW RUL+ CLASSES ?AT HAVE BE5 TOSS$ UP BY ! 
ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,H[EV]1 ! CONT9U$ 9DIRECT ECONOMIC DOM9ATION ( ! LESS-DEVELOP$ 
NATIONS BY ,WE/]N CAPITAL (F]S NO SOLUTION = ! ACTUAL NE$S ( ! VA/ 
MASS ( !IR POPULATIONS1 NOR WILL IT SOLVE ! BASIC PROBLEM ( 
PR(IT-PRODUCTION = ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,ALL ?AT IT DOES IS TO SU/A9 
SOME:AT LONG] ! VIABILITY ( ! DIS9TEGRAT+ CAPITALI/ WORLD ECONOMY1 
AID$ BY ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( ALL RESI/ANCE CAUS$ BY ! UNRELIEV$ & 
GR[+ SOCIAL MIS]Y4 

,IT IS QUITE SAFE TO PR$ICT ?AT AT LEA/ 9 ! UND]-DEVELOP$ P>T ( ! 
WORLD ! PREVAIL+ MIS]Y WILL LEAD TO ALWAYS NEW REBELLIONS AGA9/ ! 
DOM9AT+ =EIGN P[]S AS WELL AS AGA9/ !IR NATIVE COLLABORATORS4 

,IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE1 AS ,M>CUSE SAYS1 ?AT ! REBELLIONS 9 ! 
UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS >E NOT PROLET>IAN MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,EV5 
IF !SE NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS %\LD SUCCE$ IT W\LD M]ELY LEAD 
TO SOCIAL CONDITIONS SU* AS *>ACT]IZE ! CAPITALI/ WORLD EI!R 9 ! 
,EA/ OR 9 ! ,WE/1 :]E PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE SEEMS 
NO LONG] A POSSIBILITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE1 0! REALITY ( ! 
LABOR+ CLASSES 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY MAKES ! ,M>XIAN 
'PROLET>IAT' A MY?OLOGICAL CONCEPT2 .<&.> ! REALITY ( PRES5T-DAY 
SOCIALISM MAKES ! ,M>XIAN IDEA A DREAM40 7#e#e7 ,!RE EXI/S1 H[EV]1 NO 0PRES5T-DAY 
SOCIALISM10 :I*1 BY ITS P]=MANCE1 PROVES ! UNREALITY ( ! 
,M>XIAN CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM1 I4E41 ! CLASS-LESS SOCIETY FREE ( ECONOMIC 
VALUE RELATIONS4 ,NEI!R DOES ! REALITY ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES 9 ADVANC$ 
9DU/RIAL SOCIETY D5Y ! REALITY ( ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAT 
M]ELY BECAUSE !IR LIV+ /&>DS HAVE IMPROV$1 & M]ELY BECAUSE !IR 
CLASS CONSCI\SNESS HAS EVAPORAT$4 ,AS BE=E1 SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO [N]S 
( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PROP]TY-LESS WORK+ CLASS1 OR 9 
CONTROLL]S ( CAPITAL & ! P[]-LESS WAGE-LABOR]S4 

,IT IS ONLY ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! /ATUS QUO CAN BE MA9TA9$1 
?AT ALL SOCIAL PROBLEMS CAN BE RESOLV$ )9 ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT 
HI/ORY HAS COME TO A /OP 9 ! E/ABLI%$ CONDITIONS1 ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE 
TO D5Y ! PROLET>IAT - ?AT IS1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 
! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES - A ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 :I* CAN 
NECESS>ILY ONLY BE AN OPPOSITIONAL ROLE & ?US MU/ F9D EXPRESSION 9 A 
REVIV$1 OR NEWLY-EM]G+1 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,( C\RSE1 ,M>CUSE DOES NOT 
D5Y FUR!R HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T2 ! FACTOR ( AUTOMATION ALONE1 HE PO9TS 
\T1 0SIGNALS ! POSSIBILITY ( A REVOLUTION 9 CAPITALISM40 ,9 
HIS VIEW1 H[EV]1 0?IS IS A LONG PROCESS10 SO ?AT 0! 
REVOLUTION CANNOT BE S*$UL$ = TODAY & TOMORR[40 ,IT IS = !SE 
REASONS1 ?AT ,M>CUSE PROVIDES HIS DISMAL PROGNO/ICATIONS ALWAYS ) ! 
RID] - 09 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE40 ,BUT :AT ELSE IS ! 
0=ESEEABLE FUTURE0 IF NOT ! RECOGNITION ( SOME BASIC TR5DS 
:I* AFFECT & ALT] EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 A DEF9ITE DIRECTION4 ,! 
EMPHASIS MU/ !N BE PUT NOT ON ! POSSIBLY DRAWN-\T P]SI/5CY ( EXI/+ 
CONDITIONS1 BUT ON ! ELEM5TS )9 !SE CONDITIONS :I* 9DICATE !IR 
DISSOLUTION4 

,M>CUSE SEEMS TO BELIEVE1 & AT ! SAME TO REGRET1 ?AT ! REC5T & 
CURR5T CONDITIONS ( WORK+ CLASS 0AFFLU5CY0 9 ! 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS >E H]E TO /AY4 ,! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ 
EXPLANATION ( ! B\RGEOISIFICATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS BE+ 
RE/RICT$ TO A SMALL LABOR >I/OCRACY NO LONG] HOLDS TRUE 9 ,M>CUSE'S 
VIEW1 BECAUSE 0*ANGES 9 ! SY/EM ( WORK & RIS+ /&>DS ( 
LIV+ HAVE TRANS=M$ ! MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS 9TO A 
LABOR >I/OCRACY1 :]EAS 9 ,L59'S DAY ?IS WAS /ILL NO MORE ?AN A SMALL 
M9ORITY40 7#e#f7 ,!RE HAS 
BE51 ,M>CUSE SAYS1 A 0SPLIT )9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 TURN+ 
NE>LY ALL ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS 9TO A LABOR >I/OCRACY10 7#e#g7 :I* HAS BR\<T =? A 
0NEW K9D ( WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY-SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ORGANIZ$ 
WORK]S :O HAVE A JOB & A MEASURE ( SECURITY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ?OSE :O HAVE 
NO JOB & NO *ANCE ( GETT+ ONE 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE EI!R40 
7#e#h7 

,?IS IS NOT A NEW WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY BUT ! ABS5CE ( ALL 
SOLID>ITY1 = EV5 )9 ! ORGANIZ$ SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS - 
ITSELF A M9ORITY - !RE IS NO SOLID>ITY BUT M]ELY1 ?\< NOT ALWAYS1 
A MUTUAL AGREEM5T TO RESPECT ! JOB MONOPOLIES ( DIFF]5T UNIONS4 ,LABOR 
UNIONS SIMPLY HAVE BECOME REACTION>Y BECAUSE ! M>KET RELATIONS ON :I* 
!Y >E BAS$ >E NO LONG] PROGRESSIVE BUT REGRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,?IS 
IS NOT A QUE/ION ( 0SOCIAL 9TEGRATION1 0 :]E ! 9T]E/S ( 
LABOR & CAPITAL CO9CIDE1 BUT M]ELY AN EXAMPLE ( ! P]SI/5CY ( 
OBSOLETE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! DECAY+ M>KET ECONOMY4 

,BUT ?IS P]SI/5CY WILL NOT ASSURE !IR PRES5T SOCIAL POSITION 9 TIMES 
TO COME4 ,AS CAPITAL CANNOT GA9 ANY?+ FROM ! UNEMPLOY$1 BUT MU/ SU/A9 
!M 9 ONE FA%ION OR ANO!R1 IT CAN ONLY GA91 IF GA9 IT MU/1 FROM ! 
EMPLOY$ WORK]S4 ,IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 TO UNDO ONCE-REA*$ 
LIV+ /&>DS )\T CALL+ =? S]I\S SOCIAL CONVULSIONS4 ,EXCEPT 9 
TIMES ( W>1 ) GOV]NM5T ASSUR+ SOCIAL PEACE BY MILIT>Y MEANS1 IT HAS 
NEV] REALLY BE5 TRI$4 ,9 ! PA/1 9 TIMES ( DEPRESSION1 ! PRESSURE ( 
! UNEMPLOY$ ON ! LABOR M>KET L>GELY SUFFIC$ TO BR+ WAGES D[N TO 
SOME EXT5T4 ,BUT EFFECTIVE UNIONIZATION SOON ALL[$ A L>GE SEGM5T ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS TO MA9TA9 !IR ONCE-REA*$ WAGE-SCALES4 ,9/EAD ( CUTT+ 
!IR WAGES1 !IR PRODUCTIVITY WAS BR\<T TO A HI<] PIT*1 ?US 9CREAS+ 
! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL 9 SPITE ( ! SO-CALL$ 0/ICK9ESS0 
( WAGES4 ,UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 & 9 ! FACE ( 9CREAS+ AUTOMATION1 
?IS MEANS ! PROGRESSIVE DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR BY CAPITAL4 

,! HI< /&>DS ( LIV+ REA*$ 9 ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS 
MU/ !MSELVES TURN 9TO DETRIM5TS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,= TO MA9TA9 !M 
UND] CONDITIONS ( DECREAS+ PR(ITABILITY IMPLIES ! CONT9U\S EXT5SION 
( NON-PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION & ?IS1 9 TURN1 AN 9CREAS+LY GREAT] NE$ TO 
RAISE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 :I*1 UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 MEANS ! 
/EADY GR[? ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T ITSELF BECOMES AN 9CREAS+ 
EXP5SE1 :I*1 9 CONNECTION ) ALL ! O!R EXP5SES ( 
0AFFLU5CY10 WILL SOON] OR LAT] TAX TO ! UTMO/ EV5 ! 
GREATE/ 0ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL CAPACITIES40 ,! 
0AFFLU5CY0 WILL NOT BE MA9TA9ABLE UNLESS ! NATURE ( SOCIETY 
ITSELF IS *ANG$1 UNLESS ! PR(ITABILITY PR9CIPLE IS DISC>D$4 ,! V]Y 
0AFFLU5CY0 & ! SOCIAL DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( ITS REV]SAL1 
WILL ITSELF TURN 9TO A REVOLUTIONIZ+ =CE4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT 0AFFLU5CY0 BRE$S REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS 
ONLY TO SAY ?AT NO ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T IS REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE OPPOSITIONAL 
S5TIM5TS4 ,PEOPLE NE$ NOT BE R$UC$ TO />VATION LEVELS BE=E !Y BEG9 
TO REBEL2 !Y MAY DO SO AT ! FIR/ DEEP 9ROADS 9TO !IR CU/OM>Y LIV+ 
/&>DS1 OR :5 ACCESS TO :AT !Y CONSID] !IR LIV+ /&>DS %\LD 
BE IS D5I$ !M4 ,! BETT] (F PEOPLE >E1 ! H>D] !Y FEEL ANY 
DEPRIVATION & ! MORE T5ACI\SLY !Y CL+ TO !IR ACCU/OM$ /YLE ( 
LIFE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT A P>TIAL LOSS ( ! PREVAIL+ 
0AFFLU5CY0 MAY BE 5\< TO DE/ROY ! EXI/+3 CONS5SUS4 

,M>X SAYS SOME:]E ?AT 0! PROLET>IAT IS REVOLUTION>Y1 OR IT IS 
NO?+40 ,PRES5TLY IT IS NO?+ & IT MAY WELL BE ?AT IT WILL 
CONT9UE TO BE NO?+4 ,BUT !RE IS NO C]TA9TY4 ,M>X ALSO SAID ?AT 
0! RUL+ IDEAS >E ! IDEAS ( ! RUL+ CLASSES10 :I* DOES 
NOT PREV5T ! RISE ( SUBV]SIVE IDEAS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SUBV]SIVE IDEAS WILL 
FL\RI% ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( DISSATISFACTION4 ,!RE IS NOT 5\< 
DISSATISFACTION 9 PRES5T-DAY PROSP]\S SOCIETY1 EV5 IF IT IS A FALSE 
PROSP]ITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS ONE-DIM5SIONAL ?\<T1 A SOCIETY )\T 
OPPOSITION4 ,AS NO?+ ELSE CAN BE EXPECT$ UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 WE HAVE NOT 
GONE 9TO ,M>CUSE'S P5ETRAT+ CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL 
SOCIETY'S RUL+ IDEOLOGY4 ,H]E WE AGREE ) ALL HIS OBS]VATIONS & >E 
?ANKFUL = !M4 ,S9CE ,M>X1 IT WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 AS ,M>CUSE RELATES1 ?AT 
! 0ADVANC+ ONE-DIM5SIONAL SOCIETY ALT]S ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 
RATIONAL & ! IRRATIONAL4 ,CONTRA/$ ) ! FANTA/IC & 9SANE ASPECTS 
( ITS RATIONALITY1 ! REALM ( ! IRRATIONAL BECOMES ! HOME ( ! REALLY 
RATIONAL10 7#e#i7 - :I* 
IS ! F9AL \TCOME ( ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES & ( CAPITAL4 

,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 & H]E ,M>CUSE IS HIMSELF A WITNESS1 NON-FETI%I/IC 
RATIONALITY /ILL EXI/S BUT CAN1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 BE IGNOR$4 ,:AT 
OPPOSITION EXI/S REMA9S L>GELY 9>TICULATE4 ,IT CANNOT BECOME A SOCIAL =CE 
BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS AS YET NO MAT]IAL 9T]E/S /RONG 5\< TO OPPOSE ! 
MAT]IAL 9T]E/S REPRES5T$ BY ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY - OR RUL+ 
9SANITY4 ,:]E OPPOSITION CEASES TO HAVE MAT]IAL =CE IT CEASES TO BE 
EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION4 ,IT BECOMES A LUXURY - ! DEEP] 9SI<T ( 
9TELLIG5T M5 :O MAY WELL DESPISE BO? SOCIETY & ITS VICTIMS = DEF5D+ 
SO OB/9ATELY ! PREVAIL+ IRRATIONALITY4 ,YET1 ! IMPOV]I%$ M9ORITY 
MU/ LIVE )9 ?IS IRRATIONALITY & MU/ ACCEPT IT BY NECESSITY1 :I* IS 
!N TURN$ 9TO AN APP>5T VIRTUE TO MAKE IT MORE PALATABLE4 ,EV5 :]E 
OPPOSITION F9DS POLITICAL =MS IT F9DS FALSE EXPRESSIONS AS1 = 9/ANCE1 
9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEGRO /RUGGLE = CIVIL RI<TS2 A MEAN+LESS &1 EV5 9 ITS 
MEAN+LESSNESS1 AN UNREALIZABLE GOAL4 ,! 0\TSID]0 CANNOT /EP 
\TSIDE EXI/+ CONDITIONS-UNLESS HE RISKS ALL1 HIS V]Y LIFE1 BY >SON & 
LOOT+4 ,BUT !N HE IS ALREADY BACK ON ! ROAD TO A REALITY :I* IS 
RATIONAL4 

,! SPORADIC REBELLIONS ( DESPAIR BY SMALL M9ORITIES >E EASILY H&L$ BY 
! AU?ORITIES REPRES5T+ ! SMUG MAJORITY1 :I* 9CLUDES ! MASS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,BLACK OR :ITE1 0! SUB-/RATUM ( \TCA/S & 
\TSID]S0 CAN BE DECIMAT$ PIECEMEAL BY ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE 
PROVID$ = !M4 ,BUT AS !IR NUMB] GR[S - & IT IS GR[+ - 
! FREQU5CY ( !IR REBELLI\S ACTS WILL ALSO 9CREASE1 AS WILL ! 
AW>5ESS ON ! P>T ( MANY ( ! SMUG ?AT P]HAPS !Y1 TOO1 WILL SOON 
F9D !MSELVES ON ! HUMAN REFUSE HEAP ( CAPITALISM4 ,TO JUDGE BY ! PA/1 
! GR[? ( SOCIAL MIS]Y GIVES P[] TO ?IS MIS]Y & P[] LEADS TO 
CONSCI\S ACTIONS TO OV]COME MIS]Y4 ,:5 ,M>CUSE SAYS ) RESPECT TO ! 
UNEMPLOYABLES ?AT 0! ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL CAPABILITIES ( ! 
E/ABLI%$ SOCIETIES >E SUFFICI5TLY VA/ TO ALL[ = ADJU/M5TS & 
CONCESSIONS TO ! UND]DOG1 & !IR >M$ =CES SUFFICI5TLY TRA9$ & 
EQUIPP$ TO TAKE C>E ( EM]G5CY SITUATIONS10 7#f7 HE CORRECTLY DESCRIBES ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 
! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,BUT :AT IS TRUE TODAY IS NOT NECESS>ILY 
TRUE TOMORR[ & WILL1 9 ANY CASE1 BE LESS SO IF ! TR5D ( CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T PROCE$S AS IT HAS 9 ! PA/4 

,( C\RSE1 ONE CANNOT GO BY PA/ OCCURR5CES4 ,! EV5TS ( ! PA/ MAY NOT 
BE REPEATABLE2 ! AGE ( REVOLUTIONS MAY WELL BE OV] & ! ONE-DIM5SIONAL1 
/ATION>Y1 TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETY UNAVOIDABLE4 

,BUT IF WE CANNOT JUDGE BY PA/ EXP]I5CES WE CANNOT JUDGE AT ALL4 ,9 ?AT 
CASE1 EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE - EV5 A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,?IS 
PRESUPPOSES ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS 
ALLEG$LY ALREADY 9 DISSOLUTION1 NOT ONLY ) RESPECT TO ITS DISAPPE>+ 
CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT 9 ITS SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AS WELL4 ,A DI/9CTION IS 
FREQU5TLY BE+ MADE BETWE5 ! 0CLASSICAL WORK+ CLASS10 I4E41 
! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 & ! MOD]N WORK+ 
POPULATION1 ( :I* ONLY ! SMALL] P>T HAS PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS4 ,BUT ?IS 
DI/9CTION IS >TIFICIAL1 = :AT DIFF]5TIATES ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! 
B\RGEOISIE >E NOT P>TICUL> OCCUPATIONS AMONG ! =M]1 BUT !IR LACK ( 
CONTROL OV] !IR [N EXI/5CE ?R\< ! LACK ( CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,:ATEV] !IR OCCUPATIONS1 WAGE-WORK]S >E PROLET>IANS4 ,EV5 IF 
MORE WORK]S >E N[ 5GAG$ 9 NONPRODUCTIVE1 SO-CALL$ S]VICE 9DU/RIES1 
!IR SOCIAL POSITION VIS-A-VIS ! CAPITALI/S REMA9S UNALT]$4 ,DUE TO ! 
CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! PROPRIET>Y MIDDLE-CLASS 
!RE >E N[ MORE PROLET>IANS ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE1 ?AT A 
GOOD PORTION ( !SE DEP5D5TS RECEIVE 9COMES :I* PROVIDE !M ) EI!R 
B\RGEOIS OR PETTY-B\RGEOIS LIV+ /&>DS4 ,BUT ! VA/ MAJORITY1 AS F> AS 
LIV+ /&>DS >E CONC]N$1 FALL 9 ! CATEGORY ( WAGE-WORK]S1 NO MATT] 
H[ UNPRODUCTIVE !IR WORK MAY BE4 

,! WORK+ POPULATION MAY NOT ?9K1 OR MAY NOT LIKE TO ?9K1 ( ITSELF AS 
BE+ PROLET>IAN & MAY1 BY ?IS RELUCTANCE TO RECOGNIZE ITS SOCIAL POSITION1 
CONTRIBUTE TO ! ONE-DIM5SIONALITY ( ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY4 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] 
NOT TO LOSE !IR UTILITY1 ALL IDEOLOGIES MU/ 9 SOME WAY RELATE TO FACTUAL 
CONDITIONS2 IF !Y LOSE ALL CONTACT ) REALITY !Y >E ON ! V]GE ( 
BREAK+ D[N4 ,:ILE ! WELL-PAID EMPLOY$ WORK] MAY NOT RECOGNIZE HIS 
PROLET>IAN /ATUS1 ! UNEMPLOY$ WILL DO SO MORE READILY1 & ! 
IMPOV]I%$1 TREAT$ AS AN \TCA/1 HAS NO LONG] ANY *OICE4 ,BUT TO RECOGNIZE 
ONE'S CLASS POSITION DOES NOT MEAN TO BECOME CLASS CONSCI\S 9 A REVOLUTION>Y 
S5SE4 ,IT IS M]ELY A FIR/ CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ 
IDEOLOGY & MOVEM5T4 

,:5 ,M>X SPOKE ( ! 0HI/ORICAL MISSION0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
TO 5D ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 HE SPOKE1 AS MAY BE GA!R$ FROM HIS !ORY ( 
ACCUMULATION1 ( ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! FEW BY ! MANY4 

,HE RI<TLY SAW ?AT ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL IS ALSO ! POL>IZATION ( 
SOCIETY 9TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( CAPITALI/S & A VA/ MAJORITY ( 
PROP]TY-LESS PEOPLE =C$ TO SELL !IR LABOR P[] 9 ORD] TO EXI/1 & 
UNABLE TO EXI/ :5 IT IS NO LONG] B\<T4 ,! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ( A 
HUNDR$ YE>S AGO HAS MEAN:ILE SWOLL5 TO AN AMORPH\S MASS ( WAGE-RECEIV+ 
OCCUPATIONS & PR(ESSIONS1 ALL ( :I* >E DEP5D5T ON ! VICISSITUDES ( 
M>KET EV5TS & ! =TUNES OR MIS=TUNES ( ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS4 ,!Y 
MAY ?9K ( !MSELVES H[EV] !Y LIKE1 BUT !Y BELONG NOT TO ! RUL+ 
BUT TO ! RUL$ CLASS4 

,CAPITALISM IS BASICALLY A TWO-CLASS SOCIETY1 NOT)/&+ ! V>I\S 
/ATUS DIFF]5TIATIONS )9 EA* SEP>ATE CLASS4 ,! RUL+ CLASS IS ! 
DECISION-MAK+ CLASS2 ! O!R CLASS1 REG>DLESS ( ITS 9N] 
DIFF]5TIATIONS1 IS AT ! M]CY ( !SE DECISIONS1 :I* DET]M9E ! 
G5]AL CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E =M$ ) A VIEW TO ! 
SPECIAL NE$S ( CAPITAL4 ,! RUL+ CLASS CANNOT ACT O!RWISE ?AN IT DOES2 
?AT IS1 /UPIDLY OR 9TELLIG5TLY1 IT WILL DO EV]Y?+ TO P]PETUATE ITSELF 
AS A RUL+ CLASS4 ,?OSE \TSIDE ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS MAY DISAGREE ) 
! DECISIONS MADE1 AS !Y MAY NOT CORRESPOND ) !IR [N 9T]E/S1 OR 
BECAUSE ( CONVICTIONS ?AT ?+S %\LD BE DONE DIFF]5TLY4 ,BUT TO AFFECT OR 
*ANGE !SE DECISIONS !Y MU/ HAVE P[] ( !IR [N4 

,:ATEV] ! DECISION-MAK]S DECIDE UPON HAS TO BE ACTUALIZ$ 9 ! SPH]E 
( PRODUCTION1 AS ! MANN] ( DI/RIBUTION DEP5DS ON ?AT ( PRODUCTION1 & 
! PATT]NS ( CONSUMPTION ON ! PATT]NS ( PRODUCTION4 ,)\T CONTROL OV] 
! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS NO DECISIONS CAN BE MADE1 NO CLASS CAN RULE4 ,! CONTROL 
( PRODUCTION IS EX]CIS$ ?R\< ! CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BY 
IDEOLOGY & =CE4 ,BUT NEI!R PROP]TY1 NOR IDEOLOGY1 NOR =CE CAN PRODUCE 
ANY?+4 ,IT IS PRODUCTIVE LABOR ON :I* ! :OLE SOCIAL $IFICE RE/S4 ,! 
PRODUCTIVE LABOR]S HAVE MORE LAT5T P[] AT !IR DISPOSAL ?AN ANY O!R 
SOCIAL GR\P1 OR ?AN ALL O!R SOCIAL GR\PS COMB9$4 ,TO TURN ! LAT5T 9TO 
ACTUAL P[] DEM&S NO MORE ?AN A RECOGNITION ( SOCIAL REALITIES1 & ! 
APPLICATION ( ?IS KN[L$GE 9 ! PURSUIT ( ! PRODUC]S' [N 5DS4 

,TO D5Y ?IS FACT IS ! MA9 JOB ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,IT COMES TO ! 
=E 9 ITS ECONOMIC !ORIES & 9 ! G5]AL DISP>AGEM5T ( PRODUCTIVE 
LABOR 9 ITS TANGIBLE RESULTS4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! PREVAL5T NOTION ( ! 
DECREAS+ IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 MORE ATT5TION IS DEVOT$ 
TO IT ?AN EV] BE=E1 BECAUSE1 ACTUALLY1 ITS POT5TIAL P[] TO CONTROL 
SOCIETY WAS NEV] SO GREAT AS IT IS N[4 ,! TE*NICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL 
0SOCIALIZATION0 ( PRODUCTION1 I4E41 ?AT 9T]DEP5D5CY ( ! 
NATIONAL PRODUCTION PROCESS & ! ABSOLUTE DEP5D5CY ( ! :OLE ( ! 
POPULATION ON AN UN9T]RUPT$ FL[ ( PRODUCTION1 PROVIDES ! WORK+ CLASS 
) ALMO/ ABSOLUTE P[] OV] ! LIFE & DEA? ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y C\LD 
DE/ROY SOCIETY BY SIMPLY CEAS+ TO WORK4 ,:ILE ?IS C\LD NOT BE !IR 
9T5TION1 BE+ MEMB]S ( ! SAME SOCIETY1 !Y C\LD NEV]!LESS %AKE 
SOCIETY TO ITS F\NDATIONS IF !Y W]E DET]M9$ TO ALT] ITS /RUCTURE4 ,IT 
IS = ?IS REASON ?AT UNIONS HAVE BE5 ADAPT$ TO ! CAPITALI/ 
E/ABLI%M5T TO CONTROL 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES1 ?AT GOV]NM5TS1 9CLUD+ 
LABOR GOV]NM5TS1 PASS ANTI-/RIKE LEGISLATION1 & ?AT ?OSE MO/ AW>E ( 
! LAT5T P[] ( 9DU/RIAL ACTION1 ?AT IS1 ! TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES1 
\TLAW /RIKES ALTOGE!R4 

,BECAUSE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAS ! P[] TO *ANGE SOCIETY IF SO 
9CL9$1 IT IS N[1 AS BE=E1 ! CLASS ON :I* ! ACTUAL TRANS=MATION ( 
SOCIETY DEP5DS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE >E ONLY PO9T+ TO ?IS P[]1 ASIDE FROM 
! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT IT WILL OR CAN1 EV] BE US$4 ,= IF ?IS 
P[] DID NOT EXI/1 IF ITS APPLICATION WAS NOT A REAL POSSIBILITY1 !RE W\LD 
9DE$ BE NO HOPE ( OV]COM+ ! MAT]IAL =CES ( CO]CION BY ANO!R 
MAT]IAL =CE4 ,! ONLY HOPE LEFT W\LD BE ! EXPECTATION ?AT M]E IDEAS 
C\LD *ANGE BO? ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY & ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/ AT ITS 
BASE4 

,H[EV]1 ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES >E ALSO IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLES2 YET1 IF !Y 
>E TO SUCCE$1 !RE MU/ BE A MAT]IAL LEV] TO OV]TURN ! DEF5SES ( 
EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT 5TIRELY 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! GR[+ 
IRRATIONALITY WILL LEAD TO A WIDESPREAD REVULSION AMONG ! POPULATION AT 
L>GE1 REG>DLESS ( !IR CLASS AFFILIATIONS1 & TO A GR[+ CONVICTION ?AT 
!RE IS NO LONG] ANY NE$ =1 NOR ANY S5SE 91 EXPLOITATIVE CLASS 
RELATIONS1 BUT ?AT SOCIETY C\LD BE SO RE-ORGANIZ$ AS TO B5EFIT ALL PEOPLE 
& GRANT ALL ( !M A HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,?IS W\LD AM\NT TO A TRIUMPH ( 
REASON OV] IRRATIONAL CLASS 9T]E/S1 & TO ! SELF-LIQUIDATION ( ! 
RUL+ CLASS4 ,%ORT ( SU* A MIRACLE1 A NEW SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO BE F\<T = 
) ALL AVAILABLE WEAPONS BO? 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL SPH]E & 9 ! FIELD ( 
REAL P[] RELATIONS4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT 9 ANY SOCIAL CRISIS L>GE LAY]S ( ! 
POPULATION1 NOT USUALLY C\NT$ ) ! WORK+ CLASS1 WILL NONE!LESS SIDE 
) ! LATT] 9 OPPOSITION TO ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,EV5 N[1 :5 ! WORK]S 
>E /ILL QUITE APA!TIC1 /UD5TS1 9TELLECTUALS1 & O!R MEMB]S ( ! 
NONPROPRIET>Y NEW MIDDLE-CLASS DISPLAY CONSID]ABLE POLITICAL 9T]E/ ON 
APP>5TLY ISOLAT$ ISSUES1 SU* AS W>1 DIS>MAM5T1 CIVIL RI<TS1 & SO 
=?4 ,BUT !IR PROTE/S REMA9 9EFFECTIVE UNTIL !Y CAN BE COMB9$ ) 
REAL POLITICAL P[]1 :I* CAN BE PROVID$ ONLY BY ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,IF 
!RE CAN BE NO WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION1 !RE CAN BE NO REVOLUTION AT 
ALL4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>CUSE A WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION CAN NO LONG] BE EXPECT$ 9 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ SOCIETY4 ,& EV5 IF IT C\LD BE EXPECT$1 CONTROL OV] 
! PRODUCTIVE P[]S BY 0CONTROL FROM BEL[0 W\LD1 9 HIS 
OP9ION1 NOT LEAD TO A QUALITATIVE SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! NOTION ( SU* A 
QUALITATIVE *ANGE1 HE SAYS1 0WAS VALID1 & /ILL IS VALID1 :]E ! 
LABOR]S W]E1 & /ILL >E1 ! LIV+ D5IAL & 9DICTM5T ( ! 
E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 :]E !SE CLASSES HAVE BECOME A PROP ( ! 
E/ABLI%$ WAY ( LIFE1 !RE ASC5T TO CONTROL W\LD PROLONG ?IS WAY 9 A 
DIFF]5T SETT+40 7#f7 ,9 
O!R WORDS1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT >E N[ 9T]*ANGEABLE2 NO 
MATT] :I* CLASS MAY RULE NO?+ BASICALLY W\LD BE ALT]$ 9 ! 
E/ABLI%$ WAY ( LIFE4 

,IF ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BECOME A 0PROP0 ( ! E/ABLI%$ WAY 
( LIFE1 SO C]TA9LY HAVE ALL O!R CLASSES1 & :ILE ! LABOR]S' 
0AFFLU5CY10 :I* TURN$ !M 9TO A 0PROP10 MAY BE 
CONSID]ABLE1 IT IS NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) ! 0AFFLU5CY0 
5JOY$ BY O!R CLASSES4 ,!RE IS /ILL 9EQUALITY 9 0AFFLU5CY0 
&1 CONSEQU5TLY1 A /RUGGLE OV] RELATIVE %>ES ( ! G5]AL 
0ABUNDANCE40 ,)9 ?IS COMPETITION NOBODY CAN BE SATIAT$ &1 9 
FACT1 ALL PEOPLE FEEL !MSELVES NOT 0AFFLU5T0 5\<4 ,ACTUALLY1 
( C\RSE1 WORK+ CLASS 0AFFLU5CY10 EV5 9 ! MO/ 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ SOCIETY1 IS /ILL A RA!R %ABBY AFFAIR1 TO BE A*IEV$ 
BY SOME QUITE EXTRAORD9>Y EX]TIONS 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,/ILL1 IT 
SEEMS 5\< TO KEEP ! WORK]S SATISFI$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y DO 
NOT CONTEMPLATE ! ADVISABILITY ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! HYPO!TICAL 
0CONTROL FROM BEL[01 :I* W\LD LEAVE ?+S ! WAY !Y >E1 WILL 
?US NOT BE PUT TO 0 TE/4 

,! :OLE IDEA /&S OR FALLS ) ! ASSUM$ ABILITY ( CAPITALISM TO 
MA9TA9 PRES5T /&>DS ( LIV+ = ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,BY ALL ?AT 
HAS BE5 SAID BE=E1 WE D5I$ CAPITALISM ?IS ABILITY4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ACTUAL SITUATION /ILL PROVES O!RWISE1 BUT ! ACTUAL 
SITUATION PROVES NO MORE ?AN IT ITSELF4 ,! QUE/ION IS :]E WILL WE GO FROM 
H]E2 = DESPITE ! 0AFFLU5CY0 9 A SMALL P>T ( ! WORLD1 ! 
HUMAN CONDITION 9 G5]AL BECOMES 9CREAS+LY MORE OBNOXI\S & 9TOL]ABLE4 
,NOR CAN ?IS BE ALT]$ )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALISM1 & ! 5D ( 
CAPITALISM IS CONCEIVABLE ONLY AS ! 5D+ ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS1 AS ! 
ABOLITION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! ONE-DIM5SIONAL SOCIETY IS SU* ONLY 
IDEOLOGICALLY2 9 EV]Y O!R RESPECT IT IS /ILL ! CAPITALISM ( OLD4 
,IDEOLOGICAL CON=MITY DEP5DS ON CONDITIONS ( PROSP]ITY2 IT HAS NO 
/AY+-P[] ( ITS [N4 ,BUT UNLESS ALL !ORETICAL REASON+ %\LD BE 
5TIRELY VALUELESS1 9 SO F> AS IT ALL[S = PR$ICTABILITY IT PO9TS TO ! 
DEMISE NOT ONLY ( CAPITALI/IC PROSP]ITY BUT ALSO TO ! 5D ( CAPITALISM 
ITSELF4 

,! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 :ILE CONCEIVABLE ONLY AS ! SIMULTANE\S ABOLITION 
( ! PROLET>IAT1 MAY BE PREC$$ BY A M]E /ATE-CAPITALI/ MODIFICATION ( 
! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 
AS IT W\LD ONLY TRANSF] ! CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & 
!RE-) ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 FROM ! H&S ( PROP]TY-[N]S TO 
?OSE ( POLITICIANS ORGANIZ$ AS ! /ATE4 ,! PROLET>IAT W\LD REMA9 A 
CONTROLL$ CLASS UNABLE TO DET]M9E ITS [N DE/9Y4 ,?IS TYPE ( REVOLUTION 
HAS SOME CR$IBILITY BECAUSE IT W\LD APPE> AS ! LOGICAL 5D-PO9T ( ! 
9CREAS+ GOV]NM5T-DET]M9ATION ( ! ECONOMY & ( SOCIAL LIFE 
G5]ALLY1 & BECAUSE IT FOLL[S ! FAMILI> PATT]N ( 
PREVI\SLY-E/ABLI%$ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS1 :I* >E N[ QUITE G5]ALLY 
P]CEIV$ AS SOCIALI/ REGIMES4 ,BUT 9 !SE LATT] SY/EMS ! 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ =M CAME 9TO BE+ NOT 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% ! PROLET>IAN 
CLASS BUT TO AID 9 ITS QUICK =MATION4 ,SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY IS H]E EMPLOY$ TO 
COV]-UP ! 9T5SIFI$ EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 & IT HAS SOME DEGREE ( 
PLAUSIBILITY BECAUSE ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,9 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS1 H[EV]1 /ATE-CAPITALISM W\LD 
BE AS IRRATIONAL A SY/EM AS ?AT :I* PREC$$ IT4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 !SE 
NATIONS CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY AN 9CREASE 9 EXPLOITATION BUT ONLY BY 5D+ 
! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ITSELF4 

,9 !SE NATIONS IT IS 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY :I* DE/ROYS ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL & !RE) ! MOTIVE P[] = FUR!R CAPITAL 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS SO BECAUSE CAPITAL APPE>S H]E AS PRIVATE PROP]TY UND] 
! SWAY ( COMPETITIVE M>KET RELATIONS1 :]E9 ! DRIVE = CAPITAL 
EXPANSION CONTROLS ! CAPITALI/S 9/EAD ( BE+ CONTROLL$ BY !M4 
,H[EV]1 PR(ITS >E SURPLUS-LABOR & EV5 IF ! PR(IT-DET]M9ATION ( 
CAPITAL =MATION COMES TO AN 5D1 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS /ILL REQUIRES LABOR 
& SURPLUS-LABOR4 ,) ! /ATE MONOPOLY OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 LABOR & SURPLUS-LABOR CAN BE DET]M9$ BY 
GOV]NM5T4 

,IT C\LD REGULATE ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION PROCESS ) OR )\T 
EQUITY4 ,JU/ AS ! AU?ORITIES 9 CAPITAL@9POOR NATIONS CONT9UE CLASS 
RELATIONS 9 !IR /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS1 SO ! AU?ORITIES ( 
9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES C\LD DO LIKEWISE4 ,!Y W\LD NOT HAVE ! SAME 
0EXCUSE10 BUT !Y C\LD CREATE A POLITICAL APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION 
:I* C\LD DO )\T AN 0EXCUSE40 ,CLASS RELATIONS C\LD BE 
MA9TA9$ JU/ 9 ORD] TO HAVE A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 & ! PLANN$ ECONOMY 
C\LD BE A PLANN$ CLASS SOCIETY4 

,!RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A REVOLUTION BUT NOT A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,! M>K 
( ! LATT] IS PRECISELY ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 
!RE) ! PRODUC]S' CONTROL ( !IR PRODUCT & ITS DI/RIBUTION4 ,)\T 
?IS1 !Y M]ELY EX*ANGE ONE =M ( WAGE-SLAV]Y = ANO!R1 QUITE ASIDE 
FROM ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ONE MAY BE PREF]ABLE TO ! O!R4 ,SOCIALISM CAN 
BE REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 :I* 
9CORPORATES ALL PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS ON :I* SOCIAL LIFE DEP5DS & BY :I* 
IT IS 5RI*$4 ,! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE MU/ DET]M9E ! 
CONSCI\S ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS & ! RATIONAL 
DI/RIBUTION ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,TO MAKE ?IS A POSSIBILITY1 !RE MU/ BE ! 
DISAPPE>ANCE ( SOCIAL CONTROL BY A SPECIAL CLASS ( CONTROLL]S1 & ?IS 
REQUIRES NEW =MS ( SOCIAL & PRODUCTION ORGANIZATIONS1 ! EFFICI5CY ( 
:I* WILL HAVE TO BE EVOLV$ BY TRIAL & ]ROR4 ,TO SPEAK ( SOCIAL *ANGE 
:I* W\LD 5D ! CAPITALI/IC WAY ( LIFE MEANS TO SPEAK ( A WORK+-CLASS 
REVOLUTION1 = IT IS ONLY ?IS P>TICUL> CLASS1 :I*1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW 
( PRODUCTION1 IS ABLE TO TRANS=M SOCIETY 9TO A CLASS-LESS & RATIONAL 
COMMUNITY4 

,NO M]E *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T C\LD REALIZE SOCIALISM4 ,IT REQUIRES A RADICAL 
TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY ) ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES TURN$ 9TO DECISION 
MAK]S4 ,ITS PLANN+ ME*ANISM WILL HAVE TO BE SET UP 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 
PLANN]S & PRODUC]S REPRES5T ID5TICAL 9T]E/S & WILL1 9 FACT1 BE 
BRAN*ES ( ONE & ! SAME PRODUCTION ORGANIZATION4 ,UND] CONDITIONS ( 
ABUNDANCE1 SU* AS *>ACT]IZE ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ SOCIETY1 DI/RIBUTION 
C\LD BE FREE ( ALL VALUE CONSID]ATIONS & 9 ?AT S5SE 
0EQUALITY0 C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO 
PLEAD ! FEASIBILITY ( SOCIALISM1 OR TO ELABORATE UPON ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS 
IT WILL REQUIRE4 ,ALL WE >E 9T5T ON SAY+ AT ?IS PO9T IS ?AT = 
SOCIALISM TO SUCCE$ CAPITALISM IT WILL HAVE TO BE ! WORK ( ! PRODUC+ 
CLASS4 

,TO COME BACK TO E>?4 ,) ! RECORD ( WORK+-CLASS BEHAVIOR BE=E US1 
! WORK]S' 9DISP5SABILITY = ! ACTUALIZATION ( SOCIALISM MAKE SOCIALISM 
EV5 LESS ACCESSIBLE & APP>5TLY NO MORE ?AN A 0,M>XIAN DREAM40 
,YET1 ONE HAS ONLY TO ?9K ( :AT 9 ALL PROBABILITY IS B\ND TO HAPP5 
)\T A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO ?9K ( ! POSSIBILITY ( A 
DIFF]5T K9D ( BEHAVIOR AN ! P>T ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES4 ,:AT IS B\ND 
TO HAPP5 9 SOME MEASURE ALREADY HAPP5+1 & ! QUANTITATIVE PROJECTION ( 
! PRES5T 9TO ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE PO9TS TO ! UTT] UTOPIANISM ( 
SOLV+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS BY CAPITALI/IC MEANS4 ,! PHRASE 0SOCIALISM 41 
B>B>ISM0 /ATES ! ONLY REAL ALT]NATIVES2 YET A /ATE ( B>B>ISM 
CAN AGA9 BE ALT]$ BY C\NT]-=CES RIS+ UP )9 IT4 

,IF CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS DEP5DS ON MIS]Y1 !RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! 
MIS]Y AWAIT+ ! WORLD'S POPULATION WILL GO BEYOND ANY?+ ?US F> 
EXP]I5C$1 & ?AT IT WILL COME TO 5GULF EV5 ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 
! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS1 :O /ILL ?9K ( !MSELVES AS IMMUNE TO 
! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR [N ACTIVITIES4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E NO 0ECONOMIC 
SOLUTIONS0 = ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 0ECONOMIC 
SOLUTIONS0 >E BE+ ATTEMPT$ BY POLITICAL MEANS1 BUT SU* AS FIT ! 
SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS 
( CAPITAL PRODUCTION TAKE ON AN 9CREAS+LY MORE VIOL5T *>ACT]2 
9T]NALLY1 BY MORE & MORE WA/E-PRODUCTION2 EXT]NALLY1 BY LAY+ WA/E 
T]RITORIES OCCUPI$ BY PEOPLE UNWILL+ TO SUBMIT TO ! PR(IT REQUIREM5TS 
( =EIGN P[]S :I* W\LD SPELL !IR [N DOOM4 

,:ILE ! G5]AL MIS]Y WILL 9CREASE1 ! SPECIAL SITUATIONS ( 
0AFFLU5CY0 WILL ALSO DISSOLVE1 AS ! BLESS+S ( 9CREAS+ 
PRODUCTIVITY >E DISSIPAT$ 9 A SLAU<T]\S COMPETITION = ! DIM9I%+ 
PR(ITS ( WORLD PRODUCTION4 

,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 CONCEIVABLE ?AT NO?+ WILL MOVE ! WORK+ POPULATION1 
?AT !Y W\LD RA!R ACCEPT :ATEV] MIS]Y COMES !IR WAY ?AN RISE 9 
OPPOSITION TO ! SY/EM RESPONSIBLE = IT4 ,H[EV]1 ! ABS5CE ( A 
REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT ! ABS5CE ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,IT IS F> MORE 
LIKELY ?AT ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT 9DEF9ITELY 5DURE ALL ?AT ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS 9 /ORE = IT2 !RE MAY BE A BREAK+-PO9T :]E 
9TELLIG5CE MAY COME TO 9CLUDE CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! READ9ESS TO TAKE 
REVOLUTION>Y /EPS DOES NOT NECESSITATE A CONSI/5T OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR 
PRIOR TO ! FIR/ 9DEP5D5T ACT2 AN APA!TIC WORK+ CLASS UND] C]TA9 
CONDITIONS CAN BECOME AN >\S$ WORK+ CLASS UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS4 
,BECAUSE IT IS ?IS CLASS :I* WILL MO/ DEEPLY BE AFFECT$ BY A REV]SAL ( 
! =TUNES ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 OR BY CAPITALI/ EXCURSIONS 9TO W>1 IT 
MAY 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD BE ! FIR/ TO BREAK ) ! ONE-DIM5SIONAL IDEOLOGY 
( CAPITALI/IC RULE4 

,BUT AGA91 !RE IS NO C]TA9TY4 ,!RE IS ONLY A *ANCE - AS ,M>CUSE 
REM>KS 9 A SOME:AT DIFF]5T CONTEXT4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY A *ANCE NOT BECAUSE 
P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS LEFT \T ( ! CAPITALI/ 9TEGRATION PROCESS1 BUT 
BECAUSE CAPITAL MAY DE/ROY ! WORLD BE=E AN OPPORTUNITY >ISES TO /AY ITS 
H&S4 ,9TEGRATION 9 DEA? IS ! ONLY 9TEGRATION REALLY GIV5 TO CAPITALISM4 
,%ORT ( ?IS F9AL 9TEGRATION1 ONE-DIM5SIONAL MAN WILL NOT LA/ = LONG4 ,HE 
WILL DISAPPE> AT ! FIR/ BREAKD[N ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY - 9 ! 
BLOODBA?S ! CAPITALI/ ORD] IS N[ PREP>+ = HIM4 ,CAPITALISM1 AT ! 
HEI<T ( ITS P[]S IS ALSO AT ITS MO/ VULN]ABLE2 IT HAS NO:]E TO GO BUT 
TO ITS DEA?4 ,H[EV] SMALL ! *ANCES >E = REVOLT1 ?IS IS NOT ! TIME TO 
?R[ 9 ! T[EL4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

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#a#i4 ,IBID4 

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#c#d4 ,H4 ,M>CUSE1 ,SOVIET ,M>XISM1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#a1 P4 ,X,I4 

#c#e4 ,ONE-,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN1 P4 #a#i4 

#c#f4 ,IBID41 P4 #a#h4 

#c#g4 ,K4 ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE D] ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE4 ,B]L91 #a#i#e#i1 P4 #e#i#c4 

#c#h4 ,IBID41 P4 #e#i#d4 

#c#i4 ,IBID41 P4 #e#i#e4 

#d4 ,ONE-,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN1 P4 #c#f4 

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#e#b4 ,ONE-,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN1 P4 #d#a4 

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#e#d4 ,IBID4 

#e#e4 ,ONE-,DIM5SIONAL ,MAN1 P4 #a#h#i4 

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,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,CRITIQUE ( ,M>CUSE -- ,ADD$4 
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