,COMMUNISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,COMMUNISM MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO *IEF V>IETIES1 :I* ,I WILL CALL 'MY?IC' & 'EV]YDAY' COMMUNISM4 ,!Y MI<T AS EASILY BE REF]R$ TO AS 'IDEAL' & 'EMPIRICAL' OR EV5 'TRANSC5D5T' & 'IMMAN5T' V]SIONS ( COMMUNISM4 

,MY?IC ,COMMUNISM 7) A CAPITAL ,C7 IS A !ORY ( HI/ORY1 ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY ?AT ONCE EXI/$ & WILL1 IT IS HOP$1 SOM$AY RETURN AGA94 ,IT IS NOTORI\SLY MESSIANIC 9 ITS =M4 ,IT ALSO RELIES ON A C]TA9 NOTION ( TOTALITY3 ONCE UPON A TIME !RE W]E TRIBES1 SOME DAY !RE WILL BE NATIONS1 ORGANIZ$ 5TIRELY ON COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES3 ?AT IS1 :]E 'SOCIETY' -- ! TOTALITY ITSELF -- REGULATES SOCIAL PRODUCTION & !RE=E 9EQUALITIES ( PROP]TY WILL NOT EXI/4 

,EV]YDAY COMMUNISM 7) A SMALL C7 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 CONTRA/ BY REJECT+ SU* TOTALIZ+ FRAMEWORKS & EXAM9+ EV]YDAY PRACTICE AT EV]Y LEVEL ( HUMAN LIFE TO SEE :]E ! CLASSIC COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLE ( 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S' IS ACTUALLY APPLI$4 ,AS AN EXPECTATION ( MUTUAL AID1 COMMUNISM 9 ?IS S5SE CAN BE SE5 AS ! F\NDATION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIALITY ANY:]E2 AS A PR9CIPLE ( COOP]ATION1 IT EM]GES SPONTANE\SLY 9 TIMES ( CRISIS2 AS SOLID>ITY1 IT UND]LIES ALMO/ ALL RELATIONS ( SOCIAL TRU/4 ,EV]YDAY COMMUNISM !N IS NOT A L>G] REGULATORY BODY ?AT CO-ORD9ATES ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY )9 A S+LE 'SOCIETY1' BUT A PR9CIPLE ?AT EXI/S 9 & TO SOME EXT5T =MS ! NECESS>Y F\NDATION ( ANY SOCIETY OR HUMAN RELATIONS ( ANY K9D4 ,EV5 CAPITALISM CAN BE SE5 AS A SY/EM = MANAG+ COMMUNISM 7AL?\< IT IS EVID5TLY 9 MANY WAYS A PR(\NDLY FLAW$ ONE74 ,LET ME TAKE EA* ( !SE 9 TURN4 

,MY?IC ,COMMUNISM 

,?IS IS AN IDEA ( A SOCIETY ?AT EI!R ONCE EXI/$ OR MI<T EXI/ AT SOME TIME 9 ! FUTURE1 :I* IS FREE ( ALL PROP]TY DIVISIONS & :]E ALL ?+S >E %>$ 9 COMMON4 ,SECOND>ILY1 IT REF]S TO SOCIAL EXP]IM5TS1 (T5 RELIGI\S 9 9SPIRATION1 :I* TRY TO RECREATE SU* >RANGEM5TS ON A SMALL] SCALE 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,F9ALLY1 ! T]M HAS BE5 APPLI$ MORE LOOSELY TO MASS POLITICAL MOVEM5TS OR REGIMES ?AT AIM TO BR+ SU* A SOCIETY AB\T 9 ! FUTURE4 

,SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT AIM$ TO ABOLI% ALL PROP]TY DIVISIONS >E OCCASIONALLY ATTE/$ = ! ANCI5T WORLD1 FROM ! ,*9ESE ',S*OOL ( ! ,TILL]S' 7C4 #e ,B,C,E7 TO ,P]SIAN ,MAZDAKITES 7C4 #e ,C,E71 AS >E SMALL] SECT>IAN GR\PS 7SU* AS C]TA9 GR\PS ( ,ESS5ES7 :O =M$ UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,[+ TO ! V]Y LIMIT$ NATURE ( \R S\RCES1 IT'S EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% H[ COMMON SU* MOVEM5TS REALLY W]E1 LET ALONE TO GET AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( !IR AIMS & IDEOLOGIES4 ,MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY -- ESPECIALLY ! HI/ORY ( ,AFRICA1 ! ,PACIFIC & ! ,AM]ICAS -- IS SIMPLY LO/ TO US4 ,YET !SE >E PRECISELY ! P>TS ( ! WORLD :]E SU* MOVEM5TS >E LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 MO/ WIDESPREAD & SUCCESSFUL4 ,MANY ( ! NOTORI\SLY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES ( ,AMAZONIA & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE1 LIV$ ON L&S ?AT1 C5TURIES E>LI]1 HAD SE5 COMPLEX URBAN CIVILIZATIONS4 ,>E !Y BETT] SE5 AS REFUGEES FROM ! COLLAPSE ( ?OSE CIVILIZATIONS OR AS DESC5DANTS ( ! REBELS :O OV]?REW !M8 ,IF ! LATT]1 MI<T ?IS SUGGE/ ?AT !IR IDEAS & PRACTICES ) REG>D TO L&1 NATURE1 & PROP]TY 7:I* 9SPIR$ MANY E>LY ,EUROPEAN CONCEPTIONS ( 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM' 9 ! FIR/ PLACE7 >E !MSELVES SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES ( G5]ATIONS PA/8 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY1 BUT WE SIMPLY DO NOT KN[4 ,EV5 ,AFRICAN HUNT]-GA!R]S LIKE ! 6,KUNG1 ,HADZA OR ,PYGMIES1 SO (T5 TREAT$ AS LIV+ FOSSILS ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 OR EGALIT>IAN PA/ORALI/S LIKE ! ,NU] OR ,MAASAI1 LIVE 9 >EAS :]E !RE HAVE BE5 F>M]S1 /ATES & K+DOMS = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL CLE> H[ MU* !IR REJECTION ( 9DIVIDUALI/ PROP]TY REGIMES OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ANY?+ ELSE AB\T !IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION REALLY RESEMBLES :AT WAS COMMON 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC OR H[ MU* !Y REPRES5T A SELF-CONSCI\S REJECTION ( ! VALUES ( SURR\ND+ POPULATIONS4 

,TO RETURN TO :AT WE /ILL LIKE TO CALL1 = NO P>TICUL>LY GOOD REASON1 ! ',WE/]N TRADITION1' ! IDEA ?AT PROP]TY DIVISIONS HAVE NOT ALWAYS EXI/$ RECURS (T5 9 ANCI5T AU?ORS & SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 COMMONLY HELD4 ,IT CAME TO BE 5%R9$ 9 ,ROMAN ,LAW ?R\< C]TA9 PASSAGES ( ,JU/9IAN'S ,DIGE/ :I* HOLD ?AT PROP]TY DIVISIONS >E NOT BAS$ ON ! LAWS ( NATURE BUT1 LIKE W>1 GOV]NM5T1 SLAV]Y & ALL =MS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 >OSE ONLY LAT] ?R\< ! IUS G5TIUM 7LAW ( NATIONS7 -- ESS5TIALLY1 ! USAGES ( W>4 ,!SE PASSAGES W]E WIDELY DISCUSS$ :5 ,ROMAN LAW WAS REVIV$ 9 TWELF?-C5TURY ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO SQU>E !M ) BIBLICAL ACC\NTS ( ,$5 & ) ! TEA*+S ( ,JESUS1 ! PRACTICES ( ! ,APO/LES & ! WRIT+S ( SOME ( ! E>LY ,*UR* ,FA!RS 7SU* AS ,SA9T ,BASIL7 :O OPPOS$ ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( WEAL?4 ,! DEBATE OV] 'APO/OLIC POV]TY' ?AT RAG$ ?R\<\T ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 MO/ FAM\SLY BETWE5 ! ,FRANCISCANS & ,DOM9ICANS1 WAS ABOVE ALL AB\T ! LEGITIMACY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ITSELF & ! FEASIBILITY ( CREAT+ A SOCIETY )\T IT4 ,SU* >GUM5TS )9 ! ,*UR* E*O$ ?OSE ( POPUL> RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS -- N[ REMEMB]$ AS 'H]ESIES' -- ?AT BECAME QUITE COMMON DUR+ ! LAT] ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 ,EUROPE1 MANY ( :I*1 LIKE ! ,TABORITES1 :OSE >MIES CAME TO DOM9ATE MU* ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 W]E EXPLICITLY COMMUNI/4 ,SIMIL> MOVEM5TS ( RELIGI\S COMMUNISM EM]G$ 9 E>LY MOD]N TIMES1 FROM ! ,DIGG]S 9 ,5GL& TO ! ,ANABAPTI/S 9 ,G]MANY1 ALMO/ ALWAYS TO BE H>%LY SUPPRESS$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,ONE CAN F9D SIMIL> ,*RI/IAN COMMUNISM REFLECT$ 9 MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ,TAIP+ REBELS :O AT C]TA9 TIMES CONTROLL$ SUB/ANTIAL PORTIONS ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,*9A4 

,IT IS A NOTORI\S FEATURE ( POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS 9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ?AT !Y T5D TO APPEAL EI!R TO A UTOPIAN VIEW ( A PA/ SOCIAL ORD] OR TO A MESSIANIC VIEW ( A FUTURE SOCIETY %[N BY DIV9E REVELATION OR SOMETIMES1 BO?4 ,! IDEA ?AT !RE WAS ONCE A TIME :5 SOCIAL DIVISIONS DID NOT EXI/ 7':5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVA SPAN1 :O !N WAS ! G5TLEMAN8'7 & ?AT SU* A TIME WILL COME AGA9 FOLL[S NATURALLY FROM ?IS MESSIANIC VISION4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT A SIMIL> HI/ORICAL VISION (T5 CAME TO BE 9VOK$ )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! WORD ',COMMUNISM' FIR/ CAME TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 ITS PRES5T S5SE1 SOME:]E BETWE5 #ahce & #a#h#d#e4 ,= ,M>X1 ,COMMUNISM WAS ! F9AL 5D ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 TO BE FULLY A*IEV$ ONLY AFT] AN 9DET]M9ATE POLITICAL CONFLICT1 & :ILE HE >GU$ ?AT 9 ONE S5SE COMMUNISM WAS ALREADY IMMAN5T 9 WORK]S' PRES5T-DAY SELF-ORGANIZATION AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 HE SAW ?AT /RUGGLE AS AN ONGO+ PROCESS :OSE 5D SIMPLY C\LD NOT BE IMAG9$ US+ ! B\RGEOIS CATEGORIES ?AT EXI/$ 9 HIS DAY4 ,H5CE HIS NOTORI\S REFUSAL TO DESCRIBE :AT COMMUNISM MI<T BE LIKE4 ,9 ! ONE1 FAM\S 9/ANCE :]E HE EV5 CAME CLOSE TO SU* A DESCRIPTION1 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 HE DID NOT EV5 ATTEMPT A SCI5CE FICTION VISION BUT PREF]R$ TO FALL BACK ON IMAGES CLE>LY 9SPIR$ BY 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM' ONCE MORE3 

,AS SOON AS ! DIVISION ( LABOR BEG9S1 EA* MAN HAS A P>TICUL>1 EXCLUSIVE SPH]E ( ACTIVITY :I* IS =C$ UPON HIM & FROM :I* HE CANNOT ESCAPE4 ,HE IS A HUNT]1 FI%]MAN1 %EPH]D OR A CRITIC & HE MU/ REMA9 SO IF HE DOES NOT WANT TO LOSE HIS MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD2 :]EAS 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 :]E NOBODY HAS ONE EXCLUSIVE SPH]E ( ACTIVITY BUT EA* CAN BECOME ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ANY BRAN* HE WI%ES1 SOCIETY REGULATES ! G5]AL PRODUCTION & ?US MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ME TO DO ONE ?+ TODAY & ANO!R TOMORR[1 TO HUNT 9 ! MORN+1 FI% 9 ! AFT]NOON1 RE> CATTLE 9 ! EV5+1 CRITICIZE AFT] D9N]1 JU/ AS ,I HAVE A M9D1 )\T EV] BECOM+ A HUNT]1 FI%]MAN1 %EPH]D1 OR CRITIC4 

,OBVI\SLY ALL ?IS IS 9 A MANN] ( SPEAK+2 ,M>X WAS NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION MO/ PEOPLE W\LD ACTUALLY SP5D !IR TIME OCCUPI$ MA9LY 9 HUNT+ & FI%+ -- AL?\< HE MI<T HAVE US$ ?OSE EXAMPLES 9 ORD] TO SUGGE/ ?AT1 UND] COMMUNISM1 ! >TIFICIAL DIVISION WE MAKE BETWE5 7PA9FUL7 WORK & 7PLEASURABLE7 LEISURE W\LD NO LONG] MAKE MU* S5SE4 ,HIS REAL PO9T H]E IS ?AT :AT WE CALL 'PRIVATE PROP]TY1' '! DIVISION ( LABOR' & 'SOCIAL 9EQUALITY' >E ALL ULTIMATELY ! SAME ?+2 & A FREE SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 C\LD ONLY BE ONE ?AT ABOLI%ES ALL ?REE ( !M4 ,?IS IS :Y HE 9SI/$ ?AT UND] ,COMMUNISM WE W\LD BECOME1 AS HE PUT IT1 A ,SPECIES ,BE+1 DEF9$ ONLY BY \R COMMON HUMANITY1 RA!R ?AN BE+ SPLIT 9TO DIFF]5T SORTS ( P]SON :O DO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,A PRACTICAL MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS W\LD HAVE TO BE ONE :]E WE >E ALL FREE TO MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 ROLES -- EV51 APP>5TLY1 G5D] ROLES1 S9CE ,M>X BEG9S HIS DISCUSSION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR ) ! DIVISION BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 -- BUT1 BY APPEAL+ TO AN OBVI\SLY FANCIFUL PRIMITIVE VISION1 ,M>X 9T5TIONALLY AVOIDS EV5 SPECULAT+ AB\T H[ ?IS MI<T ACTUALLY WORK \T4 

,ABOVE ALL1 = ,M>X1 ,COMMUNISM MEANT OV]COM+ ! ALI5ATION PRODUC$ BY PROP]TY REGIMES1 :]EBY \R [N DE$S RETURN TO US 9 /RANGE UNRECOGNIZABLE =MS1 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = HUMAN BE+S TO CREATE TOGE!R A WORLD ?AT WE MI<T ACTUALLY WI% TO LIVE 93 

,COMMUNISM AS ! POSITIVE TRANSC5D5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AS HUMAN SELF-E/RANGEM5T1 & !RE=E AS ! REAL APPROPRIATION ( ! HUMAN ESS5CE BY & = MAN2 COMMUNISM !RE=E AS ! COMPLETE RETURN ( MAN TO HIMSELF AS A SOCIAL 7I4E4 HUMAN7 BE+ -- A RETURN ACCOMPLI%$ CONSCI\SLY & EMBRAC+ ! 5TIRE WEAL? ( PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS COMMUNISM1 AS FULLY DEVELOP$ NATURALISM1 EQUALS HUMANISM1 & AS FULLY DEVELOP$ HUMANISM EQUALS NATURALISM2 IT IS ! G5U9E RESOLUTION ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 MAN & NATURE & BETWE5 MAN & MAN -- ! TRUE RESOLUTION ( ! /RIFE BETWE5 EXI/5CE & ESS5CE1 BETWE5 OBJECTIFICATION & SELF-CONFIRMATION1 BETWE5 FRE$OM & NECESSITY1 BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SPECIES4 ,COMMUNISM IS ! RIDDLE ( HI/ORY SOLV$1 & IT KN[S ITSELF TO BE ?IS SOLUTION4 

,AFT] ! RELEASE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#h#d#h1 ! WORD CAME TO BE ALMO/ 9DELIBLY ID5TIFI$ ) !IR SPECIFIC POLITICAL PROJECT1 & ! EQUALLY SPECIFIC !ORETICAL ANALYSIS ( CLASS1 CAPITALISM1 LABOR & EXPLOITATION ON :I* IT WAS BUILT4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT TOOK SOME TIME BE=E 'COMMUNI/' SIMPLY BECAME A WORD = A K9D ( ,M>XI/4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! T]M 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/' WAS (T5 US$ AS A SYNONYM = 'AN>*I/4' ,DUR+ MU* ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 REF]5CES TO 'COMMUNI/S' 9 MA9/REAM LIT]ATURE MO/ PROBABLY REF]R$ NEI!R TO ,M>XI/S NOR TO AN>*I/S BUT SIMPLY TO PROPON5TS & CREATORS ( COMMUNES OR SIMIL> UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS -- '9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES' AS !Y W\LD BE CALL$ TODAY -- A =M ( POLITICAL ACTION ALMO/ UNI=MLY DISDA9$ BY ,M>XI/S4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ?IS USAGE IS ,*>LES ,NORDH(F'S FAM\S /UDY1 ,! ,COMMUNI/IC ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#g#e4 ,?IS USAGE ( 'COMMUNISM' NEV] COMPLETELY W5T AWAY1 & HAS RETURN$ 9 ESSAYS LIKE ,CALL & ,! ,COM+ ,9SURRECTION BY ! ',9VISIBLE ,COMMITTEE' TODAY1 :]E 'COMMUNISM' IS US$ TO REF] SIMPLY TO ! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( COMMUNES4 

,) ! SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ?IS EMPHASIS DID L>GELY *ANGE1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ',COMMUNISM' HAS BE5 US$ MORE & MORE TO REF] TO ! IDEOLOGY ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES & !N1 BY EXT5SION1 TO :AT CAME TO BE KN[N BY !IR OPPON5TS 9 ! ,COLD ,W> AS ',COMMUNI/ REGIMES4' ,AS A RESULT1 = MANY1 IF NOT MO/ ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 ',COMMUNISM' HAS COME TO MEAN '?AT ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT PREVAIL$ UND] ! COMM& ECONOMIES ( ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION & ITS ALLIES1 ,MAOI/ ,*9A1 & O!R ,M>XI/ REGIMES4' ,!RE IS A PR(\ND HI/ORICAL IRONY H]E1 S9CE NONE ( ?OSE REGIMES EV] CLAIM$ TO HAVE ACTUALLY A*IEV$ ,COMMUNISM AS !Y !MSELVES DEF9$ IT4 ,!Y REF]R$ TO !IR [N SY/EMS RA!R AS 'SOCIALI/' -- EMBODY+ A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( PROLET>IAT ?AT W\LD ONLY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ACTUAL ,COMMUNISM AT SOME UNSPECIFI$ PO9T 9 ! FUTURE1 :5 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE1 GREAT] $UCATION & PROSP]ITY W\LD EV5TUALLY LEAD TO ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE4 

,EV]YDAY COMMUNISM 

,! PHRASE 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM' WAS CO9$ AS A T]M ( CRITIQUE3 SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES TALK$ 9CESSANTLY AB\T REGIMES !Y WI%$ TO CREATE1 BUT 9 ALMO/ NO CASE WI%$ !IR VISIONS TO BE JUDG$ BY ! ACTUAL A*IEVEM5TS ( REGIMES ?AT REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS 'SOCIALI/4' ,?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION3 IS IT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 'ACTUALLY EXI/+' COMMUNISM8 ,IF WE VIEW ?+S )9 A /ATI/ FRAMEWORK & LOOK = SOME UNIT :I* CAN BE DESIGNAT$ A 'SOCIETY' ORGANIZ$ ON COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES1 !N CLE>LY ! ANSW] W\LD HAVE TO BE NO4 ,H[EV] ?IS IS NOT ! ONLY POSSIBLE APPROA*4 ,I PREF] TO ID5TIFY A PR9CIPLE ?AT1 9 COMB9ATION ) O!RS1 CAN BE F\ND 9 ALL HUMAN SOCIETIES TO A V>IABLE DEGREE4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS MUNDANE *>ACT]1 MAK+ IT ALMO/ 9VISIBLE TO ! NORMAL GAZE1 ,I CALL IT 'EV]YDAY COMMUNISM4' 

,9 ORD] TO DO SO1 IT SEEMS BE/ TO />T FROM ! CLASSICAL DEF9ITION ( COMMUNISM -- 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S' -- & !N EXAM9E ?OSE =MS ( ORGANIZATION OR HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ?AT PR9CIPLE1 :]EV] ONE HAPP5S TO F9D !M4 ,! ORIG9 ( ?IS PHRASE1 9CID5TALLY1 IS 9T]E/+4 ,IT IS WIDELY1 BUT 9CORRECTLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,K>L ,M>X4 ,IT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 A SLOGAN CURR5T 9 ! ,FR5* WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! FIR/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 & IT FIR/ APPE>S 9 PR9T 9 A BOOK CALL$ ,L',ORGANIZATION DU TRAVAIL BY ! SOCIALI/ AGITATOR ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 #a#h#c#i4 ,BLANC US$ IT TO DESCRIBE ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ! 'SOCIAL WORK%OPS' HE WI%$ ! GOV]NM5T TO SET UP AS A NEW BASIS = 9DU/RY4 

,M>X ONLY TOOK UP ! PHRASE MU* LAT]1 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM 9 #a#h#g#e1 & HE US$ IT 9 HIS [N IDIOSYNCRATIC WAY3 = ! SITUATION ?AT HE IMAG9$ W\LD TAKE HOLD 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE ONCE TE*NOLOGY HAD REA*$ ! PO9T ( GU>ANTEE+ ABSOLUTE MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE1 !REBY MAK+ G5U9E HUMAN FRE$OM POSSIBLE4 ,! IDEA ?AT COMMUNISM 9 ,L\IS ,BLANC'S S5SE1 AS A C]TA9 WAY ( COORD9AT+ LABOR OR HUMAN ACTIVITY1 MI<T EXI/ 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY H[EV] IS NOT 5TIRELY NEW4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 = 9/ANCE1 :O IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS ! F\ND] ( 'AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1' 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#b7 IMPLIES SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE ! FOLL[+ ANALYSIS :5 HE WRITES ?AT COMMUNISM C\LD BE/ BE SE5 SIMPLY AS HUMAN COOP]ATION1 & COOP]ATION WAS ! ULTIMATE BASIS ( ALL HUMAN A*IEVEM5T & 9DE$ ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 :AT ,I AM SUGGE/+ IS EV5 BROAD] 9 SCOPE4 

#a4 ,COMMUNISM AS COOP]ATION 

,?IS IS ! WAY ALMO/ EV]YONE BEHAVES IF !Y >E COLLABORAT+ ON SOME COMMON PROJECT4 ,AT LEA/ !Y DO UNLESS !RE IS SOME SPECIFIC REASON NOT TO -- = 9/ANCE1 A HI]>*ICAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT SAYS SOME PEOPLE GET C(FEE & O!RS WILL NOT4 ,IF SOMEONE FIX+ A BROK5 WAT] PIPE SAYS 'H& ME ! WR5*1' !IR C[ORK] WILL NOT G5]ALLY SAY '& :AT DO ,I GET = IT8' EV5 IF !Y >E WORK+ = ,EXXON-,MOBIL1 ,BURG] ,K+ OR ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S4 ,! REASON -- IRONICALLY1 GIV5 ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ?AT 'COMMUNISM JU/ DOESN'T WORK'- IS SIMPLE EFFICI5CY3 IF Y\ REALLY C>E TO GET SOME?+ DONE1 ALLOCAT+ TASKS BY ABILITY & GIV+ PEOPLE :ATEV] !Y NE$ TO DO ! JOB IS OBVI\SLY ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY TO GO AB\T IT4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS ( C\RSE IS ?AT COMM& ECONOMIES -- PUTT+ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES 9 *>GE ( CO-ORD9AT+ EV]Y ASPECT ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICES )9 A GIV5 NATIONAL T]RITORY -- T5D TO BE MU* LESS EFFICI5T ?AN O!R AVAILABLE ALT]NATIVES4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS1 IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E H[ /ATES LIKE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION C\LD HAVE EXI/$1 LET ALONE MA9TA9 !MSELVES AS WORLD P[]S4 ,! ANSW] IS ?AT EV5 ! MO/ TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACIES CAN ONLY FUNCTION ?R\< 9=MAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! RULES & COOP]ATION BETWE5 PEOPLE :O WORK 9 !M 7SEE ,9=MAL ,ECONOMY74 

,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT IT'S ONE ( ! SC&ALS ( CAPITALISM ?AT MO/ FIRMS OP]ATE 9T]NALLY ON COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,TRUE1 !Y T5D NOT TO OP]ATE P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,MO/ (T5 !Y >E ORGANIZ$ BY MILIT>Y-/YLE TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM&4 ,BUT /ILL1 !RE IS (T5 AN 9T]E/+ T5SION H]E1 BECAUSE ACTUALLY1 TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM& >E NOT REALLY V]Y EFFICI5T 7!Y T5D TO PROMOTE /UPIDITY AMONG ?OSE ON TOP1 RES5TM5T AMONG ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM74 ,! MORE ONE HAS TO IMPROVISE1 ! GREAT] ! NE$ = DEMOCRATIC COOP]ATION4 ,9V5TORS HAVE ALWAYS KN[N ?IS & />TUP CAPITALI/S & COMPUT] 5G9E]S HAVE REC5TLY R$ISCOV]$ ! PR9CIPLE3 NOT ONLY ) ?+S LIKE FREEW>E1 :I* EV]YONE TALKS AB\T1 BUT EV5 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR BUS9ESSES4 ,APPLE ,COMPUT]S IS A FAM\S EXAMPLE3 IT WAS F\ND$ BY 7MO/LY ,REPUBLICAN7 COMPUT] 5G9E]S :O BROKE FROM ,I,B,M 9 ,SILICON ,VALLEY 9 ! #a#i#hS1 =M+ LITTLE DEMOCRATIC CIRCLES ( TW5TY TO =TY PEOPLE ) !IR LAPTOPS 9 EA* O!R'S G>AGES4 

,?IS IS PRESUMABLY ALSO :Y 9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( GREAT DISA/]S -- A FLOOD1 BLACK\T1 REVOLUTION OR ECONOMIC COLLAPSE -- PEOPLE T5D TO BEHAVE ! SAME WAY1 REV]T+ TO A K9D ( R\<-&-READY COMMUNISM4 ,SUDD5LY1 IF ONLY = A %ORT TIME1 HI]>*IES1 M>KETS & ! LIKE BECOME LUXURIES ?AT NO ONE CAN REALLY AF=D 

#b4 ,COMMUNISM AS BASEL9E SOCIALITY 

,ANYONE :O HAS LIV$ ?R\< SU* A MOM5T CAN SPEAK TO ITS PECULI> QUALITIES1 ! WAY ?AT /RANG]S BECOME SI/]S & BRO!RS & HUMAN SOCIETY ITSELF SEEMS TO BE REBORN4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE >E NOT SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T COOP]ATION4 ,9 FACT1 COMMUNISM IS ! F\NDATION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIABILITY4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES SOCIETY POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS ALWAYS AN ASSUMPTION ?AT ANYONE :O IS NOT ACTUALLY AN 5EMY CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ACT ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES 444' AT LEA/ TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T3 = EXAMPLE1 IF Y\ NE$ TO WORK \T H[ TO GET SOME:]E & A P]SON HAS ! ABILITY TO GIVE Y\ DIRECTIONS1 !N !Y WILL4 

,CONV]SATION IS A DOMA9 P>TICUL>LY DISPOS$ TO COMMUNISM4 ,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( LIES1 9SULTS1 PUT-D[NS & O!R SORTS ( V]BAL AGGRESSION -- BUT MO/ ( !M >E BUILT ON A PRESUMPTION ( COMMUNISM1 9 ! S5SE ?AT AN 9SULT DOES NOT /+ UNLESS Y\ ASSUME ?AT PEOPLE NORMALLY TAKE O!RS' FEEL+S 9TO CONSID]ATION2 & IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO LIE TO SOMEONE :O DOES NOT EXPECT Y\ NORMALLY TO TELL ! TRU?4 ,IT IS SURELY SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 :5 WE TRULY WI% TO BREAK (F AMICABLE RELATIONS ) SOMEONE1 WE /OP SPEAK+ TO !M 5TIRELY4 ,! SAME GOES = SMALL C\RTESIES 

LIKE ASK+ = A LI<T OR EV5 A CIG>ETTE4 ,9 SU* CASES ! CO/S ( PROVID+ >E CLE>LY CONSID]$ TO BE SO M9IMAL ?AT WE COMPLY )\T EV5 ?9K+ AB\T IT4 ,! SAME IS TRUE IF ANO!R P]SON'S NE$ -- EV5 A /RANG]'S -- IS SPECTACUL> & EXTREME3 IF !Y >E DR[N+1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IF A *ILD HAS FALL5 9TO ! SUBWAY TRACKS1 WE ASSUME ANYONE :O IS CAPABLE ( HELP+ !M UP WILL DO SO4 

,I CALL ?IS 'BASEL9E COMMUNISM1' ! UND]/&+ ?AT1 UNLESS PEOPLE CONSID] !MSELVES SO COMPLETELY 9IMICAL TO ONE ANO!R & IF ! NE$ IS CONSID]$ GREAT 5\< OR ! CO/ REASONABLE 5\<1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S' WILL APPLY4 ,( C\RSE1 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES APPLY V]Y DIFF]5T /&>DS TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT IS A REASONABLE NE$3 9 AN IMP]SONAL URBAN 5VIRONM5T IT MI<T BE LIMIT$ TO LI<TS & DIRECTIONS2 9 MANY HUMAN SOCIETIES1 A DIRECT REQUE/ = FOOD OR SOME O!R ITEM ( COMMON CONSUMPTION MAY BE IMPOSSIBLE TO REFUSE4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( ! MO/ ORD9>Y1 EV]YDAY SORTS ( FOOD1 :I* 9 MANY SOCIETIES1 = ?IS V]Y REASON1 BECOME WAYS ( MA9TA9+ SOCIAL B\ND>IES3 AS = 9/ANCE 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN & ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N SOCIETIES :]E BLOOD-FEUDS PREVAIL$1 M5 W\LD HESITATE TO EAT BREAD & SALT ) A POT5TIAL RIVALS BECAUSE1 IF !Y DID1 IT W\LD NO LONG] BE P]MISSIBLE TO H>M SU* A P]SON4 

,%>+ FOOD IS 9DE$ /ILL CONSID]$ TO BE ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY1 BUT ( C\RSE IT'S ALSO ONE ( ! *IEF =MS ( PLEASURE 7:O W\LD REALLY WANT TO EAT A DELICI\S MEAL BY !MSELVES874 ,FEA/S >E 9 MO/ PLACES SE5 AS ! APEX ( SOCIABILITY4 ,! ELABORATE GAMES1 CONTE/S1 PAGEANTS & P]=MANCES ?AT M>K A POPUL> FE/IVAL1 >E1 LIKE ! /RUCTURES ( EX*ANGE ?AT *>ACT]IZE SOCIETY ITSELF1 BUILT ON TOP ( A K9D ( COMMUNI/IC BASE4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! EXP]I5CE ( %>$ CONVIVIALITY IS NOT ONLY ! MORAL BASIS ( SOCIETY BUT ALSO ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL S\RCE ( PLEASURE4 ,SOLIT>Y PLEASURES WILL ALWAYS EXI/ NO D\BT1 BUT = MO/ HUMAN BE+S1 EV5 N[1 ! MO/ PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES ALMO/ USUALLY 9VOLVE %>+ SOME?+3 MUSIC1 FOOD1 LIQUOR1 DRUGS1 GOSSIP1 DRAMA1 B$4 ,!RE IS ?US A C]TA9 COMMUNISM ( ! S5SES AT ! ROOT ( MO/ ?+S WE CONSID] FUN4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,! SOCIOLOGY ( EV]YDAY COMMUNISM IS A POT5TIALLY 5ORM\S FIELD1 BUT ONE :I*1 [+ TO \R PECULI> IDEOLOGICAL BL9K]S1 WE HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO WRITE BECAUSE WE HAVE BE5 L>GELY UNABLE TO SEE ! OBJECT4 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS = 9/ANCE SPOKE ( '9DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM1' SU* AS EXI/S BETWE5 CLOSE K9 SU* AS MO!RS & !IR *ILDR51 USUALLY SIBL+S1 BUT ALSO BETWE5 CLOSE FRI5DS OR BLOOD BRO!RS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ANY 'SOCIETY' MI<T BE IMAG9$ AS ?READ$ BY 5DLESS COMMUNI/IC NETWORKS4 ,9 SU* RELATION%IPS1 EV]Y?+ MI<T BE %>$ IF ! NE$ >ISES4 ,9 O!R RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 EA* IS LIMIT$ TO ONLY A C]TA9 K9D ( CLAIM ON ! O!R3 TO HELP !M REPAIR !IR FI%NETS1 AID !M 9 W>1 OR PROVIDE CATTLE = A W$D+ FEA/4 ,/ILL !SE CAN BE CONSID]$ COMMUNI/IC IF ! CLAIM CAN BE EX]CIS$ :5EV] !RE IS A NE$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !RE >E GR\PS )9 :I* ALL MEMB]S CAN MAKE C]TA9 UNLIMIT$ CLAIMS ( ?IS SORT :5 9 NE$3 MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES1 MUTUAL 9SURANCE ASSOCIATIONS1 & ! LIKE4 ,MOD]N 9SURANCE FIRMS >E1 IRONICALLY1 COMM]CIAL TRANS=MATIONS ( AN ESS5TIALLY COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE4 ,F9ALLY ANY SELF-ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL GR\P1 FROM A CORPORATION TO A FOOTBALL CLUB TO A RELIGI\S CONFRAT]NITY1 WILL HAVE P>TICUL> RULES AB\T :I* SORTS ( ?+S MU/ BE %>$1 & AB\T COLLECTIVE ACCESS TO !IR COMMON RES\RCES4 ,?IS ( C\RSE %ADES 9TO ! LIT]ATURE ON ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMONS1 BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT (T51 SOCIAL GR\PS 7/>T+ ) CLANS1 VILLAGES1 OR ! LIKE7 WILL MAKE 5TIRELY >TIFICIAL RULES TO CREATE MUTUAL COMMUNI/IC DEP5D5CE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S = EXAMPLE >E FAMILI> ) ! EXI/5CE ( MOIETY /RUCTURES1 :]E A COMMUNITY DIVIDES ITSELF 9TO TWO >BITR>Y DIVISIONS1 EA* ( :I* MU/ RELY ON ! O!R TO BUILD !IR H\SES1 PROVIDE RITUAL S]VICES1 OR BURY EA* O!R'S DEAD1 PURELY :5EV] ! O!R HAS A NE$4 

,COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS EXI/ 9 5DLESS V>IETY1 BUT TWO COMMON *>ACT]I/ICS ALWAYS LEAP TO ! =E4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT !Y >E NOT BAS$ ON CALCULATION4 ,IT W\LD NEV] OCCUR TO ONE SIDE ( AN ,IROQUOIS VILLAGE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO COMPLA9 ?AT !Y HAD BURI$ SIX ( ! O!R SIDE'S DEAD ?IS YE> & ! O!R SIDE HAD ONLY BURI$ TWO ( !IRS4 ,?IS W\LD BE 9SANE4 ,:5 KEEP+ ACC\NTS SEEMS 9SANE 9 ?IS WAY1 WE >E 9 ! PRES5CE ( COMMUNISM4 ,! REASON IT SEEMS SO IS BECAUSE EV]YONE MU/ DIE & ! TWO SIDES ( ! VILLAGE WILL ALWAYS PRESUMABLY BE !RE TO BURY ONE ANO!R'S DEAD1 SO KEEP+ ACC\NTS IS OBVI\SLY PO9TLESS4 ,?IS BR+S \T ! SECOND PO9T3 UNLIKE EX*ANGE1 :]E DEBTS CAN BE CANCEL$ \T IMM$IATELY1 OR 9 ! RELATIVELY %ORT T]M1 COMMUNISM IS BAS$ ON ! PRESUMPTION ( ET]NITY4 ,ONE CAN ACT COMMUNI/ICALLY ) ?OSE ONE TREATS AS IF !Y WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 JU/ AS SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 EV5 IF 7AS )1 SAY1 \R MO!RS7 WE KN[ AT A MORE C]EBRAL LEVEL ?AT ?IS IS NOT REALLY TRUE4 

,WE MI<T ?US ANALYZE HUMAN RELATIONS AS T5D+ TO TAKE ONE ( ?REE =MS3 COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS1 HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS1 OR RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE4 ,EX*ANGE IS BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( RECIPROCITY1 BUT ?IS MEANS ?AT EI!R RELATIONS >E CANCEL$ \T IMM$IATELY 7AS 9 ! M>KET1 :5 !RE IS IMM$IATE PAYM5T71 OR EV5TUALLY1 :5 A GIFT IS RETURN$ OR A DEBT REPAID4 ,HUMAN RELATIONS BAS$ ON EX*ANGE >E 9H]5TLY TEMPOR>Y1 BUT EGALIT>IAN AT LEA/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT :5 ! PAYM5T IS MADE1 ! TWO P>TIES RETURN TO EQUAL /ATUS4 ,HI]>*Y IS NOT BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCAL EX*ANGE BUT RA!R ( PREC$5T3 IF ONE GIVES A GIFT TO A SUP]IOR OR 9F]IOR1 ONE IS LIKELY TO BE EXPECT$ TO DO IT AGA9 UND] SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,HI]>*Y RESEMBLES COMMUNISM 9 ?AT IT IS ASSUM$ TO BE P]MAN5T1 & !RE=E T5DS NOT TO 9VOLVE ! CALCULATION ( ACC\NTS2 EXCEPT ?AT COMMUNISM1 ( C\RSE1 T5DS TO BE RESOLUTELY EGALIT>IAN 9 ITS BASIS4 

,SEV]AL RADICAL IMPLICATIONS FOLL[4 ,I WILL 5D ) ONE4 ,IF WE ACCEPT ?IS DEF9ITION1 IT GIVES US A NEW P]SPECTIVE ON CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ONE WAY ( ORGANIZ+ COMMUNISM4 ,ANY WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ ECONOMIC PR9CIPLE MU/ BE A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ COMMUNISM1 S9CE COOP]ATION & ! TRU/ 9TR9SIC TO BASEL9E SOCIALITY WILL ALWAYS BE ! F\NDATIONS ( HUMAN ECONOMY & SOCIETY4 ,! QUE/ION = ?OSE ( US :O FEEL CAPITALISM IS A BAD WAY ( ORGANIZ+ COMMUNISM OR EV5 AN ULTIMATELY UNSU/A9ABLE ONE IS :AT W\LD A MORE JU/ WAY ( ORGANIZ+ COMMUNISM LOOK LIKE8 ,ONE SPECIFICALLY ?AT W\LD DISC\RAGE ! T5D5CY ( COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS TO SLIDE 9TO =MS ( HI]>*Y4 ,!RE >E GR\NDS = BELIEV+ ?AT ! MORE CREATIVE ! =M ( LABOR1 ! MORE EGALIT>IAN ! =MS ( COOP]ATION WILL T5D TO BE4 ,SO P]HAPS ! KEY QUE/ION IS3 H[ MI<T WE CONTRIVE MORE EGALIT>IAN & CREATIVE =MS ( HUMAN COOP]ATION ?AT >E LESS HI]>*ICAL & /ULTIFY+ ?AN ?OSE WE CURR5TLY KN[8 

,FUR!R READ+ 

,BLANC1 ,L4 7#a#h#c#i7 ,L',ORGANIZATION DU TRAVAIL4 ,AU ,BUREAU DE ,N\VEAU ,MONDE1 ,P>IS4 .<,FIR/ TO SAY 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S'.> 

,COHN1 ,N4 7#a#i#g#b7 ,! ,PURSUIT ( ! ,MILL5NIUM3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILL5>IANS & ,MY/ICAL ,AN>*I/S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK4 .<,A CLASSIC1 BUT CRITICAL APPROA* TO M$IEVAL COMMUNI/IC MOVEM5TS.> 

,DAWSON1 ,D4 7#a#i#i#b7 ,CITIES ( ! ,GODS3 ,COMMUNI/ ,UTOPIAS 9 ,GREEK ,?\<T4 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,OX=D4 .<,GOOD SUMM>Y = ! ANCI5T WORLD.> ,GRAEB]1 ,D4 7#b#a7 ,DEBT3 ,! ,FIR/ ,FIVE ,?\S& ,YE>S4 ,MELVILLE ,H\SE1 ,NEW ,YORK4 .<,SEE ,*APT] #b = EV]YDAY COMMUNISM 9 ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS.> 

,9VISIBLE ,COMMITTEE1 ,! 7#b#d7 ,CALL4 ,U,S ,COMMITTEE TO ,SUPPORT ! ,T>NAC #i1 ,NEW ,YORK4 .<,CONTEMPOR>Y REASS]TION ( 'COMMUNISM' AS COMMUNALISM.> 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#i#b7 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION4 ,WILLIAM ,HE9EMANN1 ,LONDON4 .<,CLASSIC AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 ,KROPOTK9'S 'MUTUAL AID' IS CLOSE TO 'EV]YDAY COMMUNISM'.> 

,M>X1 ,K4 & ,5GELS1 ,F4 7#a#h#d#f .<#a#i#g.>7 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,M>X1 ,K4 & ,5GELS1 ,F4 7#a#h#d#h .<#a#i#i#h.>7 ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,P5GU91 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,MAUSS1 ,M4 7#a#i#i .<#a#i#b#e.>7 ,! ,GIFT3 ,=M & ,REASON ( ,EX*ANGE 9 ,>*AIC ,SOCIETIES4 ,R\TL$GE1 ,LONDON4 .<,MAUSS'S CLASSIC ESSAY 9TRODUCES ! IDEA ( 'TOTAL RECIPROCITY1' :I* IS SMALL-C COMMUNISM.> 

,MORGAN1 ,L4 ,H4 7#a#i#f#e .<#a#h#h#a.>7 ,H\SES & ,H\SE-,LIFE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,ABORIG9ES4 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 ,*ICAGO4 .<,9FLU5TIAL E?NOGRAPHY ( COMMUNAL LIV+1 ESPECIALLY = ,5GELS.> 

,NORDH(F1 ,C4 7#a#h#g#e7 ,! ,COMMUNI/IC ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H>P] & ,BRO!RS1 ,NEW ,YORK4 .<,ESPECIALLY GOOD ON RELIGI\S SOCIETIES.> 

,PRIE/L&1 ,D4 7#b#f7 ,! ,R$ ,FLAG3 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,MAK+ ( ! ,MOD]N 

 ,WORLD4 ,ALL5 ,LANE1 ,LONDON4 .<,! /&>D REC5T S*OL>LY HI/ORY.> ,TE/>T1 ,A4 7#a#i#h#e7 ,LE ,COMMUNISME PRIMITIF4 ,MAISON DES ,SCI5CES DE L',HOMME1 ,P>IS4 .<,! BE/ REC5T V]SION ( OLD-FA%ION$ 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM'.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,COMMUNISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,COMMUNISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/