,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 
,FEBRU>Y #cRD #aibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,E/ELLE ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ 

,TEXT 3 

,?OSE :O >E WELL TO DO UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM >E APT TO OPPOSE ,COMMUNISM1 
FROM CONS]VATISM & LACK ( IMAG9ATION1 & FROM ANXIETY LE/ ! DISORGANIZATIONS ( ! 
TRANSITION P]IOD MAY DE/ROY !IR PRES5T COM=T4 ,SOME EV5 FE> ?AT UND] ,COMMUNISM ! 
EMANCIPAT$ WORK]S MAY REV5GE !MSELVES UPON ?OSE :O W]E ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS 9 ,CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY1 BY DEGRAD+ !M TO A SUBJECT POSITION2 BUT ,COMMUNISM HAS NO PLACE = SUBJECT CLASSES4 
,IT HAS NEI!R ECONOMIC NOR SOCIAL DI/9CTION4 ,IT WILL EMANCIPATE ! 5TIRE HUMANITY4  

,! H>D TOIL ( ! BUS9ESS MAN & HIS MANIFOLD ANXIETIES >E CONT9UALLY CIT$ 
AS >GUM5TS AGA9/ ?IS OR ?AT AMELIORATION ( ! LOT ( ! WORK]S TO-DAY4 ,LET ! EXACT+ 
TOIL1 ! /UP5D\S F9ANCIAL COMMITM5TS1 ! CEASELESS /UPEFY+ ANXIETIES BE ADMITT$3 
,COMMUNISM WILL REMOVE ALL !SE4 ,IT WILL EMANCIPATE ! BUS9ESS MAN FROM HIS BUS9ESS3 IT WILL 
FREE HIM = USEFUL1 C>E-FREE WORK & PLEASURE1 FROM ! %ACKLES ( USELESS TOIL4 ,NEV]!LESS1 
! ,CAPITALI/S ( TO-DAY HAVE %[N !MSELVES AS READY AS W]E ! FEUDAL LORDS ( ! EI<TE5? 
C5TURY TO RESI/ ! PROCESSES ( EVOLUTION BY =CE ( >MS & TO MAKE W> TO PREV5T ! COM+ 
( ! EQUALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORD]4  

,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y CYCLE ( CIVIL W>S1 ?AT ( ,F9L& WAS AN E>LY EXAMPLE ( 
?IS FACT4  

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,M>* #aiag REMOV$ ! ,CZ>I/ DOM9ATION FROM ,F9L&4 
,K]5SKY'S PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T OPPOS$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,F9L&1 DISSOLV$ ! ,F9NI% 
,P>LIAM5T1 :I* HAD PASS$ A LAW MAK+ ITSELF ! SUPREME P[] 9 ,F9L&1 & ORD]$ NEW 
ELECTIONS4 ,ON ONE OCCASION IT PO/$ ,HUSS>S TO PREV5T ! ASSEMBL+ ( ! DISSOLV$ ,P>LIAM5T1 
BUT NEXT TIME ONLY 0,K]5SKY'S SEALS0 W]E ON ! DOOR1 & !SE W]E EASILY BROK54 
,K]5SKY'S ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T LACK$ ! /R5G? TO KEEP ,F9L& )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 
,! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCIL1 :I* SAT SIMULTANE\SLY ) ,K]5SKY'S 
,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & WAS /EADILY BECOM+ ! REAL P[] 9 ,RUSSIA1 HAD DECL>$ = ,F9NI% 
9DEP5D5CE4 ,F9L& AT ?AT TIME WAS CONSID]$ ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ( C\NTRIES4 ,ITS ,P>LIAM5T 
HAD ONLY A S+LE ,*AMB]1 IT HAD A WIDE FRAN*ISE & PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION1 VOTES =T 
WOM51 & WOM5 MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T4 ,9 ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ( #aiaf ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD SECUR$ A MAJORITY1 & A COALITION HAD BE5 =M$4 ,F9L& HAD NO >MY UND] 
! ,CZ>3 %E HAD BE5 POLIC$ BY ,RUSSIAN TROOPS1 & N[ ,F9L& WAS )\T AN >MY4 ,F9NI% 
,CAPITALI/S HAD DESIR$ TO RETA9 ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9ATION & ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY1 BUT ?AT HOPE HAD 
FAIL$ !M4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aiag AN EI<T-H\R WORK+ DAY LAW WAS 5ACT$1 & UNIV]SAL 
SUFFRAGE WAS EXT5D$ TO ! FIELD ( LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,RUSSIA WAS MOV+ T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVI/ 
REVOLUTION1 & W\LD NOT 9T]F]E4 ,!RE W]E ONLY A FEW L>GE ,CAPITALI/S 9 ,F9L& 9 ! 
TIMB] & PAP] 9DU/RIES1 & ! TAK+ OV] ( AB\T T5 L>GE FIRMS W\LD HAVE NATIONALIZ$ 
BY 9DU/RY4 ,ALREADY ! =E/S BELONG$ TO ! ,/ATE2 ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9ATION HAD *ECK$ ! 
GR[? ( P[]FUL ,F9NI% 9T]E/S4 ,APP>5TLY !RE WAS NO?+ TO PREV5T ! C\NTRY FROM 
PASS+ ON TO ,SOCIALISM BY ORD]$ ,P>LIAM5T>Y /AGES4 ,YET ,P>LIAM5T SEEM$ HELPLESS4 ,W> 
CONDITIONS1 9CLUD+ ! ,BRITI% BLOCKADE1 W]E CAUS+ A FOOD %ORTAGE1 &1 ?\< ! 
,P>LIAM5T PASS$ A LAW TO /OP SPECULATION 9 FOOD SUPPLIES1 ! LAW FAIL$ TO OP]ATE4 ,! 
,COALITION ,GOV]NM5T1 SWAY$ TO & FRO BY ITS ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC & ,CAPITALI/ MEMB]S1 REMA9$ 
9ACTIVE4  

,! WORK]S W]E HUNGRY3 9 ,HELS+=S1 ! CAPITAL1 !Y BEGAN TO SEIZE & TO 
DI/RIBUTE /OCKS ( BUTT] -- A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T SPONTANE\SLY4 ,IT LA/$ TWO DAYS1 & 
!N WAS BR\<T TO AN 5D BY ! EF=TS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION LEAD]S4  

,9 ,OCTOB] #aiag NEW ELECTIONS W]E HELD4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS ANTICIPAT$ A CLE> 
,P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,9/EAD1 !Y LO/ ! B>E MAJORITY !Y HAD1 & BECAME A M9ORITY P>TY4 
,:5 ! ELECTION FIGURES W]E ANN\NC$1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT SOME REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS 
P>TIES HAD OBTA9$ A GREAT] NUMB] ( VOTES ?AN !RE W]E ELECTORS ON ! ROLL4 ,LAT] ON1 :5 
! REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 MASSES ( VOT+ PAP]S MADE \T = ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES 
W]E F\ND LOCK$ AWAY 9 ! (FICES ( PRESID5TS ( ELECTORAL BUREAUX4  

,! ELECTIONS HAD BE5 FALSIFI$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS HAD ALSO LO/ 
VOTES1 BECAUSE1 9 SPITE ( !IR MAJORITY 9 ! ,COALITION ,GOV]NM5T1 !Y HAD BE5 UNABLE TO 
SAFEGU>D ! PEOPLE'S FOOD & ?US LO/ ! 5?USIASM ( ! MASSES4  

,! ,COALITION ,GOV]NM5T WAS N[ NO MORE4 ,! B\RGEOIS GR\PS 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T 
VOT$ A RESOLUTION 5TRU/+ ! SUPREME P[] TO A TRIUMV]ATE1 BUT D>$ NOT IMM$IATELY PUT IT 
9TO PRACTICE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y 5T]$ 9TO NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,PROVISIONAL 
,GOV]NM5T ) A VIEW TO %>+ ! P[] & OBTA9+ MILIT>Y AID TO QUELL ! PEOPLE4  

,!N ! ,RUSSIAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T FELL3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS ROSE TO P[]4 
,L591 :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,F9L& = A TIME1 9 RETURN+ TO ,RUSSIA *>G$ ! ,F9NI% 
COMRADES TO SET UP ! ,SOVIETS2 BUT !Y DID NOT2 !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION4  

,! ,F9NI% ,CAPITALI/S W]E N[ GETT+ >MS FROM ,G]MANY & PREP>+ AN >MY4 

,!RE W]E DIVID$ ,C\NCILS AMONG ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS3 SOME DESIR$ A G5]AL 
/RIKE TO SECURE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T2 O!RS DID NOT4 ,! V>I\S ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC FACTIONS ALL 
WI%$ TO AVOID REVOLUTION4 ,EV5TUALLY A G5]AL /RIKE WAS DECL>$4 ,IT SECUR$ A VOTE FROM ! 
,DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T ?AT ! ,P>LIAM5T ITSELF1 & NOT M]ELY A ,GOV]NM5T BLOC1 
%\LD BE ! SUPREME P[] 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS WAS BUT CAM\FLAGE4 ,! ,CAPITALI/S CONT9U$ 
PREP>+ ! >MY :I* WAS TO ATTACK ! WORK]S4  

,AT ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y #aiah ! ,CAPITALI/S GAVE ! WORD ( COMM& = ITS 
BUT*]S TO BEG9 ! ONSLAU<T UPON ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS REPLI$3 

0,! B\RGEOISIE IS VIOAT+ & DE/ROY+ DEMOCRACY4 ,TO >MS60 

,!N1 T>DILY1 ! WORK]S TOOK >MS & MET =CE ) =CE4 ,!Y MI<T HAVE 
BE5 VICTORI\S2 BUT ! ,CAPITALI/S PROCUR$ AID FROM ,G]MANY4 ,?US ,CAPITALISM MA9TA9$ ITS RULE 
& REV5G$ ITSELF BY SC\RG+ ,F9L& ) A RU?LESS & PROLONG$ ,:ITE ,T]ROR1 9 :I* ! 
LIVES ( MANY ?\S& ,SOCIALI/S & WORK]S W]E SACRIFIC$4  

,9 ,HUNG>Y ! ,LIB]AL ,M9I/]1 ,C\NT ,K>OLYI1 :O HAD COME 9TO P[] ?R\< 
! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 SURR5D]$ HIS (FICE1 & CALL$ ! ,WORK]S' & 
,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCIL1 ! ,SOVIETS ( ,HUNG>Y1 TO TAKE ! P[]4 ,HE DID SO BECAUSE ,HUNG>Y HAD BE5 
MADE ECONOMICALLY BANKRUPT AS A RESULT ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,W> & ! DISMEMB]M5T TO :I* ! 
,ALLI$ VICTORS HAD SUBJECT$ H]4 ,! ,SOVIETS W]E SOON DEPOS$ BY ! >M$ =CES ( =EIGN 
,CAPITALISM4  

,! BLOODY CIVIL /RIFE :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ,G]MANY S9CE ! W>1 & ! 
9VASION ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA BY ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S1 >E FUR!R EXAMPLS PROV+ ?AT ! ,CAPITALI/S 
WILL FI<T AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,ITALY PROVIDES A MORE REC5T1 & 9 SOME 
RESPECTS AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE4  

,9 ,ITALY ! ,SOCIALI/S W]E MAK+ /EADY PROGRESS T[>DS A ,P>LIAM5T>Y 
MAJORITY4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( LOCAL GOV]N+ BODIES ALREADY POSSESS$ ,SOCIALI/ MAJORITIES4 ,! 
MASSES1 ?R\< !IR 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 AS WELL AS BY SOME LOCAL MASS 
UPRIS+S1 W]E MANIFE/+ A /RONG DESIRE = ,SOCIALISM4 ,9 #aib ! EMPLOY]S 9 ! METAL 
9DU/RIES ATTEMPT$ TO LOCK \T ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! WORK%OP COMMITTEE 
MOVEM5T1 :I* !Y HAD =M$ & ORGANIZ$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 )\T 
SURR5D]+ !IR MEMB]%IP ( ! ,UNIONS4 ,! WORK%OP ORGANIZATIONS N[ SEIZ$ ! FACTORIES1 
PROTECT$ !M ) B>B$ WIRE1 & PLAC$ MA*9E-GUNS ON ! RO(S4 ,WORK]S 9 O!R 9DU/RIES 
& ON ! L& BEGAN TO TAKE SIMIL> ACTION4 ,! >MY WAS SYMPA!TIC T[>DS ! MOVEM5T1 ! 
,GOV]NM5T WAS P[]LESS TO 9T]V5E4  

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E EI!R 
OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION1 OR UNPREP>$ = IT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S DID NOT F9D 
!MSELVES /RONG 5\< TO TAKE ! LEAD4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY DECID$ ?AT ! AFFAIR MU/ BE LEFT 
TO ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS P]SUAD$ ! WORK]S TO SURR5D] ! FACTORIES & TO 
BECOME ONCE MORE OB$I5T TO ! ,CAPITALI/ ,GOV]NM5T & TO !IR EMPLOY]S4  

,! ,CAPITALI/S %[$ NO GRATITUDE = ! ASSI/ANCE !Y HAD RECEIV$ FROM 
,TRADE ,UNION & ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S2 !IR MA9 CONC]N WAS TO TAKE /EPS TO PREV5T ! WORK]S 
RIS+ AGA94 ,! GREAT 9DU/RIAL ,CAPITALI/S ( ,ITALY1 !RE=E1 PROVID$ ! FUNDS = 
,MUSSOL9I TO CREATE HIS ,FASCI/ ,>MY1 :I* ATTACK$ ! ,TRADE ,UNION1 ,COOP]ATIVE1 ,SOCIALI/1 
,COMMUNI/ & ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS ( ,ITALY1 DE/ROY+ !IR (FICES & PLANT1 BREAK+ UP 
!IR MEET+S1 W\ND+1 OR EV5 KILL+1 !IR MEMB]S & (FICIALS4 ,! ,FASCI/I DID NOT /OP 
AT ! ,LABOR ORGANIZATIONS2 !Y RESORT$ TO VIOL5CE TO 9FLU5CE ! ELECTIONS1 & RAID$ ! 
LOCAL GOV]N+ BODIES :I* HAD A ,SOCIALI/1 OR EV5 A ,LIB]AL MEMB]%IP1 ASSAULT+1 OR EV5 
MURD]+1 ! MEMB]S & (FICIALS :O /OOD = PROGRESS4 ,F9ALLY !Y TOOK >MS AGA9/ ! 
,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI%$ A DICTATOR%IP 9 ,ITALY4 ,9 !IR EV]Y /EP ! MA/]S ( ! ,FASCI/I 
HAVE BE5 ! GREAT] ,CAPITALI/S ( ,ITALY1 :OSE 9T5TION HAS BE5 TO PREV5T ! EMANCIPATION ( 
! WORK]S & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,COMMUNISM ! EQUALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORD] :I* %ALL E/ABLI% 
PL5TY & SECURITY = ALL4  

,MANY ,BRITI% PEOPLE CL+ TO ! BELIEF ?AT SU* MANIFE/ATIONS ( MILITANT 
,CAPITALISM >E UNLIKELY TO OCCUR H]E4 ,YET !RE IS PL5TY ( EVID5CE TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,IT IS 
NOTORI\S ?AT C]TA9 ORGANIZATIONS F9ANC$ BY ! GREAT ,CAPITALI/S HAVE CON/ANTLY EMPLOY$ 
VIOL5T R[DIES TO COMBAT RE=M AGITATIONS4 ,! ,SUFFRAGETTES1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! OPPON5TS ( 
W> HAVE HAD TO RUN ! GANTLET ( SU* R[DYISM4 ,! ,G]MANS1 ,AU/RIANS1 & O!RS SUFF]$ FROM 
IT DUR+ ! W>-TIME 09T]N-!M-ALL0 AGITATION4 ,! ,CURRA< 9CID5T1 9 :I* 
(FIC]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,>MY ANN\NC$ !Y W\LD TAKE SIDES ) ,UL/]1 9 PREV5T+ ! 
APPLICATION ( ! ,IRI% ,HOME ,RULE ,ACT1 %[$ ?AT 9 ,BRITA91 AS ELSE:]E1 ! CLASS 9 P[] 
WILL NOT /OP AT M]E R[DYISM1 BUT WILL PROCE$ TO CIVIL W> 9 DEF5SE ( ITS PRIVILIGES4 ,! 
T]RIBLE ,UL/] POGROMS1 :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ & APPROV$ BY ! RI* & P[]FUL1 ?\< C>RI$ 
\T BY HIR$ SUBORD9ATES & POOR & IGNORANT MOBS1 >E ANO!R PRO( ( ! FACT ?AT ! 
,BRITI% ,CAPITALI/1 LIKE ANY O!R1 W\LD BE QUITE PREP>$ TO CA/ ASIDE LEGALITY1 IF ! LAW 
%\LD CEASE TO PROTECT HIS PRIVILIG$ POSITION4  

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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