,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 
,JANU>Y #b#h? #aibb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,E/ELLE ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ 

,TEXT 3 

,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T ,JANU>Y #b#h? #aibb  

,Z9OVIEV1 AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,MOSC[1 9TRODUC$ 
A ,!SIS DECL>+ ?AT NO ATTEMPT %\LD BE MADE TO =M ,SOVIETS PRIOR TO ! \TBREAK ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS4 ,IT WAS >GU$ ?AT1 AS SU* BODIES W\LD BE P[]LESS1 OR NE>LY SO1 !IR 
=MATION MI<T BR+ ! CONCEPTION ( ! ,SOVIETS 9TO PROLET>IAN CONTEMPT4 ,! ,!SIS WAS 
ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS1 )\T DISCUSSION1 & !REBY BECAME AN AXIOM ( ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL4  

,! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ! M]E BORR[$ T]M1 ,SOVIET1 %ALL BE RES]V$ = 
USE 9 ! ACTUAL CRISIS ( REVOLUTION IS ( SMALL IMPORTANCE ?\<1 IF NOT US$ PREVI\SLY1 IT 
W\LD PROBABLY MISS BE+ ADOPT$ AS ! SLOGAN ( ! REVOLUTION4  

,! QUE/ION ( PO/PON+ ! CREATION ( ! ACTUAL ORGANIZATION TILL ! H\R 
( A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 A FUNDAM5TAL ONE4  

,! IDEA EXPRESS$ & 9SI/$ UPON 9 ?AT ,!SIS ( ,Z9OVIEV'S WAS ?AT ! 
,SOVIET MU/ BE A GREAT MASS MOVEM5T1 COM+ TOGE!R 9 ! ELECTRICAL EXCITEM5T ( ! CRISIS2 
! CORRECTNESS ( ITS /RUCTURE1 ITS ACTUAL ,SOVIETNESS 7TO CO9 AN ADJECTIVE71 BE+ CONSID]$ ( 
SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,A PROGRESSIVE GR[?1 GRADUALLY BRAN*+ \T TILL ! H\R ( CRISIS2 A 
/RONG & WELL-TRI$ ORGANIZATION IS NOT CONTEMPLAT$ BY ! ,!SIS4 ,! NE$ = C>EFULLY 
CONCEIV$ /RUCTURE IS IGNOR$4 ,PROPAG&A = ! ,SOVIETS ALONE IS RECOMM5D$4  

,RUSSIA'S DUAL ,REVOLUTION WAS AN AFFAIR ( SPONTANE\S \TBUR/S1 ) NO ADEQUATE 
ORGANIZATION BEH9D IT4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 ALWAYS A FEEBLE GR[?1 W]E CRU%$ BY ! ,CZ>DOM AT 
! \TBREAK ( ! GREAT W> ( #a#i#a#d4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>TIES C\LD CALL = A 
REVOLUTION2 !Y C\LD NOT C>RY IT ?R\<3 ?AT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ACTION ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! ,>MY & ,NAVY1 9 ! WORK%OPS1 ON ! RAILWAYS1 & ON ! L&4 
,?AT !SE REVOLUTION>IES AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION W]E MA9LY UNORGANIZ$ WAS A DISABILITY1 NOT 
AN ADVANTAGE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! GOV]NM5T FIR/ ( ! ,CZ>1 !N ( ,K]5SKY1 CRUMBL$ READILY UND] 
! POPUL> ASSAULT4 ,! DISABILITY >IS+ FROM ! DISORGANIZ$ /ATE ( ! WORK]S WAS NOT FELT 
9 ITS FULL WEI<T9ESS UNTIL AFT] ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,!N IT WAS 
REALIZ$ ?AT1 ?\< ! ,SOVIETS W]E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE TAK5 P[]1 ! ,SOVIET /RUCTURE HAD YET 
TO BE CREAT$ & MADE TO FUNCTION4 ,! /RUCTURE IS /ILL 9COMPLETE3 IT HAS FUNCTION$ H>DLY AT 
ALL4 ,ADM9I/RATION HAS BE5 L>GELY BY ,GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS1 WORK+ (T5 )\T ! ACTIVE1 
READY COOP]ATION1 SOMETIMES EV5 ) ! HO/ILITY ( GR\PS ( WORK]S :O \<T TO HAVE BE5 
TAK+ A RESPONSIBLE %>E 9 ADM9I/RATION4 ,TO ?IS CAUSE MU/ L>GELY BE ATTRIBUT$ ,SOVIET 
,RUSSIA'S DEFEAT ON ! ECONOMIC FRONT4  

,IT W\LD BE MON/R\S FOLLY = WORK]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 HI<LY 
9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES :]E ,CAPITALISM IS OLD1 TO IMITATE ,RUSSIA'S UNPREP>$NESS4 ,WE 9 ,BRITA9 
HAVE AN 9F9ITELY /RONG] ,CAPITALISM TO OV]TURN3 WE HAVE GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES ( CREAT+ ! 
ORGANIZATION NECESS>Y TO FI<T IT4  

,?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ BE ABLE BO? TO ATTACK & DE/ROY ,CAPITALISM 9 ! F9AL 
/RUGGLE1 & ALSO TO REPLACE ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y ( ,CAPITALISM4 ,MOREOV] IT MU/ BE 
ANIMAT$ BY ! WILL TO !SE A*IEVEM5TS4  

,WE HAVE AT PRES5T NO SU* ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS C\NTRY4  

,\R ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAVE NEI!R ! WILL1 NOR ! CAPACITY = ! PURPOSE4 ,WE >E 
NE>E/ 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM 9 M9+ & TRANSPORT & ON ! L&1 BUT EV5 !RE WE HAVE SEV]AL 
COMPET+ ,UNIONS 9 EA* 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! TEXTILE1 METAL1 FOOD PREP>+1 WOOD-WORK+1 CLO?+1 
& BUILD+ 9DU/RIES1 WE HAVE A MULTIPLICITY ( LITTLE-CO-ORD9AT$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 
GREAT MASS ( ! WORK]S IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS3 ! SKILL$ & ! UNSKILL$3 ORGANIZ$ 
9TO QUITE SEP>ATE ,UNIONS & DIVID$ BY IMPASSABLE B>RI]S :I* HAVE BE5 JEAL\SLY ]ECT$ & 
MA9TA9$ BY ! SKILL$ WORK]S4  

,! /RUCTURE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS IS ANTIQUAT$ & FRUITFUL ( DELAYS4 ,IT IS 
HI<LY UNDEMOCRATIC1 SOME ,UNIONS HAVE FIR/ & SECOND CLASS MEMB]S1 ! =M]1 ( T5 OR MORE 
YE>S' /&+1 ALONE BE+ ELIGIBLE = (FICE2 SOME ELECT !IR EXECUTIVE = EI<T YE>S OR 
SOME O!R LONG T]M2 SOME HOLD NO G5]AL CONGRESS ( BRAN* REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! RANK & FILE 
MEMB]S ( ! ,UNIONS HAVE LITTLE OR NO VOICE 9 DECID+ ! L>G] ISSUES ( POLICY4 ,! 
EXECUTIVE USUALLY DET]M9+ ! POLICY TO BE PURSU$ AT NATIONAL CONF]5CES ) O!R BODIES4 
,! RULES1 :I* >E REGI/]$ ) ! CAPITALI/ ,GOV]NM5T'S ,REGI/R> ,G5]AL1 CANNOT BE 
*ANG$ )\T LONG & H>D EF=T4 ,UND] NORMAL CIRCUM/ANCES IT MU/ TAKE MANY YE>S TO *ANGE 
!M APPRECIABLY4 ,! RULES & /RUCTURE ( ! ,UNIONS W\LD PLACE A H&ICAP UPON ANY S]I\S 
ATTEMPT ?AT MI<T BE MADE TO REMOLD ! ,UNIONS 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MI<T FUNCTION ) SOME SORT 
( EFFICI5CY 9 ! ATTACK ON ,CAPITALISM & 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( 9DU/RY AFT] ,CAPITALISM 
W]E OV]?R[N4  

,! RULES & /RUCTURE >E EV5 A S]I\S H&ICAP 9 ! DAILY /RUGGLE TO 
PALLIATE ,CAPITALISM1 :I* IS :AT ! ,UNIONS EXI/ =4  

,! ,UNION (FICIALS :O1 ALMO/ TO A MAN1 DESIRE ! RET5TION ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM1 FE>1 ABOVE ALL ?+S1 ANY S]I\S ATTACK UPON IT1 >E AID$ & PROTECT$ 9 !IR 
CONS]VATISM BY ! ,UNION RULES4  

,! REACTION>Y (FICIALS HAVE1 H[EV]1 A /RONG] BUTTRESS & PROTECTION 9 ! 
BACKW>D MASSES1 :O VA/LY \TNUMB] ! AWAK5$ WORK]S 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ! 
ADVANC$ /AGES ( ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! GREAT MASSES WILL DISC]N ! GULF BETWE5 !MSELVES 
& !IR REACTION>Y LEAD]S4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ANO!R ORGANIZATION IS NECESS>Y4 
,SU* AN ORGANIZATION MU/ REVEAL TO ! MASSES ! TRUE *>ACT] ( !IR LEAD]S1 & (F] !M 
AN ALT]NATIVE POLICY4  

,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E COMPOS$ ( MASSES ( WORK]S :O DID NOT BECOME MEMB]S ( 
! ,UNIONS ) ! OBJECT ( *ANG+ ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT M]ELY TO PALLIATE IT4 ,LATT]LY M5 
& WOM5 HAVE EV5 BE5 =C$ 9TO ! ,UNIONS1 BECAUSE ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD BECOME /RONG 5\< TO 
9SURE ?AT ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO JO9 W\LD HAVE DIFFICULTY 9 OBTA9+ EMPLOYM5T4 ,) SU* A 
MEMB]%IP1 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E NATURALLY TIMID1 CONS]VATIVE BODIES1 APT TO OPPOSE DRA/IC *ANGE 
& UNREADY TO TAKE ANY BOLD 9ITIATIVE4  

,WE BELIEVE ?AT SU* ,TRADE ,UNIONS CAN NEV] DELIB]ATELY PRECIPITATE A REVOLUTION4 
,9 ?IS MATT]1 !ORY IS SUPPORT$ BY EXP]I5CE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT MADE BY ! 
H>DLY-EXI/+ ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,SOVIETS LABOR$ TO 
=M ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,SOME ( ! ,UNIONS IT HAD =M$ !N OPPOS$ RET5TION ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS1 
WORK$ AGA9/ ALL T5D5CIES T[>DS ,COMMUNISM1 & GAVE !IR SUPPORT TO ! DEM& = A 
B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC1 ) ,CAPITALISM REE/ABLI%$ 9 P[]4  

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 SO F> FROM LEAD+ ! V>I\S PROLET>IAN 
UPRIS+S1 TOOK NO (FICIAL P>T EXCEPT TO OPPOSE !M4  

,TO ADM9I/] 9 PLACE ( ,CAPITALISM1 AS WELL AS TO OV]?R[ IT1 ! WORK]S 
%\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ) ALL1 & MORE ?AN ALL1 ! EFFICI5CY & COH]5CE ( ,CAPITALISM4 ,9 
?IS C\NTRY1 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF1 ?\< TREM5D\SLY BETT] EQUIPP$ ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! 
,CZ>DOM1 /ILL LACKS CO-ORD9ATION4 ,AS A M$IUM = SUPPLY+ ! PEOPLE'S NE$S1 IT SUFF]S ON ! 
ONE H& FROM ! COMPETITION & OV]LAPP+ ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S2 &1 ON ! O!R1 FROM 
%ORTAGE & LACK 9 DI/RICTS :]E ! SMALL MEANS ( ! PEOPLE DO NOT R5D] IT PR(ITABLE TO 
SUPPLY !M EFFICI5TLY4 ,EV]Y DAY ,BRITI% ,CAPITALISM IS REM$Y+ SOME ( ITS ORGANIZATIONAL 
DEFECTS1 AT LEA/1 SOME ( ?OSE DUE TO ITS [N 9T]NAL CAPITALI/ RIVALRIES4  

,FROM BANK+1 :]E WE HAVE NE>LY >RIV$ AT A S+LE TRU/1 TO TEA-%OPS1 :]E 
,LYONS IS ABSORB+ COMPETITOR AFT] COMPETITOR1 CO-ORD9ATION & ! ELIM9ATION ( COMPETITION IS 
GO+ ON CON/ANTLY4 ,TRU/IFICATION HAS NOT YET DEVELOP$ NE>LY SO F> 9 ,BRITA9 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 
:]E ! COMB9ATION ( ! P[]FUL CAPITALI/1 ,/9NES1 L9KS UP COAL & ORE M9+1 SMELT+1 
& ! MANUFACTURE1 %IPP+ & M>KET+ ( ALL SORTS ( METAL GOODS2 =E/RY1 WOOD-WORK+1 
PAP]-MAK+1 PR9T+ & PUBLI%+2 TRAM1 TRA91 & SEA TRAVEL1 & ! PROVISION ( HOTEL 
ACCOMMODATION2 ! PRODUCTION & SUPPLY ( ELECTRICITY 9 ALL ITS BRAN*ES1 & A HO/ ( O!R 
ACTIVITIES4  

,BRITI% ,CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION WILL RAPIDLY BECOME MORE CLOSELY KNIT UND] 
PRESSURE ( ! COMPETITION :I* IS RIS+ UP AGA9/ IT ALL OV] ! WORLD3 9 ,BRITA9'S [N 
COLONIES & DOM9IONS1 9 ,AM]ICA1 9 ! GR[+ 9DU/RIALISM ( ,POL&1 ,ITALY1 & O!R 
,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ABOVE ALL 9 ,G]MANY1 :OSE ,CAPITALISM1 /ILL MORE S9CE ! W> ?AT WAS MEANT 
TO CRU% IT1 IS ,BRITA9'S KE5E/ RIVAL4  

,WE %\LD WELCOME ! TRU/IFICATION ( 9DU/RY1 9 SO F> AS IT IS A 
CO-ORD9ATION ALONG ! L9ES ( CONV5I5CE & UTILITY 9 PRODUC+ & DI/RIBUT+ :AT IS 
NE$$ BY ! POPULACE4 ,WE %\LD WELCOME IT ALSO BECAUSE IT PROVIDES ! MEANS ( L9K+ UP ! 
WORK]S 9TO A CLOSELY-KNIT FI<T+ ORGANIZATION2 AN ORGANIZATION :I* CAN /EP 9 & DISPLACE 
! CAPITALI/1 &1 HAV+ DONE SO1 %ALL BE ABLE TO C>RY ON PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4  

,SU* AN ORGANIZATION MAY BE BUILT UP BY ORGANIZ+ ! WORK]S 9 ! CO-ORD9AT$ 
C5T]S ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,TRU/ ITSELF4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E 
NOT ?US ORGANIZ$4  

,AL?\< ,TRU/IFICATION HAS NOT YET DEVELOP$ V]Y F> 9 ,BRITA91 ,BRITI% 
EMPLOY]S ( LABOR >E MU* BETT] ORGANIZ$ ?AN ,BRITI% WORK]S4 ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS & 
,TRADE ,J\RNALS B9D ! EMPLOY]S TOGE!R 9 ALL 9DU/RIES1 & A MU* GREAT] DEGREE ( 
SOLID>ITY IS %[N BY ! EMPLOY+ CLASS ?AN BY ! WORK+ CLASS :5 A TRADE DISPUTE >ISES4 
,9 ?IS C\NTRY ,TRADE ,UNIONISM HAS NEV] A*IEV$ ! G5]AL /RIKE3 IT HAS EV5 %RUNK FROM 
ATTEMPT+ ANY L>GE-SCALE SYMPA!TIC /RIKE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNIONISM IS BEH9D 
?AT ( MO/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,BO? IDEOLOGICALLY & /RUCTURALLY IT IS DI/9CTLY \TDI/ANC$ 
BY ITS CONT95TAL CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS SOLELY ON ! SIZE ( ITS MEMB]%IP ?AT ! 
,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T HAS CLAIM$ TO BE ! /RONGE/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,AS A BODY ( ACTION IT 
W\LD GA9 9 /R5G? IF IT C\LD BE RU?LESSLY PRUN$ ( ITS MORE BACKW>D MEMB]S4  

,! TRU/IFICATION & CO-ORD9ATION ( 9DU/RY UND] ,CAPITALISM HAS = MANY 
YE>S BE5 CAUS+ A P]PETUAL DISCUSSION UPON 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM TO BE C>RI$ ON 9 ! ,LABOR 
MOVEM5T2 BUT ! RESULT 9 ACTUAL IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNION /RUCTURE HAS BE5 SURPRIS+LY SMALL4 

,?AT RAPID W>TIME GR[?1 ! ,%OP ,/EW>DS' ORGANIZATION1 9 A FEW MON?S 
CO-ORD9AT$ ! WORK]S 9 ! MUNITION FACTORIES & %IPY>DS ) AN EFFICI5T COMPLET5ESS ! 
,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD NEV] APPROA*$1 & MADE ! ,/EW>DS' MOVEM5T A COH]5T ACT+ =CE1 SU* AS 
! ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD NEV] BE54 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T %[S ?AT ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ ! WORK]S 9 
ACCORDANCE ) ,CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$1 MAY 
READILY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY BUILD+ UPON A NEW BASIS1 UNH9D]$ BY ! TRAMMELS ( ! OLD 
MA*9]Y & ! PREJUDICES & VE/$ 9T]E/S ( ! OLD (FICIALS4  

,IT MAY1 P]HAPS1 BE OBJECT$ ?AT S9CE ! ,%OP ,/EW>DS' ORGANIZATION DW9DL$ 
AT ! CLOSE ( ! W> & HAS ALL BUT PASS$ AWAY1 !RE >E ELEM5TS ( P]MAN5CY 9 ! ,TRADE 
,UNIONS :I* ! ,%OP ,/EW>DS DID NOT POSSESS4 ,?AT IS TRUE4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS REMA9$ 9 
POSSESSION ( !IR ACCUMULAT$ FUNDS1 & W]E ADD+ TO !SE FUNDS WEEK BY WEEK1 = ! WORK]S 
CONT9U$ PAY+ !IR ,TRADE ,UNION DUES WEEK BY WEEK2 AL?\< ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E FUNCTION+ 
ONLY AS B5EFIT SOCIETIES1 :IL/ ! RANK & FILE WORK]S !MSELVES W]E DO+1 ?R\< !IR 
%OP COMMITTEES & !IR ELECT$ /EW>DS1 ! WORK = :I* ! ,UNIONS W]E CREAT$4 ,! ,UNIONS 
RETA9$ POSSESSION ( ! FUNDS & ! FRI5DLY B5EFITS4 ,:5 ! BOOM 9 PRODUCTION PASS$ & 
UNEMPLOYM5T BECAME RIFE 9 ! L&1 ! WORK]S UNREADY = ! TIME BE+ TO SAFEGU>D !IR 
/ATUS 9 ! WORK%OP1 W]E GLAD TO FALL BACK ON ! FRI5DLY B5EFITS ( ! ,UNION4  

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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