,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*Y #aia ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TAGS 3 EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 MOVEM5T ( IDEAS1 DIRECTION ( COMMUNISM1 ?REAT ( HUNG]1 HABIT ( LOYALTY1 =M ( ASSOCIATION1 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,JESSIE ,LYNN ,MC,MA9S1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,MANY ,AN>*I/S & ?9K]S 9 G5]AL1 :IL/ RECOGNIZ+ ! IMM5SE ADVANTAGES :I* ,COMMUNISM MAY (F] TO SOCIETY1 YET CONSID] ?IS =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION A DANG] TO ! LIB]TY & FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS DANG] IS ALSO RECOGNIZ$ BY MANY ,COMMUNI/S1 &1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ! QUE/ION IS M]G$ 9 ?AT O!R VA/ PROBLEM :I* \R C5TURY HAS LAID B>E TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T3 ! RELATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SOCIETY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS QUE/ION NE$ H>DLY BE 9SI/$ UPON4 ,! PROBLEM BECAME OBSCUR$ 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,:5 SPEAK+ ( ,COMMUNISM1 MO/ PEOPLE ?9K ( ! MORE OR LESS ,*RI/IAN & MONA/IC & ALWAYS AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM ADVOCAT$ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ?IS C5TURY & PRACTIC$ 9 C]TA9 COMMUNITIES4 ,!SE COMMUNITIES TOOK ! FAMILY AS A MODEL & TRI$ TO CON/ITUTE 0! GREAT ,COMMUNI/ FAMILY0 TO 0RE=M MAN104 ,TO ?IS 5D1 9 ADDITION TO WORK+ 9 COMMON1 !Y IMPOS$ ! LIV+ CLOSELY TOGE!R LIKE A FAMILY1 AS WELL AS ! ISOLATION OR SEP>ATION ( ! COLONY FROM PRES5T CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS AM\NT$ TO NO?+ LESS ?AN ! TOTAL 9T]F]5CE ( ALL 'BRO!RS0 & 0SI/]S0 ) ! 5TIRE PRIVATE LIFE ( EA* MEMB]4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 ! DIFF]5CE WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY NOT$ AS BETWE5 ISOLAT$ COMMUNITIES1 F\ND$ ON V>I\S OCCASIONS DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE OR F\R C5TURIES1 & ! NUM]\S F$]AT$ COMMUNES :I* >E LIKELY TO SPR+ UP 9 A SOCIETY AB\T TO 9AUGURATE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,FIVE ASPECTS ( ! SUBJECT ?US REQUIRE TO BE CONSID]$ SEP>ATELY3 .<#a.> ,PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 COMMON1 .<#b.> ,DOME/IC LIFE 9 COMMON 7COHABITATION3 IS IT NECESS>Y TO >RANGE IT AFT] ! MODEL ( ! PRES5T FAMILY871 .<#c.> ,! ISOLAT$ COMMUNITIES ( \R TIMES1 .<#d.> ,! F$]AT$ COMMUNES ( ! FUTURE1 & .<#e.> ,DOES ,COMMUNISM NECESS>ILY LESS5 9DIVIDUALITY8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,9DIVIDUAL 9 A ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AN IMM5SE MOVEM5T ( IDEAS TOOK PLACE DUR+ ?IS C5TURY UND] ! NAME ( ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL1 BEG9N+ ) ,BABEUF1 ,/4 ,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 ,ROB]T ,[5 & ,PR\DHON :O =MULAT$ ! PR$OM9AT+ CURR5TS ( ,SOCIALISM1 & CONT9U$ BY !IR NUM]\S SUCCESSORS 7,FR5*7 ,CONSID]ANT1 ,PI]RE ,L]\S1 ,L\IS ,BLANC2 7,G]MAN7 ,M>X1 ,5GELS2 7,RUSSIAN7 ,*]NY*EVSKI1 ,BAKUN92 ETC1 :O WORK$ EI!R AT POPUL>IZ+ ! IDEAS ( ! F\ND]S ( MOD]N ,SOCIALISM OR AT E/ABLI%+ !M ON A SCI5TIFIC BASIS4 ,!SE IDEAS1 ON TAK+ PRECISE %APE1 GAVE BIR? TO TWO PR9CIPAL CURR5TS3 ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM2 ALSO TO A NUMB] ( 9T]M$I>Y S*OOLS B5T ON F9D+ A WAY BETWE51 SU* AS ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 ,COLLECTIVISM1 ,COOP]ATION2 AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES !Y CREAT$ A =MIDABLE WORK]S' MOVEM5T :I* /RIVES TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE MASS ( ! WORK]S BY TRADES = ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL1 & :I* BECOMES MORE 9T]NATIONAL ) ! FREQU5T 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 WORK]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES4 ,! FOLL[+ ?REE ESS5TIAL PO9TS W]E GA9$ BY ?IS IMM5SE MOVEM5T ( IDEAS & ( ACTION1 & !SE HAVE ALREADY WIDELY P5ETRAT$ ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE3 .<#a.> ,! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 ! MOD]N =M ( ANCI5T S]FDOM1 .<#b.> ,! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & .<#c.> ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( SOCIETY FROM ! POLITICAL MA*9]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 :I* HELPS TO MA9TA9 ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 ,ON !SE ?REE PO9TS ALL >E AGRE$1 & EV5 ?OSE :O ADVOCATE 0LABOR NOTES0 OR :O1 LIKE ,BR\SSE1 WI% ALL 0TO BE FUNCTION>IES10 ?AT IS EMPLOYES ( ! ,/ATE OR ! COMMUNE1 ADMIT ?AT IF !Y ADVOCATE EI!R ( !SE PROPOSALS IT IS ONLY BECAUSE !Y DO NOT SEE AN IMM$IATE POSSIBILITY = ,COMMUNISM4 ,!Y ACCEPT ?IS COMPROMISE AS AN EXP$I5T1 BUT !IR AIM ALWAYS REMA9S ,COMMUNISM4 ,&1 AS TO ! ,/ATE1 EV5 ! BITT]E/ P>TISANS ( ! ,/ATE1 ( AU?ORITY1 EV5 ( DICTATOR%IP1 RECOGNIZE ?AT ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! CLASSES ( TODAY ! ,/ATE WILL ALSO CEASE TO EXI/4 ,H5CE WE MAY SAY )\T EXAGG]AT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( \R SECTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T - ! ,AN>*I/ SECTION - ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ,SOCIALISM 7:I* DIFF]5CES >E1 BE=E ALL1 BAS$ UPON ! MORE OR LESS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! MEANS ( ACTION ( EA* SECTION71 WE MAY AFFIRM ?AT ALL SECTIONS1 BY ! VOICE ( !IR ?9K]S1 RECOGNIZE ! EVOLUTION T[>DS ,FREE ,COMMUNISM AS ! AIM ( ,SOCIALI/ EVOLUTION4 ,ALL ! RE/1 AS !Y !MSELVES CONFESS1 >E ONLY /EPP+-/ONES T[>DS ?IS 5D4 ,IT W\LD BE IDLE TO DISCUSS !SE /EPP+-/ONES )\T AN EXAM9ATION ( ! T5D5CIES ( DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,( !SE DIFF]5T T5D5CIES TWO1 BE=E ALL1 M]IT \R ATT5TION4 ,ONE IS ! 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTY ( DET]M9+ ! %>E ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE HAVE BECOME SO COMPLICAT$1 SO RIVET$ TOGE!R1 ALL 9DU/RIES >E SO DEP5D5T ONE UPON ! O!R ?AT PAYM5T TO ! PRODUC] BY RESULTS BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE ! MORE 9DU/RY IS DEVELOP$1 ! MORE WE SEE PAYM5T BY PIECE REPLAC$ BY WAGES4 ,WAGES1 ON ! O!R H&1 BECOME MORE EQUAL4 ,! DIVISION ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 CLASSES C]TA9LY REMA9S & !RE IS A :OLE CLASS ( B\RGEOIS :O E>N ! MORE1 ! LESS !Y DO4 ,! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF IS DIVID$ 9TO F\R GREAT DIVISIONS3 .<#a.> WOM51 .<#b.> AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 .<#c.> UNSKILL$ WORK]S1 & .<#d.> SKILL$ WORK]S4 ,!SE DIVISIONS REPRES5T F\R DEGREES ( EXPLOITATION & >E BUT ! RESULT ( B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION4 ,9 A SOCIETY ( EQUALS1 :]E ALL CAN LE>N A TRADE & :]E ! EXPLOITATION ( WOMAN BY MAN1 ( ! PEASANT BY ! MANUFACTUR]1 WILL CEASE1 !SE CLASSES WILL DISAPPE>4 ,BUT1 EV5 TODAY1 WAGES )9 EA* ( !SE CLASSES T5D TO BECOME MORE EQUAL4 ,?IS L$ TO ! /ATEM5T3 0?AT A NAVVY'S DAY'S WORK IS WOR? ?AT ( A JEWEL]01 & MADE ,ROB]T ,[5 CONCEIVE HIS 0LABOR NOTES01 PAID TO ALL :O WORK$ SO MANY H\RS 9 ! PRODUCTION ( NECESS>Y COMMODITIES4 ,BUT IF WE LOOK BACK ON ALL ATTEMPTS MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 WE F9D ?AT ) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW ?\S& F>M]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LABOR NOTES HAVE NOT SPREAD S9CE ! 5D ( ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! C5TURY :5 ,[5 TRI$ TO ISSUE !M4 ,! REASONS = ?IS HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ ELSE:]E 7SEE ! *APT]3 ,! ,WAGE ,SY/EM1 9 MY BOOK 0,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD074 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SEE A GREAT NUMB] ( ATTEMPTS AT P>TIAL SOCIALIZATION1 T5D+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,HUNDR$S ( ,COMMUNI/ COMMUNITIES HAVE BE5 F\ND$ DUR+ ?IS C5TURY ALMO/ EV]Y:]E & AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T WE >E AW>E ( MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ ( !M1 ALL BE+ MORE OR LESS ,COMMUNI/IC4 ,IT IS 9 ! SAME DIRECTION ( ,COMMUNISM - P>TIAL ,COMMUNISM1 WE MEAN TO SAY - ?AT NE>LY ALL ! NUM]\S ATTEMPTS AT SOCIALIZATION WE SEE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY T5D TO BE MADE1 EI!R BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS OR ) REG>D TO ! SOCIALIZATION ( MUNICIPAL MATT]S4 ,HOTELS1 /EAM]S1 BO>D+ H\SES1 >E ALL EXP]IM5TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION UND]TAK5 BY ! B\RGEOIS4 ,= SO MU* P] DAY Y\ HAVE ! *OICE BETWE5 T5 OR FIFTY DI%ES PLAC$ AT Y\R DISPOSAL AT ! HOTEL OR ON ! /EAM]1 ) NOBODY CONTROLL+ ! AM\NT Y\ HAVE EAT5 ( !M4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION IS EV5 9T]NATIONAL & BE=E LEAV+ ,P>IS OR ,LONDON Y\ MAY BUY BONS 7C\PONS = #a FRANCS A DAY7 :I* 5ABLE Y\ TO /AY AT WILL 9 HUNDR$S ( HOTELS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ETC41 ALL BELONG+ TO AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY ( HOTELS4 ,! B\RGEOIS ?OR\TIAL ,COMMUNISM COMB9$ ) ! ALMO/ UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 RESPECT TO CONSUMPTION1 & 9 ALL !SE 9/ITUTIONS = A FIX$ PRICE P] MON? Y\ WILL BE LODG$ & F$1 ) ! S+LE EXCEPTION ( CO/LY EXTRAS 7W9E1 SPECIAL AP>TM5TS7 :I* >E *>G$ SEP>ATELY4 ,FIRE1 !FT & ACCID5T 9SURANCE 7ESPECIALLY 9 VILLAGES :]E EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS P]MITS ! *>GE ( AN EQUAL PREMIUM = ALL 9HABITANTS71 ! >RANGEM5T BY :I* GREAT ,5GLI% /ORES WILL SUPPLY = #aS4 P] WEEK ALL ! FI% :I* A SMALL FAMILY MAY CONSUME1 CLUBS1 ! 9NUM]ABLE SOCIETIES ( 9SURANCE AGA9/ SICKNESS1 ETC41 ETC44 ,?IS MASS ( 9/ITUTIONS1 CREAT$ DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY1 >E AN APPROA* T[>DS ,COMMUNISM ) REG>D TO P>T ( \R TOTAL CONSUMPTION4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE EXI/S A VA/ S]IES ( MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS - WAT]1 GAS1 ELECTRICITY1 WORKM5'S DWELL+S1 TRA9S ) UNI=M F>ES1 BA?S1 WA%+ H\SES1 ETC4 - :]E SIMIL> ATTEMPTS AT SOCIALIZ+ CONSUMPTION >E BE+ MADE ON AN EV] 9CREAS+ SCALE4 ,ALL ?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT YET ,COMMUNISM4 ,F> FROM IT4 ,BUT ! PR9CIPLE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS CONTA9S A P>T ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ,COMMUNISM3 = SO MU* P] DAY 79 MONEY TODAY1 9 LABOR TOMORR[7 Y\ >E 5TITL$ TO SATISFY - LUXURY EXCEPT$ - ?IS OR ! O!R ( Y\R WANTS4 ,!SE =AYS 9TO ,COMMUNISM DIFF] FROM REAL ,COMMUNISM 9 MANY WAYS2 & ESS5TIALLY 9 ! TWO FOLL[+2 .<#a.> PAYM5T 9 MONEY 9/EAD ( PAYM5T BY LABOR2 .<#b.> ! CONSUM]S HAVE NO VOICE 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! BUS9ESS4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! IDEA1 ! T5D5CY ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E WELL UND]/OOD1 IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT EV5 TODAY TO />T BY PRIVATE OR PUBLIC 9ITIATIVE A COMMUNITY C>RY+ \T ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE M5TION$4 ,LET US SUPPOSE A T]RITORY ( #e HECT>ES ON :I* >E BUILT #b COTTAGES1 EA* SURR\ND$ BY A G>D5 OR AN OR*>D ( A QU>T] HECT>E4 ,! MANAGEM5T ALL[S EA* FAMILY OCCUPY+ A COTTAGE1 TO *OOSE \T ( FIFTY DI%ES P] DAY :AT IS DESIR$1 OR IT SUPPLIES BREAD1 VEGETABLES1 MEAT1 C(FEE AS DEM&$ = PREP>ATION AT HOME4 ,9 RETURN !Y DEM& EI!R SO MU* P] ANNUM 9 MONEY OR A C]TA9 NUMB] ( H\RS ( WORK GIV51 AT ! CONSUM]S' *OICE1 TO ONE ( ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! E/ABLI%M5T3 AGRICULTURE1 CATTLE RAIS+1 COOK+1 CLEAN+4 ,?IS MAY BE PUT 9 PRACTICE TOMORR[ IF REQUIR$1 & WE MU/ WOND] ?AT SU* A F>M_/HOTEL_/G>D5 HAS NOT YET BE5 F\ND$ BY AN 5T]PRIS+ HOTEL PROPRIETOR4 ,IT WILL BE OBJECT$1 NO D\BT1 ?AT IT IS JU/ H]E1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( LABOR 9 COMMON1 ?AT ,COMMUNI/S HAVE G5]ALLY EXP]I5C$ FAILURE4 ,YET ?IS OBJECTION CANNOT /&4 ,! CAUSES ( FAILURE HAVE ALWAYS TO BE S\LY ALL COMMUNITIES W]E F\ND$ BY AN ALMO/ RELIGI\S WAVE ( 5?USIASM4 ,PEOPLE W]E ASK$ TO BECOME 0PIONE]S ( HUMANITY20 TO SUBMIT TO ! DICTATES ( A PUNCTILI\S MORALITY1 TO BECOME QUITE REG5]AT$ BY ,COMMUNI/ LIFE1 TO GIVE ALL !IR TIME1 H\RS ( WORK & ( LEISURE1 TO ! COMMUNITY1 TO LIVE 5TIRELY = ! COMMUNITY4 ,?IS MEANT ACT+ SIMPLY LIKE MONKS & TO DEM& - )\T ANY NECESSITY - M5 TO BE :AT !Y >E NOT4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 QUITE REC5T DAYS ?AT COMMUNITIES HAVE BE5 F\ND$ BY ,AN>*I/ WORK+ M5 )\T ANY SU* PRET5SIONS1 = PURELY ECONOMIC PURPOSES - TO FREE !MSELVES FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,! SECOND MI/AKE LAY 9 ! DESIRE TO MANAGE ! COMMUNITY AFT] ! MODEL ( A FAMILY1 TO MAKE IT 0! GREAT FAMILY0 ,!Y LIV$ ALL 9 ! SAME H\SE & W]E ?US =C$ TO CONT9U\SLY MEET ! SAME 0BRE?R5 & SI/]S40 ,IT IS ALREADY DIFFICULT (T5 = TWO REAL BRO!RS TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 ! SAME H\SE1 & FAMILY LIFE IS NOT ALWAYS H>MONI\S2 SO IT WAS A FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR TO IMPOSE ON ALL ! 0GREAT FAMILY0 9/EAD ( TRY+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO GU>ANTEE AS MU* FRE$OM & HOME LIFE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BESIDES1 A SMALL COMMUNITY CANNOT LIVE LONG2 0BRE?R5 & SI/]S0 =C$ TO MEET CONT9U\SLY1 AMID A SC>CITY ( NEW IMPRESSIONS1 5D BY DETE/+ EA* O!R4 ,& IF TWO P]SONS ?R\< BECOM+ RIVALS OR SIMPLY NOT LIK+ EA* O!R >E ABLE BY !IR DISAGREEM5T TO BR+ AB\T ! DISSOLUTION ( A COMMUNITY1 ! PROLONG$ LIFE ( SU* COMMUNITIES W\LD BE A /RANGE ?+1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ALL COMMUNITIES F\ND$ UP TO N[ HAVE ISOLAT$ !MSELVES4 ,IT IS A =EGONE CONCLUSION ?AT A CLOSE ASSOCIATION ( #a1 #b1 OR #a P]SONS CANNOT LA/ LONG] ?AN ?REE OR F\R YE>S4 ,IT W\LD BE EV5 REGRETTABLE IF IT LA/$ LONG]1 BECAUSE ?IS W\LD ONLY PROVE EI!R ?AT ALL W]E BR\S P>T ( ! MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY W\LD WI% TO LEAVE1 !RE \ILY P]I% OR 7:I* NE>LY ALWAYS HAPP5S7 FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL - G5]ALLY ! MO/ CUNN+ ( ! 0BRE?R504 ,F9ALLY1 ALL COMMUNITIES F\ND$ UP TILL N[ ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM SOCIETY2 BUT /RUGGLE1 A LIFE ( /RUGGLE1 IS F> MORE URG5TLY NE$$ BY AN ACTIVE MAN ?AN A WELL SUPPLI$ TABLE4 ,?IS DESIRE TO SEE ! WORLD1 TO MIX ) ITS CURR5TS1 TO FIK$ FROM HIS EXP]I5CE7 ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE1 AT ! AGE ( #ah OR #b1 NECESS>ILY LEAVE A COMMUNITY :I* DOES NOT COMPREH5D ! :OLE ( SOCIETY ,WE NE$ NOT ADD ?AT GOV]NM5TS ( ALL DESCRIPTIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! MO/ S]I\S /UMBL+ BLOCKS = ALL COMMUNITIES4 ,?OSE :I* HAVE SE5 LEA/ ( ?IS OR NONE AT ALL 7LIKE ,Y\NG ,IC>IA7 SUCCE$ BE/4 ,?IS IS EASILY UND]/OOD ,POLITICAL HATR$ IS ONE ( ! MO/ VIOL5T 9 *>ACT]4 ,WE CAN LIVE 9 ! SAME T[N ) \R POLITICAL ADV]S>IES IF WE >E NOT =C$ TO SEE !M EV]Y MOM5T4 ,BUT H[ IS LIFE POSSIBLE 9 A SMALL COMMUNITY :]E WE MEET EA* O!R AT EV]Y TURN4 ,POLITICAL DISS5T 5T]S ! /UDY1 ! WORK%OP1 ! PLACE ( RE/1 & LIFE BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS BE5 PROV$ TO CONVICTION ?AT WORK 9 COMMON1 ,COMMUNI/ PRODUCTION1 SUCCE$S M>VEL\SLY4 ,9 NO COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE HAS SO MU* VALUE BE5 ADD$ TO L& BY LABOR AS 9 EA* ( ! COMMUNITIES F\ND$ 9 ,AM]ICA & 9 ,EUROPE4 FAULTS ( CALCULATION MAY OCCUR EV]Y:]E AS !Y OCCUR 9 ALL CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S1 BUT S9CE IT IS KN[N ?AT DUR+ ! FIR/ FIVE YE>S AFT] !IR 9/ITUTION F\R \T ( EV]Y COMM]CIAL UND]TAK+S BECOME BANKRUPT1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT NO?+ SIMIL> OR EV5 COM+ NE> TO ?IS HAS OCCURR$ 9 ,COMMUNI/ COMMUNITIES4 ,SO1 :5 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 WANT+ TO BE +5I\S1 SPEAKS ( (F]+ AN ISL& TO ,AN>*I/S ON :I* TO E/ABLI% !IR COMMUNITY1 RELY+ ON \R EXP]I5CE WE >E READY TO ACCEPT ?IS PROPOSAL1 PROVID$ ONLY ?AT ?IS ISL& BE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,ISLE DE ,FRANCE 7,P>IS7 & ?AT UPON ! VALUATION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? WE RECEIVE \R %>E ( IT4 ,ONLY1 S9CE WE KN[ ?AT NEI!R ,P>IS NOR \R %>E ( SOCIAL WEAL? WILL BE GIV5 TO US1 WE %ALL SOME DAY TAKE ONE & ! O!R \RSELVES BY MEANS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,P>IS & ,B>CELONA 9 #ahga W]E NOT V]Y F> FROM DO+ SO - & IDEAS HAVE MADE HEADWAY S9CE ?AT TIME4 ,PROGRESS P]MITS US TO SEE ABOVE ALL1 ?AT AN ISOLAT$ T[N1 PROCLAIM+ ! ,COMMUNE1 W\LD HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY TO SUBSI/4 ,! EXP]IM5T \E RIGE T]RITORY1 NOT )9 ! B\NDS ( A S+LE T[N WE MU/ SOM$AY BEG9 TO PUT 9 PRACTICE ! ,COMMUNISM ( ! FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE SO (T5 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT IT IS USELESS TO DWELL ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,A PRO( ( ?IS1 FUR!RMORE1 LIES 9 ! FAD ?AT ! BELIEV]S 9 ! ,/ATE1 ! UPHOLD]S ( A ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE DO NOT !MSELVES BELIEVE 9 ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM4 ,A PORTION ( !M OCCUPY !MSELVES ) ! CONQUE/ ( A %>E ( ! P[] 9 ! ,/ATE ( TODAY - ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE - & DO NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AT ALL TO EXPLA9 ?AT !IR IDEA ( A ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE IS DIFF]5T FROM A SY/EM ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM UND] :I* EV]YBODY W\LD BE A FUNCTION>Y ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IF WE TELL !M ?AT IT IS ?IS !Y AIM AT1 !Y >E ANNOY$2 YET !Y DO NOT EXPLA9 :AT O!R SY/EM ( SOCIETY !Y WI% TO E/ABLI%4 ,AS !Y DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 !IR AIM IS TO BECOME P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE ( TODAY & !Y LEAVE IT TO ! FUTURE TO DECIDE :]E ?IS WILL 5D4 ,AS TO ?OSE :O HAVE TRI$ TO SKET* ! \TL9ES ( A FUTURE ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE1 !Y MET \R CRITICISM BY ASS]T+ ?AT ALL !Y WANT >E BUREAUS ( /ATI/ICS4 ,BUT ?IS IS M]E JUGGL+ ) WORDS4 ,BESIDES1 IT IS AV]R$ TODAY ?AT ! ONLY /ATI/ICS ( VALUE >E ?OSE RECORD$ BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF1 GIV+ AGE1 OCCUPATION1 SOCIAL POSITION1 OR ! LI/S ( :AT HE SOLD OR B\E USUALLY ( VOLUNT>Y ELABORATION 7BY SCI5TI/S1 /ATI/ICAL SOCIETIES71 & ! WORK ( /ATI/ICAL BUREAUS CONSI/S TODAY 9 ,DI/RIBUT+ ! QUE/IONS1 9 >RANG+ & ME*ANICALLY SUMM+ UP ! REPLIES4 ,TO R$UCE ! ,/ATE1 ! GOV]NM5TS TO ?IS FUNCTION & TO SAY ?AT1 BY 0GOV]NM5T01 ONLY ?IS WILL BE UND]/OOD1 MEANS NO?+ ELSE 7IF SAID S9C]ELY7 BUT AN HONORABLE RETREAT4 ,& ME MU/ 9DE$ ADMIT ?AT ! ,JACOB9S ( ?IRTY YE>S AGO HAVE IMM5SELY GONE BACK FROM !IR IDEALS ( DICTATOR%IP & ,SOCIALI/ C5TRALIZATION4 ,NO ONE W\LD D>E TO SAY TODAY ?AT ! PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION ( POTATOES OR RICE MU/ BE REGULAT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T ( ! ,G]MAN ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE 7,VOLKS/AAT7 AT ,B]L94 ,!SE 9SIPID ?+S >E NO LONG] SAID4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ /ATE IS AN ,UTOPIA GIV5 UP ALREADY BY ITS [N ADH]5TS & IT IS TIME TO PROCE$ FUR!R4 ,A F> MORE IMPORTANT QUE/ION TO BE EXAM9$1 9DE$1 IS ?IS3 :E!R ,AN>*I/ OR ,FREE ,COMMUNISM DOES NOT ALSO IMPLY A DIM9UTION ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM8 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 9 ALL DISCUSSIONS ON FRE$OM \R IDEAS >E OBSCUR$ BY ! SURVIV+ 9FLU5CE ( PA/ C5TURIES ( S]FDOM & RELIGI\S OPPRESSION4 ,ECONOMI/S REPRES5T$ ! 5=C$ CONTRACT 7UND] ! ?REAT ( HUNG]7 BETWE5 MA/] & WORK+MAN AS A /ATE ( FRE$OM4 ,POLITICIANS1 AGA91 SO CALL$ ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! CITIZ5 :O HAS BECOME A S]F & A TAXPAY] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! MO/ ADVANC$ MORALI/S1 LIKE ,MILL & HIS NUM]\S DISCIPLES1 DEF9$ LIB]TY AS ! RIT FROM ! FACT ?AT ! WORD 0RI*I/S TO RECON/RUCT TRIBUNALS & LEGAL PUNI%M5TS1 EV5 TO ! P5ALTY ( DEA? - ?AT IS1 TO RE9TRODUCE1 NECESS>ILY1 9 ! 5D ! ,/ATE ITSELF :I* !Y HAD ADMIRABLY CRITICIZ$ !MSELVES4 ,! IDEA ( FREE WILL IS ALSO HIDD5 BEH9D ALL !SE REASON+S4 ,IF WE PUT ASIDE ALL UNCONSCI\S ACTIONS & CONSID] ONLY PREM$ITAT$ ACTIONS 7BE+ ?OSE :I* ! LAW1 RELIGI\S & P5AL SY/EMS ALONE TRY TO 9FLU5CE7 WE F9D ?AT EA* ACTION ( ?IS K9D IS PREC$$ BY SOME DISCUSSION 9 ! HUMAN BRA92 = 9/ANCE1 0,I %ALL GO \T & TAKE A WALK10 SOMEBODY ?9KS1 0,NO1 ,I HAVE AN APPO9TM5T ) A FRI5D10 OR 0,I PROMIS$ TO F9I% SOME WORK0 OR 0,MY WIFE & *ILDR5 WILL ,I BE SORRY TO REMA9 AT HOME10 OR 0,I %ALL LOSE MY EMPLOYM5T IF ,I DO NOT GO TO WORK40 ,! LA/ REFLECTION IMPLIES ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ ?REE 9/ANCES ?IS MAN HAS TO FACE ONLY HIMSELF1 HIS HABIT ( LOYALTY1 HIS SYMPA?IES4 ,& !RE LIES ALL ! DIFF]5CE4 ,WE SAY ?AT A MAN =C$ TO REASON ?AT HE MU/ GIVE UP SU* & SU* AN 5GAGEM5T FROM FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 IS NOT A FREE MAN4 ,& WE AFFIRM ?AT HUMANITY CAN & MU/ FREE ITSELF FROM ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 & ?AT IT CAN CON/ITUTE AN ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 :I* ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T & EV5 ! UNWILL+NESS TO BE BLAM$ %ALL DISAPPE>4 ,T[>DS ?IS IDEAL WE M>*4 ,BUT WE KN[ ?AT WE CAN FREE \RSELVES NEI!R FROM \R HABIT ( LOYALTY 7KEEP+ \R WORD7 NOR FROM \R SYMPA?IES 7FE> ( GIV+ PA9 TO ?OSE :OM WE LOVE & :OM WE DO NOT WI% TO AFFLICT ON OR EV5 TO DISAPPO9T74 ,9 ?IS LA/ RESPECT MAN IS NEV] FREE4 ,CRUSOE1 ON HIS ISL&1 WAS NOT FREE4 ,! MOM5T HE BEGAN TO CON/RUCT HIS %IP1 TO CULTIVATE HIS G>D5 OR TO LAY 9 PROVISIONS = ! W9T]1 HE WAS ALREADY CAPTUR$1 ABSORB$ BY HIS WORK4 ,IF HE FELT LAZY & W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ TO REMA9 LY+ AT EASE 9 HIS CAVE1 HE HESITAT$ = A MOM5T & NEV]!LESS W5T =? TO HIS WORK4 ,! MOM5T HE HAD ! COMPANY ( A DOG1 ( TWO OR ?REE GOATS &1 ABOVE ALL1 AFT] HE HAD MET ) ,FRIDAY1 HE WAS NO LONG] ABSOLUTELY FREE 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* !SE WORDS >E SOMETIMES US$ 9 DISCUSSIONS4 ,HE HAD OBLIGATIONS1 HE HAD TO ?9K ( ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS1 HE WAS NO LONG] ! P]FECT 9DIVIDUALI/ :OM WE >E SOMETIMES EXPECT$ TO SEE 9 HIM4 ,! MOM5T HE HAS A WIFE OR *ILDR51 $UCAT$ BY HIMSELF OR CONFID$ TO O!RS 7SOCIETY71 ! MOM5T HE HAS A DOME/IC ANIMAL1 OR EV5 ONLY AN OR*>D :I* REQUIRES TO BE WAT]$ AT C]TA9 H\RS - FROM ?AT MOM5T HE IS NO LONG] ! 0C>E = NO?+10 ! 0EGOI/01 ! 9DIVIDUALI/0 :O IS SOMETIMES REPRES5T$ AS ! TYPE ( A FREE MAN4 ,NEI!R ON ,CRUSOE'S ISL&1 F> LESS 9 SOCIETY ( :ATEV] K9D IT BE1 DOES ?IS TYPE EXI/4 ,MAN TAKES1 & WILL ALWAYS TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! 9T]E/S ( O!R M5 9 PROPORTION TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( RELATIONS ( MUTUAL 9T]E/ BETWE5 !M1 & ! MORE SO ! MORE !SE O!RS AFFIRM !IR [N S5TIM5TS & DESIRES4 ,?US WE F9D NO O!R DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY ?AN ! FOLL[+ ONE3 ! POSSIBILITY ( ACTION )\T BE+ 9FLU5C$ 9 ?OSE ACTIONS BY ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T BY SOCIETY 7BODILY CON/RA9T1 ! ?REAT ( HUNG] OR EV5 C5SURE1 EXCEPT :5 IT COMES FROM A FRI5D74 ,UND]/&+ LIB]TY 9 ?IS S5SE - & WE D\BT :E!R A L>G] & AT ! SAME TIME A MORE REAL DEF9ITION ( IT CAN BE F\ND - WE MAY SAY ?AT ,COMMUNISM CAN DIM9I%1 EV5 ANNIHILATE1 ALL 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & 9 MANY ,COMMUNI/ COMMUNITIES ?IS WAS ATTEMPT$2 BUT IT CAN ALSO 5HANCE ?IS LIB]TY TO ITS UTMO/ LIMITS4 ,ALL DEP5DS ON ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ON :I* ! ASSOCIATION IS BAS$4 ,IT IS NOT ! =M ( AN ASSOCIATION :I* 9VOLVES SLAV]Y2 IT IS ! IDEAS ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY :I* WE BR+ ) US TO AN ASSOCIATION :I* DET]M9E ! MORE OR LESS LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] ( ?AT ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS APPLIES TO ALL =MS ( ASSOCIATION4 ,COHABITATION ( TWO 9DIVIDUALS UND] ! SAME RO( MAY LEAD TO ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ONE BY ! WILL ( ! O!R1 AS IT MAY ALSO LEAD TO LIB]TY = BO?4 ,! SAME APPLIES TO ! FAMILY OR TO ! COOP]ATION ( TWO P]SONS 9 G>D5+ OR 9 BR++ \T A PAP]4 ,! SAME ) REG>D TO L>GE OR SMALL ASSOCIATIONS1 TO EA* SOCIAL 9/ITUTION4 ,?US1 9 ! T5?1 ELEV5? & TWELF? C5TURIES1 WE F9D COMMUNES ( EQUALS1 M5 EQUALLY FREE - & F\R C5TURIES LAT] WE SEE ! SAME COMMUNE CALL+ = ! DICTATOR%IP ( A PRIE/4 ,JUDGES & LAWS HAD REMA9$2 ! IDEA ( ! ,ROMAN LAW1 ( ! ,/ATE HAD BECOME DOM9ANT1 :IL/ ?OSE ( FRE$OM1 ( SETTL+ DISPUTES BY >BITRATION & ( APPLY+ F$]ALISM TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T HAD DISAPPE>$2 H5CE >OSE SLAV]Y4 ,WELL1 ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS OR =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAVE BE5 TRI$ UNTIL ?IS DAY1 ,COMMUNISM IS ! ONE :I* GU>ANTEES ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY - PROVID$ ?AT ! IDEA ?AT BEGETS ! COMMUNITY BE ,LIB]TY1 ,AN>*Y4 ,COMMUNISM IS CAPABLE ( ASSUM+ ALL =MS ( FRE$OM OR ( OPPRESSION :I* O!R 9/ITUTIONS >E UNABLE TO DO4 ,IT MAY PRODUCE A MONA/]Y :]E ALL IMPLICITLY OBEY ! ORD]S ( !IR SUP]IOR1 & IT MAY PRODUCE AN ABSOLUTELY FREE ORGANIZATION1 LEAV+ HIS FULL FRE$OM TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 EXI/+ ONLY AS LONG AS ! ASSOCIATES WI% TO REMA9 TOGE!R1 IMPOS+ NO?+ ON ANYBODY1 BE+ ANXI\S RA!R TO DEF5D1 5L>GE1 EXT5D 9 ALL DIRECTIONS ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,COMMUNISM MAY BE AU?ORIT>IAN 79 :I* CASE ! COMMUNITY WILL SOON DECAY7 OR IT MAY BE ,AN>*I/4 ,! ,/ATE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CANNOT BE ?IS4 ,IT IS AU?ORIT>IAN OR IT CEASES TO BE ! ,/ATE4 ,COMMUNISM GU>ANTEES ECONOMIC FRE$OM BETT] ?AN ANY O!R =M ( ASSOCIATION1 BECAUSE IT CAN GU>ANTEE WELLBE+1 EV5 LUXURY1 9 RETURN = A FEW H\RS ( WORK 9/EAD ( A DAY'S WORK4 ,N[1 TO GIVE T5 OR ELEV5 H\RS ( LEISURE P] DAY \T ( ! SIXTE5 DUR+ :I* WE LEAD A CONSCI\S LIFE 7SLEEP+ EIGE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY TO A PO9T :I* = ?\S&S ( YE>S HAS BE5 ONE ( ! IDEALS ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS CAN BE DONE TODAY 9 A ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY MAN CAN DISPOSE ( AT LEA/ T5 H\RS ( LEISURE4 ,?IS MEANS EMANCIPATION FROM ONE ( ! HEAVIE/ BURD5S ( SLAV]Y ON MAN4 ,IT IS AN 9CREASE ( LIB]TY4 ,TO RECOGNIZE ALL M5 AS EQUAL & TO R5\NCE GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN IS ANO!R 9CREASE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY 9 A DEGREE :I* NO O!R =M ( ASSOCIATION HAS EV] ADMITT$ EV5 AS A DREAM4 ,IT BECOMES POSSIBLE ONLY AFT] ! FIR/ /EP HAS BE5 TAK53 :5 MAN HAS HIS MEANS ( EXI/5CE GU>ANTE$ & IS NOT =C$ TO SELL HIS MUSCLE & HIS BRA9 TO ?OSE :O CONDESC5D TO EXPLOIT HIM4 ,LA/LY1 TO RECOGNIZE A V>IETY ( OCCUPATIONS AS ! BASIS ( ALL PROGRESS & TO ORGANIZE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT MAN MAY BE ABSOLUTELY FREE DUR+ HIS LEISURE TIME1 :IL/ HE MAY ALSO V>Y HIS WORK1 A *ANGE = :I* HIS E>LY $UCATION & 9/RUCTION WILL HAVE PREP>$ HIM - ?IS CAN EASILY BE PUT 9 PRACTICE 9 A ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY - ?IS1 AGA91 MEANS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O WILL F9D DOORS OP5 9 EV]Y DIRECTION = HIS COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS = ! RE/1 ALL DEP5DS UPON ! IDEAS ON :I* ! COMMUNITY IS F\ND$4 ,WE KN[ A RELIGI\S COMMUNITY 9 :I* MEMB]S :O FELT UNHAPPY1 & %[$ SIGNS ( ?IS ON !IR FACES1 US$ TO BE ADDRESS$ BY A 0BRO!R03 0,Y\ >E SAD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 PUT ON A HAPPY LOOK1 O!RWISE Y\ WILL AFFLICT \R BRE?R5 & SI/]S40 ,& WE KN[ ( COMMUNITIES ( SEV5 MEMB]S1 ONE ( :OM MOV$ ! NOM9ATION ( F\R COMMITTEES3 G>D5+1 WAYS & MEANS1 H\SEKEEP+1 & EXPORTATION1 ) ABSOLUTE RIIAN 9 ITS ESS5CE7 & ( ,ROMAN LAW1 ! ,/ATE4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( !SE M5 :O HOLD ?AT SOCIETY CANNOT EXI/ )\T POLICE & JUDGES1 ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE1 IS A P]MAN5T DANG] TO ALL LIB]TY1 & NOT ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( ,COMMUNISM - :I* CONSI/S 9 CONSUM+ & PRODUC+ )\T CALCULAT+ ! EXACT %>E ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS IDEA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS AN IDEA ( FRE$OM1 ( EMANCIPATION4 ,?US WE HAVE >RIV$ AT ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3 ,ATTEMPTS AT ,COMMUNISM HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$ BECAUSE3 .<#a.> ,!Y W]E BAS$ ON AN IMPETUS ( A RELIGI\S *>ACT] 9/EAD ( CONSID]+ A COMMUNITY SIMPLY AS A MEANS ( ECONOMIC CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION1 .<#b.> ,!Y ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM SOCIETY1 .<#c.> ,!Y W]E IMBU$ ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN SPIRIT1 .<#d#a ,!Y W]E ISOLAT$ 9/EAD ( F$]AT$1 .<#e.> ,!Y REQUIR$ ( !IR MEMB]S SO MU* LABOR AS TO LEAVE !M NO LEISURE TIME1 & .<#f.> ,!Y W]E MODEL$ ON ! =M ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY 9/EAD ( HAV+ = AN AIM ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,COMMUNISM1 BE+ AN EM95TLY ECONOMIC 9/ITUTION1 DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY PREJUDICE ! AM\NT ( LIB]TY GU>ANTE$ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! 9ITIATOR1 ! REBEL AGA9/ CRY/ALLIZ+ CU/OMS4 ,IT MAY BE AU?ORIT>IAN1 :I* NECESS>ILY LEADS TO ! DEA? ( ! COMMUNITY1 & IT MAY BE LIB]T>IAN1 :I* 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY EV5 UND] ! P>TIAL COMMUNISM ( ! Y\NG CITIES ( ?AT AGE1 L$ TO ! CREATION ( A Y\NG CIVILIZATION FULL ( VIGOR1 A NEW SPR+TIDE ( ,EUROPE4 ,! ONLY DURABLE =M ( ,COMMUNISM1 H[EV]1 IS ONE UND] :I*1 SEE+ ! CLOSE CONTACT BETWE5 FELL[ M5 IT BR+S AB\T1 EV]Y EF=T W\LD BE MADE TO EXT5D ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS IDEA1 ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9CREAS$ ALREADY BY ! AM\NT ( LEISURE SECUR$ TO HIM1 WILL BE CURTAIL$ 9 NO O!R WAY ?AN OCCURS TODAY BY MUNICIPAL GAS1 ! H\SE TO H\SE DELIV]Y ( FOOD BY GREAT /ORES1 MOD]N HOTELS1 OR BY ! FACT ?AT DUR+ WORK+ H\RS WE WORK SIDE BY SIDE ) ?\S&S ( FELL[ LABOR]S4 ,) ,AN>*Y AS AN AIM & AS A MEANS1 ,COMMUNISM BECOMES POSSIBLE4 ,)\T IT1 IT NECESS>ILY BECOMES SLAV]Y & CANNOT EXI/4 ,FRE$OM3 ,JULY1 P4 #c4 - ,AUGU/1 P4 #c#h1 #a#i#a4 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JULY #a1 #aia 3 ,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*Y -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*Y -- ,ADD$4 ,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*Y -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/