,CLASS ,W>1 ,REACTION @& ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]AZIONE ,DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI 

,TEXT 3 

,AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS R$ISCOV]+ ITS ABILITY TO APPE> AS AN ORGANIZ$ PRES5CE ?ANKS 9 P>T TO ITS WORK AMONG ! MASSES & ! ORGANIC L9KS :I* MANY MILITANTS HAD E/ABLI%$ S9CE ! #a#h#iS ) ! NEW WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! #a#h#hS1 AS A RESULT ( ! MOVE TO ! TACTIC ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 BY ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 REPLY TO GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 ! PA? HAD BE5 CLE>$ = A T5D5CY :I* WAS F> FROM ! E/ABLI%$ ,BAKUN9I/ L9E4 ,?IS WAS ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ T5D5CY1 :I* BR\<T TO AN EXTREME ! CONCEPT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! GR\P & ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ANY REMA9+ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES W]E DE/ROY$444 

,P>T ,I3 ,9TRODUCTION 

  

,AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS R$ISCOV]+ ITS ABILITY TO APPE> AS AN ORGANIZ$ PRES5CE ?ANKS 9 P>T TO ITS WORK AMONG ! MASSES & ! ORGANIC L9KS :I* MANY MILITANTS HAD E/ABLI%$ S9CE ! #a#h#iS ) ! NEW WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS .<#a.>4 ,9 ! #a#h#hS1 AS A RESULT ( ! MOVE TO ! TACTIC ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 BY ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 REPLY TO GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 ! PA? HAD BE5 CLE>$ = A T5D5CY :I* WAS F> FROM ! E/ABLI%$ ,BAKUN9I/ L9E4 ,?IS WAS ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ T5D5CY1 :I* BR\<T TO AN EXTREME ! CONCEPT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! GR\P & ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ANY REMA9+ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES W]E DE/ROY$4 

,?IS REVISION 7:I* TOOK PLACE AT ! SAME TIME AS ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC REVISIONISM )9 ! ,M>XI/ CAMP7 WAS GREATLY 9FLU5C$ 9 MANY WAYS BY AN EXTREMI/ READ+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y OPTIMISM & SCI5TIFIC DET]M9ISM ( ,KROPOTK9 :O1 9 TURN1 HAD BE5 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY POSITIVISM4 ,:ILE ?IS REVISION DID NOT REJECT ,BAKUN9I/ IDEAS1 IT DID 9 EFFECT /OP !M FROM BE+ PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY D5Y+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZATION AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ELEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ! BUILD+ ( A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ PROJECT WAS REPLAC$ BY A H>MONI/IC VISION ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS VISION RELI$ ON A HYPO!TICAL CASUAL1 FATALI/IC CO9CID5CE ( COMMON 9T]E/S 9 ORD] = !RE TO >ISE ! POSSIBILITY ( A COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T ON ! NE$ = REVOLUTION & ! RUNN+ ( ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY :I* W\LD FOLL[ IT4 ,! REJECTION ( ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION1 BR\<T TO AN EXTREME BY ?OSE :O FELL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,KROPOTK91 HAD AS ITS RESULT ! EXALTATION ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 ! MO/ EXASP]AT$ SPONTANEISM & ! USE ( T]RORISM & L$ TO ISOLATION FROM ! MASSES1 SOME?+ :I* WAS 5ORM\SLY DELET]I\S4 ,ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL1 IT L$ TO A SPLIT BETWE5 ! PRO-ORGANIZATIONAL AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ T5D5CY & ! V>I\S O!R H>MONI/IC & DET]M9I/IC T5D5CIES1 ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S OR 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,JU/ AS ! BOMBS ( ! #a#h#hS & '#iS HAD BE5 ! DESP]ATE REACTION TO ! FRU/RATION PRODUC$ BY ! BLOODY CRU%+ ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! REPRESSION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM BECAME ! RESPONSE TO ! BL9D ALLEY 9TO :I* AN>*ISM HAD BE5 =C$ BY T]RORI/ ACTION 7:I* 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 HAD DEG5]AT$ 9TO74 ,9 ! LA/ DECADE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS DEVELOP+ 9 LEAPS & B\NDS BO? 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MOV+ FROM MUTUALISM TO RESI/ANCE4 ,GIV5 ! 0DEG5]ATION0 ( ! AN>*I/ P>TY1 A L>GE NUMB] ( ITS MEMB]S 7ABOVE ALL ! MORE OBSCURE ONES & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O W]E WORK]S1 OR CLOSE TO !M7 FAVOR$ ?IS PA?4 ,BY DO+ SO1 !Y W]E 9 EFFECT MA9TA9+ AN IDEOLOGICAL & /RATEGIC CONT9UITY ?AT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS T5D5CY 7ALSO AT AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL7 AT ! />T ( ! NEW C5TURY4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 ! #a#h#iS1 ALONGSIDE ?IS REBIR? 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZATION :I* WAS TO MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 EV]Y C\NTRY AFT] ! ,CAPOLAGO CONGRESS 7#a#h#i#a71 !RE W]E N[ V>I\S O!R T5D5CIES3 9SURRECTIONALI/S1 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 9 ,ITALY1 ! MODE/ PRES5CE ( ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S & ! WEAK 09DIVIDUALI/ PROVOCATION0 CURR5T W]E UNABLE TO /OP ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S 7ACTIVE = ! MO/ P>T 9 ! CLASS ORGANIZATIONS7 FROM PU%+ AHEAD ) !IR PROCESS ( ORGANIZATION ) ! F\ND+ 9 #aig ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE1 ?\< FILL$ ) DIFFICULTY1 SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ /RUCTURES AT LOCAL & REGIONAL LEVEL :I* W]E TO GET /RONG] & /RONG] DUR+ ! /RUGGLES ( ! CRISIS YE>S ( ! ,GIOLITTI SY/EM4 

,P>T ,I,I3 ,W> ,ON ,W> 

  

,?ANKS TO ?IS EF=T1 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! LA/ DECADE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY & ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD GR[N BO? 9 NUMB]S & 9 POLITICAL 9FLU5CE1 ABOVE ALL ?R\< ITS MASSIVE PRES5CE 9 ! CAM]E DEL LAVORO 7,LABOR ,CLUBS7 & 9 ! PR(ESSIONAL /RUCTURES ( ! ,CONF$]AZIONE ,G5]ALE DEL ,LAVORO 7,C,GD,L -- ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 & ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA 7,U,S,I -- ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICAL ,UNION7 .<#b.>4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 #aiad IT HAD TO D$ICATE ITSELF TO 9T5SE ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! MO/ ( ! L>GE 9FLUX ( NEW MEMB]S AS A RESULT ( ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! ,LIBYAN CAMPAIGN & 9 DEF5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES .<#c.>4 ,?IS NE$ WAS MAT*$ ALSO 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! IDEA ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS WAS RAIS$4 ,BY WAY ( PREP>ATION1 9 ,M>* #aiad ! $ITORIAL GR\P ( ! J\RNAL ,VOLONTA & ! ,FASCIO ,COMUNI/A ,AN>*ICO DI ,ROMA 7,ROME ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,GR\P7 PROMOT$ A CONGRESS1 TO BE HELD 9 ,FLOR5CE :I*1 BECAUSE ( ITS M>K$LY PRO-ORGANIZATION L9E1 WAS MET ) SOME SUSPICION BY ! PROMOT]S ( ! UNITY ( ! V>I\S CURR5TS SU* AS ! $ITORS ( ,IL ,LIB]T>IO & ! 9DIVIDUALI/S ( ,L',AVV5IRE ,AN>*ICO .<#d.>4 ,H[EV]1 NEI!R ! ,ITALIAN NOR ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES CAME AB\T DUE TO ! WORS5+ 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION & ! PREP>ATIONS = W>1 ?\< !RE W]E EI<T REGIONAL MEET+S BETWE5 ,APRIL & ,JUNE DEAL+ MA9LY ) 0QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T & ITS RELATIONS ) ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS0 .<#e.>4 

,DESPITE ! W>1 DEBATE BETWE5 ! V>I\S POSITIONS & ! CON/RUCTION ( A NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP ) ! CONV5TIONS 9 ,PISA 9 #aiae & ,RAV5NA 9 #aiaf .<#f.>4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT 9 ,ITALY1 BO? ON AN IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL & ON O!R LEVELS1 ! EFFECTS ( ! CONFLICT W]E LESS DAMAG+ TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 7& TO ! LEFT 9 G5]AL7 ?AT 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! *OICE ( ! ,P>TITO ,SOCIALI/A ,ITALIANA 7,P,S,I -- ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY7 -- A *OICE 9 ITSELF 9FLU5C$ BY ! /RONG ANTI-MILIT>I/ & LIB]T>IAN ELEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT -- :I* WAS SUMM$ UP 9 ! FAIRLY AMBIGU\S MOTTO 0NEI!R SUPPORT NOR SABOTAGE0 BUT :I* WAS FREQU5TLY CONTRADICT$ 9 DAILY PRACTICE BY ! COLLABORATION ) ! 9DU/RIAL MOBILIZATION BY ! ,C,GD,L :I* WAS CONTROLL$ BY RE=MI/S4 ,9 FACT1 09T]V5TIONISM 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS NOT A PH5OM5ON1 OR A CURR5T1 OR EV5 A QUE/ION ( DEBATE OR ! BASIS ( A SPLIT4 ,IT WAS ONLY A S]IES ( SPORADIC1 UNCONNECT$ P]SONAL CASES0 .<#g.>1 :I* 9 G5]AL W]E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,NIETZS*IAN-,/IRN]ITE 9DIVIDUALI/ FR+E :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 9 DIFFICULTY AT ! TIME ( ! ,LIBYAN CAMPAIGN .<#h.>4 ,! AN>*I/ PRES5CE WAS CRUCIAL TO ! CL>IFICATION ( ! ,U,S,I'S POSITION ON 9T]V5TION4 ,! CLA% ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ GR\P1 A P>T ( :I* FAVOR$ ,ITALIAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! CONFLICT1 DELIV]$ ! ORGANIZATION 9TO ! H&S ( ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ MAJORITY 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#d1 ) ! PASS+ ( A MOTION BY ,ALB]TO ,MES*I1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,C>R>A ,LABOR ,CLUB1 :I* EXPRESS$ 0!IR TRU/ 9 ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES TO R$ISCOV] 9 !MSELVES ! SPIRIT ( CLASS SOLID>ITY & ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY REQUIR$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! 9EVITABLE WEAK5+ ( ,/ATE =CES & ( ! G5]AL CRISIS CAUS$ BY ! W> 9 ORD] TO ACT TO SWEEP AWAY ! B\RGEOIS & MON>*I/ /ATES :I* HAVE BE5 CYNICALLY PREP>+ = ?IS W> = FIFTY YE>S0 .<#i.>4 

,9 RECON/RUCT+ ! POSITIONS ( AN>*ISM REG>D+ ! PROBLEM RAIS$ BY ! CONFLICT1 ALONGSIDE ! CONDEMNATION APPROV$ BY ! ,PISA CONV5TION 9 ,JANU>Y #aiae .<#a.>1 ONE MU/ ALSO CONSID] ?OSE ( ! V>I\S LOCAL GR\PS :I* HAD NEWSPAP]S & C\LD !RE=E 9FLU5CE MILITANTS & A WID] RANGE ( READ]S4 ,( ! MO/ IMPORTANT MAGAZ9ES1 ,VOLONTA HAD ! /RONGE/ ANTI-PATRIOTIC & ANTI-W> L9E & 9 NO WAY QUE/ION$ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ & ANTI-CAPITALI/ ROLE ( AN>*ISM .<#a#a.>4 ,IT WAS 9 ITS PAGES1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MANIFE/O AGA9/ ! W> WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,M>* #aiae .<#a#b.> AS A RESPONSE ON ! P>T ( ! MAJORITY ( ! MOVEM5T TO ! 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE501 ! PRO-,FR5* 9T]V5TIONI/ DECL>ATION ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS SU* AS ,KROPOTK91 ,GRAVE1 ,MALATO1 ETC4 .<#a#c.>4 ,= SOME TIME1 9/EAD1 ,IL ,LIB]T>IO ALL[$ ROOM = DEBATE1 = EXAMPLE PUBLI%+ >TICLES BY ,JEAN ,GRAVE & ,M>IA ,RYGI]1 AL?\< ! L9E ( ITS $ITOR1 ,B9AZZI1 & ITS CONTRIBUTORS HAD BE5 MADE CLE> AS F> BACK AS ,JULY #aiad ) ! >TICLE 0,NE UN UOMO NE UN SOLDO P] L'9IQUA GU]RA0 7,NOT ONE MAN1 NOT ONE P5NY = ?IS UNJU/ W>7.<#a#d.>4 ,BUT !RE REALLY WAS NOT MU* DEBATE4 ,:ILE AN>*ISM'S GREATE/ EXPON5TS PUBLI%$ WIDELY-DI/RIBUT$ PAMPHLETS AGA9/ ! CONFLICT .<#a#e.>1 ! 09T]V5TIONI/ AN>*I/S W]E UNABLE EV5 TO RAISE ! QUE/ION '9T]V5TION3 YES OR NO' )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & W]E EV5 UNABLE TO CON/ITUTE A M9ORITY4 ,!Y DID EV5TUALLY =M AS A GR\P1 BUT ONLY AFT] !IR POSITION HAD BE5 DEMOLI%$ BY ! IMM$IATE & SPONTANE\S REACTION ( A HEAL?Y ORGANISM0 .<#a#f.>4 

,BUT1 :]EAS ! VA/ MAJORITY WAS UNIT$ BY ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ /RUGGLE1 ON A :OLE RANGE ( O!R QUE/IONS !RE CONT9U$ TO BE !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES :I* CAME TO ! SURFACE EV5 ON ! OCCASION ( ! ,PISA MEET+ PROMOT$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALI/ NEWSPAP] ,L',AVV5IRE ,AN>*ICO & ! $ITORIAL GR\P ( ,IL ,LIB]T>IO1 :O HAD 9 O!R TIMES BE5 AGA9/ P]MAN5T ORGANIZATIONAL =MS &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 SKEPTIC ON ! USEFULNESS ( CONGRESSIONAL DECISIONS4 ,9 FACT1 ,VOLONTA1 ! M\?PIECE ( ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ CURR5T DECL9$ TO P>TICIPATE1 HOLD+ SU* CONV5TIONS TO BE ACADEMIC .<#a#g.> & DRAW+ A RESPONSE FROM ,FABBRI1 :O 9/EAD CONSID]$ IT 09DISP5SABLE TO MEET 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS1 TO DECIDE .<444.> ,PA/ EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT A L>GE P>T ( \R MOVEM5TS FAIL$ BECAUSE WE DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO0 .<#a#h.>4 ,! ,ZIMM]WALD ,CONF]5CE PROVOK$ GREAT 5?USIASM AS A SIGN ( ! 9T]NATIONALI/ R5AISSANCE 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 BUT ) /RATEGIC EVALUATIONS :I* DIFF]$ ON ! QUE/ION ( RELATION%IPS ) REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,:ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EV5T1 ,FABBRI & ,BOR<I W]E 9CL9$ TO ASSIGN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION A FUNDAM5TAL ROLE 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,! MORE ECLECTIC ,B9AZZI WAS SOME:AT MORE POSITIVE REG>D+ ! R5AISSANCE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :ILE ! 9DIVIDUALI/ ,R5ATO ,SIGLI* ACCUS$ EV]YONE ( DEVIATIONISM 9 ! PAGES ( ,L',AVV5IRE ,AN>*ICO .<#a#i.>4 ,DISS5T REEM]G$ DUR+ ! CL&E/9E MEET+ 9 ,RAV5NA 9 ,AUGU/ #aiaf -- 0! FIR/ .<444.> S9CE ! ONE 9 ,ROME 9 #aig :I* REPRES5T$ SU* A WIDE RANGE ( VIEWS )9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T0 .<#b.> -- :]E1 :ILE WELCOM+ ! RE-BIR? ( ! SOCIALI/ 9T]NATIONAL & ! E/ABLI%+ ( GOOD RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 ! LATT] W]E CONSID]$ TO HAVE ! TASK ( CREAT+ AN ,9T]NATIONAL 0:I* W\LD BE OP5 TO ALL ! WORK]S & EV]Y CURR5T ( SOCIALI/ & 9T]NATIONALI/ ?\<T0 .<#b#a.>1 =M+ AN ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMITTEE :I* WAS TO C>RY \T BADLY-NE$$ WORK ON ! 9T]NAL COORD9ATION ( ! MOVEM5T1 ABOVE ALL 9 ORGANIZ+ SUPPORT = ! VICTIMS ( REPRESSION1 = 9T]NEES & = EXILES4 ,H[EV]1 IT MET ) SOME DIFFICULTY 9 C>RY+ \T ITS PRIM>Y & 9/ITUTIONAL TASKS4 ,! CLA% BETWE5 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ON ! ROLE1 SCOPE & LIMITS ( ANY AGREEM5T ) ! SOCIALI/S & ! CON/ANT EF=TS ( ,B9AZZI TO BR+ TOGE!R ! V>I\S FACTIONS1 5D$ UP P>ALYZ+ IT TO ! PO9T ?AT IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! #cRD ,ZIMM]WALD ,CONF]5CE4 

,! MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! DIFFICULT W> YE>S1 EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( NUCLEI ( V>Y+ /R5G?S 7DEP5D+ ON LOCATION71 & !RE WAS 9T5SE ACTIVITY ( CLASS OPPOSITION4 ,! ANTI-MILIT>ISM ( ! MOVEM5TS WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO DES]TIONS1 S+LE & COLLECTIVE MUT9IES .<#b#b.>1 ! PROMOTION ( & P>TICIPATION 9 POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS1 ALL ( :I* WAS TANGIBLE EVID5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT'S RESI/ANCE TO ! W>4 ,9 P>TICUL> WE %\LD M5TION ! PROTE/S & PUBLIC MEET+S 9 SUPPORT ( ,C>LO ,TRESCA 7! ,ITALO-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ :O WAS UND] ?REAT ( EXECUTION ALONG ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD = HAV+ ORGANIZ$ /RIKES 9 ! M9+ SECTOR7 .<#b#c.> :I* CULM9AT$ ON #h? ,SEPTEMB] #aiaf 9 A NATIONAL DEMON/RATION 9 ,MILAN ?AT WAS MASSIVELY ATT5D$1 GIV5 ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY ! /ATE ( W> .<#b#d.>4 

,! ,U,S,I1 ! GREAT] P>T ( :I* WAS AN>*I/1 BEGAN A S]IES ( IMPORTANT /RUGGLES SU* AS ! ACTION BY ,VALD>NO M9]S DIRECT$ BY ! LOCAL SECRET>Y ,RICC>DO ,SACCONI4 ,?IS ACTION BEGAN 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiaf & DEM&$ AN #h-H\R DAY :I* WAS GRANT$ ! FOLL[+ ,MAY .<#b#e.>4 ,9 ,SE/RI ,PON5TE1 TOO1 :]E !RE WAS A /RONG AN>*I/ PRES5CE1 ACTION BY METALWORK]S SEEK+ ! SAME GOAL & BEG9N+ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#g1 L$ TO VIOL5T CLA%ES & TO DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! W> & WAS FOLL[$ BY REPRESSION & ! >RE/ ( MANY MILITANTS 9CLUD+ ,ALEBR&O ,GIOVANETTI1 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ORGANIZATION :O W\LD LAT] BE 9T]N$ .<#b#f.>4 ,! 5?USIASM SP>K$ (F BY ! 0,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION0 9 ,RUSSIA GAVE FUR!R IMPETUS TO MASS ACTION .<#b#g.>4 ,9 ! ,TUR9 REVOLT 9 ,AUGU/ #aiag -- :I* BR\<T TOGE!R ALL ! DISCONT5T1 ! OP5 HO/ILITY ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT TO ! W> & ! DESIRE = SOCIAL *ANGE1 BUT :I* ALSO MADE IT CLE> ?AT ANY SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTION WAS B\ND TO FAIL -- 0SOME AN>*I/S H]E & !RE TRI$ TO GIVE ! UPRIS+ A MORE DECID$LY 9SURRECTIONAL DIRECTION0 .<#b#h.>1 AS DEMON/RAT$ BY ONE LEAFLET :I* WAS LAT] US$ DUR+ A TRIAL & CONTA9$ 9 ! C\RT'S F9AL JUDGM5T3  
  

0,BR+ ! RIFLES Y\ MAKE ONTO ! /REETS & ! B>RICADES4 ,LET ALL ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT RISE UP & >M !MSELVES4 ,LET US PUT AN 5D1 BY =CE ( >MS1 TO ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,PROLET>IANS6 ,RAISE N[ Y\R AXES1 Y\R PICKS1 Y\R B>RICADES1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,PROLET>IAN SOLDI]S1 DES]T6 ,IF Y\ MU/ FI<T1 LET IT BE AGA9/ ?OSE :O OPPRESS Y\6 ,Y\R 5EMY IS NOT AT ! SO-CALL$ BORD]1 BUT H]E4 ,PROLET>IAN WOM51 RISE UP6 ,IMP$E ! DEP>TURE ( Y\R LOV$ ONES6 ,LET IT BE Y\1 ,O WORK] ( ! FACTORY & ( ! FIELD1 CONSCI\S & /RONG1 LET IT BE Y\ :O ?R[S D[N Y\R TOOLS & CRIES3 ,5\<6 ,NO MORE6 ,WE WORK]S NO LONG] WI% TO MAKE RIFLES :I* BR+ DEA? TO \R BRO!RS 9 /RUGGLE & 9 SUFF]+0 .<#b#i.>4  
  

,! F9AL YE> ( ! W> SAW A NOTICEABLE WEAK5+ 9 AN>*ISM1 AS 9 ! RE/ ( ! LEFT1 DUE TO REPRESSION4 ,>RE/1 TRIAL & CONF9EM5T WAS ! FATE = A GREAT MANY AN>*I/S1 :O HAD BE5 AT ! =EFRONT ( ! POPUL> REVOLTS4 ,ALL ! MOVEM5T'S NEWSPAP]S W]E CLOS$ D[N1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ PAP] ,L',AVV5IRE ,AN>*ICO :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,PISA & $IT$ BY ! AMBIGU\S FIGURE ( ,R5ATO ,SIGLI*4 ,! 9T]NATIONALI/ ACTION COMMITTEE WAS BROK5 UP ) ! >RE/ ( ,B9AZZI1 ,GOBBI & ,MONTICELLI 7:O W]E ALL S5T 9TO CONF9EM5T7 & ! DEA? ( ITS F\R? MEMB]1 ,GREGORIO ,B5V5UTI4 ,EV5 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ! NUM]\S COLONY ( EXILES1 DRAFT-DODG]S & DES]T]S WAS DECIMAT$ BY >RE/S & DEPORTATION TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 0,OV] A HUNDR$ REFUGEES1 MANY ( :OM W]E CLOSELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! LOCAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 .<F\ND IT.> IMPOSSIBLE TO ACT = MANY MON?S1 ?\< !Y W]E LAT] CLE>$ ( ALL *>GES0 .<#c.>4 

,P>T ,I,I,I3 ,! ,PO/-,W> ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,BOOM 

  

,DESPITE ALL ?IS1 ! 5D ( ! W> M>K$ A RETURN TO MASS ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION )9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION HAD AWOK5 9 AN>*I/S 7& NOT ONLY !M7 HOPES ?AT ,ITALY C\LD REPLICATE EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HI/ORIANS >E /ILL UNCLE> ON ! EXT5T ( SU* EXPECTATION & ON ! ROLE ?AT P>TIES & LABOR UNIONS PLAY$ 9 FE$+1 DIRECT+ OR MOD]AT+ !SE HOPES1 BUT SOME /UDIES HAVE BE5 MADE ON ! CAUSES & ! 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SIONS ( ! PH5OM5ON .<#c#a.>4 ,H[EV]1 FROM #aiag UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 ! LIB]T>IANS' 9T]NATIONALISM L$ !M TO BE CONV9C$ ( ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION 9 ,ITALY .<#c#b.>1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! DIFF]+ POSITIONS ( ! V>I\S CURR5TS & 9DIVIDUALS -- FROM ?AT ( ,MALATE/A 7/ILL 9SURRECTIONALI/ BUT CONSCI\S ( ! ROLES ASSIGN$ TO ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & ! MASS ORGANIZATION7 TO ! MORE >TICULATE VIEWS ( ,FABBRI1 PASS+ ?R\< ! MYRIAD NUANCES ( ALL ! V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS REFLECT+ !IR GEOGRAPHICAL DIFF]5CES1 SOCIAL COMPOSITION & 9VOLVEM5T ( MILITANTS ) ! CLASS4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* #a#i#a#i1 TWO IMPORTANT P]IODICALS RESUM$ PUBLICATION -- ,IL ,LIB]T>IO 9 ,LA ,SPEZIA & ,VOLONTA 9 ,ANCONA :I*1 $IT$ BY ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 MADE A NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! PO/W> P]IOD TOGE!R ) A LUCID & CRITICAL DEF5SE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<#c#d.>4 ,9 ,APRIL1 ! PROCESS ( RE-ORGANIZATION WAS ALREADY WELL UND] WAY ) ! CONV5TION HELD 9 ,FLOR5CE 9 ! ROOMS ( ! LOCAL ,LABOR ,CLUB .<#c#e.>4 ,A SIGNIFICANT PO9T REG>D+ WAS ! FACT ?AT IT WAS PREC$$ BY A S]IES ( PREP>ATORY REGIONAL MEET+S 7AMONG :I* ONE 9 ,UMBRIA-,M>*ES & ONE 9 ,EMILIA-,ROMAGNA :I* W]E NOTABLE = ! EF=TS MADE TO EMPHASIZE ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION BE=E & AFT] ! REVOLUTION & RELATIONS ) O!R P>TIES ON ! LEFT7 .<#c#f.> & ALSO ! LIVELY DEBATE 9 ! PRESS :I* S\<T TO 5SURE ?AT DELEGATES W]E REALLY REPRES5TATIVE & CAME FROM GR\PS :I* W]E ACTIVE AMONG ! MASSES4 ,! ,UNIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ANCONETANA 7,ANCONA ,AN>*I/ ,UNION71 A /RONG ORGANIZATION1 WAS 9 ! FRONTL9E ( ?IS BATTLE1 DEM&+ ?AT ?OSE :O W]E TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CONV5TION BE REALLY REPRES5TATIVE ( ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ =CES0 .<#c#g.>4 

,! ORGANIZATION :I* GREW \T ( ! CONV5TION TOOK ! SIGNIFICANT NAME ,UNIONE ,COMUNI/A ,AN>*ICA D',ITALIA 7,U,C,AD,I -- ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,UNION ( ,ITALY7 & M>K$ A SEP>ATION FROM ! HUMANI/IC & 9DIVIDUALI/ CURR5TS :I* 9 G5]AL W]E COMPOS$ ( A S]IES ( GR\PS & (T5 9DIVIDUALS BUT :I* POSSESS$ J\RNALS SU* AS ,L',AVV5IRE ,AN>*ICO1 ,LA ,FRU/A & ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA ?AT HAD A C]TA9 9FLU5CE OV] SOME SECTORS ( ! MOVEM5T :I* HAD NOT YET BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! V>I\S T]RITORIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! CONV5TION ALSO RE-AFFIRM$ ! URG5CY ( REE/ABLI%+ 9T]NATIONAL CONTACTS 7! ,U,C,AD,I CONSID]$ ITSELF TO BE ! ,ITALIAN SECTION ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,UNION7 & IT !RE=E BEGAN ! NECESS>Y PREP>ATIONS = P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 0:I* .<C5SOR$.> W\LD SUPPORT AN>*ISM'S HEAVY DEM&S0 .<#c#h.>4 ,TOGE!R ) ! DIRECT+ COMMITTEE1 A CORRESPOND5CE COMMISSION WAS CREAT$1 :I* FUNCTION$ AS A SECRET>IAT .<#c#i.>4 ,BUT ATT5TION WAS FOCUS$ MA9LY ON ! SITUATION 9 ,ITALY 9 AN ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% :AT PROPAG&A 9/RUM5TS & POLITICAL ACTION W]E MO/ NE$$4  
  

0,) REG>D TO WORK]S' ORGANIZATION ! CONV5TION HOLDS ?AT WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BOSSES IS ESS5TIAL = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ?AT !RE=E IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( AN>*I/S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE REVOLUTION & AN>*ISM4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & ?AT ! USE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & ! LABOR MOVEM5T MU/ NOT MAKE US =GET ! MORE DIRECT ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ /ATE & B\RGEOIS VIOL5CE & EXTREME P[]4 ,WE NOTE ?AT ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA IS CURR5TLY 7& WAS DUR+ ! W>7 ! CLOSE/ .<LABOR ORGANIZATION.> TO ! CAUSE ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 )\T COMPROMISE OR WAV]+4 ,)\T WI%+ TO CREATE B9D+ DUTIES :I* >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CONVICTION ?AT POLITICAL GR\PS & CLASS ORGANIZATIONS MU/ BE AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T1 ?IS CONV5TION RECOMM5DS ?AT ITS WORK] COMRADES ASSI/ ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITIES & EA* )9 HIS OR H] [N TRADE CATEGORY1 SO ?AT IT MAY CONT9UE TO HOLD TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y1 ANTI-,/ATE & ANTI-C5TRALIZATION POSITIONS0 .<#d.>4  
  

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MOTION EXPRESS$ A PRECISE POSITION 9 FAVOR ( LABOR 9T]V5TION1 :ILE CONFIRM+ ! NE$ TO PRES]VE A PRECISE1 AUTONOM\S ROLE = ! AN>*I/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS = H[ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! LABOR /RUGGLE1 !RE WAS GREAT V>IETY 9 ! UNIONS TO :I* !Y BELONG$4 ,A L>GE NUMB] W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,U,S,I1 :I* 9 ! FOLL[+ TWO YE>S W\LD REA* A MEMB]%IP ( #h1 WORK]S & #bg ,LABOR ,CLUBS4 ,O!RS W]E ACTIVE 9 UNIONS BELONG+ TO ! ,CONF$]ATION1 ) A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] 9 ! ,F,I,O,M 7! METALWORK]S UNION :I* WAS F$]AT$ TO ! ,C,GD,L71 EV5 APPE>+ AT ! CONF$]AL CONF]5CE ( #aiba AS A S+LE GR\P .<#d#a.>4 ,O!RS /ILL W]E MEMB]S ( 9DEP5D5T UNIONS SU* AS ! ,S9DACATO ,F]ROVI]I 7,RAILWORK]S' ,UNION7 & ! ,F$]AZIONE DEI ,M>ITTIMI 7,M>ITIME ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION74 ,BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL 9 ! /RUGGLES ?AT ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE GREW & /R5G!N$4 

,! ATTACK ON ,L',AVANTI6 9 ,APRIL #aiai GAVE IMPETUS TO ! AN>*I/ PROPOSAL = ! CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y S+LE FRONT1 9 O!R WORDS ! UNION ( ALL WORK]S & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LEFT 7:I* WAS TO BECOME A FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T ( ! TACTICAL-/RATEGIC L9E 9 ! MID-T]M71 APPROV$ DUR+ ! ,BOLOGNA CONGRESS 9 #aib .<#d#b.>4 ,! FIR/ REAL TE/ ( ! PRACTICALITY ( ?IS CAME AB\T DUR+ ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 ADJUDG$ BY SOME COMM5TATORS TO BE ! PEAK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y T5SIONS ( ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO1 ! ,TWO ,R$ ,YE>S4 ,BOR<I W\LD LAT] SAY3 0,IT WAS ! MOM5T :5 WE W]E BE/ PLAC$ = A REVOLUTION0 .<#d#c.>4 ,= ,FABBRI TOO !Y REPRES5T$1 TOGE!R ) ! ,ANCONA REVOLT ( ,JUNE #aib & ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 MOM5TS :5 ! 0MON>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E ON ! PO9T ( BE+ OV]?R[N4 ,IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !IR ADV]S>IES W]E LACK+ ORD] ?AT !Y W]E NOT OV]?R[N0 .<#d#d.>4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,FABBRI ATTRIBUT$ ! PR9CIPAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION TO ! SOCIALI/S )\T1 H[EV]1 HID+ ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T3  
  

0,?IS DID NOT EXCLUDE ! FACT ?AT 9 MANY PLACES & 9 V>I\S SPONTANE\S WAYS1 REVOLUTION>IES ( ! DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( ?\<T ACT$1 PREP>$ & AGITAT$4 ,BUT :AT WAS MISS+ WAS COORD9ATION ( !IR EF=TS1 CONCRETE FACTS & WIDE-RANG+ PREP>ATION :I* C\LD HAVE 9ITIAT$ ! REVOLUTION EV5 9 SPITE ( ! RELUCTANCE & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE ( ! MORE MOD]ATE SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS0 .<#d#e.>4  
  

,AN>*I/S W]E )\T D\BT CLOSELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' DEMON/RATIONS :I* M>K$ #aiai 0AS A P]IOD ( PREP>ATION1 CLA%ES & AN 9DICATION ( A MU* DEEP] & RADICAL CRISIS :I* WAS AFFECT+ ! C\NTRY'S 9/ITUTIONS & /RUCTURES0 .<#d#f.>4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T 7:I* WAS /ILL REGR\P+ AFT] ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,U,C,AD,I7 DID NOT YET HAVE A SOLID1 DEF9ITE /RATEGY TO (F] ITS MEMB] GR\PS 9 AN ADVANC$ /AGE ( ORGANIZATION1 AT LEA/ 9 REGIONS SU* AS ,LIGURIA1 ,LAZIO & ESPECIALLY ,EMILIA-,ROMAGNA1 :]E DELEGATES FROM #h DIFF]5T GR\PS MET AT A CONGRESS 9 ,BOLOGNA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiai .<#d#g.>4 ,ON ITS P>T1 ! ,U,S,I WAS 5JOY+ A BOOM 9 ITS MEMB]%IP FOLL[+ ! W> YE>S & WAS ACT+ MORE AS A COLLAT]AL ORGANIZATION ?AT AS AN AUTONOM\S =CE .<#d#h.>1 9 EFFECT MIMICK+ ! ROLE ( ! ,C,GD,L ) RESPECT TO ! ,P,S,I4 

,P>T ,I,V3 ,! ,ROLE ( ,MALATE/A 

  

,! RETURN ( ,MALATE/A AT ! 5D ( #aiai WAS A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,EXIL$ = ! UMPTE5? TIME AFT] ! 0R$ WEEK01 HE HAD BE5 VA9LY ATTEMPT+ TO RETURN TO ,ITALY S9CE #a#i#a#g1 EV5 DECL>+ HIMSELF WILL+ TO /& TRIAL = *>GES \T/&+ AGA9/ HIM JU/ SO HE C\LD BE PRES5T 9 ! PLACE :]E HE BELIEV$ A FAVORABLE SITUATION = REVOLUTION>Y ACTION WAS DEVELOP+4 ,H[EV] 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#i1 AFT] ! GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 =C$ 9TO GIV+ HIM A PASSPORT DUE TO A S]IES ( PROTE/S 7ESPECIALLY BY ! ,U,S,I71 ! AU?ORITIES CONT9U$ TO PLACE 9NUM]ABLE OB/ACLES 9 HIS PA? .<#d#i.>4 ,HE WAS ONLY ABLE TO RETURN ?ANKS TO ! HELP ( ,GIUSEPPE ,GIULIETTI & ! ,F$]AZIONE DEI ,LAVORATORI DEL ,M>E .<#e.>4 ,HE ?US >RIV$ CL&E/9ELY 9 ,T>ANTO ABO>D A ,GREEK C>GO %IP & HEAD$ BY TRA9 TO ,G5OA :]E HE PRET5D$ TO HAVE DISEMB>K$4  
  

0,\R DE> COMRADE ,]RICO ,MALATE/A HAS F9ALLY JO9$ US4 ,! ,G5OESE PROLET>IAT GAVE HIM A W>M & 5?USIA/IC WELCOME4 ,ON ,SATURDAY AT #a4PM ! SIR5S S\ND$ GIV+ ! SIGNAL = WORK TO /OP4 ,! WORK]S ?RONG$ TO ,VIA ,MILANO :5CE !Y M>*$ T[>DS ,PIAZZA ,C>IGNANO1 :]E A PUBLIC MEET+ WAS DUE TO TAKE PLACE4 ,! IMPRESSIVE R[S ( M>*]S ) HUNDR$S ( FLAGS FLY+ CROSS$ ! CITY S++ \R AN!MS4 ,9 ! HUGE SQU>E & ! ADJO9+ /REETS OV] #f1 PEOPLE W]E CRAMM$ 94 ,! 5?USIASM WAS 9DESCRIBABLE4 ,! UNTIR+ PRESID5T ( ! ,CO-OP]ATIVA ,FAC*9I 7,PORT]S' ,COOP]ATIVE71 ,RAVAS*IO1 SPOKE TO ! CR[D & 9TRODUC$ \R DE> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A :O 9 TURN SPOKE A FEW1 %ORT WORDS & WAS L\DLY ACCLAIM$0 .<#e#a.>4  
  

,HIS PRE/IGE AMONG ! MASSES RAIS$ HOPES & 5?USIASM4 ,HE WAS TE/IMONY TO ! CONT9UITY ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION4 ,! /EADFA/NESS & CONSI/5CY ( HIS WORK MADE HIM ! NATURAL LEAD] ( A HUGE SECTION ( ! WORK]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS OLD 9T]NATIONALI/'S ABILITY TO UNIFY ! :OLE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & HIS UN*ALL5G$ FAME FACILITAT$ 7AS 9 #ahig & #a#i#a#c7 ?IS UNITY :I*1 AS W\LD BE SE5 9 ! FOLL[+ MON?S1 WAS BAS$ ON ! 5?USIASM ( ! MOVEM5T'S V>I\S COMPON5TS & AGREEM5T BETWE5 !M4 ,HIS IDEAS = MA9TA9+ UNITY .<#e#b.> WAS MO/LY BAS$ ON HIS OPTIMI/IC READ+ ( ! SITUATION 9 ,ITALY -- A VIEW :I*1 ?\< %>$ BY A GOOD PORTION ( ! MASSES AT ! TIME1 WAS P]HAPS OV]LY 9FLU5C$ BY P]SONAL FACTORS :I* >E USEFUL TO EXAM9E4 

,MALATE/A1 ! REVOLUTION>Y P> EXCELL5CE1 LIV$ A L>GE P>T ( HIS LIFE & MO/ ( ! REC5T YE>S 9 EXILE1 ) L9KS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ MOVEM5T .<#e#c.>4 ,HIS RETURNS TO ,ITALY CO9CID$ ) UPTURNS 9 ! CLASS MOVEM5T :I* C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS 9SURRECTIONAL UPRIS+S4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE1 HE UND]/OOD ?AT 0DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES 9 T5D5CIES & P>TIES1 ! MASSES W]E WILL+ TO ACT = A COMMON GOAL0 .<#e#d.>4 ,!SE HOPES1 H[EV]1 W]E FOLL[$ BY P]IODS ( REPRESSION1 =C+ HIM BACK 9TO EXILE4 ,! 9SURRECTIONALI/ EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( ! ,MATESE B&1 W]E CRITICALLY REEXAM9$ AFT] #ahid .<#e#e.> ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RATEGY = AN>*I/ ACTION )9 ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ! MASSES W]E BUILD+4 ,IT WAS SOME?+ ?AT ,GORI1 ,FABBRI & MANY O!RS W\LD DEVELOP & PUT 9TO PRACTICE ) !IR ACTIVITY NOT ONLY 9 ! ,LABOR ,CLUBS & TRADE F$]ATIONS BUT ALSO ?R\< ! RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! AN>*I/ P>TY .<#e#f.>4 ,BUT ,MALATE/A WAS NOT 9 ,ITALY BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! C5TURY & #aiad & IT WAS ONLY FROM ABROAD ?AT HE C\LD KEEP TRACK ( ! PROCESS & EXP]I5CES ?AT W]E CAUS+ ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ITS IDEOLOGY TO DEVELOP4 ,& A SIGNIFICANT 9DICATOR ( HIS 0DETA*M5T0 FROM ! LATT] WAS ! POSITION HE TOOK AT ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 #a#i#g1 :]E HIS OPPOSITION TO ,MONATTE DIFF]$ 7M>K$ AS IT WAS BY HUMANI/IC AN>*ISM7 FROM ?AT ( ,FABBRI1 :O BETT] ?AN ANY O!R EXPRESS$ ! GR[? 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ = ! P>TY & A PRES5CE )9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 !REBY RETURN+ TO ! G5U9E ,BAKUN9I/ TRADITION .<#e#g.>4 

,9 #a#i#a#d1 ,MALATE/A WAS /ILL B\ND TO ?IS OPTIMI/IC1 HUMANI/IC & 9SURRECTIONALI/ CONCEPTION4 ,HIS VISION ( AN>*I/ ACTION PR9CIPALLY AS PROPAG&A & VIGILANCE :ILE WAIT+ = ?OSE OCCASIONS 0:I* CAN OCCUR :5 LEA/ EXPECT$0 .<#e#h.> & HIS TRU/ 9 ! 0SPONTANE\S DRIVE0 ( ! MASSES = REVOLUTION .<#e#i.> C]TA9LY GAVE IMPETUS TO AN>*I/ AGITATION 9 ?AT YE>1 ?\< HE HIMSELF W\LD COME TO UND]/& ?AT ! MA9 LIMIT ON REVOLUTION>Y ACTION WAS ! LACK ( COORD9ATION BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! 9SURRECTIONALI/ \TBUR/S4 ,9 FACT1 :ILE /ILL 9 EXILE 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#i#a#i1 HE W>MLY WELCOM$ ! PROPOSAL = A DAILY NEWSPAP] 7:I* HAD ONLY M9ORITY SUPPORT AT ! ,APRIL CONV5TION 9 ,FLOR5CE71 :I* HE CONSID]$ AS AN ESS5TIAL 9/RUM5T = PROPAG&A1 AGITATION & PRE-9SURRECTIONAL PREP>ATION4 ,LIKE O!R MILITANTS1 MO/LY 9VOLV$ ) MASS ACTIVITY1 ,FABBRI DISPLAY$ 0AN OP9ION :I* WAS AT ! TIME RA!R CONTR>Y0 TO ! NEWSPAP] .<#f.>1 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ! GR[? ( ! MOVEM5T HAD TO BE MORE GRADUAL & COMPLEX1 B\ND TO PRECISE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES & ) A SOLID ROOT+ 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,PUTT+ ALL ONE'S 5]GIES 9TO ! CREATION ( A S+LE UNIFY+ GR\P+ ( ALL ! V>I\S T5D5CIES SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE A WA/E4 ,HE !RE=E REMA9$ 0FROM ! />T ONE ( ! FEW :O LOOK$ AT ! 9ITIATIVE ) FEW ILLUSIONS0 .<#f#a.>4 ,MALATE/A1 9/EAD1 0F\ND .<HIS.> PRACTICAL & PR9CIPL$ OBJECTIONS WELL-5\< F\ND$ = NORMAL TIMES1 BUT .<444.> COMPLETELY SURPASS$ BY ! CURR5T CONDITIONS & BY ! GREAT] NE$ = AN IMM95T REVOLUTION0 .<#f#b.>4 

,! DEBATE BETWE5 ! TWO CONFIRM$ !IR DIFF]5T VIEWPO9TS4 ,:ILE ,FABBRI 7:O NOT EV5 9 ,JANU>Y #aib LET HIMSELF FALL VICTIM TO ! 0G5]AL GIDD9ESS0 ( ! LEFT7 .<#f#c.> S\<T TO CONV9CE HIS OPPOSITE ( ! NE$ = A DETAIL$1 LONG-T]M /RATEGY1 ,MALATE/A MA9TA9$ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( 0FOLL[+ ?AT PA?4 ,HE HAD NOT ?\<T HE W\LD F9D SU* EFF]VESC5CE4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A CASE ( PREP>+ ! T]RA91 :I* WAS READY4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO DO :AT C\LD BE DONE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION WAS ON ! WAY1 NE>] ?AN HE HAD ?\<T .<444.> ,I AGRE$ ) HIM & IT WAS ONLY LAT] ?AT D\BTS /RUCK ME AB\T ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ?AT IMPRESSIVE POPUL> 5?USIASM & ?AT ?IS MI<T HAVE MADE HIM BL9D TO ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS0 .<#f#d.>4 

,FABBRI'S P]PLEXITIES BETWE5 LATE #aiai & E>LY #aib SEEM TO HAVE BE5 OV]COME BY EV5TS1 BY ! EXPECTATIONS ,MALATE/A 9SPIR$ AMONG AN>*I/ RANKS & FUR!R AFIELD1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! OV]LY-P]SONALIZ$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( E/EEM & TRU/ 5D[$ ON HIM1 HE FELT ! NE$ TO PUBLI% A LETT] :I* SAID1 AMONG O!R ?+S3 0,?ANK Y\1 BUT ?AT'S 5\<0 .<#f#e.>4 

,) ! BIR? ( ! DAILY NEWSPAP]1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b1 ! ROLE ( ,MALATE/A ( 0UND]/&+ & RECONCIL+ ALL ! AN>*I/ T5D5CIES0 .<#f#f.> BECAME ALL 5COMPASS+4 ,FABBRI CLOS$ D[N ,VOLONTA ?AT SUMM] AS 0ALL ITS CONTRIBUTORS1 FROM !N ON1 HAD TO D$ICATE !IR ATT5TION TO ! NEWSPAP]0 .<#f#g.>4 ,UMANITA ,NOVA DID1 H[EV]1 MEET ) GREAT SUCCESS4 ,IT HAD A NETWORK ( CORRESPOND5TS & CONTRIBUTORS COV]+ ! :OLE P59SULA & A DI/RIBUTION :I* REA*$ #e1 COPIES A DAY ) A TURNOV] ( OV] A MILLION LIRE0 .<#f#h.>4 ,ONE UNBIAS$ WITNESS ( ITS IMPORTANCE AMONG ! MASSES WAS ,ANNA ,KULISCI(F1 :O 9 ,AUGU/ #aib WROTE TO ,TURATI3  
  

0,! WORK+ CLASS IS GO+ ?R\< A BAD P]IOD ( AN>*I/ CONTAGION4 ,BY N[ ,AVANTI6 IS ALMO/ BE+ BOYCOTT$ & ! WORK]S >E READ+ ONLY ,UMANITA ,NOVA .<444.> ,?IS IS CONFIRM$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,LABOR ,CLUBS & ! PASS5G]S ON ! MORN+ TRAMS :]E ONE CAN NO LONG] SEE WORK]S )\T A COPY ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA 9 !IR H&S0 .<#f#i.>4  

,P>T ,V3 ,! ,/RUGGLES @& ,/RATEGY ,( ,! ,AN>*I/S 

  

,! DAILY WAS ONLY ONE ( ! WAYS ! AN>*I/ VOICE C\LD BE HE>D4 0,?R\<\T ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO ! AN>*I/S W]E ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 =CE 9 ! POPUL> & WORK]S' MOVEM5TS1 FIR/ MIX+ 9 ) !M & !N AIM+ AT A MORE M>K$ DI/9CTION0 .<#g.>4 ,AS WAS OBS]V$1  
  

0!Y >E NOT EXT]NAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT REPRES5T A PRECISE SECTOR ( IT1 ! MO/ UN/ABLE SECTOR1 NEWLY =M$ & NOT L9K$ TO ! RE=MI/ TRADITION4 ,!Y HAVE !IR GREATE/ SUPPORT AMONG ! NEW1 Y\NG WORK+ CLASS1 AMONG ! PROLET>IZ$ MIDDLE CLASS ( (FICE WORK]S & PO/S & TELEGRAPHS WORK]S1 & ALSO AMONG ! OLD ISL&S ( TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ SUPPORT 7! RAILWAY WORK]S1 9DEP5D5T TRADES1 ETC470 .<#g#a.>4  
  

,ACTUALLY1 !Y W]E ALSO PRES5T 9 O!R SECTORS SU* AS ! METALWORK]S4 ,!Y W]E ALREADY 9 ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,U,S,I1 BUT 9 SOME REGIONS =M$ 9DEP5D5T UNIONS & W]E (T5 9 *>GE ( OR WELL REPRES5T$ 9 AUTONOM\S ,LABOR ,CLUBS 9 PLACES LIKE ,SE/RI ,PON5TE1 ,SAMPI]D>5A1 ,SAVONA-,VADO1 ,LIVORNO1 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ,EMILIA-,ROMAGNA & ! ,M>*ES4 ,!Y HAD MILITANTS 9 ! ,S9DACATO ,F]ROVI]I1 ! ,F$]AZIONE DEI ,LAVORATORI DEL ,M>E1 & O!RS4 ,9 PLACES :]E IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO CREATE 9DEP5D5T UNIONS OR :]E !IR CREATION W\LD HAVE PROVOK$ >TIFICIAL DIVISIONS1 !Y WORK$ 9 ! ,LABOR ,CLUBS & )9 ! PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS ( ! ,C,GD,L1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,TUR91 :]E !Y =M$ A CONSPICU\S & ACTIVE COMPON5T ( ! IMPORTANT METALLURGICAL SECTOR4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,PI$MONTESE CAPITAL GAVE1 9 FACT1 HI< IMPORTANCE TO ACTION 9 ! CONF$]AL MASS ORGANIZATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! AN>*I/ ,PIETRO ,F]R]O1 SECRET>Y ( ! LOCAL METALWORK]S' UNION3  
  

0,9 ,TUR9 !RE WAS NO BRAN* ( ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA AT ! TIME & ! AN>*I/S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,F,I,O,M BRAN* &1 AS CONV9C$ P>TISANS ( PROLET>IAN UNITY1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS NEW MOVEM5T .<! FACTORY C\NCILS.>1 9 ! HOPES ( !IR BR++ RESULTS0 .<#g#b.>4  
  

,AN>*ISM WAS ABLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF 0AT ! HE>T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! CITY ( ,TUR9 DUR+ ! F\R YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! W> & PROVID$ ONE ( ! BE/ MILITANTS 9 ! C\RSE ( ! RESI/ANCE 9 ! P]SON ( ,PIETRO ,F]R]O1 :O WAS MURD]$ BY ! FASCI/S ON #ah ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b0 .<#g#c.>4 ,P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT WAS ! 9FLU5CE AN>*I/S HAD ON ! !ORIES EXPRESS$ BY ,ORD9E ,NUOVO1 ?ANKS ESPECIALLY TO ,MAURIZIO ,G>9O & ,PIETRO ,MOSSO AN ASSI/ANT 9 !ORETICAL PHILOSOPHY AT ! LOCAL UNIV]SITY & AU?OR ( ! BOOK 0,IL ,SI/EMA ,TAYLOR $ I CONSIGLI DEI PRODUTTORI0 7,! ,TAYLOR ,SY/EM & ! PRODUC]S' C\NCILS7 UND] ! P5-NAME ( ,C>LO ,PETRI .<#g#d.>4 ,IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE ?AT ! ,GRUPPO ,LIB]T>IO ,TOR9ESE 7,TUR9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,GR\P7 WAS ONE ( ! SIGNATORIES ( ! MANIFE/O 0,P] IL CONGRESSO DEI CONSIGLI DI FABBRICA4 ,AGLI OP]AI E AI CONTAD9I DI TUTTA ,ITALIA0 7,= ! CONGRESS ( FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ALL ,ITALY71 LAUN*$ 9 ,M>* #aib BY ,ORD9E ,NUOVO 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ! USE ( C\NCILS .<#g#e.>4 ,EV5 AT ! MEET+ ( ! ,LABOR ,CLUB 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#i1 ,G>9O & ! AN>*I/S HAD BE5 DECISIVE 9 ! VICTORY ( ! PRO-C\NCIL CURR5T4 ,AS ,GRAMSCI WROTE3  
  

0,:5 ,G>9O1 ! AN>*I/ SYNDICALI/1 SPOKE .<444.> ON ! MATT] & SPOKE ) GREAT DIALECTIC EFFICACY & W>M?1 WE 7UNLIKE COMRADE ,TASCA7 W]E PLEASANTLY SURPRIS$ & FELT A DEEP EMOTION .<444.> ,! ATTITUDE ( COMRADE ,G>9O1 A LIB]T>IAN1 A SYNDICALI/1 WAS PRO( ( ! PR(\ND CONVICTION WE HAVE ALWAYS HAD ?AT 9 ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS SPONTANE\SLY DISCOV]S !ORETICAL UNITY & PRACTICAL UNITY0 .<#g#f.>4  
  

,! /RUGGLE ( ! METALWORK]S 9 ! SPR+ ( #aib BEGAN 9 ,FEBRU>Y 9 ,SE/RI ,PON5TE & REA*$ ITS PEAK ) ! 0SCIOP]O DELLE LANCETTE0 7A S]IES ( /RIKE ACTIONS 9 PROTE/ ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( SUMM] TIME7 9 ,M>* 9 ,TUR94 ,AN>*I/S CON/ANTLY D$ICAT$ !IR EF=TS TO EXP&+ ! C\NCILS1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M ! LABOR ACTION 9TO 9SURRECTIONAL ACTION4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! CONCEPTION DEVELOP$ 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES ( ?IS NEW 9/ITUTION 7! FACTORY C\NCIL71 BORE NOTICEABLE DIFF]5CES FROM ?AT IF ! SUPPORT]S ( ,ORD9E ,NUOVO1 SET \T 9 ! MOTION PRES5T$ BY ,F]R]O & ,G>9O AT ! ,TUR9 ,LABOR ,CLUB MEET+ 9 ,JUNE & DETAIL$ 9 ! REPORT PRES5T$ TO ! AN>*I/ NATIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,JULY ( ?AT YE> 9 ,BOLOGNA4 ,AT ! CONGRESS1 ,G>9O CONFIRM$ ! NE$ TO PROMOTE ! CREATION ( FACTORY C\NCILS AS 0!Y BR+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO ITS NATURAL T]RA91 5D[+ IT ) ! /R5G? TO CONQU]04 ,HE CONSID]$ !IR PRIM>Y TASKS 0FIR/1 IMM$IATE ACTION2 SECOND1 TO GU>ANTEE ! CONT9UITY ( PRODUCTION 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD2 ?IRD1 TO BE P]HAPS ! BASIS = COMMUNI/ MANAGEM5T04 ,BASICALLY1 = AN>*I/S ! IMPORTANCE ( ! C\NCILS LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y 5SUR$ ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL WORK]S 0)\T DI/9CTION .<444.> ORGANIZ$ OR NOT1 ON ! BASIS ( !IR V>I\S SECTORS0 & ?AT !Y C\LD OP]ATE AS UNIT>Y 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE & MANAGEM5T3 0! ,C\NCIL AS AN ANTI-,/ATE ORGAN & ! ,C\NCIL AS AN ORGAN ( P[]0 .<#g#g.>4 

,! COMMON PO9T BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ! ,ORD9OVI/S WAS !IR DEM& ?AT EV]Y WORK]1 :E!R BELONG+ TO A UNION OR NOT1 HAD AN EQUAL VOICE )9 ! C\NCILS4 ,H[EV]1 !Y DIFF]$ 9 ?AT ! =M] REFUS$ TO CONSID] ! C\NCILS AS ! BASIS = A NEW ,/ATE1 A SOVIET ,/ATE4 ,O!R DIFF]5CES LAY 9 /RESS+ ! CRIT]IA ?AT ONLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE C\LD ! C\NCILS ACT AS EFFECTIVE 9/RUM5TS ( CLASS /RUGGLE 7&1 !RE=E1 SPREAD TO ALL SECTORS ( SOCIAL LIFE7 & 9 PO9T+ \T ! RISKS ( !IR DEG5]AT+ 9TO JO9T MANAGEM5T BODIES ( A NONCOMMUNI/ SY/EM4 ,5DORS+ !SE PO9TS1 ! AN>*I/ CONGRESS 9 ,BOLOGNA APPROV$ A MOTION :I* READ 79 P>T73  
  

0,:ILE NOT+ ?AT ! FACTORY & DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS >E IMPORTANT ABOVE ALL 9 LI<T ( ! PROXIMITY ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ! FACT ?AT !Y CAN BE ! TE*NICAL ORGANS ( EXPROPRIATION & ( ! NECESS>Y1 IMM$IATE CONT9UATION ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ?AT1 BY CONT9U+ TO EXI/ )9 ! CURR5T SOCIETY1 !Y W\LD BE PREY TO ! MOD]AT+ & ACCOMMODAT+ 9FLU5CE ( ?IS SOCIETY1 WE BELIEVE ?AT ! FACTORY C\NCILS & SUITABLE 9/RUM5TS = GR\P+ ALL MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S 9 !IR WORKPLACES1 = COMMUNI/ & AN>*I/ PURPOSES & ?AT !Y >E ABSOLUTELY ANTI-,/ATE ORGANS & POSSIBLE NUCLEI ( ! FUTURE RUNN+ ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E USEFUL = DEVELOP+ 9 ! WAG$ WORK] ! CONSCI\SNESS ( PRODUC] & ALSO1 = ! PURPOSES ( ! REVOLUTION1 = HELP+ TO TRANS=M ! DISCONT5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S 9TO A CLE> DESIRE = EXPROPRIATION4 ,WE !RE=E 9VITE COMRADES TO SUPPORT ! =MATION ( FACTORY C\NCILS & TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR ORGANIC /RUCTURE & !IR FUNCTIONS AS \TL9$ H]E1 TO FI<T ANY T5D5CY T[>DS COLLABORATIONI/ DEVIATIONS & TO 5SURE ?AT :5 !Y >E =M$ ALL ! WORK]S 9 EA* FACTORY P>TICIPATE1 :E!R !Y >E ORGANIZ$ OR NOT0 .<#g#h.>4  
  

,AS F> AS ! SOVIETS W]E CONC]N$1 ! MEET+ RELI$ ON ! REPORT BY ,S&RO ,MOL9>I :I*1 9 EFFECT1 REPEAT$ :AT WAS SAID REG>D+ ! C\NCILS4 ,!Y W]E ADJUDG$ TO BE IMPORTANT BODIES DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE BUT M5TION WAS MADE ( ! RISKS ( AU?ORIT>IAN1 COLLABORATIONI/ OR /ATI/ DEVIATIONS .<#g#i.>4 ,! 9TRODUCTORY REPORT ON WORK]S' ORGANIZATION WAS MADE BY ,FABBRI1 :O /RESS$ ! NE$ TO 0LET WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS REMA9 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R0 & TO 0OCCUPY \RSELVES ) ! WORK ( AN>*I/ COMRADES .<)9 ! UNIONS.> TO 5SURE ?AT IT 9CREAS+LY PROMOTES REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN GOALS0 .<#h.>4 ,FABBRI HAD ALREADY WRITT5 ON ! SUBJECT 9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA DUR+ ! DAYS LEAD+ UP TO ! CONGRESS1 PROPOS+ ?AT ! MOTION ON ! MATT] APPROV$ AT ! ,FLOR5CE CONV5TION ! PREVI\S YE> BE PRES5T$ AGA91 & SUGGE/+ ?AT 0A /ATEM5T 9 FAVOR ( PROLET>IAN UNITY BE ADD$04 ,9 RECALL+ ?IS PR9CIPLE1 HE CRITICIZ$ ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE & ! ,C,GD,L :I*1 HE SAID1 ?\< 0PROVOK$ BY ! EVIL DESIGNS ( ! RE=MI/S .<444.>1 WAS A MI/AKE01 AS IT HAD NOT PRODUC$ ! EFFECTS DESIR$ BY ! RE=MI/S1 GIV5 ?AT 09 MANY PLACES ! AN>*I/S REMA9$ AS MEMB]S ( ! CONF$]ATION01 BECAUSE ( !IR 0DESIRE = UNITY04 ,HE ALSO NEGATIVELY CONSID]$ ! ,U,S,I'S PROP5SITY = 5C\RAG+ O!RS TO LEAVE ! ,C,GD,L3  
  

0,IF ,I HAD TO GIVE ADVICE1 ,I W\LD ASK ! COMRADES TO AVOID PROVOK+ SPLITS )9 ! UNIONS1 ! ,LABOR ,CLUBS1 ETC41 TO :I* !Y BELONG .<444.> ,WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S1 T5DS TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ITS 5VIRONM5T 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! BE/ RESULTS = ITS MEMB]S4 ,IT IS NOT1 AS WAS ONCE SAID1 AUTOMATICALLY REVOLUTION>Y OR LIB]T>IAN04  
  

,! REAL QUE/ION LAY 9/EAD 9 ! /RATEGY AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE )9 ! UNIONS3 AN ANTI-COLLABORATIONI/ & ANTI-RE=MI/ /RATEGY1 ABLE TO 9VOLVE NON-AN>*I/ WORK]S1 TO CREATE 0?AT REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY :OSE FUNCTION IS TO GIVE ! FIR/ BL[ ON ! CLOS$ DOORS ( ! FUTURE0 & TO COORD9ATE !MSELVES )9 ! /RUCTURES ( ! P>TY .<#h#a.>4 ,BUT !RE W]E O!R POSITIONS >GU$ DUR+ ! MEET+1 SU* AS ,FANTOZZI'S1 :I* HELD ?AT IT WAS 0DISGRACEFUL ?AT AN>*I/ WORK]S >E /ILL MEMB]S ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR01 ,BOR<I'S1 :I* EXTOLL$ ! VIRTUES ( ! ,U,S,I )\T DEM&+ ?AT PEOPLE JO9 IT1 ,B9AZZI'S 7POORLY SUPPORT$7 MIDDLE-(-!-ROAD POSITION1 :I* SAW NO DIFFICULTY ) PEOPLE JO9+ EI!R UNION4 ,!N !RE WAS ! ,TUR9 GR\P'S POSITION1 :I* 9SI/$ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ACTION )9 ! CONF$]ATION1 IF POSSIBLE =M+ 0OPPOSITION GR\PS ( AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S & REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/S04 ,G>9O MA9TA9$ ?AT IT WAS BECAUSE 0?IS WAS NOT ! MOM5T TO =CE A SPLIT 9 ?OSE PLACES :]E !RE WAS PROLET>IAN UNITY1 GIV5 ! TIMES ?AT W]E 9 IT04 ,AT ! 5D1 A MOTION PREVAIL$ 7) ! SUPPORT ( ,MALATE/A7 :I* DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! BREAD? ( DEBATE & 9 EFFECT TOOK AN EASY L9E ( EXCLUSIVE SUPPORT = ! ,U,S,I4  
  

0,?IS ,CONGRESS .<444.>1 GIV5 ! CURR5T SITUATION :]E SEV]AL WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS EXI/1 ONCE MORE CONSID]S ?AT ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA IS ! ONE :I* TODAY BE/ EMBODIES REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN IDEALS4 ,\R SOLID>ITY GOES TO ?OSE COMRADES :O DEVOTE !IR ACTIVITY TO IT ) A SPIRIT ( ABNEGATION4 ,WE ADVISE COMRADES TO PROMOTE ! ACTION ( ! ,U,S,I AS & AS LONG AS IT REMA9S ON ! T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y1 ANTI-,/ATE ACTION1 BO? BY BECOM+ MEMB]S & HELP+ TO =M NEW BRAN*ES1 & 7:]E ?IS IS NOT POSSIBLE DUE TO LOCAL CONDITIONS & 9 ORD] NOT TO PROVOKE DAMAG+ SPLITS7 BY UNIT+ 9TO DIRECT ACTION GR\PS OR COMMITTEES TO OPPOSE RE=MISM ALL ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS :O >E /ILL 7AS A RESULT ( ! ABOVE NE$S7 MEMB]S ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 & 5SUR+ ?AT !SE GR\PS OR COMMITTEES ACT TOGE!R ) ! ,U,S,I0 .<#h#b.>4  
  

,9 MORE G5]AL T]MS1 ?\< M>K$ BY LIVELY & COMPLEX DEBATE1 ! ,BOLOGNA CONGRESS WAS AN 9DICATOR ( ! 9T]NAL DIFFICULTY 9 ! GR[? ( ! PO/W> MOVEM5T :]E REC\RSE WAS MADE TO COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! 0PACT ( ALLIANCE0 APPROV$ AT ! MEET+ WAS AN ATTEMPT TO HOLD TOGE!R F$]ATIONS1 GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS ) DIFF]5T IDEAS1 B9D+ !M ?R\< A 0PROGRAM01 :I* W\LD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE GIV5 ! TOTAL LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY :I* ! PACT ITSELF GU>ANTE$4 ,DISCUSSION ON ! SUBJECT REVEAL$ AT LEA/ TWO WELL-DEF9$ POSITIONS4 ,! FIR/ POSITION WAS HO/ILE TO ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION1 TI$ TO ! GU>ANTEE ( ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ! GR\P4 ,! SECOND POSITION WAS ?AT 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! ,UNIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA 7,U,A,I -- ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION7 -- ! NEW NAME ( ! ,U,C,AD,I -- C\LD FUNCTION WELL1 ONLY ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ AN ORGANIZATION :I* ?\< NOT C5TRALIZ$1 OP]AT$ ON ! BASIS ( F$]ATIONS ACCORD+ TO A PROGRAM ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE B9D+ = ALL ONCE APPROV$4  
  

0,! CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ,U,A,I'S ACTION & 9 ! ',PACT' IT APPROV$ >E EVID5T1 & >E OBVI\SLY ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9/RUM5TAL FUNCTION :I* ! ,U,A,I WAS TO HAVE HAD AT ?AT P>TICUL> POLITICAL MOM5T4 ,?US IT TRI$ TO BRIDGE ! GAP BETWE5 ! F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM & OP]ATIONAL EFFICI5CY1 9 ORD] TO REA* C]TA9 GOALS1 BY >TIFICIALLY OV]COM+ ! CONTRA/+ ME?ODS & /RATEGIES ( ITS MILITANTS4 ,IT REM9D$ ITS MEMB]S ( ! MORAL OBLIGATION ATTA*$ TO DECISIONS REA*$ BUT RECOGNIZ$1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RI<T TO FULL AUTONOMY4 ,IT GAVE ITS MEMB]S A S]IES ( PRACTICAL REGULATIONS REG>D+ ! WORK+ ( GR\PS1 ! PAYM5T ( DUES1 ! PROCESS = CONV5+ ASSEMBLIES1 EXPULSIONS1 ETC41 :ILE ON ! O!R H& CONFIRM+ ?AT EV]Y GR\P OR CIRCLE :I* WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,U,A,I C\LD E/ABLI% ITS [N 9T]NAL CON/ITUTION & DECIDE ITS [N ACTIVITY 9 :ATEV] WAY IT *OSE & 9 FULL AUTONOMY1 !REBY AUTOMATICALLY P]MITT+ ! V>I\S GR\PS TO E/ABLI% !IR [N REGULATIONS EV5 IF !Y DIFF]$ FROM ?OSE SET \T 9 ! ',PACT'0 .<#h#c.>4  
  

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,PROGRAM ITSELF1 :I* %\LD HAVE PROVID$ COHESION = ALL ! COMPON5TS ( ! MOVEM5T1 LIMIT$ ITSELF TO \TL9+ ! PROJECT = A FUTURE AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY )\T DEF9+ ! TACTICS & /RATEGY REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO REA* ?IS OBJECTIVE1 TRU/+ PRACTICALLY EXCLUSIVELY TO ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOM5T1 = :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 0PREP>E ONESELF M5TALLY & MAT]IALLY SO ?AT ! \TBREAK ( VIOL5T /RUGGLE W\LD LEAD TO A VICTORY ( ! PEOPLE0 .<#h#d.>4 ,9/EAD ( AN ORGANIC L9E1 ! CONGRESS CREAT$ A BADLY-CONNECT$ S]IES ( /RATEGIES & FAIL$ TO CREATE ADEQUATE ME*ANISMS = ! MA9 PROPOSAL1 ! ,FRONTE UNICO RIVOLUZION>IO 7,F,U,R -- ,REVOLUTION>Y ,S+LE ,FRONT74 ,9 ,FABBRI'S WORDS1 APPROV$ BY ! CONGRESS3  
  

0IT IS NOT A S+LE FRONT ( REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 BUT BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 V>I\S PLACES1 EV5 9 OPPOSITION TO ! WILL ( ! LEAD]S & )\T ! BLESS+ ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,U,A,I 9CLUD$4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( LOCAL AGREEM5TS MADE POSSIBLE BY AN AFF9ITY ( 9T5T1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ACTION0 .<#h#e.>4  
  

,GIV5 SU* A SET-UP1 IF IT W]E TO BE PRACTICABLE !RE W\LD HAVE TO BE !ORETICAL1 OBJECTIVE & ORGANIZATIONAL UNITY TOGE!R ) A GOOD LEVEL ( EFFICI5CY1 ON ! P>T ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 ,BUT )9 ! ,UNIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA ?IS UNITY WAS ONLY APP>5T1 NOT REAL4 

,ALONGSIDE ! (FICIAL PRON\NCEM5TS1 ! CONGRESS WAS ALSO ! SC5E ( A SECRET MEET+ 9 ORD] TO AGREE 7IT W\LD SEEM7 A PLAN ( OP]ATIONS 9 LI<T ( ! EXPECT$ 9SURRECTION .<#h#f.>4 ,9 ?IS >EA ! AN>*I/S %[$ !MSELVES TO BE FULL ( 9ITIATIVE & CAPABLE ( ACT+ AS ADVANC$ NUCLEI ( ATTACK & DEF5SE 9 ! WAVES ( POPUL> & WORK]S' UPRIS+1 & 9 EXTREME RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM ) AN EFFECT ?AT WAS SUP]IOR TO !IR NUMB]S4 ,! GR\P FROM ,LA ,SPEZIA HAD E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS ) SAILORS & SOLDI]S & 9 ,MAY #aib !Y LAUN*$ AN ASSAULT ON ! ,MONTE ,ALBANO =T 9 ,MIGLI>9O &1 9 AGREEM5T ) SOME ( ! GU>DS1 TRI$ 9 VA9 TO TAKE POSSESSION ( AN >MS DEPOT4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! POLICE DID NOT MAKE ANY >RE/S EV5 ?\< !Y W]E WELL AW>E ( ! 9CID5T1 = FE> ( PROVOK+ 0A G5]AL /RIKE ( PROTE/0 .<#h#g.>4 ,! ,FASCIO ,LIB]T>IO ,TOR9ESE 7,TUR9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,GR\P7 =M$ CLOSE TIES ) SOLDI]S 7EV5 ) (FIC]S & JUNIOR (FIC]S7 :O SECRETLY FREQU5T$ ! ,LABOR ,CLUB4 0,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S ( ,TUR901 ACCORD+ TO A ,JUNE #aiai REPORT BY ,G5]AL ,SCIPIONI1 0HAVE WELL-DEF9$ TASKS = ACTION3 TO BL[ UP RAILWAY BRIDGES1 TO CUT TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS & TO ISOLATE LOCAL AU?ORITIES FROM ANY \TSIDE CONTACT0 .<#h#h.>4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b1 AN>*I/S FROM ,PIOMB9O1 ,LIVORNO & ,G5OA BLOCK$ A CONVOY ( TROOPS BE+ S5T TO ,TUR91 ! SC5E AT ! TIME ( ! 0SCIOP]O DELLE LANCETTE04 ,NOT TO M5TION ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 ! ,ANCONA REVOLT ! FOLL[+ ,JUNE :]E 0SOLDI]S >M$ ! WORK]S01 AS ,BOR<I REPORTS1 0& ! WORK]S DEF5D$ ! SOLDI]S0 .<#h#i.>4 

,! ,F,U,R WAS PREP>$ TO PUT 9TO APPLICATION TEMPOR>Y1 LOCAL AGREEM5TS :I* W]E (T5 IMPOS$ BY EV5TS1 ) SOCIALI/S1 REPUBLICANS & SUBV]SIVES4 ,ITS BE/ PROSPECTS SEEM$ TO LIE 9 NATIONAL 9ITIATIVES & CONV5TIONS JO9TLY CALL$ BY ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 DEF5SE ( POLITICAL VICTIMS & ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* FO/]$ F]VID HOPES4 ,NONE!LESS1 EV5 ! CONV5TION 9 ,BOLOGNA 9 ,AUGU/ #aib CALL$ BY ! RAILWORK]S' UNION1 :I* WAS MASSIVELY ATT5D$1 DID NOT LEAD TO ! CREATION ( UNITY4 ,C]TA9LY1 A L>GE P>T ( ! BLAME WAS DUE TO ! UNWILL+NESS ( ! ,P,S,I1 BUT 9 P>T ALSO ?ANKS TO ! ATTITUDE ( ,MALATE/A :O WAS RELUCTANT TO ACCEPT A P]MAN5T COMMITTEE = FE> ( ! P[] IT C\LD HAVE ASSUM$ .<#i.>4 ,ONCE AGA91 !N1 WE SEE ! UNC]TA9TY ( HIS POSITION 7%>$ AT ! TIME BY A L>GE P>T ( ! MOVEM5T7 :OSE ROOTS LAY 9 UNCRITICAL TRU/ 9 SPONTANEITY1 9 ! IMM95CE ( ! REVOLUTION & 9 ! 9T5T TO LEAVE ! PEOPLE TO DO ?+S BY !MSELVES4 

,ABOVE ALL1 IT WAS ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /RUGGLES 7:I* RE9=C$ ! CONVICTION ( !IR LEAD+ AUTOMATICALLY TO A REVOLUTION 9 SOCIETY7 :I* PROVID$ AN>*I/S ) F]TILE T]RA9 TO PU% = ! IMM$IATE PUTT+ 9TO OP]ATION ( ! ,F,U,R4 ,! EFFECT WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( A MID-T]M /RATEGY 9TO ! ONLY /RATEGY & ! LOSS ( UND]/&+ ( ! NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/S :I* W\LD FUNCTION AS A C5T] ( COORD9ATION & A REF]5CE PO9T = ! MASSES4 ,H[EV]1 !IR WORK W5T WELL BEYOND !IR 9T5SE OP]ATIONAL ACTIVITY1 5COMPASS+ WELL-AIM$ ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION & ! RE=MI/ ATTEMPTS AT LIMIT+ ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! USUAL RULES & REGULATIONS4 ,EV5 AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,MAZZONIS CASE 7A CONCLUSION EFFECTIVELY /AGE-MANAG$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* RE-POSSESS$ FACTORIES OCCUPI$ BY WORK]S 9 ORD] TO H& !M BACK TO !IR [N]S AFT] AGREE+ NEW CONTRACTS ) ! WORK]S71 ,UMANITA ,NOVA WROTE3  
  

0,WE REGRET ?AT ?OSE :O WE BELIEVE TO BE S9C]ELY REVOLUTION>IES HAVE ACT$ ) COMPLICITY 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,:AT HAVE \R FRI5DS ( ,ORD9E ,NUOVO GOT TO SAY AB\T ?IS P>ODY ( COMMUNISM ( ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS1 :I* !Y SUPPORT SO W>MLY8 ,OR AB\T ?IS L\DLY-ACCLAIM$ ATTEMPT AT COMMUNISM 9 A B\RGEOIS REGIME ) ! BLESS+ ( A M9I/] ( ! K+8 ,& :AT AB\T ! AB/5TIONI/ COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,P>TITO ,SOCIALI/A80 .<#i#a.>4  
  

,IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT ?IS D5UNCIATION ANTICIPAT$ 7& P]HAPS L$ TO7 ! POSITION ( ! ,ORD9OVI/S LAID \T 9 ,TOGLIATTI'S >TICLE 0,NEW ,TACTICS0 .<#i#b.>4 ,9 MORE G5]AL T]MS1 IT HAS BE5 NOT$1 ) RESPECT TO ! VIEWS ( ! O!R =CES ON ! LEFT1 ?AT  
  

0! POSITION ( ! AN>*I/S DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS WAS ALWAYS ONE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9T]V5TION & EXT5SION &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ( CONFLICT ) RESPECT TO 9T]V5TION ON PRACTICES4 ,IT IS NOT A HURRI$LY COBBL$ TOGE!R POLITICAL POSITION1 JU/ A /EP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ANALYSIS & TACTICS ROOT$ 9 A WID] BACKGR\ND & 9 DECISIONS & *OICES :I* >E P>TICUL>LY REF]R$ TO ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>04 .<#i#c.>  
  

,9 FACT1 RI<T FROM ! V]Y />T ( ! METALWORK]S ACTION1 IT WAS FOLL[$ CLOSELY & COMM5TAT$1 ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS EXAM9$1 ! POSITION ) REG>D TO ! RE=MI/S WAS EXAM9$ & !RE W]E ATTEMPTS TO EXT5D ! /RUGGLE & CONNECT IT TO O!R CATEGORIES ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE .<#i#d.>4 ,EQUALLY1 ATT5TION WAS FOCUS$ ON ! NEW PROLET>IAN GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAD DEVELOP$ \T ( ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE & MANAGE PRODUCTION 9 ORD] ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION C\LD BEG9 .<#i#e.>4 ,:5 ! ACTION CULM9AT$ 9 ! OCCUPATION ( FACTORIES1 ! AN>*I/S %[$ !MSELVES TO BE AW>E ?AT !RE W]E NO LONG] SUFFICI5T ECONOMIC M>G9S = NEGOTIATION & ?AT ! CLA% ) ! B\RGEOISIE HAD %IFT$ ONTO ! POLITICAL T]RA94 ,! UND]/OOD ! P>TICUL> NATURE ( ! MOM5T :5 ! MASSES1 OV]COM+ ! TRADITIONAL 9SURRECTIONAL ME?ODS1 TOOK POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ACTUALLY PUTT+ REVOLUTION>Y EXPROPRIATION 9TO PRACTICE 7ON #g ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] CALL+ = ! FACTORIES NOT TO BE AB&ON$1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA /AT$ ?AT 0NEV] AGA9 WILL SU* A FAVORABLE OCCASION PRES5T ITSELF TO BEG9 EXPROPRIAT+ ! CAPITALI/S ) ! M9IMUM LOSS ( BLOOD07.<#i#f.>4 ,SEE+ ! RISK ( ISOLATION1 !Y PROPOS$ EXP&+ ! MOVEM5T TO O!R SECTORS UP TO ! LEVEL ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 :I* A CONV5TION WAS CALL$ BY ! ,U,S,I = #g ,SEPTEMB] 9 ,SAMPI]D>5A1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ! RAIL1 SEA & PORT WORK]S1 GROC]S & ,C,GD,L DELEGATES4 0,ALL !SE WORK]S01 WROTE ,BOR<I .<#i#g.>1 0>E 9 FAVOR ( A C\RAGE\S DECISION3 TO DO ! DE$1 TO OCCUPY IMM$IATELY ,ITALY'S BIGGE/ PORT1 ,G5OA1 ! O!R ,LIGURIAN PORTS1 & O!R BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY04 ,EQUALLY P]CEPTIVE WAS ! PR$ICTION ?AT ! AB&ONM5T ( ! FACTORIES W\LD 9EVITABLY SP>K (F ! FURY ( REACTION .<#i#h.>4 

,P>T ,V,I3 ,! ,PREV5TIVE ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

  

,! 5D ( ! GREAT WAVE ( /RUGGLE ?AT HAD CULM9AT$ 9 ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ADD$ TO ! REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,ITALY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS = ! DEFEAT ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y HOPES ?AT AN>*I/S HAD HAD DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! W\NDS PRODUC$ BY ! W> 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD W]E HEAL+1 :ILE IT WAS BECOM+ EV]-CLE>] ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO FUR!R SPREAD+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS ,BOL%EVIK V]SION4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 7:I* HAD PROVID$1 BO? 9 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E1 A NOT IRRELEVANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! BLOCK+ ( EPISODES ( >M$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9T]V5TION7 WAS LOS+ ! RES]VE :I* IT HAD ?US F> MA9TA9$ = ! SAKE ( UNITY ( ! LEFT1 & BEGAN TO VOICE ITS DISS5T REG>D+ ! MANAGEM5T ( & ! ROAD TO REVOLUTION & TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! P]SECUTION ( AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! BASIC CRITICISM LAY 9 ! DEGRADATION ( ! SOVIETS1 PROCLAIM$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ! BASIS ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! NEW ORD]1 BUT :I* W]E 9/EAD SUFFOCAT$ BY ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT04 ,?IS1 9 PRACTICE1 WAS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY :I*1 ) ITS C5TRALIZ+ APP>ATUS1 CRU%$ ! TRULY DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES4 ,?IS WAS ! L9E TAK5 BY ,FABBRI 9 HIS 0,DITTATURA E RIVOLUZIONE01 WRITT5 9 ,AUGU/ #aib BUT1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ONLY PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ YE> .<#i#i.>4 ,SO IT WAS ?AT ! #cRD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,U,A,I 79 ,ANCONA1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a7 CONFIRM$ 0ITS 5?USIA/IC SOLID>ITY ) ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ITS FIRM 9T5TION TO RISE 9 ITS DEF5SE AGA9/ ANY REACTION>Y ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY IT BY GOV]NM5TS ( O!R C\NTRIES01 :ILE DECL>+ H[EV] ?AT IT 09 NO WAY RECOGNIZ$ ! SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIA AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REVOLUTION0 & EXPRESS+ 0ITS HE>TIE/ SOLID>ITY ) ! AN>*I/S ( ,RUSSIA :O >E BE+ D5I$ ALL FRE$OM & :O >E IMPRISON$ & P]SECUT$ = ! .<444.> CRIMES ( PUBLI%+1 MEET+1 ORGANIZ+ & PROPAGAT+ !IR IDEAS0 .<#a.>4 

,BUT ! DEBATE ON ! CONDUCT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,AN>*I/S ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD ONLY LAT] HAVE ANY SORT ( NOTABLE 9FLU5CE ON ATTEMPTS TO REVISE /RATEGY4 ,9 ! YE>S FROM #aib TO #a#i#b#e1 9/EAD1 ATT5TION WAS FIX$ ON ! REEM]G5CE ( ,/ATE REPRESSION & ON ! SPREAD ( FASCISM :I* WAS UNLEA%+ >M$ ACTS ( AGGRESSION AGA9/ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 DE/ROY+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES :I* ! MASSES HAD DEVOT$ UNTIR+ 5]GIES 9TO BUILD+4 ,! MORE D$ICAT$ MILITANTS W]E BE+ ASSASS9AT$ OR =C$ \T ( !IR HOME T[NS 9TO EXILE OR TEMPOR>Y REFUGE ELSE:]E4 ,ALREADY 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b1 ?AT IS TO SAY PRACTICALLY IMM$IATELY AFT] ! AB&ON+ ( ! FACTORIES1 ! (FICES ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA 9 ,MILAN W]E TWICE SUBJECT$ TO SE>*ES4 ,! POLICE >RE/$ SOME ( ! BE/-KN[N MEMB]S ( ! ,U,A,I & ! ,U,S,I1 SU* AS ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I1 = 0CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! ,/ATE04 ,PREP>ATIONS = ! TRIAL DRAGG$ ON = A LONG TIME AS ! PROSECUTION /RUGGL$ TO F9D A PLAUSIBLE *>GE ON :I* TO PROSECUTE & ! TRIAL DID NOT BEG9 UNTIL ,JULY #aiba .<#a#a.>4 ,! PRISON]S BEGAN A HUNG] /RIKE 9 ,M>*1 :I* L$ TO A S]IES ( SOLID>ITY PROTE/S & /RIKES L$ BY ! ,U,S,I4 ,! UNEASE CREAT$ BY ! >RE/S & BY POLICE MEASURES DROVE SOME 9DIVIDUALI/S 9TO ISOLAT$ ACTION4 ,ON #bc ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 A BOMB AT ! ,DIANA ,!AT] 9 ,MILAN1 DESIGN$ TO HIT ! POLICE *IEF1 MISS$ ITS T>GET & KILL$ >\ND TW5TY PEOPLE .<#a#b.>4 ,! RESULT+ %OCK 9 PUBLIC OP9ION L$ TO ! MO/ VIOL5T REPRESSION1 :ILE FASCI/ SQUADS RANSACK$ ! (FICES ( ,L',AVANTI6 & ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA 7:I* 9 ,MAY HAD TO MOVE TO ,ROME :]E IT WAS ABLE1 ) SOME DIFFICULTY1 TO CONT9UE PUBLICATION UNTIL ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b7.<#a#c.> & BEGAN A VICI\S HUNT = 0SUBV]SIVES04 

,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG DEBAT$ ! EPISODE & IT IS /ILL DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% TO :AT EXT5T 9FILTRAT$ AG5TS PROVOCATEURS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ! POLICE *IEF4 0,IF ,E4 ,MALATE/A HAD NOT BE5 >BITR>ILY DETA9$ 9 PRISON = SU* A LONG TIME01 DECL>$ ONE ( ! M5 S5T5C$ = ! SLAU<T]1 0! BOMB+ W\LD NEV] EV5 HAVE BE5 ?\<T (0 .<#a#d.>4 ,& ?\< ,MALATE/A 7:O1 TOGE!R ) HIS COMRADES1 HAD IMM$IATELY SUSP5D$ ! HUNG] /RIKE7 TOTALLY DISAGRE$ POLITICALLY ) ! BOMB]S1 :ILE DEMON/RAT+ A C]TA9 COMPREH5SION FROM A HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW1 ! POSITION ( O!RS WAS MU* MORE SEV]E4  
  

0,LET IT BE P]FECTLY CLE>01 WROTE ,FABBRI1 0?AT GIV5 ! *OICE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS JUDGES & ! PRISON]S1 BETWE5 ! ACCUS]S & ! ACCUS$1 WE WILL DEF5D ! LATT] -- 9 FULL ACCORD ) \R FUNCTION AS DEF5D]S ( ! D[NTRODD5 & ! WEAK1 BUT WE DEF5D !M = SUP]IOR REASONS ( HUMANITY & JU/ICE1 AS IRRESPONSIBLE VICTIMS & NOT AS DEF5D]S ( AN IDEA4 ,WE DEF5D !M & HELP !M1 BUT WE BY NO MEANS CELEBRATE !M0 .<#a#e.>4  
  

,! AFFAIR CONTRIBUT$ TO SOME EXT5T TO WEAK5+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T &1 MORE G5]ALLY1 ! :OLE WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 EXPOS+ ITS WEAKNESSES :I* W]E ALREADY TO BE SE5 ) ! FIR/ SIGNS ( REPRESSION4 ,! CONV5TION ( POPUL> =CES :I* WAS QUICKLY CALL$ 9 ,FLOR5CE 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE PROTE/S & ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ) ,MALATE/A1 ,BOR<I & ! O!R PRISON]S1 BR\<T NO RESULTS 7,S]RATI EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO DESCRIBE ! >RE/ AS A 0SPORADIC EPISODE07.<#a#f.>1 DEMON/RAT+ ! 9ABILITY TO REA* AGREEM5T1 EV5 ON COMMON DEF5SE1 AMONG ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT1 !IR 9COMPREH5SION & !IR UNREAD9ESS TO FACE UP TO ! REACTION & FASCISM4 ,= AN>*ISM 9 P>TICUL>1 ?IS %ORTCOM+ WAS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! BASIC FACT ?AT 0IT HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP A /RATEGY = ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION :I* W\LD PLACE IT 9 A POSITION TO LEAD ! MASSES0 .<#a#g.>4 ,C]TA9LY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ! ,BOLOGNA CONGRESS HAD E/ABLI%$ C]TA9 PO9TS1 A NUMB] ( P>TIAL POLICIES4 ,& 9 FACT1 ! SUPPORT]S ( ?AT /RATEGY HAD 9VOLV$ !MSELVES 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I*1 DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO1 WAS AT ITS HEI<T 9 EXACTLY ?OSE >EAS :]E !Y W]E CONC5TRAT$ -- & IT WAS NO CO9CID5CE4 ,BUT JU/ AS !SE ACTIONS1 ?\< WIDESPREAD OV] SOME :ILE1 FAIL$ TO LEAD TO A MORE G5]ALIZ$ REVOLT1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TOO 7FOOL$ BY A FALSE !ORETICAL UNITY & UNITY ( PURPOSE :I* UND]M9$ ANY *ANCE ( DEBATE OR ORGANIZATIONAL GR[? )9 ! ,U,A,I7 WAS UNABLE1 AS A POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 TO WORK \T A /RATEGY :I* C\LD FACE ! V>I\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 BAS$ ON EXP]I5CE & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS 9SUFFICI5CY DID NOT ESCAPE ,MALATE/A1 :O REM>K$ ON IT ) GREAT CL>ITY 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b3  
  

0,ON ! /REETS1 9 ACTION1 ! MASSES >E ) US & >E READY TO ACT2 BUT AT ! MOM5T ( TRU?1 !Y ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE SWEET-TALK$1 BECOM+ DI%E>T5$ & DISILLUSION$2 WE ALWAYS F9D \RSELVES DEFEAT$ & ISOLAT$4 ,:Y8 .<444.> ,BECAUSE WE >E DISORGANIZ$1 OR NOT ORGANIZ$ 5\<4 ,! O!RS HAVE ! MEANS TO TRANSMIT NEWS1 BE IT TRUE OR FALSE1 QUICKLY & EV]Y:]E1 & !Y USE !SE MEANS 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE OP9ION & DIRECT ANY ACTION 9 :ATEV] WAY !Y WANT4 ,BY MEANS ( !IR LEAGUES1 !IR SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS1 BY HAV+ TRU/$ ELEM5TS 9 EV]Y >EA1 SAFE H\SES1 & SO ON1 !Y CAN LAUN* A MOVEM5T :5 IT S]VES !IR PURPOSES & HALT IT :5 ! GOAL IS REA*$ .<444.> ,! SITUATIONS ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ WILL C]TA9LY BE REPRODUC$ 9 ,ITALY & 9 ! NOT TOO DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,DO WE REALLY WI% TO F9D \RSELVES 9 ! SAME UNPREP>$ /ATE1 P[]LESS TO SUCCESSFULLY OPPOSE ! MANEUV]+S ( TRICK/]S & TO OBTA9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE RESULTS FROM ANY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION80 .<#a#h.>4  
  

,BUT ! PROJECT ( AN ALLIANCE ( LEFTI/ =CES1 BUILT MA9LY FROM ! GRASSROOTS AT LOCAL LEVEL1 WAS MAT*$ BY AN 9EFFICI5T SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! V>I\S AN>*I/ CURR5TS1 F\ND$ ON A 0PACT0 & A 0PROGRAM0 :I* %\LD HAVE S]V$ TO UNIFY ?R\< A COMMON APPEAL TO ! PR9CIPLES1 BUT :I* 9/EAD W]E AVOIDABLE & AVOID$ ?ANKS TO ! AUTONOMY ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4 ,UND\BT$LY1 EXP]I5CES & ! RAPID WORS5+ ( ! SITUATION W]E AN 9C5TIVE TO OV]COM+ ! CONTRADICTION4 ,! ,MILAN NUCLEUS1 :I* WAS GA!R$ >\ND ! J\RNAL ,IL ,DEMOLITORE /AT$ 9 #aibb ?AT  
  

0! ,UNIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA .<444.> MU/ NOT LIMIT ITS WORK TO /UDY+ ! SITUATION & C>RY+ \T ! MODE/ TASK ( 'CORRESPOND5CE COMMISSION'4 ,IT MU/ HOLD 7IF IT REALLY WANTS TO BE /RONG7 UND] ITS CONTROL EV]Y?+ ?AT REG>DS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ITS DAY-TO-DAY EXPRESSIONS1 ITS PRESS1 ITS ORAL PROPAG&A1 ITS MANIFE/OES TO ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS LABOR ACTION1 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 P]IODICALS1 ITS RELATIONS ) ! O!R VANGU>D P>TIES1 ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( ! DIRECTION ( EV]Y DELICATE ORGANISM &1 ABOVE ALL1 RESPONSIBILITY04  
  

,& IT RI<TLY ATTRIBUT$ ! FUNCTIONAL %ORTCOM+S ( ! ORGANIZATION TO ! PRES5CE (  
  

0TWO DI/9CT CURR5TS :I* BLOCK EA* O!R \T3 ON ! ONE H& ! PRO-ORGANIZATION AN>*I/S :O1 ?\< CONV9C$ ( ! NE$ = SOLID POLITICAL & LABOR ORGANIZATION1 MAKE TREM5D\S EF=TS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! FE> ( D5OM9ATIONS & FROM ! T]ROR ( HAV+ TO BE 7& AB\T TIME1 TOO7 NO?+ MORE ?AN DISCIPL9$ MILITANTS2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S /RUGGL+ ALONG FROM DAY TO DAY ON ! M>G9S ( ! TWO MANIFE/ATIONS ( AN>*ISM -- COMMUNI/ & T]RORI/0 .<#a#i.>4  
  

,NEV]!LESS1 ! D>K YE>S ( TOTAL RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM W]E NOT BE/ SUIT$ TO A PROCESS ( PR(\ND REVISION4 ,?US1 ! AN>*I/S FAC$ ! TE/ ) ! POLICY ( ! S+LE REVOLUTION>Y FRONT1 ) ! V>I\S LEFTI/ P>TIES EA* BR++ !IR [N SPECIFIC ELEM5TS2 5GAG+ 7) NO GREAT SUCCESS7 9 ACTION DESIGN$ TO UNITE1 ) APPEALS TO ! NE$ = 0DIRECT AGREEM5T BETWE5 ALL ! ACTIVE ELEM5TS1 OV] & ABOVE ! (FICIAL ORGANIZATIONS0 .<#a#a.>1 & URG5TLY APPEAL+ TO ! PROLET>IAT = AN 0ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE0 .<#a#a#a.>1 ( :I* !Y FELT !MSELVES TO BE ! VANGU>D2 PROMOT+ ! =MATION ( ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 7SE5 AS ! MILIT>Y APPLICATION ( ! ,F,U,R7 :O1 DESPITE ! DIFFID5CE ( ! ,P,S,I & ! ,P>TITO ,COMUNI/A D',ITALIA 7,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY -- ,P,CD,I71 TRI$ TO REACT BL[ = BL[4 ,!Y W]E ! PROTAGONI/S ( EPISODES ( >M$ OPPOSITION BO? TO ! FASCI/ SQUADS & TO ! >M$ =CES & POLICE & ALSO >MS RAIDS ON MILIT>Y B>RACKS1 BUT PAID A HI< PRICE 9 DEA?S & JAIL S5T5CES .<#a#a#b.>4 ,!Y W]E1 H[EV]1 FULLY AW>E ( ! NE$ NOT TO BECOME ISOLAT$ & TO FI<T ) ! MASSES3 IF ! FASCI/ ATTACK REPRES5T$ ! REACTION ( CAPITALISM1 0! NE$ ( ! LEAD+ ELEM5TS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY TO DEF5D !MSELVES0 .<#a#a#c.> AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT :I* HAD CONT9U$ TO GR[ AFT] ! ,GREAT ,W>1 IT WAS BECOM+ 9DISP5SABLE = ! RESI/ANCE TO BE MASSIVE & = ! DEF5SIVE PHASE TO BECOME AN (F5SIVE1 A REVOLUTION :I* C\LD OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOISIE & E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIETY4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ,FASCISM WAS ABLE TO W9 EASILY SIMPLY BECAUSE ( ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT4 ,& 9 ! EYES ( MANY AN>*I/S1 !SE DEFICI5CIES W]E ADD$ TO 9 NO SMALL WAY BY ! ABS5CE ( ANY APPROPRIATE /RATEGY BY ! AN>*I/ P>TY & ABOVE ALL BY ! LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO .<#a#a#d.>4 ,BUT ,FABBRI LOOK$ FUR!R ?AN MO/ & REALIZ$ ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! ADV]S>Y & ESPECIALLY ! WAY ?IS SUCCESS WAS CONSOLIDAT$ DEP5D$ A GREAT DEAL ON 9T]NATIONAL FACTORS4 ,AS HE WROTE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#c3  
  

0,! WOR/ REACTION IS PR$OM9AT+ ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 & ?IS IS ! PR9CIPAL REASON :Y ! ,ITALIAN REACTION IS SO /RONG2 ?IS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT REASON :Y ,ITALIAN FASCISM HAS CAUSE TO HOPE ?AT ITS TRIUMPH CAN BE LONG]-LIV$ ?AN W\LD BE ! CASE IF IT DEP5D$ SOLELY ON ITS MAT]IAL /R5G? & ! CONSCI5CE1 ! /ATE ( M9D & ! SPIRIT ( ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE .<444.> ,! MIS]ABLE /ATE ( FRE$OM 9 ,ITALY DEP5DS MU* MORE ?AN IS ?\<T ON ! :IMS ( PLUTOCRATS 9 ,P>IS1 ,LONDON & ,WA%+TON0 .<#a#a#e.>4  

,P>T ,V,I,I3 ,A ,RE-,?9K ,ON ,/RATEGY 

  

,= MANY YE>S 9 ,ITALY1 AN>*I/S 0MADE UP1 AFT] COMMUNI/S1 ! L>GE/ CONT+5T ( POLITICAL PRISON]S1 9T]NEES & SUBJECTS ( POLICE SURVEY0 .<#a#a#f.>4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! EMIGRANT COMMUNITY HAD BEGUN A TORTU\S PROCESS ( REFLECTION ON ! CAUSES ( !IR DEFEAT1 ON A REVIEW ( !IR /RATEGIC L9ES & !IR OP]ATIONAL DECISIONS :I*1 AP>T FROM ! V>I\S T5D5CIES S++ !IR [N PRAISES1 SAW ! 9ITIAL BASIS = A CL>IFICATION4 

,SOME P\NC$ ON ! NEGATIVE JUDGM5TS ( ! ,F,U,R TO CONTE/ EV5 ! NE$ = ANY AGREEM5T ) ! LEFT1 :I* HAD %[N ITSELF TO BE 0UNTRU/WOR?Y0 DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y S\<T TO PUT !IR 5]GIES 9TO ! CON/RUCTION ( AN EXCLUSIVELY 0LIB]T>IAN0 COALITION1 SE5 AS A VA/ & UNDEF9$ S]IES ( ALLIANCES 7ALL[+ AS MU* ROOM AS POSSIBLE = 9ITIATIVE BY 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 HELD TOGE!R BY A G5]IC REF]5CE TO LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES & ME?ODS7 :I* W\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( ! EXI/+ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION :I* HAD REVEAL$ ITSELF TO BE 9ADEQUATE4 ,! *OICE WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,9 FACT1 AFT] ! UNHAPPY EXP]I5CE ( ! ,COMITATO D'AZIONE ANTIFASCI/A 7,COMMITTEE = ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,ACTION71 L$ BY ,RICCIOTTI ,G>IBALDI1 ! ,COMITATO DELL'ALLEANZA LIB]T>IO 7,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ALLIANCE71 MADE UP ONLY ( AN>*I/S1 WAS =M$ 9 ,P>IS .<#a#a#g.>4 

,! SAME POSITIONS HAD ALREADY BE5 ADOPT$ 9 #aibb BY ! GR\P BEH9D ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I .<#a#a#h.>4 ,HEIRS TO ! WOR/ 9DIVIDUALI/ TRADITION ( ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA1 :I* IT WAS 9SPIR$ BY1 ?IS NEWSPAP] WAS F\ND$ DUR+ A DIFFICULT P]IOD ( BITT] REPRESSION :I* FOLL[$ ! W> & :I* AFFECT$ ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y-9SPIR$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 9VOLV+ ! ,ITALO-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S4 ,EXAMPLES ( ?IS W]E ! CASES ( ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 S5T5C$ & EXECUT$ = CRIMES !Y HAD NOT COMMITT$1 ( ,SALS$O1 :O WAS >RE/$ & 0COMMITT$ SUICIDE0 9 PRISON1 & ( ,GALLEANI1 :O WAS DEPORT$ BACK TO ,ITALY & IMM$IATELY S5T 9TO CONF9EM5T BY ! REGIME .<#a#a#i.>4 ,SU* A SITUATION %\LD HAVE L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ) A UNION ( AN>*I/ =CES AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( IT4 ,9/EAD1 ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I FROM ! BEG9N+ SET ITSELF UP TO 0DI/URB ?IS COZY H>MONY !ORIZ$ )9 ! FAMILY & :I* HAS BE5 FA%IONABLE = SOME TIME N[1 9 ! GUISE ( A ,S+LE ,FRONT & AN ALLIANCE ( LABOR04 ,AS F> AS /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM WAS CONC]N$1 IT PO/ULAT$ AN IDEOLOGICAL 0PURITY0 :I*1 REJECT+ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION AS 0MORE A H9DRANCE ?AT AN HELP TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S01 PROMOT$ PURE & H]OIC 9DIVIDUAL ACTION .<#a#b.>4 ,HAV+ >RIV$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I ACCEL]AT$ ! CONV]G5CE ( ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ CURR5TS & LAUN*$ A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ANY UNIT$ ANTI-FASCI/ AGREEM5T :I*1 9 HIS OP9ION1 W\LD ONLY HAVE REPEAT$ ! FAIL$ EXP]I5CE ( ! ,F,U,R .<#a#b#a.>4 ,AT ?AT /AGE IT WAS BECOM+ 9EVITABLE ?AT !RE W\LD BE A CLA% ) ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S :O 9 #aibc HAD PROMOT$ ! ,ALLEANZA ANTIFASCI/A DEL ,NORD ,AM]ICA 7,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,ALLIANCE ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA71 ) AN AUTONOM\S & ORIG9AL L9E1 ) ! AIM ( COMBAT+ FASCISM 9 ,ITALY & ITS SPREAD TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 GR\P+ TOGE!R ALL ?OSE POLITICAL & LABOR ORGANIZATIONS :O AGRE$ ) ?AT GOAL .<#a#b#b.>4 

,! 9CREAS+ BITT]NESS ( ! POLEMICS 7:I* REA*$ CRISIS PO9T />T+ 9 #a#i#b#f7 PROVOK$ A SPLIT AMONG ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ IMMIGRANTS 9TO TWO OPPOS+ CAMPS4 ,IT WAS A SPLIT :I* W\LD SPREAD FROM ! ,U,S T[>DS ,EUROPE1 :]E ) ! HELP ( V>I\S FACTORS1 AMONG :I* ! /RESS ( EXILE1 ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ FACTION WAS TO GA9 GREAT] MOM5TUM4 ,AL?\< 9 HIS PUBLIC /ATEM5T ,MALATE/A TOOK A PRUD5T L9E 9 ORD] NOT TO ACC5TUATE ! DIVISIONS1 HE FELT ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TAKE A MORE DECID$ POSITION 9 PRIVATE4 ,WRIT+ TO ,BOR<I 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#f1 HE SAID3  
  

0,AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ORGANIZATION BETWE5 M5 ) ! SAME GOALS & :O WANT TO REA* !M ) ! SAME MEANS IS ALWAYS ! FIR/ ?+ TO DO4 ,S9CE ! ,U,A,I HAS A PROGRAM ?AT ,I ACCEPT & SEEKS TO UNITE ONLY ?OSE :O ACCEPT ITS PROGRAM1 ,I AM = ! ,U,A,I4 ,CORDIAL RELATIONS ) AN>*I/S ( ALL T5D5CIES1 SPECIFIC AGREEM5TS = SPECIFIC AIMS1 G5]AL COOP]ATION 9 EV]Y?+ ON :I* !RE IS AGREEM5T1 YES2 BUT FUSION & CONFUSION1 NO4 ,UNIT+ ON ANY O!R BASIS ) ! SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUALI/S & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S W\LD EFFECTIVELY MEAN PUTT+ ONESELF UND] ! CONTROL ( !SE PEOPLE :O1 :5 !Y >E NOT JE M'5 FAUTI/E1 >E AU?ORIT>IANS :O REJECT ! WORD ORGANIZATION BUT :O 9 REALITY AIM AT CREAT+ P]SONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 DEP5D5T ON ! UNCONTROLLABLE WI%ES ( A FEW PEOPLE .<444.> ,AP>T FROM ANY?+ ELSE1 :AT IS IMPORTANT TO ME IS NOT ORGANIZATION AS SU*1 BUT ! SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION2 :5 !RE IS ?IS SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION1 ORGANIZATION >ISES :5 IT IS NE$$ & TAKES ! =MS ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES REQUIRE & P]MIT4 ,N[1 IT IS ! SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION :I* IS G5]ALLY LACK+ AMONG AN>*I/S2 & MIX+ TOGE!R ! ORGANIZ$ & ! 'ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S' IS NO WAY TO DEVELOP IT4 ,MY WI% W\LD BE = ALL AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO !IR V>I\S T5D5CIES & ?AT ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS W\LD E/ABLI% CORDIAL RELATIONS ( MUTUAL AID4 ,& ?IS W\LD NATURALLY BE )\T /OPP+ 9DIVIDUALS OR SMALL GR\PS1 :E!R !Y BELONG TO ! G5]AL ORGANIZATIONS OR NOT1 FROM ACT+ SEP>ATELY = SPECIFIC PURPOSES4 ,!Y W\LD BE FREE TO DO SO & W\LD ALSO RECEIVE1 :5 POSSIBLE1 ANY NECESS>Y AID4 ,IF ONLY !Y W\LD DO IT1 9/EAD ( ACT+ /UPIDLY60 .<#a#b#c.>4  
  

,IT WAS A BITT] REALIZATION ( ! FAILURE ( ! ATTEMPT MADE 9 #aib TO KEEP ! V>I\S T5D5CIES UNIT$ BY OMITT+ ! V]Y ?+S ?AT PROVIDE ?AT CL>ITY :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! LIFE ( A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IF IT IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL & BE A PO9T ( REF]5CE = ! MASSES4 ,9 FACT1 ! NATURE ( A SYN!SIS 7MORE 9 NAME ?AN 9 FACT7 ( ! NON-HOMOG5E\S POSITIONS ( ! EMIGRANT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT BE/[ ON !M ! PRES5CE & /R5G? :I* EV5 ! ,U,A,I1 ) ALL ITS FAULTS1 HAD DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO1 AS !Y W]E LACK+ ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS :I* ! ,U,A,I HAD3 A PROGRAM & A /RATEGY = CREAT+ ! NECESS>Y ALLIANCES 9 ORD] TO C>RY IT \T4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 9TRANSIG5T OPPOSITION TO FASCISM BY ! AN>*I/S1 EV5 ?\< FI]CELY WAG$ UND] V>I\S =MS BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! C\NTRY1 SORELY LACK$ COORD9ATION &1 EV5 MORE SO1 A UNIT$ /RATEGY4 

,H[EV]1 !RE WAS N[ GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ = A CRITICAL RE-?9K ON ! CAUSES ( ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD1 ! NE$ TO COME UP ) A PLAN1 A /RATEGY1 AN ORGANIZATIONAL & OP]ATIONAL CONCEPT :I* C\LD FIRMLY E/ABLI% AN>*ISM ON ! LEFT & ALL[ IT TO REGA9 ITS DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,A FIRM /EP 9 ?AT DIRECTION WAS TAK5 BY ! 0,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AN>*I/S -- ,DRAFT0 PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS BY ! ,DELO ,TRUDA GR\P ( EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S .<#a#b#d.>4 ,ITS PROGRAMMATIC PO9TS W]E3 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 LABOR ACTIVITY AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ME?OD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & ! CREATION ( A POSITIVE PROGRAM = ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT ALSO PROMOT$ AN ORGANIZATION :OSE MEMB]S W\LD HAVE TO BE FULLY RESPONSIBLE ) REG>D TO ! COMMON /RATEGY4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE ! EXCESSIVE IMPORTANCE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES1 IT HAS TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! 0,PLAT=M0 WAS ! FIR/ CON/RUCTIVE RE-?9K+ ON ! 9T]NATIONAL DEFEAT :I* ! AN>*I/S HAD SUFF]$ 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & IT WAS TO BE RECEIV$ ) 5?USIASM BY SOME GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,FR5* & ,BULG>IAN F$]ATIONS4 ,CLE>LY1 SU* A PROPOSAL SP>K$ (F DEBATE 9 ,ITALY'S LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES4 ,ONE GR\P ( MILITANTS JO9$ ! 9ITIATIVE & =M$ ! #a/ ,ITALIAN ,SECTION ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION .<#a#b#e.>4 ,FABBRI GAVE A CALM & BALANC$ VIEW :5 HE WROTE ?AT  
  

0IT PLACES UND] DISCUSSION A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS 9H]5T TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 TO ! PLACE ( AN>*I/S 9 ! REVOLUTION1 TO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! /RUGGLE1 & SO ON4 ,!SE NE$ TO BE RESOLV$ IF AN>*ISM IS TO CONT9UE TO PROVIDE ANSW]S TO ! GR[+ NE$S ( ! /RUGGLE & ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIAL LIFE0 .<#a#b#f.>4  
  

,NEV]!LESS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T1 ?\< ACCEPT+ ?AT IT HAD COMMITT$ SOME ( ! ]RORS 9DICAT$ 9 ! DOCUM5T1 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ITS ORGANIZATIONAL PROPOSALS :I* W]E ESS5TIAL IF A NEW DIRECTION WAS TO BE TAK54 ,& ! LACK ( RECEPTIV5ESS TO ?IS ESS5TIAL PO9T WAS TO BE ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( ! DECL9E 9 ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE )9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,ITALY4 

.<#a.> ,ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 SEE3 ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,9TRODUZIONE A ,DIBATTITO SUL S9DACALISMO4 ,ATTI DEL ,CONGRESSO 9T]NAZIONALE AN>*ICO DI ,AM/]DAM 7#a#i#g71 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#h2 ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,9TRODUZIONE A ,L4 ,FABBRI1 ,L'ORGANIZZAZIONE OP]AIA E L'AN>*IA1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#e2 ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO ITALIANO NEL #a#i#a#d1 9 0,/ORIA E ,POLITICA01 #b1 #a#i#g#c1 PP4 #b#c#e-#b#e#d2 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO DALLE SUE ORIG9E AL #a#i#a#d4 ,PROBLEMI E ORI5TAM5TI /ORIOGRAFICI1 9 0,RASSEGNA ,/ORICA ,TOSCANA01 #a1 #a#i#f#i1 PP4 #a#i-#a#c#h2 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,DALL'9SURREZIONALISMO ALLA ,SETTIMANA ,ROSSA1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#f2 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,L'ANTIMILIT>ISMO AN>*ICO 9 ,ITALIA NEL PRIMO V5T5NIO DEL SECOLO1 ,PI/OIA #a#i#f#h2 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,/ORIA DEGLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI4 ,DA ,BAKUN9 A ,MALATE/A1 ,MILAN #a#i#f#i2 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,/ORIA DEGLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI NELL'EPOCA DEGLI ATT5TATI1 ,MILAN #a#i#h#a2 ,E4 ,S,A,N,T,>,E,L,L,I1 ,IL SOCIALISMO AN>*ICO 9 ,ITALIA1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#c2 ,S4 ,T,>,I,Z,Z,O1 ,L'AN>*IA4 ,/ORIA DEI MOVIM5TI LIB]T>I NEL MONDO1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#f2 ,G4 ,W,O,O,D,C,O,C,K1 ,L'AN>*IA4 ,/ORIA DELLE IDEE E DEI MOVIM5TI LIB]T>I1 ,MILAN #a#i#f#f4 

.<#b.> ,SEE3 ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO CIT42 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO CIT42 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,DALL'9SURREZIONALISMO CIT42 ,C4 ,C,O,/,A,N,T,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI 9 ,LIGURIA DURANTE LA PRIMA GU]RA MONDIALE1 9 0,IL ,MOVIM5TO ,OP]AIO E ,SOCIALI/A 9 ,LIGURIA01 #b1 #a#i#f#a1 PP4 #i#i-#a#b#b2 ,E4 ,S,A,N,T,>,E,L,L,I1 ,IL SOCIALISMO AN>*ICO CIT4 

.<#c.> ,SEE3 ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO CIT4 

.<#d.> ,ON ! PROJECT$ CONGRESS 9 ,FLOR5CE SEE3 ,CONGRESSO ,COMUNI/A ,AN>*ICO ,ITALIANO1 9 0,VOLONTA01 #h ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d2 ,C4 ,C,O,/,A,N,T,9,I1 OP4CIT4 P4 #ab 

.<#e.> ,M4 ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O,L,I1 ,IL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO CIT4 

.<#f.> ,ON ! TWO CONV5TIONS SEE3 ,C4 ,C,O,/,A,N,T,9,I1 OP4CIT4 PP4 #a#g-#a#a#b2 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,L'ANTIMILIT>ISMO CIT41 PP4 #df & #e#d2 & ,UN TR5T5NIO DI ATTIVITA AN>*ICA #a#i#a#d-#d#e1 ,CES5A #a#i#e#c1 P4 #a#c4 

.<#g.> ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI TRA 09T]V5TISMO0 E 0DISFATTISMO RIVOLUZION>IO01 9 0,RIVI/A ,/ORICA DEL ,SOCIALISMO01 #e1 #a#i#e#i1 PP4 #b#h-#b#a#b4 

.<#h.> ,SEE3 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,DALL'9SURREZIONALISMO CIT41 PASSIM4 

.<#i.> ,REPORT$ 9 ,R4 ,D,E,L ,C,>,R,I,A1 ,PROLET>I S5ZA RIVOLUZIONE4 ,/ORIA DELLE CLASSI SUBALT]NE DAL #ahf AL #a#i#e1 ,I,I1 ,MILAN #a#i#g1 P4 #a#h4 

.<#a.> ,SEE3 ,UN TR5T5NIO1 CIT41 P4#a#c4 

.<#a#a.> ,SEE 9 P>TICUL>3 ! COLUMN ,CONTRO LA GU]RA PUBLI%$ 9 0,VOLONTA0 />T+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#d1 LAT] SUB/ITUT$ BY ! POLEMICAL COLUMN ,GLI 9T]V5TI/I E NOI4 

.<#a#b.> ,MANIFE/O 9T]NAZIONALE AN>*ICO CONTRO LA GU]RA1 0,VOLONTA01 #b ,M>* #a#i#a#e4 

.<#a#c.> ,PUBLI%$ 9 0,FRE$OM01 ,LONDON #bh ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#e4 

.<#a#d.> ,SEE3 0,IL ,LIB]T>IO01 #c ,JULY & #c ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#d4 

.<#a#e.> ,AMONG MANY O!RS ! MO/ NOTABLE >E3 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,REPONSE DE ,MALATE/A AU 0,MANIFE/E DES ,SEIZE0 ,AN>*I/ES DU ,G\V]NEM5T1 NO PUBLI%+ 9=MATION BUT ,P>IS #a#i#a#f2 ,U,N ,G,R,U,P,P,O ,D,I ,A,N,>,*,I,C,I1 ,LA GU]RA EUROPEA E GLI AN>*ICI1 $IT$ BY ,L4 ,FABBRI1 ,TUR9 #a#i#a#f4 ,AMONG ?OSE PUBLI%$ BY ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SEE3 ,P4 ,A,L,L,E,G,R,A1 ,DISONORIAMO LA GU]RA1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#a#f1 P4 #b#g#h4 

.<#a#f.> ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI TRA 09T]V5TISMO01 CIT41 P4 #b#i4 

.<#a#g.> ,SEE3 ,IL ,CONGRESSO DI ,FIR5ZE1 9 0,VOLONTA01 #bf ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#d4 

.<#a#h.> ,C,A,T,I,L,9,A .<,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I.>1 ,P] IL ,CONVEGNO AN>*ICO1 IBID1 #a ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#e4 

.<#a#i.> ,SEE3 ,C4 ,C,O,/,A,N,T,9,I1 OP4CIT4 PP4 #a#i-#a#a#a4 

.<#b.> ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,L'ANTIMILIT>ISMO CIT41 P4 #e#d4 ,P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! CONV5TION W]E DELEGATES ( GR\PS & F$]ATIONS FROM ,BOLOGNA1 ,RAV5NA1 ,PIAC5ZA1 ,F]R>A1 ,P>MA1 ,MOD5A1 ,FLOR5CE1 ,PISA1 ,PIOMB9O1 ,C>R>A1 ,>D5ZA1 ,LIVORNO1 ,NAPLES1 ,TUR91 ,MILAN1 ,G5OA1 ,SE/RI ,PON5TE & ,VALPOLCEV]A1 ,LA ,SPEZIA1 ,T]NI1 ,VIC5ZA1 ,V5ICE1 ,ROME1 ,PES>O4 

.<#b#a.> ,! COMMITTEE MEMB]S W]E3 ,PASQUALE ,B9AZZI1 ,TORQUATO ,GOBBI1 ,VIRGILIO ,MAZZONI1 ,GREGORIO ,B5V5UTI & ,TEMI/OCLE ,MONTICELLI 7SEE3 0,AVANTI601 #ab ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#f74 

.<#b#b.> ,SEE3 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,L'ANTIMILIT>ISMO CIT42 ,UN TR5T5NIO CIT42 ,E4 ,=,C,E,L,L,A-,A4 ,M,O,N,T,I,C,O,N,E1 ,PLOTONE DI ESECUZIONE1 ,B>I #a#i#f#h2 & ! SIGNIFICANT WORK BY ,F4 ,S,B,>,N,E,M,I .<,B4 ,M,I,S,E,F,>,I.>1 ,DI>IO DI UN DIS]TORE1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,REG>D+ ?IS1 SEE3 ,A4 ,D,A,D,A1 ,I RAPPORTI DEI 0RADICALI0 ITALO-AM]ICANI CON IL MOVIM5TO OP]AIO /ATUNIT5SE E ITALIANO1 9 0,ITALIA ,CONTEMPORANEA01 #a#i#h#b1 P4#a#d#f4 

.<#b#d.> ,SEE3 ,COMUNICAZIONE DEL #a OTTOBRE #aiaf DELLA ,PREFETTURA DI ,MILANO AL ,M9I/]O DELL',9T]NO1 9 ,A,C,S1 ,CASELL4 ,POL4 ,C5TR41 B4 #e#b#h4 

.<#b#e.> ,SEE3 0,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE01 #b ,SEPTEMB] #aiaf & #ac ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#g4 

.<#b#f.> ,SEE3 ,SEMP]1 ,ALMANACCO N4#b ( 0,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE01 #a#i#b#c1 PP4 #h#f-#h#g4 

.<#b#g.> ,SEE3 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI E LA RIVOLUZIONE RUSSA1 9 0,RIVI/A ,/ORICA DEL ,SOCIALISMO01 #a#e-#a#f1 #a#i#f#b1 PP4 #a#c#e-#a#f#i4 

.<#b#h.> ,G4 ,C,&,E,L,O,R,O1 ,/ORIA DELL',ITALIA MOD]NA4 ,V,I,I,I4 ,LA PRIMA GU]RA MONDIALE1 IL DOPOGU]RA1 L'AVV5TO DEL FASCISMO1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#h1 P4 #a#g#b4 

.<#b#i.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,UN TR5T5NIO CIT41 P4#a#h4 

.<#c.> ,G4 ,C]RITO1 ,L'ANTIMILIT>ISMO CIT41 P4#f#c4 

.<#c#a.> ,= 9=MATION AB\T AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO1 SEE3 ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA CONTRO-RIVOLUZIONE PREV5TIVA1 ,BOLOGNA #a#i#b#b1 N[ 9 ,IL FASCISMO E I P>TITI POLITICI ITALIANI4 ,TE/IMONIANZE DEL #a#i#b#a-#b#c1 $IT$ BY ,R4 ,DE ,FELICE1 ,BOLOGNA #a#i#f#f2 ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1  #a_/#b  SECOLO DI AN>*IA1 ,NAPLES #a#i#e#d2 ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,LA RIVOLUZIONE MANCATA1 ,MILAN #aifd 7REVIS$ $ITION ( ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,L',ITALIA FRA I DUE ,CRISPI1 ,P>IS #a#i#b#a72 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,SCRITTI4 ,I4 0,UMANITA ,NOVA04 ,PAG9E DI LOTTA QUOTIDIANA2 ,I,I4 0,UMANITA ,NOVA04 PAG9E DI LOTTA QUOTIDIANA E SCRITTI V>I DEL #a#i#a#i-#b#c1 ,G5EVA #a#i#c#d-#a#i#c#f 7REPR9T1 ,C>R>A #a#i#g#e72 ,UN TR5T5NIO CIT42 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,AN>*ICI E COMUNI/I NEL MOVIM5TO DEI CONSIGLI A ,TOR9O 7#a#i#a#i-#b71 ,TUR9 #aiea 7REPR9T1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g72 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI E L',ORD9E ,NUOVO VI/I DA UN LIB]T>IO1 ,LIVORNO #a#i#e#f2 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI E LA RIVOLUZIONE RUSSA CIT4 

.<#c#b.> ,ON ! POSITIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T REG>D+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 IBID4 

.<#c#d.> ,L4 ,B,E,T,T,9,I1 ,BIBLIOGRAFIA DELL'AN>*ISMO4 ,I,I1 ,P]IODICI E NUM]I UNICI AN>*ICI 9 L+UA ITALIANA PUBBLICATI 9 ,ITALIA 7#a#h#g#b-#a#i#g71 #a1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#b1 PP4 #a#f#g-#a#g#a1 #b#g#g-#b#g#h2 & ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,GLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI E LA RIVOLUZIONE CIT41 PASSIM4 

.<#c#e.> ,= A REPORT ON ! CONV5TION SEE3 0,IL ,LIB]T>IO01 #ag ,APRIL #a#i#a#i4 

.<#c#f.> ,ON ! CONV5TIONS 9 ,UMBRIA-,M>*ES 7,FABRIANO #b#b-#b#c ,M>* #a#i#a#i7 & ,EMILIA-,ROMAGNA 7,BOLOGNA #bc ,M>* #a#i#a#i71 IBID4 

.<#c#g.> ,P] UN CONVEGNO FRA GLI AN>*ICI1 IBID1 #ac ,M>* #a#i#a#i4 

.<#c#h.> ,IBID1 #ag ,APRIL #a#i#a#i4 

.<#c#i.> ,G4 ,B,I,A,N,C,O1 ,L'ATTIVITA DEGLI AN>*ICI NEL BI5NIO ROSSO 7#a#i#a#i-#b71 9 0,IL ,MOVIM5TO ,OP]AIO E ,SOCIALI/A 9 ,LIGURIA01 ,APRIL-,JUNE #a#i#f#a4 

.<#d.> 0,IL ,LIB]T>IO01 #ag ,APRIL #a#i#a#i4 

.<#d#a.> ,SEE ! PAMPHLET ,SULLE DIRETTIVE DELLA ,CONF$]AZIONE ,G5]ALE DEL ,LAVORO4 ,IL P5SI]O DEI COMUNI/I AN>*ICI CONF$]ATI4 ,FEBBRAIO #a#i#b#a1 ,ROME #a#i#b#a1 P4 #a4 

.<#d#b.> ,9FRA1 PP4 #cia FF4 

.<#d#c.> ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1  #a_/#b  SECOLO CIT41 P4 #a#e#c4 

.<#d#d.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA CONTRO-RIVOLUZIONE CIT41 P4#a#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,IBID1 P4 #b#a4 

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.<#e#g.> ,AT ! ,AM/]DAM CONGRESS 7#a#i#g71 ?\< A SIGNATORY ( ! ,MONATTE MOTION1 ,FABBRI ALSO VOT$ = ,MALATE/A'S1 LAT] DECL>+3 0,9 ! ,MONATTE MOTION !RE WAS AN EXPLICIT AFFIRMATION ( ! CONCEPT ( CLASS /RUGGLE :I* WAS LACK+ 9 ,MALATE/A'S2 ON ! O!R H&1 ,MALATE/A'S MOTION CONTA9$ A /ATEM5T ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL NATURE ( AN>*ISM :I* WAS LACK+ 9 ,MONATTE'S0 7SEE3 ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,IL ,CONGRESSO DI ,AM/]DAM1 9 0,IL ,P5SI]O01 #a ,OCTOB] #a#i#g74 ,ON ! CONGRESS1 SEE3 ,DIBATTITO SUL S9DACALISMO CIT4 

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.<#e#i.> ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,MOVIM5TI /RONCATI1 9 0,UMANITA ,NOVA01 #bb ,JUNE #aibb 7N[ 9 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,SCRITTI CIT41 ,I1 PP4 #a#a-#a#e74 

.<#f.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,PREFAZIONE CIT41 P4 #i4 

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.<#f#b.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,PREFAZIONE CIT41 P4 #i4 

.<#f#c.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA CONTRORIVOLUZIONE CIT41 PP4 #ah FF4 

.<#f#d.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,PREFAZIONE CIT41 P4 #a#a-#a#b 

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.<#i#a.> ,NOTE TOR9ESI1 ,V]T5ZA ,MAZZONIS1 9 0,UMANITA ,NOVA01 #g ,M>* #a#i#b4 ,SEE ALSO3 ,I NUOVI ORIZZONTI DELLA LOTTA OP]AIA1 IBID1 #d ,M>* #a#i#b1 & ,L'ESPROPRIAZIONE DEGLI /ABILIM5TI ,MAZZONIS4 ,UNA NUOVA MI/IFICAZIONE1 IBID1 #f ,M>* #a#i#b4 

.<#i#b.> ,TATTICA ,NUOVA1 9 0,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO01 #ac ,M>* #aib 7>TICLE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,TOGLIATTI74 ,G4 ,M,A,I,O,N,E1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#b1 /ATES ?AT ! ,ORD9OVI/S W]E ! ONLY ONES :O UND]/OOD ! REAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! ,MAZZONIS CASE3 :5 ONE CONSID]S :AT WAS WRITT5 9 0,UMANITA ,NOVA0 ?IS /ATEM5T SEEMS OV]LY BIAS$4 

.<#i#c.> ,G4 ,B,O,S,I,O1 ,L'OCCUPAZIONE DELLE FABBRI*E E I GRUPPI DIRIG5TI E DI PRESSIONE DEL MOVIM5TO OP]AIO1 9 #a#i#b4 ,LA GR&E SP]ANZA4 ,L'OCCUPAZIONE DELLE FABBRI*E 9 ,ITALIA1 SPECIAL ISSUE ( 0,IL ,PONTE01 #ca ,OCTOB] #a#i#g1 P4 #a#a#h#b4 

.<#i#d.> ,9 CONNECTION1 SEE3 0,UMANITA ,NOVA01 #bh ,M>*1 #a & #d ,APRIL1 #i & #ab ,JUNE #a#i#b4 

.<#i#e.> ,9 CONNECTION1 SEE3 IBID1 #g ,APRIL1 #f & #bb ,JUNE1 #h & #ai ,AUGU/1 #d & #e ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b4 

.<#i#f.> ,METALLURGUCI ATT5TI1 IBID1 #g ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b4 

.<#i#g.> ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,LA RIVOLUZIONE MANCATA CIT41 P4 #adc FF4 

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.<#i#i.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,DITTATURA E RIVOLUZIONE1 ,ANCONA #aiba 7MO/ REC5T $ITION ,CES5A #a#i#g#a74 ,= AN AN>*I/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 SEE3 ,V,O,L,91 ,LA REVOLUTION 9CONNUE1 ,P>IS #aidg 7,5GLI% $ITION3 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 ,DETROIT_/,*ICAGO #a#i#g#d72 ,P4 ,>,*,9,(,F1 ,HI/ORIA DEL MOVIM5TO MA*NOVI/A1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES #aibf 7,5GLI% $ITION3 ,P4 ,>,%,9,O,V1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a71 ,LONDON #a#i#h#g72 ,N4 ,M,A,K,H,N,O1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,RUSSE 5 ,UCRA9E 7M>S #a#i#a#g-AVRIL #a#i#a#h71 ,P>IS #a#i#e#d1 #c VOLS42 ,LA RIVOLTA DI ,KRON/ADT1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#a4 

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.<#a#a.> ,SEE3 ,T4 ,T,A,G,L,I,A,F,],R,O1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I E COMPAGNI DAVANTI AI GIURATI DI ,MILANO4 ,RESOCONTO /5OGRAFICO DEL PROCESSO SVOLTOSI IL #b#g1 #b#h1 #bi LUGLIO #a#i#b#a1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,ON ! ,DIANA AFFAIR1 SEE3 ,V4 ,M,A,N,T,O,V,A,N,I1 ,MAZURCA BLU4 ,LA /RAGE DEL ,DIANA1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#i4 

.<#a#c.> ,SEE3 ,L4 ,B,E,T,T,9,I1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #b#h#i-#b#i#a4 

.<#a#d.> ,G4 ,M,>,I,A,N,I1 ,MEMORIE DI UN EX-T]RORI/A1 ,TUR9 #a#i#e#c1 P4 #d#f4 

.<#a#e.> ,M5TION$ 9 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,VITTIME $ ]OI1 9 0,UMANITA ,NOVA01 #bd ,DECEMB] #aiba 7N[ 9 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,SCRITTI CIT41 ,I1 P4#c#a#b74 

.<#a#f.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,PREFAZIONE CIT41 P4 #b4 

.<#a#g.> ,E4 ,S,A,N,T,>,E,L,L,I1 ,IL SOCIALISMO AN>*ICO CIT41 P4 #a#h4 

.<#a#h.> ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,MOVIM5TI /RONCATI CIT4 

.<#a#i.> ,T4,T4 .<,T4 ,T,A,G,L,I,A,F,],R,O.>1 ,IL S5SO DELLA REALTA1 9 0,IL ,DEMOLITORE01 ,MILAN #ad ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,IL DOV]E DELL'AZIONE1 9 0,UMANITA ,NOVA01 #be ,JUNE #aiba 7N[ 9 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,SCRITTI CIT41 ,I1 PP4 #i#g-#i#h74 

.<#a#a#a.> ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,LA GU]RA CIVILE1 IBID1 #h ,SEPTEMB] #aiba 7N[ 9 ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,SCRITTI CIT41 ,I1 PP4 #b#a#g74 

.<#a#a#b.> ,ON AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE ACTIONS AGA9/ ! REACTION & FASCISM1 SEE3 ,A4 ,T,A,S,C,A1 ,NASCITA E AVV5TO DEL FASCISMO 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#b71 ,B>I #a#i#f#e1 PASSIM2 ,R4 ,V,I,V,>,E,L,L,I1 OP4 CIT41 PASSIM2 ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,LA RIVOLUZIONE MANCATA CIT41 PASSIM2 ,UN TR5T5NIO CIT41 PASSIM4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA CONTRORIVOLUZIONE CIT41 P4 #a#c4 

.<#a#a#d.> ,SEE3 ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA CONTRORIVOLUZIONE CIT41 PASSIM2 ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1  #a_/#b  SECOLO CIT41 PASSIM4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,LA REAZIONE EUROPEA E L',EUROPA1 9 0,IL ,M>TELLO01 ,NEW ,YORK1 #bb ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#c4 

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.<#a#a#g.> ,ON ! BIR? & ! PROGRAM ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ALLIANCE1 SEE3 ,COMITATO ,ALLEANZA ,ANTIFASCI/A DI ,P>IGI1 #b-PAGE PAMPHLET ) ATTA*$ #d-PAGE PAMPHLET ,COMPAGNO ASCOLTA1 DEPOSIT$ AT ! ,9T]NATIONAAL ,AN/ITUUT VOOR ,SOCIALE ,GES*I$5IS 7ABBR4 ,I,I,S,G,A71 ,FONDO ,UGO ,F$ELI1 B4 #a#i4 

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.<#a#a#i.> ,SEE3 ,UN TR5T5NIO CIT41 PASSIM4 ,ON ! REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,U,S WORK]S' MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 SEE3 ,W4 ,P,R,E,/,O,N1 ,ALI5S & ,DISS5T]S1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#f#c2 & ,R4,C4 ,B,O,Y,]-,H4,M4 ,M,O,R,A,I,S1 ,/ORIA DEL MOVIM5TO OP]AIO NEGLI ,/ATI ,UNITI1 ,B>I #a#i#g#d4 

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.<#a#b#a.> ,ON ! POSITIONS TAK5 BY ,A4 ,BOR<I 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEE HIS ,GLI AN>*ICI E LE ALLEANZE1 ,NEW ,YORK UNDAT$ .<BUT #a#i#b#g.>4 ,LAT]1 HE WAS TO D5Y HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,F,U,R DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 9 ,ITALY 7SEE3 ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,MEZZO SECOLO CIT41 P4 #c#a#d74 

.<#a#b#b.> ,ON ! ORGANIZATION'S PROGRAM1 SEE3 ,ALLEANZA ,ANTIFASCI/A DEL ,NORD ,AM]ICA1 9 0,IL ,M>TELLO01 ,NEW ,YORK #bd ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#e4 

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.<#a#b#d.> ,! DOCUM5T WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #aibf BY ,$ITION DES ,O,EVRES ,AN>*I/ES4 ,LIBRAIRIE 9T]NAZIONALE4 ,! ,PLAT=M & MAT]IAL CONC]N+ ! SUCCESSIVE DEBATE >E CONTA9$ 9 ,ITALIAN TRANSLATION 9 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,IL RUOLO DELL'ORGANIZZAZIONE AN>*ICA1 ,PI/OIA #a#i#g#c1 PP4 #b#e#i-#c#f4 ,AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI% AT ,! ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO ,>*IVE 

.<#a#b#e.> ,SEE3 ,MANIFE/O ,COMUNI/A ,AN>*ICO DELLA ,I ,SEZIONE 9 ,I,I,S,G,A1 ,FONDO ,UGO ,F$ELI1 B4 #a#g#e4 ,= 9=MATION ON ! GR\P1 SEE3 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,IL RUOLO CIT41 P4#i#b4 ,AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI% AT ,! ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO ,>*IVE 

.<#a#b#f.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,UN PROGETTO DI ORGANIZZAZIONE AN>*ICA1 9 0,IL ,M>TELLO01 ,NEW ,YORK #ag & #bd ,NOVEMB] #aibg 7N[ 9 ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,IL RUOLO CIT41 PP4 #c#a#e-#c#b#d74 ,AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI% AT ,! ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO ,>*IVE 

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