,CLASS ,/RUGGLE & ,NATION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK ,TEXT 3 ,S\RCE3 8 ,PUBLI%$3 ,9 ,REI*5B]G1 #a#i#a#b1 UND] ! TITLE 0,KLASS5KAMPF UND ,NATION04 ,TRANSCRIB]3 ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES 7,C,A,N7 ,H,T,M,L3 ,JONAS ,HOLMGR5 ,CONT5TS3 ,9TRODUCTION ,! ,NATION & ITS ,TRANS=MATIONS ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,CONCEPTION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,CONCEPTION ,! ,NATION AS ,COMMUNITY ( ,FATE ,! ,PEASANT ,NATION & ! ,MOD]N ,NATION ,TRADITION & ! ,HUMAN ,M9D ,\R ,TASK ,! ,NATION & ! ,PROLET>IAT ,CLASS ,ANTAGONISM ,! ,WILL TO ,=M A ,NATION ,! ,COMMUNITY ( ,CULTURE ,! ,COMMUNITY ( ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE ,! ,NATION 9 ! ,/ATE ( ! ,FUTURE ,! ,TRANS=MATIONS ( ! ,NATION ,SOCIALI/ ,TACTICS ,NATIONALI/ ,DEM&S ,IDEOLOGY & ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE ,SEP>ATISM & ,P>TY ,ORGANIZATION ,NATIONAL ,AUTONOMY ,NOTES ,9TRODUCTION ,NOT BE+ ,AU/RIAN1 P]HAPS ,I %\LD APOLOGIZE = WRIT+ ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,IF IT W]E A PURELY ,AU/RIAN ISSUE1 ANYONE :O IS NOT 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! PRACTICAL SITUATION & :O IS NOT OBLIG$ TO BE ACQUA9T$ ) IT ?R\< EV]YDAY PRACTICE W\LD NOT GET 9VOLV$ 9 EXAM9+ IT4 ,BUT ?IS QUE/ION IS ACQUIR+ 9CREAS+ IMPORTANCE = O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL4 ,& ?ANKS TO ! WRIT+S ( ! ,AU/RIAN !ORETICIANS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ,OTTO ,BAU]'S VALUABLE WORK1 ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONALITIES & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY.<#a.>1 IT IS NO LONG] AN EXCLUSIVE PRES]VE ( ,AU/RIAN PRACTICE & HAS BECOME A QUE/ION ( G5]AL SOCIALI/ !ORY4 ,CURR5TLY1 ?IS QUE/ION1 ! WAY IT HAS BE5 ADDRESS$ & ITS IMPLICATIONS CANNOT BUT >\SE LIVELY 9T]E/ 9 EV]Y SOCIALI/ :O CONSID]S !ORY TO BE ! GUID+ ?READ ( \R PRACTICE2 AT ! PRES5T TIME ONE CAN ALSO MAKE JUDGM5TS & 5GAGE 9 CRITICISM \TSIDE ! REALM ( SPECIFICALLY ,AU/RIAN CONDITIONS4 ,S9CE WE %ALL HAVE TO COMBAT C]TA9 ( ,BAU]'S CONCLUSIONS 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES1 WE %ALL SAY 9 ADVANCE ?AT ?IS BY NO MEANS DIM9I%ES ! VALUE ( HIS WORK2 ITS IMPORTANCE DOES NOT RESIDE 9 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ DEF9ITIVE & IRREFUTABLE RESULTS 9 ?IS DOMA91 BUT 9 LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = FUR!R DEBATE & DISCUSSION ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,?IS DISCUSSION SEEMS TO BE ESPECIALLY TIMELY AT ?IS JUNCTURE4 ,! SEP>ATI/ CRISIS PUTS ! NATIONAL QUE/ION ON ! AG5DA 9 ! P>TY & OBLIGES US TO REEXAM9E !SE QUE/IONS1 & TO SUBJECT \R PO9T ( VIEW TO ?OR\< SCRUT9Y4 ,& MAYBE A DEBATE CONC]N+ !ORETICAL BASICS W\LD NOT BE TOTALLY USELESS H]E2 ) ?IS /UDY WE HOPE TO MAKE \R CONTRIBUTION 9 ?IS DEBATE TO \R ,AU/RIAN COMRADES4 ,! FACT ?AT COMRADE ,/RASS]1 9 HIS /UDY ,WORK] & ,NATION1 HAS >RIV$ AT ! SAME CONCLUSIONS AS WE HAVE1 BY A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T R\TE1 ON ! BASIS ( ,AU/RIAN CONDITIONS 7GUID$ ( C\RSE BY ! SAME BASIC ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION71 HAS PLAY$ A DET]M9ANT ROLE 9 ! DECISION TO PUBLI% ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,\R LABORS MAY !RE=E COMPLEM5T ONE ANO!R 9 REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,I4 ,! ,NATION & ITS ,TRANS=MATIONS ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,CONCEPTION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,CONCEPTION ,SOCIALISM IS A NEW SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTION ( ! HUMAN WORLD :I* IS FUNDAM5TALLY DI/9CT FROM ALL B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS4 ,! B\RGEOIS MANN] ( REPRES5T+ ?+S CONSID]S ! DIFF]5T =MATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! HUMAN WORLD EI!R AS PRODUCTS ( NATURE1 PRAIS+ OR CONDEMN+ !M DEP5D+ ON :E!R OR NOT !Y CONTRADICT OR CON=M TO 0ET]NAL HUMAN NATURE01 OR AS PRODUCTS ( *ANCE OR >BITR>Y HUMAN DECISIONS :I* CAN BE ALT]$ AT WILL BY MEANS ( >TIFICIAL VIOL5CE4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONSID]S ! SAME PH5OM5A TO BE NATURALLY->IS+ PRODUCTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,:ILE NATURE UND]GOES PRACTICALLY NO *ANGE--! G5ESIS ( ANIMAL SPECIES & !IR DIFF]5TIATION TOOK PLACE OV] V]Y LONG P]IODS--HUMAN SOCIETY IS SUBJECT TO CON/ANT & FA/-PAC$ DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ITS BASIS1 LABOR = SURVIVAL1 HAS CON/ANTLY HAD TO ASSUME NEW =MS AS ITS TOOLS HAVE BE5 P]FECT$2 ECONOMIC LIFE IS ?R[N 9TO TURMOIL & ?IS GIVES RISE TO NEW WAYS ( SEE+ & NEW IDEAS1 NEW LAWS1 & NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS !RE=E 9 RELATION TO ?IS PO9T ?AT ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & SOCIALI/ CONCEPTIONS RESIDES3 = ! =M]1 A NATURALLY IMMUTABLE *>ACT] & AT ! SAME TIME1 ! >BITR>Y2 = ! LATT]1 AN 9CESSANT PROCESS ( BECOM+ & TRANS=MATION 9 ACCORDANCE ) LAWS E/ABLI%$ VIA ! ECONOMY1 UPON ! BASIS ( LABOR4 ,?IS ALSO APPLIES TO ! NATION4 ,! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTION SEES 9 ! DIV]SITY ( NATIONS NATURAL DIFF]5CES AMONG M52 NATIONS >E GR\P+S CON/ITUT$ BY ! COMMUNITY ( RACE1 ( ORIG91 & ( LANGUAGE4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT ALSO BELIEVES ?AT IT CAN1 BY MEANS ( CO]CIVE POLITICAL MEASURES1 OPPRESS NATIONS 9 ONE PLACE1 & EXT5D ITS DOMA9 AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R NATIONS SOME:]E ELSE4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY CONSID]S NATIONS TO BE HUMAN GR\PS :I* HAVE =M$ UNITS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR %>$ HI/ORY4 ,HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAS PRODUC$ NATIONS )9 ITS LIMITS & 9 ITS [N WAY2 IT ALSO PRODUCES *ANGE 9 ! MEAN+ & ESS5CE ( ! NATION 9 G5]AL ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME & *ANG+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ONLY ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT ONE CAN UND]/& ! HI/ORY & DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATION & ! NATIONAL PR9CIPLE4 ,FROM ! SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS ,OTTO ,BAU] :O HAS SUPPLI$1 9 HIS WORK ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONALITIES & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ! MO/ PR(\ND ANALYSIS2 HIS EXPOSITION CON/ITUTES ! 9DISP5SABLE PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! FUR!R EXAM9ATION & DISCUSSION ( ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,9 ?IS WORK1 ! SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW IS =MULAT$ AS FOLL[S3 0,! NATION IS ?US NO LONG] = US A FIX$ ?+1 BUT A PROCESS ( BECOM+1 DET]M9$ 9 ITS ESS5CE BY ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! PEOPLE /RUGGLE = !IR LIVELIHOOD & = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR K9D0 7P4 #a#g74 ,& A LITTLE FUR!R ON3 0! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY CAN COMPREH5D ! NATION AS ! NEV]-COMPLET$ PRODUCT ( A CON/ANTLY OCCURR+ PROCESS1 ! ULTIMATE DRIV+ =CE ( :I* IS CON/ITUT$ BY ! CONDITIONS GOV]N+ ! /RUGGLE ( HUMANS ) NATURE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! HUMAN =CES ( PRODUCTION1 & ! *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS GOV]N+ HUMAN LABOR4 ,?IS CONCEPTION R5D]S ! NATION AS ! HI/ORICAL )9 US0 7P4 #a#h74 ,NATIONAL *>ACT] IS 0SOLIDIFI$ HI/ORY04 ,! ,NATION AS ,COMMUNITY ( ,FATE ,BAU] MO/ CORRECTLY DEF9ES ! NATION AS 0! TOTALITY ( HUMAN BE+S B\ND TOGE!R BY A COMMUNITY ( FATE 9TO A COMMUNITY ( *>ACT]0 7P4#a#a#g74 ,?IS =MULA HAS FREQU5TLY BUT MI/AK5LY BE5 ATTACK$1 S9CE IT IS P]FECTLY CORRECT4 ,! MISUND]/&+ RESIDES 9 ! FACT ?AT SIMIL>ITY & COMMUNITY >E ALWAYS CONFUS$4 ,COMMUNITY ( FATE DOES NOT MEAN SUBMISSION TO AN ID5TICAL FATE1 BUT ! %>$ EXP]I5CE ( A S+LE FATE UND]GO+ CON/ANT *ANGES1 9 A CONT9U\S RECIPROCITY4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,*9A1 ,9DIA & ,EGYPT RESEMBLE ONE ANO!R 9 ! SIMIL>ITY ( !IR ECONOMIC CONDITIONS2 !Y HAVE ! SAME CLASS *>ACT] BUT !RE IS NOT A TRACE ( COMMUNITY BETWE5 !M4 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 ! %OP-KEEP]S1 ! WORK]S1 ! NOBLE L&[N]S1 & ! PEASANTS ( ,5GL&1 H[EV]1 AL?\< !Y DISPLAY MANY DIFF]5CES 9 *>ACT] DUE TO !IR DIFF]5T CLASS POSITIONS1 NONE!LESS /ILL CON/ITUTE A COMMUNITY2 A HI/ORY LIV$ 9 COMMON1 ! RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CISE UPON ONE ANO!R1 ALBEIT 9 ! =M ( /RUGGLES1 ALL ( ?IS TAK+ PLACE ?R\< ! M$IUM ( A COMMON LANGUAGE1 MAKES !M A COMMUNITY ( *>ACT]1 A NATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! M5TAL CONT5T ( ?IS COMMUNITY1 ITS COMMON CULTURE1 IS TRANSMITT$ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION ?ANKS TO ! WRITT5 WORD4 ,?IS IS BY NO MEANS MEANT TO IMPLY ?AT ALL *>ACT]S )9 A NATION >E SIMIL>4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 !RE CAN BE GREAT DIFF]5CES ( *>ACT] )9 A NATION1 DEP5D+ ON ONE'S CLASS OR PLACE ( RESID5CE4 ,! ,G]MAN PEASANT & ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIALI/1 ! ,BAV>IAN & ! ,OLD5BURG]1 DISPLAY MANIFE/ DIFF]5CES 9 *>ACT]2 !Y NONE!LESS /ILL =M P>T ( ! ,G]MAN NATION4 ,NOR DOES ?IS IMPLY ?AT !RE >E NO COMMUNITIES ( *>ACT] O!R ?AN NATIONS4 ,WE >E NOT1 ( C\RSE1 REF]R+ TO SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 LIMIT$ 9 TIME1 SU* AS JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES OR TRADE UNIONS4 ,BUT EV]Y HUMAN ORGANIZATION :I* COMPRISES AN 5DUR+ UNITY1 9H]IT$ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 CON/ITUTES A COMMUNITY ( *>ACT] 5G5D]$ BY A COMMUNITY ( FATE4 ,! RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES (F] ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,!Y >E ALSO 0SOLIDIFI$ HI/ORY04 ,!Y >E NOT JU/ GR\PS ( PEOPLE :O %>E ! SAME RELIGION & :O COME TOGE!R = A RELIGI\S PURPOSE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE !Y >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 BORN 9 !IR *UR*ES & R>ELY PASS FROM ONE *UR* TO ANO!R4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 H[EV]1 ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY 9CLUDES ALL ?OSE :O >E CONNECT$ SOCIALLY 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R BY ORIG91 !IR VILLAGE OR !IR CLASS2 ! COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S & CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE SIMULTANE\SLY CREAT$ A COMMUNITY ( BASIC M5TAL REPRES5TATIONS :I* ASSUM$ A RELIGI\S =M4 ,IT ALSO CREAT$ ! BOND ( RECIPROCAL DUTIES1 ( LOYALTY & PROTECTION1 BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATION & ITS MEMB]S4 ,! COMMUNITY ( RELIGION WAS ! EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL BELONG+ 9 PRIMITIVE TRIBAL COMMUNITIES & 9 ! ,*UR* ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES BORN DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION1 ! ,PROTE/ANT ,*UR*ES & SECTS1 W]E ORGANIZATIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT ,*UR*1 & AGA9/ EA* O!R2 !Y ?US CORRESPOND TO A C]TA9 EXT5T TO \R CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! DIFF]5T RELIGI\S FAI?S EXPRESS$ LIV+1 REAL1 DEEPLY-FELT 9T]E/S2 ONE C\LD CONV]T FROM ONE RELIGION TO ANO!R 9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT ONE CAN QUIT ONE P>TY & JO9 ANO!R 9 \R TIME4 ,LAT]1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS PETRIFI$ 9TO COMMUNITIES ( FAI? 9 :I* ONLY ! TOP /RATUM1 ! CL]GY1 MA9TA9$ RELATIONS )9 ITS [N AMBIT :I* SET IT ABOVE ! 5TIRE ,*UR*4 ,! COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S DISAPPE>$2 )9 EA* ,*UR*1 !RE >OSE1 ) SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 NUM]\S CLASSES & CLASS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! RELIGI\S ORGANIZATION BECAME MORE & MORE AN EMPTY %ELL1 & ! PR(ESSION ( FAI?1 AN AB/RACT =MULA LACK+ ANY SOCIAL CONT5T4 ,IT WAS REPLAC$ BY O!R ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E LIV+ ASSOCIATIONS ( 9T]E/S4 ,H5CE ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY CON/ITUTES A GR\P+ :OSE COMMUNITY ( FATE 9CREAS+LY BELONGS TO ! PA/1 & IS PROGRESSIVELY DISSOLV+4 ,RELIGION1 TOO1 IS A PRECIPITATE ( :AT IS HI/ORICAL 9 US4 ,! NATION1 !N1 IS NOT ! ONLY COMMUNITY ( *>ACT] :I* HAS >IS5 FROM A COMMUNITY ( FATE1 BUT ONLY ONE ( ITS =MS1 & SOMETIMES IT IS H>D TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! O!RS )\T AMBIGUITY4 ,IT W\LD S]VE NO PURPOSE TO ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] :I* HUMAN UNITS ( ORGANIZATION C\LD BE DEF9$ AS NATIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ANCI5T TIMES4 ,PRIMITIVE TRIBAL UNITS1 GREAT OR SMALL1 W]E COMMUNITIES ( *>ACT] & ( FATE 9 :I* *>ACT]I/ICS1 CU/OMS1 CULTURE & LANGUAGE W]E PASS$ ON FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNES OR ! PEASANT REGIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,OTTO ,BAU] DISCOV]S 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 9 ! ]A ( ! ,HOH5/AUFF5S1 ! 0,G]MAN NATION0 9 ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL COMMUNITY ( ! ,G]MAN NOBILITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! M$IEVAL ,*UR* POSSESS$ NUM]\S TRAITS :I* MADE IT A K9D ( NATION2 IT WAS ! COMMUNITY ( ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES1 ) A COMMON HI/ORY & COMMON M5TAL REPRES5TATIONS1 & !Y EV5 HAD A COMMON LANGUAGE1 ! ,LAT9 ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* ALL[$ $UCAT$ PEOPLE TO MUTUALLY 9FLU5CE ONE ANO!R1 ! DOM9ANT 9TELLECTUAL =CE ( ALL ( ,EUROPE1 & UNIT$ !M 9 A COMMUNITY ( CULTURE4 ,ONLY 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DID NATIONS 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M SL[LY >ISE1 EA* ) ITS [N NATIONAL LANGUAGE1 NATIONAL UNITY & CULTURE4 ,A COMMON LANGUAGE IS1 9S(> AS IT =MS A LIV+ BOND BETWE5 M51 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE ( ! NATION2 BUT ?IS DOES NOT JU/IFY ID5TIFY+ NATIONS ) HUMAN GR\PS SPEAK+ ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,! ,5GLI% & ! ,AM]ICANS >E1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE1 TWO NATIONS ) DIFF]5T HI/ORIES1 TWO DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES ( FATE :I* PRES5T /RIK+LY DIV]G5T NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,IT IS ALSO 9CORRECT TO RECKON ! ,G]MAN ,SWISS AS P>T ( A COMMON ,G]MAN NATION :I* W\LD EMBRACE ALL ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ PEOPLES4 ,NO MATT] H[ MANY CULTURAL ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO BE EX*ANG$ BETWE5 !M BY MEANS ( AN ID5TICAL WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 FATE HAS SEP>AT$ ! ,SWISS & ! ,G]MANS = SEV]AL C5TURIES4 ,! FACT ?AT ! =M] >E FREE CITIZ5S ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC & ! LATT] HAVE LIV$ SUCCESSIVELY UND] ! TYRANNY ( PETTY PR9CES1 =EIGN RULE1 & ! WEIACT] & ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A COMMUNITY ( FATE & ( *>ACT] 9 ?IS CASE4 ,! POLITICAL ASPECT IS YET MORE EVID5T AMONG ! ,DUT*2 ! RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! M>ITIME PROV9CES1 :I* SURR\ND$ !MSELVES ON ! L&W>D SIDE ) A WALL ( DEP5D5T PROV9CES1 & !N BECAME A P[]FUL M]CANTILE ,/ATE1 A POLITICAL 5TITY1 MADE ,L[ ,G]MAN A SEP>ATE MOD]N WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 BUT ONLY = A SMALL SEGM5T SEP>AT$ FROM ! MASS ( ?OSE :O SPOKE ,L[ ,G]MAN2 ALL ! O!RS HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ?IS LANGUAGE BY POLITICAL B>RI]S & HAVE ADOPT$1 AS RESID5TS ( ,G]MANY :O HAVE BE5 SUBJECT TO A COMMON HI/ORY1 ! ,HI< ,G]MAN WRITT5 LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 ,IF ! ,AU/RIAN ,G]MANS CONT9UE TO EMPHASIZE !IR ,G]MAN QUALITIES DESPITE !IR LONG HI/ORY ( SEP>ATE DEVELOPM5T & ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE NOT %>$ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! MO/ REC5T HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,G]MANS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ?IS IS ESS5TIALLY DUE TO !IR EMBATTL$ POSITION 9 RELATION TO ,AU/RIA'S O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,! ,PEASANT ,NATION & ! ,MOD]N ,NATION ,! PEASANTS HAVE (T5 BE5 DESCRIB$ AS BE+ /ALW>T GU>DIANS ( NATIONALITY4 ,OTTO ,BAU]1 H[EV]1 ALSO CALLS !M ! T5ANTS ( ! NATION :O DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION />KLY REVEALS ?AT :AT IS 0NATIONAL0 9 ! PEASANTRY IS A V]Y DIFF]5T ?+ ?AN :AT CON/ITUTES ! MOD]N NATION4 ,MOD]N NATIONALITY DOES ( C\RSE DESC5D FROM PEASANT NATIONALITY BUT DIFF]S FROM IT 9 A FUNDAM5TAL WAY4 ,9 ! ANCI5T NATURAL ECONOMY ( ! PEASANTS1 ! ECONOMIC UNIT WAS R$UC$ TO ITS SMALLE/ SCALE2 ! OP]ATIVE 9T]E/ DID NOT EXT5D BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! VILLAGE OR ! VALLEY4 ,EA* DI/RICT CON/ITUT$ A COMMUNITY :I* B>ELY MA9TA9$ RELATIONS ) ITS NE>E/ NEIACT]4 ,SOME ( !M W]E CONNECT$ BY TIES ( K9%IP ) ! VILLAGES ( NEIE ONLY 9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES AFFECT$ BY ! VICISSITUDES ( POLITICAL EV5TS1 ALL ! 9FLU5CES ( ! \TSIDE WORLD PASS OV] HIM )\T A TRACE4 ,HE IS 9 ANY CASE UNCONC]N$ & REMA9S PASSIVE2 SU* EV5TS DO NOT P5ETRATE HIS 9N]MO/ BE+4 ,! ONLY ?+ :I* CAN MODIFY MAN'S NATURE IS ?AT :I* HE ACTIVELY GRASPS1 :I* OBLIGES HIM TO TRANS=M HIMSELF & 9 :I* HE P>TICIPATES \T ( SELF-9T]E/4 ,?IS IS :Y ! PEASANT PRES]VES HIS P>TICUL>ISM AGA9/ ALL ! 9FLU5CES ( ! \TSIDE WORLD & REMA9S 0)\T HI/ORY0 AS LONG AS HIS ECONOMY IS SELF-SUFFICI5T4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT HE IS DRAGG$ 9TO ! GE>S ( CAPITALISM & E/ABLI%$ 9 O!R CONDITIONS--HE BECOMES B\RGEOIS OR A WORK]1 ! PEASANT BEG9S TO DEP5D ON ! WORLD M>KET & MAKES CONTACT ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD--FROM ! MOM5T ?AT HE HAS NEW 9T]E/S1 ! 9DE/RUCTIBLE *>ACT] ( HIS OLD P>TICUL>ISM IS LO/4 ,HE IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! MOD]N NATION2 HE BECOMES A MEMB] ( A MU* MORE EXT5SIVE COMMUNITY ( FATE1 A NATION 9 ! MOD]N S5SE4 ,! PEASANTRY IS (T5 SPOK5 ( AS IF ! PREC$+ G5]ATIONS ALREADY BELONG$ TO ! SAME NATION AS !IR DESC5DANTS UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! T]M 0NATIONS )\T HI/ORY0 IMPLIES A CONCEPT ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,CZE*S1 ,SLOV5ES1 ,POLES1 ,UKRA9IANS & ,RUSSIANS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 SO MANY DIFF]5T & P>TICUL> NATIONS BUT ?AT SOMEH[ !Y HAVE LONG REMA9$ DORMANT AS SU*4 ,9 FACT1 ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( ! ,SLOV5ES1 = EXAMPLE1 EXCEPT AS A C]TA9 NUMB] ( GR\PS & DI/RICTS ) RELAT$ DIALECTS1 )\T !SE GR\PS EV] HAV+ CON/ITUT$ A REAL UNITY OR A COMMUNITY4 ,:AT ! NAME FAI?FULLY CONVEYS IS ! FACT ?AT1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 DIALECT DECIDES :I* NATIONS >E TO BE CLAIM$ BY ! DESC5DANTS ( ITS ORIG9AL SPEAK]S4 ,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 H[EV]1 IT IS ! REAL DEVELOPM5TS :I* DECIDE :E!R ! ,SLOV5ES & ! ,S]BS1 OR ! ,RUSSIANS & ! ,UKRA9IANS1 MU/ BECOME ONE NATIONAL COMMUNITY ) ONE WRITT5 LANGUAGE & ONE COMMON CULTURE1 OR TWO SEP>ATE NATIONS4 ,IT IS NOT LANGUAGE :I* IS DECISIVE BUT ! POLITICAL-ECONOMIC PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY ID5TIFY+ LANGUAGE AS ! DECISIVE FACTOR ONE C\LD JU/ AS WELL SAY ?AT ! PEASANTRY ( ,L[] ,SAXONY IS ! FAI?FUL GU>DIAN ( ,G]MAN NATIONALITY1 & ALSO ( ,DUT* NATIONALITY1 DEP5D+ ON :I* SIDE ( ! BORD] IT 9HABITS2 IT ONLY PRES]VES ITS [N VILLAGE OR PROV9CIAL P>TICUL>ITY2 IT W\LD BE JU/ AS FOOLI% TO SAY ?AT ! PEASANT ( ! ,>D5NES T5ACI\SLY PRES]VES A ,BELGIAN1 ,WALLOON OR ,FR5* NATIONALITY :5 HE CL+S TO ! DIALECT & ! CU/OMS ( HIS VALLEY1 OR TO SAY ?AT A ,C>9?IAN PEASANT ( ! PRECAPITALI/ ]A BELONG$ TO ! ,SLOV5E NATION4 ,! ,SLOV5E NATION ONLY MADE ITS APPE>ANCE ) ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS CLASSES :I* =M$ A SPECIFIC NATION1 & ! PEASANT W\LD NOT WILL+LY HAVE BECOME A P>T ( IT UNLESS HE WAS L9K$ TO ?AT COMMUNITY BY REAL SELF-9T]E/4 ,MOD]N NATIONS >E 9TEGRAL PRODUCTS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 !Y APPE>$ ) COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ) CAPITALISM1 & ITS AG5TS >E ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES NE$ VA/ ECONOMIC UNITS1 L>GE T]RITORIES :OSE 9HABITANTS >E UNIT$ 9 A COMMUNITY ) A UNIFI$ ,/ATE ADM9I/RATION4 ,AS CAPITALISM DEVELOPS IT 9CESSANTLY RE9=CES ! C5TRAL ,/ATE P[]2 ! ,/ATE BECOMES MORE COHESIVE & IS %>PLY DEF9$ 9 RELATION TO O!R ,/ATES4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! COMBAT ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9S(> AS ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY RE/S UPON COMPETITION1 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ O!RS ( ! SAME K9D1 ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* >E =M$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE MU/ NECESS>ILY FIIES ( !SE ,/ATES2 REGIONS ) RELAT$ DIALECTS HAVE BE5 =C$ 9TO POLITICAL M]G]S :]E O!R FACTORS DO NOT 9T]V5E1 BECAUSE POLITICAL UNITY1 ! NEW COMMUNITY ( FATE1 REQUIRES A S+LE LANGUAGE AS A MEANS ( 9T]C\RSE4 ,! WRITT5 LANGUAGE US$ = G5]AL CONC\RSE IS CREAT$ FROM ONE ( !SE DIALECTS2 IT IS ?US1 9 A S5SE1 AN >TIFICIAL CREATION4 ,SO ,OTTO ,BAU] IS RIE A COMMON LANGUAGE0 7P4 #a#a74 ,?IS IS H[ ?OSE NATION ,/ATES :I* >E BO? ,/ATE & NATION >OSE4.<#b.> ,!Y DID NOT BECOME POLITICAL 5TITIES SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y ALREADY CON/ITUT$ NATIONAL COMMUNITIES2 IT WAS !IR NEW ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & ECONOMIC NECESSITY :I* WAS ! BASIS ( M5'S JO9+ TOGE!R 9TO SU* SOLID GR\P+S2 BUT :E!R !SE ,/ATES OR O!RS EM]G$--IF1 = EXAMPLE1 S\!RN ,G]MANY & NOR!RN ,FRANCE DID NOT TOGE!R =M A POLITICAL 5TITY BUT ?IS WAS 9/EAD ! CASE ) S\!RN & NOR!RN ,G]MANY--IS DUE PR9CIPALLY TO ! ANCI5T K9%IP ( DIALECT4 ,! SPREAD ( ! NATION ,/ATE1 & ITS CAPITALI/ EVOLUTION1 HAVE BR\ACT]1 BECAUSE CLASSES & POPULATIONS DO NOT ACT DIRECTLY UPON ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT ! COMMUNITY ( FATE ( ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS & BIG CAPITALI/S1 ( ! ,BAV>IANS & ! PEOPLE ( ,OLD5BURG1 CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ALL >E MEMB]S ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 )9 :OSE BORD]S !Y WAGE !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 )9 :I* !Y 5DURE ! SAME POLICIES1 :]E !Y MU/ TAKE A POSITION REG>D+ ! SAME LAWS & ?US HAVE AN EFFECT UPON ONE ANO!R2 ?IS IS :Y !Y CON/ITUTE A REAL COMMUNITY DESPITE ALL ! DIV]SITY ( ?IS COMMUNITY4 ,! SAME IS NOT TRUE ( ?OSE ,/ATES :I* EM]G$ AS DYNA/IC 5TITIES UND] ABSOLUTISM1 )\T ! DIRECT COLLABORATION ( !IR B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 & :I* CONSEQU5TLY1 ?R\< CONQUE/1 CAME TO 9CLUDE POPULATIONS SPEAK+ MANY DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 ,:5 ! P5ETRATION ( CAPITALISM BEG9S TO MAKE HEADWAY 9 ONE ( !SE ,/ATES1 V>I\S NATIONS >ISE )9 ! SAME ,/ATE1 :I* BECOMES A MULT9ATIONAL ,/ATE1 LIKE ,AU/RIA4 ,! CAUSE ( ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW NATIONS ALONGSIDE ! OLD RESIDES ONCE AGA9 9 ! FACT ?AT COMPETITION IS ! BASIS = ! EXI/5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,:5 ! MOD]N CLASSES >OSE FROM A PURELY PEASANT POPULATION GR\P1 :5 L>GE MASSES W]E 9/ALL$ 9 ! CITIES AS 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 SOON TO BE FOLL[$ BY SMALL M]*ANTS1 9TELLECTUALS & FACTORY [N]S1 ! LATT] W]E !N COMPELL$ TO UND]TAKE EF=TS ON !IR [N BEHALF TO SECURE ! BUS9ESS ( !SE MASSES :O ALL SPOKE ! SAME LANGUAGE1 PLAC+ ! ACC5T ON !IR NATIONALITY4 ,! NATION1 AS A COHESIVE COMMUNITY1 CON/ITUTES = ?OSE ELEM5TS ?AT =M P>T ( IT A M>KET1 A CU/OM] BASE1 A DOMA9 ( EXPLOITATION :]E !Y HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OV] !IR COMPETITORS FROM O!R NATIONS4 ,TO =M A COMMUNITY ) MOD]N CLASSES1 !Y MU/ ELABORATE A COMMON WRITT5 LANGUAGE :I* IS NECESS>Y AS A MEANS ( COMMUNICATION & BECOMES ! LANGUAGE ( CULTURE & ( LIT]ATURE4 ,! P]MAN5T CONTACT BETWE5 ! CLASSES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ,/ATE P[]1 :I* HAD HI!RTO ONLY KN[N ,G]MAN AS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE ( COMMUNICATION1 OBLIGES !M TO FIATUSES1 9 :I* FI\ND IT 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ! MORE P[] IT EX]CISES4 ,AS LONG AS ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS BAS$ UPON ! ESS5CE ( ! ECONOMY & IS ACKN[L$G$ AS SOME?+ :I* IS SELF-EVID5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE CAN C\NT ON ! O!R CLASSES :I* FEEL B\ND TO IT ON ?IS PO9T BY AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT AS WELL ! NATION IS UTT]LY A PRODUCT ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & IS EV5 A NECESS>Y PRODUCT4 ,:]EV] CAPITALISM P5ETRATES1 IT MU/ NECESS>ILY APPE> AS ! COMMUNITY ( FATE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,! NATIONAL /RUGGLES )9 SU* A ,/ATE >E NOT ! CONSEQU5CE ( ANY K9D ( OPPRESSION1 OR ( LEGAL BACKW>DNESS1 IT IS ! NATURAL EXPRESSION ( COMPETITION AS ! BASIC PRECONDITION = ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY2 ! 7B\RGEOIS7 /RUGGLE ( EA* AGA9/ ALL IS ! 9DISP5SABLE PRECONDITION = ! ABRUPT SEP>ATION ( ! V>I\S NATIONS FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,TRADITION & ! ,HUMAN ,M9D ,9 MAN1 NATIONALITY IS 9DE$ P>T ( HIS NATURE1 BUT PRIM>ILY ( HIS M5TAL NATURE4 ,9H]IT$ PHYSICAL TRAITS EV5TUALLY ALL[ ! V>I\S PEOPLES TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT S]VE TO SEP>ATE !M1 NOR1 EV5 LESS SO1 DOES IT MAKE !M 5T] 9TO CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 ,PEOPLES DI/+UI% !MSELVES AS COMMUNITIES ( CULTURE1 A CULTURE TRANSMITT$ BY A COMMON LANGUAGE2 9 A NATION'S CULTURE1 :I* CAN BE DEF9$ AS M5TAL 9 NATURE1 IS 9SCRIB$ ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ITS LIFE4 ,NATIONAL *>ACT] IS NOT COMPOS$ ( PHYSICAL TRAITS1 BUT ( ! TOTALITY ( ITS CU/OMS1 ITS CONCEPTS & ITS =MS ( ?\Y TO GET A CLE> VIEW ( H[ MAN'S M5TAL ASPECT IS CON/ITUT$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,EV]Y MOVE ?AT MAN MAKES MU/ FIR/ PASS ?R\< HIS HEAD4 ,! DIRECT MOTOR =CE ( ALL HIS ACTIONS RESIDES 9 HIS M9D4 ,IT CAN CONSI/ ( HABITS1 DRIVES & UNCONSCI\S 9/9CTS :I* >E ! EXPRESSIONS ( ALWAYS SIMIL> REPETITIONS ( ! SAME VITAL NECESSITIES 9 ! SAME EXT]NAL LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT C\LD ALSO 5T] 9TO MAN'S CONSCI\SNESS AS ?\XI/ !ORY1 H[EV]1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 EXPLA9S ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* IS M5TAL 9 MAN IS ! PRODUCT ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD >\ND HIM4 ,?IS 5TIRE REAL WORLD P5ETRATES EV]Y P>T ( ! M9D ?R\< ! S5SORY ORGANS & LEAVES ITS M>K3 \R VITAL NE$S1 \R EXP]I5CE1 EV]Y?+ WE SEE & HE>1 ?AT :I* O!RS COMMUNICATE TO US AS !IR ?\S AS IF WE HAD ACTUALLY OBS]V$ IT \RSELVES4.<#c.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ANY 9FLU5CE FROM AN UNREAL1 M]ELY PO/ULAT$ SUP]NATURAL WORLD IS EXCLUD$4 ,EV]Y?+ 9 ! M9D HAS COME FROM ! EXT]NAL WORLD :I* WE DESIGNATE ) ! NAME ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 :I* IS NOT MEANT TO IMPLY ?AT MAT]IAL CON/ITUT$ ( PHYSICAL MATT] :I* CAN BE MEASUR$1 BUT EV]Y?+ :I* REALLY EXI/S1 9CLUD+ ?\R[ ME*ANI/IC CONCEPTION1 ?AT ( A PASSIVE MIRROR ?AT REFLECTS ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 AN 9ANIMATE RECEIV] ?AT ABSORBS & PRES]VES EV]Y?+ ?R[N AT IT4 ,M9D IS ACTIVE1 IT ACTS1 & IT MODIFIES EV]Y?+ ?AT P5ETRATES IT FROM ! \TSIDE 9 ORD] TO MAKE SOME?+ NEW4 ,& IT WAS ,DIETZG5 :O HAS MO/ CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ H[ IT DOES SO4 ,! EXT]NAL WORLD FL[S BE=E ! M9D LIKE AN 5DLESS RIV]1 ALWAYS *ANG+2 ! M9D REGI/]S ITS 9FLU5CES1 IT M]GES !M1 IT ADDS !M TO :AT IT HAD PREVI\SLY POSSESS$ & COMB9ES !SE ELEM5TS4 ,FROM ! RIV] ( 9F9ITELY V>I$ PH5OM5A1 IT =MS SOLID & CONSI/5T CONCEPTS 9 :I* ! REALITY 9 MOTION IS SOMEH[ FROZ5 & FIX$ & LOSES ITS FUGITIVE ASPECT4 ,! CONCEPT ( 0FI%0 9VOLVES A MULTITUDE ( OBS]VATIONS ( ANIMALS ?AT SWIM1 ?AT ( 0GOOD0 9NUM]ABLE /ANCES 9 RELATION TO DIFF]5T ACTIONS1 ?AT ( 0CAPITALISM0 A :OLE LIFETIME ( FREQU5TLY V]Y PA9FUL EXP]I5CES4 ,EV]Y ?\D & DISAGREEABLE1 ?AT :OEV] GIVES ME A JOB IS MY B5EFACTOR1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ IS MY 5EMY1 ?AT !RE IS /R5G? 9 ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IT IS GOOD TO FIE ! SUMM>IES ( P>T ( ! LIV+ WORLD1 ( A MULTI=M EXP]I5CE 9 A CONCISE1 ABRUPT &1 ONE C\LD SAY1 RIGID & LIFELESS =MULA4 ,! GREAT] & ! MORE COMPLETE ! EXP]I5CE :I* S]VES AS DOCUM5TATION1 ! MORE DEEP-ROOT$ & SOLID ! ?\E CEASELESSLY BE+ ADD$ TO ! OLD1 !Y >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! OLD IDEAS OR 5T] 9TO CONTRADICTION ) !M4 ,?IS IS :Y MAN HAS TO RE/RUCTURE HIS IDEAS & AB&ON SOME ( !M AS MI/AK5--SU* AS ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/ B5EFACTOR--& CONF] A NEW MEAN+ TO C]TA9 CONCEPTS--SU* AS ! CONCEPT ( 0FI%01 FROM :I* ! :ALES HAD TO BE SEP>AT$--& CREATE NEW CONCEPTS = NEW PH5OM5A--LIKE ?AT ( IMP]IALISM--& F9D O!R CAUSAL RELATIONS = SOME CONCEPTS--! 9TOL]ABLE *>ACT] ( LABOR IS A RESULT ( CAPITALISM--& EVALUATE !M 9 A DIFF]5T MANN]--! NATIONAL /RUGGLE IS H>MFUL TO ! WORK]S--9 %ORT1 MAN MU/ CEASELESSLY BEG9 ALL OV] AGA94 ,ALL ( HIS M5TAL ACTIVITY & DEVELOPM5T CONSI/S 9 ! 5DLESS RE/RUCTUR+ ( CONCEPTS1 IDEAS1 JUDGM5TS & PR9CIPLES 9 ORD] TO KEEP !M AS CONSI/5T AS POSSIBLE ) HIS EV]-RI*] EXP]I5CE ( REALITY4 ,?IS TAKES PLACE CONSCI\SLY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE4 ,! MEAN+S ( ,BAU]'S DEF9ITIONS ( ! NATION AS ?AT :I* IS HI/ORICAL 9 US1 & ( NATIONAL *>ACT] AS SOLIDIFI$ HI/ORY1 >E ?US PLAC$ 9 !IR PROP] CONTEXT4 ,A COMMON MAT]IAL REALITY PRODUCES A COMMON WAY ( ?9K+ 9 ! M9DS ( ! MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY4 ,! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION !Y JO9TLY COMPOSE DET]M9ES !IR ?\E & :I* =MS P>T ( !IR MAT]IAL LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,LIFE 9 COMMON HAS P5ETRAT$ !IR M9DS2 COMMON /RUGGLES = FRE$OM AGA9/ =EIGN 5EMIES1 COMMON CLASS /RUGGLES AT HOME4 ,IT IS N>RAT$ 9 HI/ORY BOOKS & IS TRANSMITT$ TO ! Y\? AS NATIONAL MEMORY4 ,:AT WAS DESIR$1 HOP$ = & WANT$ WAS CLE>LY HIACT]I/IC ( ! :OLE1 ?AT IS1 :AT IS NATIONAL1 CON/ITUTES ! CULTURAL PATRIMONY ( ! NATION4 ,:AT LIVES 9 ! M9D ( A NATION1 ITS NATIONAL CULTURE1 IS ! AB/RACT SYN!SIS ( ITS COMMON EXP]I5CE1 ITS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE AS AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE=E1 ALL ( MAN'S M5TAL QUALITIES >E PRODUCTS ( REALITY1 BUT NOT ONLY ( CURR5T REALITY2 ! :OLE PA/ ALSO SUBSI/S !RE 9 A /RONG] OR WEAK] =M4 ,M9D IS SL[ 9 RELATION TO MATT]2 IT CEASELESSLY ABSORBS EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES :ILE ITS OLD EXI/5CE SL[LY S9KS 9TO ,LE!'S WAT]S ( OBLIVION4 ,?US1 ! ADAPTATION ( ! CONT5T ( ! M9D TO A CON/ANTLY R5EW$ REALITY IS ONLY 9CREM5TAL4 ,PA/ & PRES5T BO? DET]M9E ITS CONT5T1 BUT 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,! LIV+ REALITY :I* IS CON/ANTLY EX]CIS+ ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! M9D IS EMB$D$ )9 IT & IMPRESS$ UPON IT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MORE EFFECTIVE MANN]4 ,BUT ?AT :I* NO LONG] FE$S (F ( ! PRES5T REALITY1 NO LONG] LIVES EXCEPT 9 ! PA/ & CAN /ILL BE PRES]V$ = A LONG TIME1 ABOVE ALL BY ! RELATIONS M5 MA9TA9 AMONG !MSELVES1 BY 9DOCTR9ATION & >TIFICIAL PROPAG&A1 BUT TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE RESIDUES >E DEPRIV$ ( ! MAT]IAL T]RA9 ?AT GAVE !M LIFE1 !Y NECESS>ILY SL[LY DISAPPE>4 ,?IS IS H[ !Y ACQUIRE A TRADITIONAL *>ACT]4 ,A TRADITION IS ALSO P>T ( REALITY :I* LIVES 9 ! M9DS ( M51 ACTS UPON ! O!R P>TS & = ?AT REASON FREQU5TLY DISPOSES ( A CONSID]ABLE & POT5T =CE4 ,BUT IT IS A NATURAL M5TAL REALITY :OSE MAT]IAL ROOTS >E SUNK 9 ! PA/4 ,?IS IS H[ RELIGION BECAME1 = ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 AN IDEOLOGY ( A PURELY TRADITIONAL NATURE2 IT MAY /ILL HAVE A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ITS ACTION1 BUT ?IS P[] ONLY HAS ROOTS 9 ! PA/1 9 ! IMPORTANCE ?AT ! COMMUNITY ( RELIGION POSSESS$ 9 O!R TIMES2 IT IS NO LONG] N\RI%$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY1 9 ITS EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL1 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,= ?IS REASON ! PROCESS LEAD+ TO ITS EXT9CTION AMONG ! PROLET>IAT WILL NOT /OP4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY IS 9CREAS+LY CULTIVAT+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS :I* IS CONSEQU5TLY OCCUPY+ A L>G] PLACE 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S M9D1 & :I* IS 9CREAS+LY DET]M9+ ITS ACTION4 ,\R ,TASK ,I HAVE FRAM$ ! TASK ASSIGN$ BY \R /UDY4 ,HI/ORY HAS GIV5 RISE TO NATIONS ) !IR LIMITATIONS & !IR SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,BUT !Y >E NOT YET F9I%$ & COMPLETE DEF9ITIVE FACTS ) :I* ONE MU/ CONT5D4 ,HI/ORY IS /ILL FOLL[+ ITS C\RSE4 ,EA* DAY IT CONT9UES TO BUILD UPON & MODIFY :AT ! PREVI\S DAYS BUILT4 ,IT IS NOT 5\<1 !N1 TO CONFIRM ?AT ! NATION IS ?AT :I* IS HI/ORICAL 9 US1 SOLIDIFI$ HI/ORY4 ,IF IT W]E NO?+ BUT PETRIFI$ HI/ORY1 IT W\LD BE ( A PURELY TRADITIONAL NATURE1 LIKE RELIGION4 ,BUT = \R PRACTICE1 & = \R TACTICS1 ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT IT IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN ?IS ASSUMES ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE MU/ DEAL ) IT 9 ANY CASE1 AS ) ANY GREAT M5TAL P[] 9 MAN2 BUT ! QUE/ION ( :E!R NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY ONLY PRES5TS ITSELF AS A P[] ( ! PA/1 OR :E!R IT S9KS ITS ROOTS 9TO TODAY'S WORLD1 >E TWO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,= US1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT & DECISIVE QUE/ION IS ! FOLL[+3 H[ DOES PRES5T-DAY REALITY ACT UPON ! NATION & EV]Y?+ NATIONAL8 ,9 :AT S5SE >E !Y BE+ MODIFI$ TODAY8 ,! REALITY 9 QUE/ION H]E IS HIIAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS1 !N1 IS \R POSITION 9 REG>D TO ,BAU]'S /UDY3 9 O!R TIMES1 ! NATION PLAY$ NO ROLE AT ALL 9 ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,!RE WAS NO REASON TO TAKE IT 9TO CONSID]ATION2 9 MO/ C\NTRIES IT IS ( NO USE TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO PAY ANY ATT5TION TO ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,OBLIG$ TO DO SO BY ,AU/RIA'S SITUATION ,BAU] HAS FILL$ ?IS GAP4 ,HE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! NATION IS NEI!R ! PRODUCT ( ! IMAG9ATION ( A FEW LIT]ATI NOR IS IT ! >TIFICIAL PRODUCT ( NATIONALI/ PROPAG&A2 ) ! TOOL ( ,M>XISM HE HAS %[N ?AT IT HAS SUNK ITS MAT]IAL ROOTS 9TO HI/ORY & HE HAS EXPLA9$ ! NECESSITY & ! P[] ( NATIONAL IDEAS BY ! RISE ( CAPITALISM4 ,& ! NATION /&S REVEAL$ AS A P[]FUL REALITY ) :I* WE MU/ COME TO T]MS 9 \R /RUGGLE2 HE GIVES US ! KEY TO UND]/& ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,AU/RIA1 & WE MU/ ?US ANSW] ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 :AT IS ! 9FLU5CE ( ! NATION & NATIONALISM ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 H[ MU/ IT BE ASSESS$ 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE8 ,?IS IS ! BASIS & ! GUID+ ?READ ( ! WORKS ( ,BAU] & ! O!R ,AU/RIAN ,M>XI/S4 ,BUT ) ?IS APPROA*1 ! TASK IS ONLY HALF-F9I%$4 ,= ! NATION IS NOT SIMPLY A SELF-CONTA9$ & COMPLETE PH5OM5ON :OSE EFFECT ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ BE ASC]TA9$3 IT IS ITSELF 9 TURN SUBJECT$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( CONTEMPOR>Y =CES1 AMONG :I* ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION IS 9CREAS+LY T5D+ TO BECOME A FACTOR ( ! FIR/ ORD]4 ,:AT EFFECT1 !N1 DOES ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = ITS P>T EX]CISE UPON ! NATION8 ,BAU] HAS NOT EXAM9$ ?IS QUE/ION1 OR HE HAS DONE SO 9 AN 9SUFFICI5T MANN]2 ! /UDY ( ?IS ISSUE LEADS1 9 MANY CASES1 TO JUDGM5TS & CONCLUSIONS :I* DIV]GE FROM ?OSE HE PROVID$4 ,I,I4 ,! ,NATION & ! ,PROLET>IAT ,CLASS ,ANTAGONISM ,! CURR5T REALITY :I* MO/ 9T5SELY DET]M9ES MAN'S M5TALITY & EXI/5CE IS CAPITALISM4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT AFFECT ALL M5 9 ! SAME WAY2 IT IS ONE ?+ = ! CAPITALI/ & ANO!R = ! PROLET>IAN4 ,= ! MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 CAPITALISM IS ! WORLD ( ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? & COMPETITION2 MORE WELL-BE+1 AN 9CREASE 9 ! MASS ( CAPITAL FROM :I* !Y TRY TO EXTRACT ! MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PR(IT 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC /RUGGLE ) !IR PE]S & :I* OP5S UP = !M ! ROAD TO LUXURY & ! 5JOYM5T ( A REF9$ CULTURE1 ?IS IS :AT ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION PROVIDES = !M4 ,= ! WORK]S1 IT IS ! H>D LABOR ( 5DLESS SLAV]Y1 P]MAN5T 9SECURITY 9 !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS1 ET]NAL POV]TY1 )\T ! HOPE ( EV] GETT+ ANY?+ BUT A POV]TY WAGE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 CAPITALISM MU/ EX]CISE V]Y DIFF]5T EFFECTS ON ! M9DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! M9DS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,! NATION IS AN ECONOMIC 5TITY1 A COMMUNITY ( LABOR1 EV5 BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,CAPITAL & LABOR >E BO? NECESS>Y & MU/ COME TOGE!R SO ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CAN EXI/4 ,IT IS A COMMUNITY ( LABOR ( A P>TICUL> NATURE2 9 ?IS COMMUNITY1 CAPITAL & LABOR APPE> AS ANTAGONI/IC POLES2 !Y CON/ITUTE A COMMUNITY ( LABOR 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT PR$ATORS & PREY CON/ITUTE A COMMUNITY ( LIFE4 ,! NATION IS A COMMUNITY ( *>ACT] :I* HAS >IS5 FROM A COMMUNITY ( FATE4 ,BUT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 IT IS ! DIFF]5CE ( FATES :I* IS 9CREAS+LY DOM9ANT 9 CONSID]+ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT )9 ANY P>TICUL> PEOPLE4 ,TO EXPLA9 :AT HE MEANS BY ! COMMUNITY ( FATE1 ,BAU] SPEAKS 7P4 #a#a7 ( ! 0RELATIONS CON/ITUT$ BY ! FACT ?AT BO? . LIVE 9 ! SAME CITY1 ?AT BO? READ ! SAME PO/]S & ! SAME NEWSPAP]S1 TAKE P>T 9 ! SAME POLITICAL & SPORT+ EV5TS1 BY ! FACT ?AT ON OCCASION !Y SPEAK ) ONE ANO!R OR1 AT LEA/1 BO? SPEAK ) ! V>I\S 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & WORK]S04 ,N[1 ! 0FATE0 ( M5 DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 READ+ ! SAME BILLBO>DS1 BUT 9 GREAT & IMPORTANT EXP]I5CES :I* >E TOTALLY DIFF]5T = EA* CLASS4 ,! :OLE WORLD KN[S :AT ! ,5GLI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,DISRAELI SAID AB\T ! TWO NATIONS LIV+ ALONGSIDE ONE ANO!R 9 \R MOD]N SOCIETY )\T REALLY UND]/&+ IT4 ,DID HE NOT 9T5D TO SAY ?AT NO COMMUNITY ( FATE L9KS ! TWO CLASSES8.<#d.> ,( C\RSE1 ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO TAKE ?IS /ATEM5T LIT]ALLY 9 ITS MOD]N S5SE4 ,! COMMUNITY ( FATE ( ! PA/ /ILL EX]CISES ITS 9FLU5CE ON TODAY'S COMMUNITY ( *>ACT]4 ,AS LONG AS ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT HAVE A CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ( ! P>TICUL>ITY ( ITS [N EXP]I5CE1 AS LONG AS ITS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS HAS NOT BE5 AWAK5$ OR IS ONLY SLIE ! GUE/S ( !IR MA/]S4 ,! PECULI>ITIES ( ,5GLI% HI/ORY MAKE ?IS M5TAL COMMUNITY ALL ! MORE P[]FUL 9 ,5GL&1 :ILE IT IS EXTREMELY WEAK 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 ALL ! Y\NG NATIONS :]E CAPITALISM IS JU/ MAK+ ITS APPE>ANCE1 ! M5TALITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS DOM9AT$ BY ! TRADITIONS ( ! PREVI\S PEASANT & PETIT-B\RGEOIS ]A4 ,ONLY LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ) ! AWAK5+ ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & CLASS /RUGGLE UND] ! IMPACT ( NEW ANTAGONISMS1 WILL ! COMMUNITY ( *>ACT] %>$ BY ! TWO CLASSES DISAPPE>4 ,!RE WILL UND\BT$LY /ILL BE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES4 ,BUT !Y >E LIMIT$ TO RULES & REGULATIONS ( ! FACTORY & TO C>RY+ \T WORK ORD]S1 SO ?AT ! COMMUNITY ( LANGUAGE IS NOT EV5 NECESS>Y1 AS ! USE ( =EIGN-BORN WORK]S SPEAK+ V>I\S LANGUAGES PROVES4 ,! MORE CONSCI\S ( !IR SITUATION & ( EXPLOITATION ! WORK]S BECOME1 ! MORE FREQU5TLY !Y FIE TRANS=M$ 9TO 5MITY & CONFLICT4 ,!RE IS JU/ AS LITTLE COMMUNITY BETWE5 !M AS BETWE5 TWO PEOPLES :O >E CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 FRONTI] SKIRMI%ES4 ,! MORE AW>E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ! WORK]S BECOME1 & ! MORE SOCIALISM APPE>S TO !M AS ! NECESS>Y GOAL ( !IR /RUGGLE1 ! MORE !Y FEEL ! RULE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS =EIGN RULE1 & ) ?IS EXPRESSION ONE BECOMES AW>E ( JU/ H[ MU* ! COMMUNITY ( *>ACT] HAS DISSIPAT$4 ,BAU] DEF9ES NATIONAL *>ACT] AS ! 0DIFF]5CE 9 ORI5TATIONS ( ! WILL1 ! FACT ?AT ! SAME /IMULUS PRODUCES DIFF]5T REACTIONS1 ?AT ! SAME EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES PROVOKE DIFF]5T DECISIONS0 7P4 #a74 ,C\LD ONE IMAG9E MORE ANTAGONI/IC ORI5TATIONS ?AN ?OSE ( ! WILL ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,! NAMES ( ,BISM>CK1 ,LASSALLE1 #a#h#d#h1 /IMULATE FEEL+S :I* >E NOT JU/ DIFF]5T BUT EV5 OPPOS$ 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S & ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK]S ( ! ,EMPIRE :O BELONG TO ! ,G]MAN NATION JUDGE ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 ,G]MANY 9 A DIFF]5T & OPPOS$ WAY TO ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ALL ! O!R CLASSES REJOICE TOGE!R OV] ANY?+ ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO ! GREATNESS & ! =EIGN REA* ( !IR NATIONAL ,/ATE1 :ILE ! PROLET>IAT COMBATS EV]Y MEASURE :I* LEADS TO SU* RESULTS4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASSES SPEAK ( W> AGA9/ O!R ,/ATES 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE !IR [N P[]1 :ILE ! PROLET>IAT ?9KS ( A WAY TO PREV5T W> OR DISCOV]S AN OCCASION = ITS [N LIB]ATION 9 ! DEFEAT ( ITS [N GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS :Y ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( ! NATION AS AN 5TITY EXCEPT PRIOR TO ! FULL UNFOLD+ )9 IT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 S9CE IT IS ONLY 9 ?AT CASE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS /ILL FOLL[S 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CLASS ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT RESULTS 9 ! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( !IR NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( FATE & ( *>ACT]4 ,! CON/ITUTIVE =CES ( ! NATION MU/ !RE=E BE SEP>ATELY EXAM9$ 9 EA* ( ! TWO CLASSES4 ,! ,WILL TO ,=M A ,NATION ,BAU] IS COMPLETELY CORRECT :5 HE VIEWS ! DIFF]5CES 9 ORI5TATION ( ! WILL AS ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 9 DIFF]5CES ( NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,:]E ALL WILLS >E ORI5T$ 9 ! SAME WAY1 A COH]5T MASS IS =M$2 :]E EV5TS & 9FLU5CES FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD PROVOKE DIFF]5T & OPPOS$ DET]M9ATIONS1 RUPTURE & SEP>ATION RESULT4 ,! DIFF]5CES ( WILLS HAVE SEP>AT$ ! NATIONS FROM ONE ANO!R2 BUT :OSE WILL IS 9VOLV$ H]E8 ,?AT ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! PREC$+ PRO(S CONC]N+ ! G5ESIS ( MOD]N NATIONS1 ITS WILL TO =M A NATION IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT CON/ITUTIVE =CE4 ,:AT IS IT ?AT MAKES ! ,CZE* NATION A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY 9 RELATION TO ! ,G]MAN NATION8 ,?AT :I* IS ACQUIR$ BY LIFE 9 COMMON1 ! CONT5T ( ! COMMUNITY ( FATE :I* CONT9UES TO PRACTICALLY 9FLU5CE ! NATIONAL *>ACT]1 IS EXTREMELY WEAK4 ,! CONT5T ( ITS CULTURE IS ALMO/ TOTALLY TAK5 FROM ! MOD]N NATIONS :I* PREC$$ IT1 ABOVE ALL ! ,G]MAN NATION2 ?IS IS :Y ,BAU] SAYS 7P4 #a#e73 0,IT IS NOT COMPLETELY 9CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! ,CZE*S >E ,CZE*-SPEAK+ ,G]MANS4 4440 ,ONE MI EXHUM$ FROM ! PA/ & )\T ANY PRACTICAL MEAN+ TODAY4 ,H[ C\LD A 0NATIONAL CULTURE0 HAVE BE5 ]ECT$ UPON ! BASIS ( A P>TICUL> LANGUAGE8 ,BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE NE$S SEP>ATION1 BECAUSE IT WANTS TO CON/ITUTE A NATION 9 RELATION TO ! ,G]MANS4 ,IT WANTS TO DO SO BECAUSE IT NE$S TO DO SO1 BECAUSE CAPITALI/ COMPETITION OBLIGES IT TO MONOPOLIZE TO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T A T]RITORY ( M>KETS & EXPLOITATION4 ,! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S ) ! O!R CAPITALI/S CREATES ! NATION :]EV] ! NECESS>Y ELEM5T EXI/S1 A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE4 ,BAU] & ,R5N] CLE>LY DEMON/RATE 9 !IR EXPOSITIONS ( ! G5ESIS ( MOD]N NATIONS ?AT ! WILL ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS CLASSES CREAT$ ! NATIONS4 ,NOT AS A CONSCI\S OR >BITR>Y WILL1 BUT AS WANT+ AT ! SAME TIME AS BE+ COMPELL$1 ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,! 0NATIONS0 9VOLV$ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* >E FIE NO?+ BUT ORGANIZATIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 ( ! PETIT-B\RGEOISIE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! 9TELLECTUALS--CLASSES :OSE EXI/5CE IS BAS$ UPON COMPETITION--& H]E ! PROLET>IANS & ! PEASANTS PLAY A SECOND>Y ROLE4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ?IS NECESSITY ( COMPETITION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 ) !IR WILL TO CON/ITUTE A NATION4 ,= IT1 ! NATION DOES NOT MEAN ! PRIVILEGE ( SECUR+ A CU/OM] BASE1 POSITIONS1 OR OPPORTUNITIES = WORK4 ,! CAPITALI/S IMM$IATELY LE>N$ TO IMPORT =EIGN WORK]S :O DO NOT SPEAK ,G]MAN OR ,CZE*4 ,BY M5TION+ ?IS CAPITALI/ PRACTICE IT IS NOT \R BASIC 9T5TION TO EXPOSE NATIONALI/ HYPOCRISY1 BUT ABOVE ALL TO MAKE ! WORK]S UND]/& ?AT UND] ! RULE ( CAPITALISM ! NATION CAN NEV] BE SYNONYM\S ) A LABOR MONOPOLY = !M4 ,& ONLY 9FREQU5TLY DOES ONE HE> AMONG BACKW>D WORK]S1 SU* AS ! ,AM]ICAN TRADE UNIONI/S ( ! OLD S*OOL1 ( A DESIRE TO RE/RICT IMMIGRATION4 ,! NATION CAN ALSO TEMPOR>ILY ASSUME ITS [N SIGNIFICANCE = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:5 CAPITALISM P5ETRATES AN AGR>IAN REGION1 ! L&LORDS !N BELONG TO A MORE DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ NATION1 & ! WORK]S LEAVE ! PEASANTRY = ! O!R NATION4 ,NATIONAL FEEL+ CAN !N BE = ! WORK]S AN 9ITIAL MEANS ( BECOM+ AW>E ( !IR COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! =EIGN CAPITALI/S4 ,NATIONAL ANTAGONISM IS 9 ?IS CASE ! PRIMITIVE =M ( CLASS ANTAGONISM1 JU/ AS 9 ,RH9EL&-,WE/PHALIA1 DUR+ ! ]A ( ! ,KULTURKAMPF1 ! RELIGI\S ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ,CA?OLIC WORK]S & !IR LIB]AL EMPLOY]S WAS ! PRIMITIVE =M ( CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T :5 A NATION IS SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ TO HAVE A PROP] B\RGEOISIE :I* TAKES RESPONSIBILITY = EXPLOITATION1 PROLET>IAN NATIONALISM IS UPROOT$4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = BETT] LIV+ CONDITIONS1 = 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 = CULTURE1 = A MORE DIGNIFI$ EXI/5CE1 ! O!R CLASSES 9 !IR NATION >E ! SWORN 5EMIES ( ! WORK]S :ILE !IR =EIGN LANGUAGE-SPEAK+ CLASS COMRADES >E !IR FRI5DS & ALLIES4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE CREATES AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,?US1 = ! PROLET>IAT1 ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A WILL TO BECOME A SEP>ATE NATION BAS$ ON ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 ON ITS MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ( ,CULTURE ,BAU] DISCOV]S ANO!R NATION-BUILD+ =CE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NOT 9 ! ECONOMIC CONT5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT 9 ITS CULTURAL EFFECTS4 ,HE DEF9ES ! POLITICS ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS AS A NATIONAL-EVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 7P4 #a#c#e7 ?AT WILL UNITE ! 5TIRE PEOPLE 9 A NATION4 ,?IS HAS TO BE MORE ?AN JU/ A PRIMITIVE & POPUL> WAY ( EXPRESS+ \R GOALS 9 ! LANGUAGE ( NATIONALISM1 ) ! 9T5TION ( MAK+ !M ACCESSIBLE TO ?OSE WORK]S :O HAVE GOTT5 MIX$ UP ) NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY & :O HAVE NOT YET BECOME AW>E ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y IMPORTANCE ( SOCIALISM4 ,SO ,BAU] ADDS3 0,BUT BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT NECESS>ILY /RUGGLES = POSSESSION ( ! CULTURAL WEAL? ?AT ITS WORK CREATES & MAKES POSSIBLE1 ! EFFECT ( ?IS POLITICS IS NECESS>ILY ?AT ( CALL+ ! 5TIRE PEOPLE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( CULTURE & !REBY TO MAKE ! TOTALITY ( ! PEOPLE 9TO A NATION40 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE ?IS SEEMS TO BE COMPLETELY CORRECT4 ,AS LONG AS ! WORK]S1 CRU%$ BY CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 >E IMM]S$ 9 PHYSICAL MIS]Y & VEGETATE )\T HOPE OR 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 !Y DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! CULTURE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 A CULTURE :I* IS BAS$ ON ! LABOR ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y =M P>T ( ! NATION 9 ! SAME WAY AS LIVE/OCK1 !Y CON/ITUTE NO?+ BUT PROP]TY1 & !Y >E NO?+ MORE ?AN SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S 9 ! NATION4 ,IT IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* BR+S !M TO LIFE2 IT IS BY WAY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT !Y GET FREE TIME1 HI<] WAGES & !RE=E ! OPPORTUNITY TO 5GAGE 9 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?R\< SOCIALISM1 !IR 5]GY IS AWAK5$1 !IR M9DS >E /IMULAT$2 !Y BEG9 TO READ1 FIR/ ( ALL SOCIALI/ PAMPHLETS & POLITICAL NEWSPAP]S1 BUT SOON ! ASPIRATION & ! NE$ TO COMPLETE !IR 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ LEADS !M TO TACKLE LIT]>Y1 HI/ORICAL & SCI5TIFIC WORKS3 ! P>TY'S $UCATIONAL COMMITTEES EV5 DEVOTE SPECIAL EF=TS TO 9TRODUC+ !M TO CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE4 ,9 ?IS MANN] !Y ACC$E TO ! COMMUNITY ( CULTURE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES ( !IR NATION4 ,& :5 ! WORK] CAN FREELY & )\T CO]CION DEVOTE HIMSELF TO HIS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T UND] SOCIALISM1 :I* %ALL FREE HIM FROM ! 5DLESS SLAV]Y ( LABOR--UNLIKE HIS PRES5T SITUATION :]E HE CAN ONLY APPROPRIATE 9 SC>CE MOM5TS ( LEISURE1 & !N ONLY ) DIFFICULTY1 SMALL FRAGM5TS ( CULTURE--ONLY !N WILL ! WORK] BE ABLE TO ABSORB ! 5TIRE NATIONAL CULTURE & BECOME1 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 A MEMB] ( ! NATION4 ,BUT ONE IMPORTANT PO9T IS OV]LOOK$ 9 !SE REFLECTIONS4 ,A COMMUNITY ( CULTURE BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! B\RGEOISIE CAN ONLY EXI/ SUP]FICIALLY1 APP>5TLY & SPORADICALLY4 ,! WORK]S CAN TO SOME EXT5T1 ( C\RSE1 READ ! SAME BOOKS AS ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! SAME CLASSICS & ! SAME WORKS ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 BUT ?IS PRODUCES NO COMMUNITY ( CULTURE4 ,BECAUSE ! BASIS ( !IR ?\E NOT AB/RACTIONS ( ! ES!TIC IMAG9ATION1 BUT ! FEEL+S & IDEALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS Y\?1 ITS ASPIRATION TO FRE$OM & ! RIY ]A PRODUC$ A P[]FUL E*O 9 ! B\RGEOISIE2 BUT :AT IS F\ND AS AN E*O 9 ! B\RGEOISIE ( ?AT ]A1 IS PRECISELY :AT IS LACK+ 9 ! MOD]N B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE 9 REG>D TO RADICAL & PROLET>IAN LIT]ATURE4 ,AS = :AT MADE ! PROLET>IAT SO 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! WORKS ( ,HE9E & ,FREILIGRA?.<#f.>1 ! B\RGEOISIE DOES NOT WANT TO KN[ ANY?+4 ,! WAY ! TWO CLASSES READ ! LIT]ATURE :I* IS AVAILABLE TO BO?1 IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T2 !IR SOCIAL & POLITICAL IDEALS >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$1 !IR WORLD-VIEWS HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,?IS IS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T EV5 TRU] ( !IR VIEWS ( HI/ORY4 ,9 HI/ORY1 :AT ! B\RGEOISIE CONSID]S TO BE ! MO/ SUBLIME MEMORIES ( ! NATION >\SE NO?+ BUT HATR$1 AV]SION OR 9DIFF]5CE 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,H]E NO?+ PO9TS TO !IR POSSESS+ A %>$ CULTURE4 ,ONLY ! PHYSICAL & NATURAL SCI5CES >E ADMIR$ & HONOR$ BY BO? CLASSES4 ,!IR CONT5T IS ID5TICAL = BO?4 ,BUT H[ DIFF]5T FROM ! ATTITUDE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 IS ?AT ( ! WORK] :O HAS RECOGNIZ$ !SE SCI5CES AS ! BASIS ( HIS ABSOLUTE RULE OV] NATURE & OV] HIS DE/9Y 9 ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= ! WORK]1 ?IS VIEW ( NATURE1 ?IS CONCEPT ( HI/ORY & ?IS LIT]>Y S5TIM5T1 >E NOT ELEM5TS ( A NATIONAL CULTURE 9 :I* HE P>TICIPATES1 !Y >E ELEM5TS ( HIS SOCIALI/ CULTURE4 ,! MO/ ESS5TIAL 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T1 ! DET]M9ANT ?\X & ,5GELS4 ,& ?IS CULTURE1 :I* HAS >IS5 FROM A LUCID SOCIALI/ UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY & ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY1 ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL ( A FREE & CLASSLESS HUMANITY1 & ! PROLET>IAN COMMUNIT>IAN E?IC1 & :I* = ?OSE V]Y REASONS IS 9 ALL ( ITS *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES OPPOS$ TO B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 IS 9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS CULTURE1 DESPITE ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS AMONG DIFF]5T PEOPLES--S9CE ! PROLET>IANS' P]SPECTIVES V>Y ACCORD+ TO !IR CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE & ! =M ASSUM$ BY !IR ECONOMIES--& DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT IS P[]FULLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ( EA* NATION1 ESPECIALLY :]E ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS UND]DEVELOP$1 IS EV]Y:]E ! SAME4 ,ITS =M1 ! LANGUAGE 9 :I* IT IS EXPRESS$1 IS DIFF]5T1 BUT ALL ! O!R DIFF]5CES1 EV5 ! NATIONAL ONES1 >E PROGRESSIVELY R$UC$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! GR[? ( SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! GAP BETWE5 ! CULTURE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT IS CON/ANTLY EXP&+4 ,IT IS !RE=E 9ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS FIN1 ( HI<] 9TELLECTUAL /&>DS1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) A B\RGEOIS NATIONAL CULTURE1 BUT REPRES5TS ! GR[? ( SOCIALI/ CULTURE4 ,?IS CULTURE IS A PRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE1 A /RUGGLE :I* IS WAG$ AGA9/ ! :OLE B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,& JU/ AS WE SEE ! NEW HUMANITY DEVELOP+ 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 PR\D & SURE ( VICTORY1 FRE$ FROM ! VILE SLAV]Y ( ! PA/1 COMPRIS$ ( BRAVE COMBATANTS1 CAPABLE ( AN UNPREJUDIC$ & COMPLETE UND]/&+ ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 UNIT$ BY ! /RONGE/ BONDS ( SOLID>ITY 9 A SOLID UNIT1 SO FROM N[ ON ! SPIRIT ( ! NEW HUMANITY1 SOCIALI/ CULTURE1 WEAK AT FIR/1 CONFUS$ & MIX$ ) B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS1 WILL BE AWAK5$ 9 ?IS PROLET>IAT1 & WILL !N BECOME CLE>]1 PUR]1 MORE BEAUTIFUL & RI*]4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY NOT 9T5D$ TO IMPLY ?AT B\RGEOIS CULTURE WILL NOT ALSO CONT9UE TO RULE = A LONG TIME & EX]CISE A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 ,TOO MANY 9FLU5CES FROM ?AT WORLD AFFECT ! PROLET>IAT1 ) OR )\T ITS CONS5T2 NOT ONLY S*OOL1 *UR*1 & B\RGEOIS PRESS1 BUT ALL ! F9E >TS & SCI5TIFIC WORKS IMPREGNAT$ BY B\RGEOIS ?\E FULL ( RESPECT = ! RUL+ P[]S1 !Y >E 9CULCAT$ ) ! IDEOLOGICAL ?\E SCATT]$ & >E !RE=E WEAK5$ 9 ! /RUGGLE & DEPRIV$ ( !IR SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,\R GOAL DEM&S A PR\D HUMAN SPECIES1 SELF-CONSCI\S1 BOLD 9 BO? ?\E FREE+ ! WORK]S FROM !SE P>ALYZ+ 9FLU5CES ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE4 ,IT IS1 !N1 9ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT ! WORK]S >E1 BY MEANS ( !IR /RUGGLE1 GA9+ ACCESS TO A 0NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( CULTURE04 ,IT IS ! POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* IS 5G5D]+ A NEW 9T]NATIONAL & SOCIALI/ CULTURE 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ( ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE ,BAU] OPPOSES ! NATION AS A COMMUNITY ( FATE TO ! CLASS1 9 :I* ! SIMIL>ITY ( FATES HAS DEVELOP$ SIMIL> *>ACT] TRAITS4 ,BUT ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT JU/ A GR\P ( M5 :O HAVE EXP]I5C$ ! SAME FATE & ?US HAVE ! SAME *>ACT]4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE WELDS ! PROLET>IAT 9TO A COMMUNITY ( FATE4 ,! FATE LIV$ 9 COMMON IS ! /RUGGLE WAG$ 9 COMMON AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMY4 ,9 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE1 WORK]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES SEE !MSELVES CONFRONT$ BY ! SAME EMPLOY]4 ,!Y MU/ WAGE !IR /RUGGLE AS A COMPACT UNIT2 !Y KN[ ITS VICISSITUDES & EFFECTS 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE K9D ( COMMUNITY ( FATE4 ,!Y HAVE BR\I\S C\NTRIES1 MIX$ ) ! PRIMITIVE 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! PEASANTS OR ! PETIT-B\RGEOISIE1 P]HAPS ALSO A LITTLE NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 COMB9$ ) O!R B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS4 ,BUT ALL ( !SE DIFF]5CES >E TRADITIONS ( ! PA/ OPPOS$ TO ! PRES5T NE$ TO RESI/ AS A COMPACT MASS1 & OPPOS$ TO ! LIV+ COMMUNITY ( COMBAT ( ! PRES5T DAY4 ,ONLY ONE DIFF]5CE HAS ANY PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE H]E3 ?AT ( LANGUAGE2 ALL EXPLANATIONS1 ALL PROPOSALS1 ALL 9=MATION MU/ BE COMMUNICAT$ TO EV]YONE 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE4 ,9 ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN /RIKES 7! /EELWORK]S /RIKE AT ,MC,KEE'S ,ROCKS OR ! TEXTILE WORK]S /RIKE AT ,LAWR5CE1 = EXAMPLE71 ! /RIK]S--A DISJO9T$ CONGLOM]ATION ( ! MO/ V>I$ NATIONALITIES3 ,FR5*1 ,ITALIANS1 ,POLES1 ,TURKS1 ,SYRIANS1 ETC4--=M$ SEP>ATE LANGUAGE SECTIONS :OSE COMMITTEES ALWAYS HELD JO9T MEET+S & SIMULTANE\SLY COMMUNICAT$ PROPOSALS TO EA* SECTION 9 ITS [N LANGUAGE1 ?US PRES]V+ ! UNITY ( ! :OLE1 :I* PROVES ?AT1 DESPITE ! 9H]5T DIFFICULTIES ( ! LANGUAGE B>RI]1 A CLOSE-KNIT COMMUNITY ( PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE CAN BE A*IEV$4 ,WANT+ TO PROCE$ H]E TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 ?AT :I* UNITES LIFE & /RUGGLE1 ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ?OSE 9VOLV$--& SU* A SEP>ATION IS :AT SEP>ATISM IMPLIES--IS SO CONTR>Y TO REALITY ?AT ITS SUCCESS CAN ONLY BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE = ! WORK]S 9 ONE FACTORY4 ,9 ORD] TO WAGE !IR /RUGGLE SUCCESSFULLY1 ! WORK]S ( ! :OLE C\NTRY MU/ UNITE 9 ONE TRADE UNION2 & ALL ( ITS MEMB]S MU/ CONSID] ! ADVANCEM5T ( EA* LOCAL GR\P AS !IR [N /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y :51 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE ASSUMES H>%] =MS4 ,! EMPLOY]S UNITE 9 C>TELS & EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 ! LATT] DO NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ,CZE* OR ,G]MAN EMPLOY]S1 AS !Y GR\P TOGE!R ALL ! EMPLOY]S 9 ! :OLE ,/ATE1 & SOMETIMES EV5 EXT5D BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL ! WORK]S ( ! SAME TRADE LIV+ 9 ! SAME ,/ATE GO ON /RIKE & SUFF] ! LOCK-\TS 9 COMMON & CONSEQU5TLY =M A COMMUNITY ( LIV$ FATE1 & ?IS IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE1 TRUMP+ ALL NATIONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,& 9 ! REC5T SAILORS' MOVEM5T = HI<] WAGES :I* 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiaa CONFRONT$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ( %IP-[N]S1 ONE C\LD ALREADY SEE AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( FATE >IS+ AS A TANGIBLE REALITY4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5S 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ONE MAY READ ! FOLL[+3 0,?\< NOT 9 SUB/ANCE1 YET 9 =M1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! B\RGEOISIE IS AT FIR/ A NATIONAL /RUGGLE4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( EA* C\NTRY MU/1 ( C\RSE1 FIR/ ( ALL SETTLE MATT]S ) ITS [N B\RGEOISIE40.<#g.> ,9 ?IS PASSAGE IT IS CLE> ?AT ! WORD 0NATIONAL0 IS NOT US$ 9 ITS ,AU/RIAN S5SE1 BUT >ISES FROM ! CONTEXT ( ! SITUATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :]E ,/ATE & NATION >E SYNONYM\S4 ,?IS PASSAGE ONLY MEANS ?AT ! ,5GLI% WORK]S CANNOT WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 NOR CAN ! ,FR5* WORK]S WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ?AT ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE & ! P[] ( ! ,5GLI% ,/ATE CAN BE ATTACK$ & DEFEAT$ ONLY BY ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ,AU/RIA1 ,/ATE & NATION >E SEP>ATE 5TITIES4 ,! NATION NATURALLY >ISES AS A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,BUT IT IS ! ,/ATE :I* IS ! REAL SOLID ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE = PROTECT+ ITS 9T]E/S4 ,! ,/ATE PROTECTS PROP]TY1 IT TAKES C>E ( ADM9I/RATION1 PUTS ! FLEET & ! >MY 9 ORD]1 COLLECTS ! TAXES & KEEPS ! MASSES UND] CONTROL4 ,! 0NATIONS01 OR1 MORE PRECISELY3 ! ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS :I* USE ! NATION'S NAME1 ?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 HAVE NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO FIE ( 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,/ATE1 = P>TICIPATION 9 ,/ATE P[]4 ,= ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 :OSE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S EMBRACE ! :OLE ,/ATE & EV5 O!R C\NTRIES1 & :I* NE$S DIRECT PRIVILEGES1 CU/OMS DUTIES1 ,/ATE PUR*ASES & PROTECTION OV]SEAS1 IT IS ITS NATURAL COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S1 RA!R ?AN ! NATION1 :I* DEF9ES ! ,/ATE & ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,! APP>5T 9DEP5D5CE :I* ,/ATE P[] HAS MANAG$ TO PRES]VE = SO LONG ?ANKS TO ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 NATIONS CANNOT OBSCURE ! FACT ?AT IT HAS ALSO BE5 AN 9/RUM5T AT ! S]VICE ( BIG CAPITAL4 ,?IS IS :Y ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS %IFT+ T[>DS ! ,/ATE4 ,AS LONG AS ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[] /ILL REMA9S A SECOND>Y ISSUE1 & AGITATION1 PROPAG&A & ! /RUGGLE ( IDEAS--:I* NATURALLY MU/ BE EXPRESS$ 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE-->E /ILL ! HIIAN >MIES WILL CONT9UE TO BE SEP>AT$ NATIONALLY = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS FIR/ /AGE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASK IS TO FREE ! PROLET>IANS FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 TO SNAT* !M AWAY FROM ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & 9CULCATE !M ) CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 SEP>AT$ BY NATIONAL B\ND>IES1 !N BECOME ! 5EMIES TO BE F\S TO BE A LEGISLATIVE P[] FROM :I* LAWS CAN BE DEM&$ = ! PROTECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ! CONQUE/ ( 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,/ATE 9 FAVOR ( PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S IS PRES5T$ TO ! B>ELY-CONSCI\S PROLET>IANS AS ! FIR/ GOAL ( PROLET>IAN ACTION4 ,& ! F9AL GOAL1 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM1 IS PRES5T$ AS A /RUGGLE = ,/ATE P[]1 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,BUT :5 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ATTA9S ! /ATUS ( AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 P>LIAM5T1 \R TASK *ANGES4 ,9 P>LIAM5T1 :]E ALL ESS5TIAL POLITICAL QUE/IONS >E SETTL$1 ! PROLET>IAT IS CONFRONT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES ( ! 5TIRE ,/ATE4 ,! ESS5TIAL POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 TO :I* $UCATIONAL WORK IS 9CREAS+LY SUBJECT$ & 9TO :I* IT IS 9CREAS+LY 9TEGRAT$1 UNFOLDS ON ! T]RA9 ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS ! SAME = ALL ! ,/ATE'S WORK]S1 REG>DLESS ( !IR NATIONALITIES4 ,! COMMUNITY ( /RUGGLE EXT5DS TO ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT ( ! ,/ATE1 A PROLET>IAT = :OM ! COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMY1 AGA9/ ALL ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & !IR GOV]NM5TS 9 ALL NATIONS1 BECOMES A COMMON FATE4 ,IT IS NOT ! NATION1 BUT ! ,/ATE :I* DET]M9ES = ! PROLET>IAT ! BORD]S ( ! COMMUNITY ( FATE CON/ITUT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,AS LONG AS SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A REMA9S ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACTIVITY = ! ,AU/RIAN & ,RUSSIAN ,RU!NIANS1.<#h.> ! TWO NATIONAL GR\PS WILL BE CLOSELY L9K$4 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T :5 DEVELOPM5TS REA* A PO9T :]E ! REAL POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS WAG$ AGA9/ ,/ATE P[]--! B\RGEOIS MAJORITY & ITS GOV]NM5T--!Y MU/ GO !IR SEP>ATE WAYS1 & FIRY ON ! FI'S GOV]NM5T & ITS ,COSSACKS4 ,!IR COMMUNITY ( FATE IS SUND]$4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS ALL ! MORE CLE>LY MANIFE/$ AS ! PROLET>IAT BECOMES MORE P[]FUL & ITS /RUGGLE OCCUPIES A L>G] & L>G] %>E ( ! FIELD ( HI/ORY4 ,/ATE P[]1 ALONG ) ALL ! POT5T MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 IS ! FIEF ( ! [N+ CLASSES2 ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT FREE ITSELF1 IT CANNOT DEFEAT CAPITALISM UNLESS IT FIR/ DEFEATS ?IS P[]FUL ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL HEGEMONY IS NOT A /RUGGLE = ,/ATE P[]2 IT IS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,/ATE P[]4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* %ALL ISSUE 9TO SOCIALISM CONSI/S ESS5TIALLY ( DEFEAT+ ,/ATE P[] ) ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS :Y IT MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 5TIRE ,/ATE4 ,ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ?IS COMMON LIB]ATION /RUGGLE AGA9/ A COMMON 5EMY IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT EXP]I5CE 9 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! LIFE ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ITS FIR/ AWAK5+ UNTIL ITS VICTORY4 ,?IS MAKES ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! SAME ,/ATE1 RA!R ?AN ! SAME NATION1 A COMMUNITY ( FATE4 ,ONLY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E ,/ATE & NATION MORE OR LESS CO9CIDE1 DOES ! /RUGGLE WAG$ ON ! T]RA9 ( ! NATION-/ATE = POLITICAL HEGEMONY GIVE RISE )9 ! PROLET>IAT TO COMMUNITIES ( FATE :I* CO9CIDE ) NATIONS4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?IS CASE ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! PROLET>IAT DEVELOPS RAPIDLY4 ,! WORK]S ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES EX*ANGE !ORY & PRACTICE1 ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & CONCEPTS1 & !Y CONSID] !SE TOPICS TO BE MATT]S COMMON TO ALL4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! CASE ) ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE2 9 !IR ECONOMIC & PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS1 ! ,5GLI%1 ,FR5* & ,G]MANS W]E MUTUALLY & PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY !IR EX*ANGE ( IDEAS4 ,BUT NO COMMUNITY RESULT$ FROM ?IS EX*ANGE BECAUSE !IR ECONOMIC ANTAGONISM L$ !M TO ORGANIZE 9TO MUTUALLY HO/ILE NATIONS2 IT WAS PRECISELY ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE'S CONQUE/ ( ! B\RGEOIS FRE$OM LONG 5JOY$ BY ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE :I* PROVOK$ ! BITT] ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S4 ,SU* CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/ >E UTT]LY LACK+ 9 ! PROLET>IAT & = ?AT REASON ! RECIPROCAL 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ! V>I\S C\NTRIES CAN ACT )\T CON/RA9T 9 =M+ AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( CULTURE4 ,BUT !IR COMMUNITY IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ?IS ASPECT4 ,! /RUGGLES1 ! VICTORIES & ! DEFEATS 9 ONE C\NTRY HAVE PR(\ND IMPACTS ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! /RUGGLES WAG$ BY \R CLASS COMRADES 9 O!R C\NTRIES AGA9/ !IR B\RGEOISIE >E \R AFFAIRS NOT ONLY ON ! T]RA9 ( IDEAS1 BUT ALSO ON ! MAT]IAL PLANE2 !Y =M P>T ( \R [N FI ,! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE WORLD P]CEIVES ITSELF AS A S+LE >MY1 AS A GREAT ASSOCIATION :I* IS ONLY OBLIG$ = PRACTICAL REASONS TO SPLIT 9TO NUM]\S BATTALIONS :I* MU/ FIATELY1 S9CE ! B\RGEOISIE IS ORGANIZ$ 9TO ,/ATES & !RE >E AS A RESULT NUM]\S =TRESSES TO R$UCE4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! WAY ! PRESS 9=MS US ( /RUGGLES 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES3 ! ,5GLI% ,DOCK ,/RIKES1 ! ,BELGIAN ELECTIONS1 & ! DEMON/RATIONS ON ! /REETS ( ,BUDAPE/ >E ALL ( 9T]E/ TO \R GREAT CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS MANN] ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE BECOMES ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,! ,NATION 9 ! ,/ATE ( ! ,FUTURE ,?IS CONCEPTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ALREADY REFLECTS ! CONDITIONS ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL ORD]1 9 :I* M5 WILL NO LONG] KN[ ,/ATE ANTAGONISMS4 ,?R\< ! OV]?R[ ( ! RIGID ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 ! ,/ATE DISAPPE>S AS A CO]CIVE P[] & AS ! T]RA9 ( DOM9ATION :I* IS SO %>PLY DEM>CAT$ 9 RELATION TO =EIGN ,/ATES4 ,POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS TAKE ON A NEW FUNCTION3 0,! GOV]NM5T ( P]SONS GIVES WAY TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S10 ,5GELS SAID 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+4.<#a.> ,= ! CONSCI\S REGULATION ( PRODUCTION1 Y\ NE$ ORGANIZATION1 EXECUTIVE ORGANS & ADM9I/RATIVE ACTIVITY2 BUT ! EXTREMELY /RICT C5TRALIZATION SU* AS ?AT PRACTIC$ BY TODAY'S ,/ATE IS NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR CAN IT POSSIBLY BE EMPLOY$ 9 PURSUIT ( ?AT GOAL4 ,SU* C5TRALIZATION WILL GIVE WAY TO FULL DEC5TRALIZATION & SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! SIZE ( EA* SECTOR ( PRODUCTION1 ! ORGANIZATIONS WILL COV] L>G] OR SMALL] >EAS2 :ILE BREAD1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL BE PRODUC$ ON A LOCAL SCALE1 /EEL PRODUCTION & ! OP]ATION ( RAILROAD NETWORKS REQUIRE ,/ATE-SIZ$ ECONOMIC 5TITIES4 ,!RE WILL BE PRODUCTION UNITS ( ! MO/ V>I\S SIZES1 FROM ! WORK%OP & ! MUNICIPALITY TO ! ,/ATE1 & EV51 = C]TA9 9DU/RIES1 ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,?OSE NATURALLY-OCCURR+ HUMAN GR\PS1 NATIONS--WILL !Y NOT !N TAKE ! PLACE ( ! VANI%$ ,/ATES AS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS8 ,?IS WILL UND\BT$LY BE ! CASE1 = ! SIMPLE PRACTICAL REASON1 ?AT !Y >E COMMUNITIES ( ! SAME LANGUAGE & ALL ( MAN'S RELATIONS >E M$IAT$ ?R\< LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ,BAU] CONF]S A TOTALLY DIFF]5T MEAN+ UPON ! NATIONS ( ! FUTURE3 0,! FACT ?AT SOCIALISM WILL MAKE ! NATION AUTONOM\S1 WILL MAKE ITS DE/9Y A PRODUCT ( ! NATION'S CONSCI\S WILL1 WILL RESULT 9 AN 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! NATIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 A CLE>] EXPRESSION ( !IR SPECIFICITIES1 A CLE>] DI/9CTION BETWE5 !IR RESPECTIVE *>ACT]S0 7P4 #i#f74 ,SOME NATIONS1 ( C\RSE1 RECEIVE ! CONT5T ( !IR CULTURE & !IR IDEAS 9 V>I\S WAYS FROM O!R NATIONS1 BUT !Y ONLY ACCEPT !M 9 ! CONTEXT ( !IR [N NATIONAL CULTURES4 0,= ?IS REASON1 ! AUTONOMY ( ! NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( CULTURE )9 SOCIALISM NECESS>ILY MEANS1 DESPITE ! DIM9I%+ ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL CONT5TS ( !IR CULTURES1 A GR[+ DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURES ( ! NATIONS0 7P4 #i#h74 444 ,?US 0! NATION BAS$ ON ! COMMUNITY ( $UCATION C>RIES )9 IT ! T5D5CY = UNITY2 ALL ITS *ILDR5 >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME $UCATION1 ALL ITS MEMB]S WORK TOGE!R 9 ! NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 P>TICIPATE 9 ! CREATION ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! NATION1 & 5JOY ) EA* O!R ! CULTURAL WEAL? ( ! NATION4 ,SOCIALISM ?US C>RIES )9 ITSELF ! GU>ANTEE ( ! UNITY ( ! NATION40 7P4 #i#h74 ,CAPITALISM ALREADY DISPLAYS ! T5D5CY TO RE9=CE ! NATIONAL DIFF]5CES ( ! MASSES & TO PROVIDE ! NATION ) A /RONG] 9N] COH]5CE4 0,H[EV]1 IT IS ONLY A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WILL SEE ?IS T5D5CY TO TRIUMPH4 ,?R\< DIFF]5CES 9 NATIONAL $UCATION & CU/OMS1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL DI/+UI% PEOPLES FROM ONE ANO!R TO ! SAME EXT5T ?AT ! $UCAT$ CLASSES ( ! DIFF]5T NATIONS >E DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE ANO!R TODAY4 ,!RE MAY WELL EXI/ LIMIT$ COMMUNITIES ( *>ACT] )9 ! SOCIALI/ NATION2 BUT AUTONOM\S CULTURAL COMMUNITIES WILL NOT BE ABLE TO EXI/ )9 ! NATION1 BECAUSE EV]Y LOCAL COMMUNITY WILL BE SUBJECT TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CULTURE ( ! NATION ( ! NATION AS A :OLE & WILL 5GAGE 9 CULTURAL 9T]ACTION1 9 ! EX*ANGE ( IDEAS ) ! 5TIRE NATION0 7P4 #a#a#g74 ,! CONCEPTION :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 !SE S5T5CES IS NO?+ BUT ! IDEOLOGICAL TRANSPOSITION ( ! ,AU/RIAN PRES5T 9TO A SOCIALI/ FUTURE4 ,IT CONF]S UPON ! NATIONS UND] SOCIALISM A ROLE :I* IS CURR5TLY PLAY$ BY ! ,/ATES1 ?AT IS1 AN 9CREAS+ ISOLATION FROM ! \TSIDE & AN 9T]NAL LEVEL+ ( ALL DIFF]5CES2 AMONG ! MANY LEVELS ( ECONOMIC & ADM9I/RATIVE UNITS1 IT GIVES ! NATIONS A PRIVILEG$ RANK1 SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* FALLS TO ! ,/ATE 9 ! CONCEPTION ( \R ADV]S>IES1 :O L\DLY COMPLA9 AB\T ! 0OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,/ATE0 UND] SOCIALISM1 & H]E ,BAU] EV5 SPEAKS ( 0NATIONAL WORK%OPS04 ,9 ANY EV5T1 :ILE SOCIALI/ WRIT+S ALWAYS REF] TO ! WORK%OPS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION ( ! 0COMMUNITY0 9 OPPOSITION TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 )\T PRECISELY DEL9EAT+ ! DIM5SIONS ( ! COMMUNITY1 H]E ! NATION IS CONSID]$ AS ! ONLY COMMUNITY ( M51 AUTONOM\S 9 RESPECT TO O!R NATIONS1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ )9 ITS BORD]S4 ,SU* A CONCEPTION IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF ONE TOTALLY AB&ONS ! MAT]IAL T]RA9 FROM :I* ! MUTUAL RELATIONS & IDEAS ( M5 HAVE >IS5 & ONLY 9SI/S ON ! M5TAL =CES AS DET]M9ANT FACTORS4 ,NATIONAL DIFF]5CES !REBY TOTALLY LOSE ! ECONOMIC ROOTS :I* TODAY GIVE !M SU* AN EXTRAORD9>Y VIGOR4 ,! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION DOES NOT DEVELOP OPPOSITIONS ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 NATIONS1 AS IS ! CASE ) ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ECONOMIC UNIT IS NEI!R ! ,/ATE NOR ! NATION1 BUT ! WORLD4 ,?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION IS MU* MORE ?AN A NETWORK ( NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE UNITS CONNECT$ TO ONE ANO!R BY AN 9TELLIG5T POLICY ( COMMUNICATIONS & BY 9T]NATIONAL CONV5TIONS1 AS ,BAU] DESCRIBES IT ON PAGES #d#a#c-#d#a#d2 IT IS AN ORGANIZATION ( WORLD PRODUCTION 9 ONE UNIT & ! COMMON AFFAIR ( ALL HUMANITY4 ,9 ?IS WORLD COMMUNITY ( :I* ! PROLET>IAT'S 9T]NATIONALISM IS H5CE=? A BEG9N+1 ONE CAN NO MORE DISCUSS ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,G]MAN NATION1 TO TAKE AN EXAMPLE1 ?AN ONE C\LD SPEAK ( ! AUTONOMY ( ,BAV>IA1 OR ( ! ,CITY ( ,PRAGUE OR ! ,POLDI ,/EELWORKS4 ,ALL P>TIALLY MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS & ALL DEP5D UPON ! :OLE1 AS P>TS ( ?AT :OLE4 ,! :OLE NOTION ( AUTONOMY COMES FROM ! CAPITALI/ ]A1 :5 ! CONDITIONS ( DOM9ATION L$ TO !IR OPPOSITE1 ?AT IS1 FRE$OM 9 RESPECT TO A P>TICUL> =M ( DOM9ATION4 ,?IS MAT]IAL BASIS ( ! COLLECTIVITY1 ORGANIZ$ WORLD PRODUCTION1 TRANS=MS ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY 9TO A S+LE COMMUNITY ( DE/9Y4 ,= ! GREAT A*IEVEM5TS :I* >E HOP$ =1 ! SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL CONQUE/ ( ! 5TIRE E>? & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A MAGNIFIC5T HOME = A RACE ( MA/]S .1 HAPPY & PR\D ( !IR VICTORY1 :O HAVE BECOME RUL]S ( NATURE & ITS =CES1 = SU* GREAT A*IEVEM5TS--:I* WE CAN H>DLY EV5 IMAG9E TODAY--! BORD]S ( ,/ATES & PEOPLES >E TOO N>R[ & RE/RICTIVE4 ,! COMMUNITY ( FATE WILL UNITE ALL ( HUMANITY 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL COMMUNITY4 ,L+UI/IC DIV]SITY WILL BE NO OB/ACLE1 S9CE EV]Y HUMAN COMMUNITY :I* MA9TA9S REAL COMMUNICATION ) ANO!R HUMAN COMMUNITY WILL CREATE A COMMON LANGUAGE4 ,)\T ATTEMPT+ H]E TO EXAM9E ! QUE/ION ( A UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE1 WE %ALL ONLY PO9T \T ?AT TODAY IT IS EASY TO LE>N V>I\S LANGUAGES ONCE ONE HAS ADVANC$ BEYOND ! LEVEL ( PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION4 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS USELESS TO EXAM9E ! QUE/ION ( TO :AT DEGREE ! CURR5T L+UI/IC B\ND>IES & DIFF]5CES >E ( A P]MAN5T NATURE4 ,:AT ,BAU] SAYS AB\T ! NATION 9 ! LA/ S5T5CE QUOT$ ABOVE !RE=E APPLIES TO ALL ( HUMANITY3 AL?\< RE/RICT$ COMMUNITIES ( *>ACT] WILL SUBSI/ )9 HUMANITY1 !RE CANNOT BE 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES ( CULTURE BECAUSE EV]Y LOCAL 7& NATIONAL7 COMMUNITY1 )\T EXCEPTION1 WILL F9D ITSELF1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CULTURE ( ALL ( HUMANITY1 9 CULTURAL COMMUNICATION1 9 AN EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 ) HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,! ,TRANS=MATIONS ( ! ,NATION ,\R 9VE/IGATION HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT UND] ! RULE ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM1 :I* IS ACCOMPANI$ BY CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE A NATION-BUILD+ =CE4 ,IT DOES NOT =M A COMMUNITY ( FATE ) ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 NOR DOES IT %>E A COMMUNITY ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 NOR A COMMUNITY :I* C\LD POSSIBLY BE ?AT ( 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,! RUDIM5TS ( SU* A COMMUNITY1 :I* W]E SKET*$ AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( CAPITALISM1 WILL NECESS>ILY DISAPPE> ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,:ILE P[]FUL ECONOMIC =CES G5]ATE NATIONAL ISOLATION1 NATIONAL ANTAGONISM & ! :OLE NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY 9 ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 !SE FEATURES >E ABS5T AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y >E REPLAC$ BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* GIVES ! LIVES ( ! PROLET>IANS !IR ESS5TIAL CONT5T1 & CREATES AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( FATE & ( *>ACT] 9 :I* NATIONS AS L+UI/IC GR\PS HAVE NO PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,& S9CE ! PROLET>IAT IS HUMANITY 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+1 ?IS COMMUNITY CON/ITUTES ! DAWN ( ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL COMMUNITY ( ALL ( HUMANITY UND] SOCIALISM4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E RESPOND 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE TO ! QUE/ION WE POS$ ABOVE3 ,= ! PROLET>IAT1 NATIONAL PH5OM5A >E ( NO MORE SIGNIFICANCE ?AN TRADITIONS4 ,!IR MAT]IAL ROOTS >E BURI$ 9 ! PA/ & CANNOT BE N\RI%$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?US1 = ! PROLET>IAT ! NATION PLAYS A ROLE :I* IS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( RELIGION4 ,WE ACKN[L$GE !IR DIFF]5CES1 DESPITE !IR K9%IP4 ,! MAT]IAL ROOTS ( RELIGI\S ANTAGONISMS >E LO/ 9 ! DI/ANT PA/ & ! PEOPLE ( \R TIME KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T !M4 ,= ?IS REASON !SE ANTAGONISMS >E TOTALLY DISCONNECT$ FROM ALL MAT]IAL 9T]E/S & SEEM TO BE PURELY AB/RACT DISPUTES AB\T SUP]NATURAL QUE/IONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MAT]IAL ROOTS ( NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS >E ALL >\ND US1 9 ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS WORLD ) :I* WE >E 9 CON/ANT CONTACT1 & ?IS IS :Y !Y PRES]VE ALL ! FRE%NESS & VIGOR ( Y\? & >E ALL ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL ! MORE CAPABLE WE >E ( DIRECTLY FEEL+ ! 9T]E/S !Y EXPRESS2 BUT1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !IR ROOTS >E NOT SO DEEP1 !Y LACK ! RESI/ANCE ( AN IDEOLOGY PETRIFI$ BY ! PASSAGE ( C5TURIES1 A RESI/ANCE :I* IS SO H>D TO OV]COME4 ,\R 9VE/IGATION !RE=E LEADS US TO A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ?AN ,BAU]'S4 ,! LATT] IMAG9ES1 CONTR>Y TO B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM1 A CONT9U\S TRANS=MATION ( ! NATION T[>DS NEW =MS & NEW TYPES4 ,SO ! ,G]MAN NATION HAS ASSUM$1 ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY1 CONT9UALLY *ANG+ APPE>ANCES FROM ! PROTO-,G]MAN TO ! FUTURE MEMB] ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,UND] !SE *ANG+ =MS1 H[EV]1 ! NATION REMA9S ! SAME1 & EV5 IF C]TA9 NATIONS MU/ DISAPPE> & O!RS >ISE1 ! NATION WILL ALWAYS BE ! BASIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO \R F9D+S1 H[EV]1 ! NATION IS JU/ A TEMPOR>Y & TRANSITORY /RUCTURE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY1 ONE ( NUM]\S =MS ( ORGANIZATION :I* FOLL[ ONE ANO!R 9 SUCCESSION OR EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE3 TRIBES1 PEOPLES1 EMPIRES1 *UR*ES1 VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 ,/ATES4 ,AMONG !SE =MS1 ! NATION1 9 ITS P>TICUL> NATURE1 IS A PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & WILL DISAPPE> ) ! LATT]4 ,A DESIRE TO DISCOV] ! NATION 9 ALL PA/ & FUTURE COMMUNITIES IS AS >TIFICIAL AS ! DET]M9ATION TO 9T]PRET1 AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 ! :OLE PANOPLY ( PA/ & FUTURE ECONOMIC =MS AS V>I\S =MS ( CAPITALISM1 & TO CONCEIVE WORLD EVOLUTION AS ! EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM1 :I* W\LD PROCE$ FROM ! 0CAPITAL0 ( ! SAVAGE1 HIS B[ & >R[S1 TO ! 0CAPITAL0 ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ! WEAK PO9T ( ! BASIC UND]LY+ IDEA ( ,BAU]'S WORK1 AS WE PO9T$ \T ABOVE4 ,:5 HE SAYS ?AT ! NATION IS NOT A FIX$ OBJECT BUT A PROCESS ( BECOM+1 HE IMPLIES ?AT ! NATION AS SU* IS P]MAN5T & ET]NAL4 ,= ,BAU]1 ! NATION IS 0! NEV]-F9I%$ PRODUCT ( AN ET]NALLY-OCCURR+ PROCESS04 ,= US1 ! NATION IS AN EPISODE 9 ! PROCESS ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 A PROCESS :I* DEVELOPS T[>DS ! 9F9ITE4 ,= ,BAU] ! NATION CON/ITUTES ! P]MAN5T FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,HIS !ORY IS A REFLECTION ON ! :OLE HI/ORY ( HUMANITY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! NATION4 ,ECONOMIC =MS *ANGE1 CLASSES EM]GE & PASS AWAY1 BUT !SE >E ONLY *ANGES ( ! NATION1 )9 ! NATION4 ,! NATION REMA9S ! PRIM>Y ELEM5T UPON :I* ! CLASSES & !IR TRANS=MATIONS SIMPLY CONF] A *ANG+ CONT5T4 ,?IS IS :Y ,BAU] EXPRESSES ! IDEAS & ! GOALS ( SOCIALISM 9 ! LANGUAGE ( NATIONALISM & SPEAKS ( ! NATION :]E O!RS HAVE US$ ! T]MS PEOPLE & HUMANITY3 ! 0NATION01 DUE TO ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( LABOR1 HAS LO/ CONTROL OV] ITS DE/9Y2 ! 0NATION0 HAS NOT CONSCI\SLY DET]M9$ ITS DE/9Y1 ! CAPITALI/S HAVE2 ! 0NATION0 ( ! FUTURE WILL BECOME ! >*ITECT ( ITS [N DE/9Y2 WE HAVE ALREADY REF]R$ TO HIS M5TION ( NATIONAL WORK%OPS4 ,SO ,BAU] IS L$ TO DESCRIBE AS NATIONAL-EVOLUTION>Y & NATIONAL-CONS]VATIVE ! TWO OPPOS$ TR5DS 9 POLITICS3 ?AT ( SOCIALISM1 ORI5T$ T[>DS ! FUTURE1 & ?AT ( CAPITALISM1 :I* IS TRY+ TO PRES]VE ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE CIT$ ABOVE1 ONE C\LD JU/ AS WELL CALL ?IS K9D ( SOCIALISM ! SOCIALISM ( CAPITALI/-EVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,BAU]'S WAY ( APPROA*+ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS A SPECIFICALLY ,AU/RIAN !ORY1 & IS A DOCTR9E ( ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY :I* C\LD ONLY HAVE >IS5 9 ,AU/RIA1 :]E NATIONAL QUE/IONS TOTALLY DOM9ATE PUBLIC LIFE4 ,IT IS A CONFIRMATION ( ! FACT ?AT1 & ?IS IS NOT MEANT TO /IGMATIZE HIM1 A RESE>*] :O SO SUCCESSFULLY MA/]S ! ME?OD ( ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 9 TURN BECOMES1 BY SUCCUMB+ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS SURR\ND+S1 A PRO( ( ?AT !ORY4 ,IT IS ONLY SU* 9FLU5CE :I* HAS PLAC$ HIM 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT HE CAN MAKE \R SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ADVANCE TO SU* A PO9T4 ,ALONG ) ! FACT ?AT WE >E NOT LOGICAL ?9K+ MA*9ES BUT HUMAN BE+S :O >E LIV+ 9 A WORLD :I* OBLIGES US TO HAVE A FULL KN[L$GE ( ! PROBLEMS :I* ! PRACTICE ( ! /RUGGLE POSE = US1 BY RELY+ ON EXP]I5CE & REFLECTION4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ! DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS ALSO 9VOLVE DIFF]5T BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS4 ,9 :AT WAY HAVE ALL \R CRITICISMS ( ,BAU]'S CONCEPTIONS ALWAYS CONV]G$8 ,9 A DIFF]5T EVALUATION ( MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL =CES4 ,:ILE ,BAU] BASES HIMSELF ON ! 9DE/RUCTIBLE P[] ( M5TAL PH5OM5A1 ( IDEOLOGY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =CE1 WE ALWAYS PUT ! ACC5T ON ITS DEP5D5CE ON ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS TEMPT+ TO CONSID] ?IS DEVIATION FROM ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM 9 ! LII\S OCCASIONS REPRES5T$ HIMSELF AS A DEF5D] ( ,KANT'S PHILOSOPHY & FIGURES AMONG ! ,KANTIANS4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 HIS WORK IS A D\BLE CONFIRMATION ( ! FACT ?AT ,M>XISM IS A PRECI\S & 9DISP5SABLE SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 ,ONLY ,M>XISM HAS ALL[$ HIM TO 5UNCIATE NUM]\S NOTEWOR?Y RESULTS :I* 5RI* \R UND]/&+2 IT IS PRECISELY AT ?OSE PO9TS :I* >E 9 SOME RESPECT LACK+ ?AT HIS ME?OD IS MO/ DI/ANT FROM ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTIONS ( ,M>XISM4 ,I,I,I4 ,SOCIALI/ ,TACTICS ,NATIONALI/ ,DEM&S ,SOCIALI/ TACTICS >E BAS$ ON ! SCI5CE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! WAY A WORK+ CLASS ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY = PURSU+ ITS [N 9T]E/S IS DET]M9$ BY ITS CONCEPTION ( ! FUTURE EVOLUTION ( ITS CONDITIONS4 ,ITS TACTICS MU/ NOT YIELD TO ! 9FLU5CE ( EV]Y DESIRE & EV]Y GOAL :I* >ISE AMONG ! OPPRESS$ PROLET>IAT1 OR BY EV]Y IDEA ?AT DOM9ATES ! LATT]'S M5TALITY2 IF !SE >E 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! EFFECTIVE DEVELOPM5T !Y >E UNREALIZABLE1 SO ALL ! 5]GY & ALL ! WORK DEVOT$ TO !M >E 9 VA9 & CAN EV5 BE H>MFUL4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) ALL ! MOVEM5TS & ATTEMPTS TO /OP ! TRIUMPHANT M>* ( BIG 9DU/RY & TO RE9TRODUCE ! OLD ORD] ( ! GUILDS4 ,! MILITANT PROLET>IAT HAS REJECT$ ALL ( ?AT2 GUID$ BY ITS UND]/&+ ( ! 9EVITABLE NATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 IT HAS PUT =? ITS SOCIALI/ GOAL4 ,! LEAD+ IDEA ( \R TACTICS IS TO FAVOR ?AT :I* WILL 9EVITABLY REALIZE ?IS GOAL4 ,= ?IS REASON IT IS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE TO E/ABLI%1 NOT :AT ROLE NATIONALISM IS PLAY+ 9 ?IS OR ?AT PROLET>IAT AT ?IS MOM5T1 BUT :AT WILL ITS LONG-T]M ROLE BE 9 ! PROLET>IAT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! RISE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,\R CONCEPTIONS ( ! FUTURE MEAN+ ( NATIONALISM = ! WORK+ CLASS >E ! CONCEPTIONS :I* MU/ DET]M9E \R TACTICAL POSITIONS 9 RELATION TO ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,BAU]'S CONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! NATION'S FUTURE CON/ITUTE ! !ORETICAL BASIS ( ! TACTICS ( NATIONAL OPPORTUNISM4 ,! OPPORTUNI/IC TACTIC ITSELF PRES5TS ! V]Y \TL9E ( ! BASIC PREMISE ( HIS WORK1 :I* CONSID]S NATIONALITY AS ! SOLE P[]FUL & P]MAN5T RESULT ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,IF ! NATION CON/ITUTES1 & NOT JU/ TODAY BUT ON AN EV] EXP&+ SCALE 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! GR[? ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 & UND] SOCIALISM TOTALLY DOES SO1 ! NATURAL UNIFY+ & DIVID+ PR9CIPLE ( HUMANITY1 !N IT W\LD BE USELESS TO WANT TO FIIAT4 ,!N IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = US TO *AMPION NATIONALI/ DEM&S & WE W\LD HAVE TO MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO CONV9CE ! PATRIOTIC WORK]S ?AT SOCIALISM IS ! BE/ & ! ONLY REAL NATIONALISM4 ,TACTICS W\LD BE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T IF ONE W]E TO ADOPT ! CONVICTION ?AT NATIONALISM IS NO?+ BUT B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY :I* DOES NOT HAVE MAT]IAL ROOTS 9 ! PROLET>IAT & :I* WILL !RE=E DISAPPE> AS ! CLASS /RUGGLE DEVELOPS4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 NATIONALISM IS NOT ONLY A PASS+ EPISODE 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ALSO CON/ITUTES1 LIKE ALL B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 AN OB/ACLE = ! CLASS /RUGGLE :OSE H>MFUL 9FLU5CE MU/ BE ELIM9AT$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,ITS ELIM9ATION IS P>T ( ! TIMEL9E ( EVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,NATIONALI/ SLOGANS & GOALS DI/RACT ! WORK]S FROM !IR SPECIFICALLY PROLET>IAN GOALS4 ,!Y DIVIDE ! WORK]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONS2 !Y PROVOKE ! MUTUAL HO/ILITY ( ! WORK]S & ?US DE/ROY ! NECESS>Y UNITY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y L9E UP ! WORK]S & ! B\RGEOISIE %\LD] TO %\LD] 9 ONE FRONT1 ?US OBSCUR+ ! WORK]S' CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & TRANS=M+ ! WORK]S 9TO ! EXECUTORS ( B\RGEOIS POLICY4 ,NATIONAL /RUGGLES PREV5T ! ASS]TION ( SOCIAL QUE/IONS & PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S 9 POLITICS & CONDEMN ?IS IMPORTANT MEANS ( /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO /]ILITY4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS 5C\RAG$ BY SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A :5 ! LATT] PRES5TS NATIONALI/ SLOGANS TO ! WORK]S AS VALID1 REG>DLESS ( ! V]Y GOAL ( !IR /RUGGLE1 & :5 IT UTILIZES ! LANGUAGE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( \R SOCIALI/ GOALS4 ,IT IS 9DISP5SABLE ?AT CLASS FEEL+ & CLASS /RUGGLE %\LD BE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S2 !N !Y WILL PROGRESSIVELY BECOME AW>E ( ! UNREALITY & FUTILITY ( NATIONALI/ SLOGANS = !IR CLASS4 ,?IS IS :Y ! NATION-,/ATE AS A GOAL 9 ITSELF1 SU* AS ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL ,/ATE 9 ,POL&1 HAS NO PLACE 9 SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE A NATIONAL ,/ATE BELONG+ TO ! PROLET>IAT IS ( NO 9T]E/ = SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A PURPOSES4 ,IT IS A RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT NATIONALI/ DEM&S ( ?IS K9D CAUSE ! HATR$ ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION TO EASILY TAKE ! =M ( NATIONALI/ HATR$ ( =EIGN OPPRESSORS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! =EIGN RULE EX]CIS$ BY ,RUSSIA1 :I* PROTECTS ! ,POLI% CAPITALI/S1 & IS PREJUDICIAL TO ! ACQUISITION ( A LUCID CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! REE/ABLI%M5T ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& IS UTOPIAN 9 ! CAPITALI/ ]A4 ,?IS ALSO APPLIES TO ! SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION PROPOS$ BY ,BAU]3 NATIONAL AUTONOMY = ! ,POLES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,H[EV] DESIRABLE OR NECESS>Y ?IS GOAL MAY BE = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 AS LONG AS CAPITALISM REIGNS ! REAL C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T WILL NOT BE DET]M9$ BY :AT ! PROLET>IAT BELIEVES IT NE$S1 BUT BY :AT ! RUL+ CLASS WANTS4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! PROLET>IAT IS /RONG 5\< TO IMPOSE ITS WILL1 ! VALUE ( SU* AUTONOMY IS !N 9F9ITELY M9USCULE COMP>$ ) ! REAL VALUE ( ! PROLET>IAT'S CLASS DEM&S1 :I* LEAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] UND] :I* IT REALLY SUFF]S--! ,RUSSIAN1 ,PRUSSIAN OR ,AU/RIAN GOV]NM5T1 AS ! CASE MAY BE--IS CONDEMN$ TO /]ILITY IF IT ASSUMES ! =M ( A NATIONALI/ /RUGGLE2 ONLY AS A CLASS /RUGGLE WILL IT A*IEVE ITS GOAL4 ,! ONLY GOAL :I* CAN BE A*IEV$ & :I* = ?IS REASON IS IMPOS$ AS A GOAL IS ?AT ( ! CONQUE/1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! O!R WORK]S ( !SE ,/ATES1 ( CAPITALI/ POLITICAL P[] & ! /RUGGLE = ! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,H5CE UND] SOCIALISM ! GOAL ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& NO LONG] MAKES S5SE S9CE 9 ?AT CASE NO?+ W\LD PREV5T ALL ,POLI%-SPEAK+ 9DIVIDUALS FROM BE+ FREE TO UNITE 9 AN ADM9I/RATIVE UNIT4 ,!SE DIFF]5T VIEWS >E EVID5T 9 ! RESPECTIVE POSITIONS ( ! TWO ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES4.<#a#a.> ,BAU] 9SI/S ?AT BO? >E JU/IFI$1 S9CE EA* ( !M EMBODIES ONE FACET ( ! NATURE ( ! ,POLI% WORK]S3 ! ,P4,P4,S41 NATIONALI/ FEEL+1 ! ,S,D,K,PI,L1 ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS CORRECT1 BUT 9COMPLETE4 ,WE DO NOT CONT5T \RSELVES ) ! V]Y OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL ME?OD :I* PROVES ?AT ALL PH5OM5A OR T5D5CIES CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY & D]IV$ FROM NATURAL CAUSES4 ,WE MU/ ADD ?AT ONE FACET ( ?IS NATURE IS RE9=C$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T1 :ILE ANO!R DECL9ES4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ONE ( ! TWO P>TIES IS BAS$ ON ! FUTURE1 ?AT ( ! O!R IS BAS$ ON ! PA/2 ONE CON/ITUTES ! GREAT =CE ( PROGRESS1 ! O!R IS A COMPULSORY TRADITION4 ,?IS IS :Y ! TWO P>TIES DO NOT REPRES5T ! SAME ?+ = US2 AS ,M>XI/S :O BASE \R PR9CIPLES ON ! REAL SCI5CE ( EVOLUTION & AS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRATS :O SEEK :AT IS \RS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 WE MU/ SUPPORT ONE P>TY & HELP IT 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,WE SPOKE ABOVE ( ! LACK ( VALUE ( NATIONALI/ SLOGANS = PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT C]TA9 NATIONALI/ DEM&S >E ALSO ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! WORK]S1 & %\LD ! WORK]S NOT FIIAT CAN RECEIVE 9/RUCTION 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE1 POSSESS A C]TA9 VALUE8 ,= US1 SU* DEM&S CON/ITUTE PROLET>IAN DEM&S RA!R ?AN NATIONALI/ DEM&S4 ,CZE* NATIONALI/ DEM&S >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS1 :ILE ! ,G]MANS OPPOSE !M4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! ,CZE* WORK]S W]E TO 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 ,CZE* S*OOLS1 A ,CZE* ADM9I/RATIVE LANGUAGE1 ETC41 BECAUSE !SE ?+S ALL[ !M TO 5HANCE !IR OPPORTUNITIES = $UCATION & TO 9CREASE !IR 9DEP5D5CE 9 RESPECT TO ! EMPLOY]S & ! AU?ORITIES1 !SE ISSUES W\LD ALSO BE ( 9T]E/ TO ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 :O HAVE EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 SEE+ !IR CLASS COMRADES ACQUIRE AS MU* =CE AS POSSIBLE = ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!RE=E1 NOT ONLY ! ,CZE* SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 BUT !IR ,G]MAN COMRADES AS WELL MU/ DEM& S*OOLS = ! ,CZE* M9ORITY1 & IT IS ( ! LITTLE IMPORTANCE TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT H[ P[]FUL ! ,G]MAN OR ! ,CZE* 0NATION0 IS1 ?AT IS1 H[ P[]FUL ! ,G]MAN OR ! ,CZE* B\RGEOISIE IS )9 ! ,/ATE1 :I* WILL BE /R5G!N$ OR WEAK5$ BY ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ ALWAYS PREVAIL4 ,IF ! B\RGEOISIE1 = NATIONALI/ REASONS1 W]E TO =MULATE AN ID5TICAL DEM&1 9 PRACTICE IT WILL BE PURSU+ SOME?+ TOTALLY DIFF]5T S9CE ITS GOALS >E NOT ! SAME4 ,9 ! S*OOLS ( ! ,CZE* M9ORITY1 ! WORK]S WILL 5C\RAGE ! TEA*+ ( ! ,G]MAN LANGUAGE BECAUSE ?IS W\LD HELP !IR *ILDR5 9 !IR /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 BUT ! ,CZE* B\RGEOISIE WILL TRY TO PREV5T !M FROM LE>N+ ,G]MAN4 ,! WORK]S DEM& ! MO/ EXT5SIVE DIV]SITY ( LANGUAGES EMPLOY$ 9 ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES1 ! NATIONALI/S WANT TO SUPPRESS =EIGN LANGUAGES4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 APPE>ANCE1 !N1 ?AT ! L+UI/IC & CULTURAL DEM&S ( ! WORK]S & ?OSE ( ! NATIONALI/S CO9CIDE4 ,PROLET>IAN DEM&S >E ?OSE DEM&S :I* >E COMMON TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL NATIONS4 ,IDEOLOGY & ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE ,! ,M>XI/ TACTIC ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS BAS$ UPON ! RECOGNITION ( ! REAL CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S4 ,IT CANNOT BE L$ A/RAY BY IDEOLOGIES1 EV5 :5 ! LATT] SEEM TO BE ROOT$ 9 M5'S M9DS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ITS ,M>XI/ MODE ( COMPREH5SION1 IT KN[S ?AT ?OSE IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES :I* APP>5TLY DO NOT HAVE MAT]IAL BASES1 >E BY NO MEANS SUP]NATURAL NOR >E !Y 9VE/$ ) A SPIRITUAL EXI/5CE DISCONNECT$ FROM ! CORPOREAL1 BUT >E ! TRADITIONAL & E/ABLI%$ EXPRESSIONS ( PA/ CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,?IS IS :Y WE >E C]TA9 ?AT 9 ! FACE ( ! 5ORM\S D5SITY ( CLASS 9T]E/S & REAL CURR5T NE$S1 EV5 IF !RE IS LITTLE AW>5ESS ( !M1 NO IDEOLOGY ROOT$ 9 ! PA/1 H[EV] P[]FUL IT MAY BE1 CAN RESI/ = LONG4 ,?IS BASIC CONCEPT ALSO DET]M9ES ! =M ASSUM$ BY \R /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?AT IDEOLOGY'S P[]4 ,?OSE :O CONSID] IDEAS TO BE AUTONOM\S P[]S 9 ! M9DS ( M51 :I* SPONTANE\SLY APPE> OR >E MANIFE/$ ?ANKS TO A /RANGE SPIRITUAL 9FLU5CE1 CAN *OOSE ONE ( TWO WAYS TO W9 M5 OV] TO !IR NEW GOALS3 !Y CAN EI!R DIRECTLY FIIAT & >E US$ 9 AN ATTEMPT TO LEAD IT A/RAY FROM ! UNIT$ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,CONFUS$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :O HAVE WITNESS$ ! CON/RUCTION ( ?IS P[]FUL OB/ACLE TO SOCIALISM1 HAVE TRI$ TO FILY1 NO ONE HAS BE5 CONV9C$ BY RIDICUL\S SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ATTEMPTS TO CLOAK SOCIALISM 9 ,*RI/IAN ATTRIBUTES1 BECAUSE ! TRADITION TO :I* M5 >E FIRMLY ATTA*$ IS NOT JU/ ,*RI/IANITY 9 G5]AL1 BUT A P>TICUL> ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT BO? ( !SE ATTEMPTS W]E DE/9$ TO FAIL4 ,S9CE ! !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS & DEBATES :I* ACCOMPANI$ !SE ATTEMPTS FOCUS ! M9D ON AB/RACT RELIGI\S QUE/IONS1 !Y DET\R IT AWAY FROM REAL LIFE & RE9=CE IDEOLOGICAL ?9K+4 ,9 G5]AL1 FAI? CANNOT BE ATTACK$ ) !ORETICAL PRO(S2 ONLY :5 ITS BASIS--! OLD CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE--HAS DISAPPE>$ & A NEW CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD OCCURS TO MAN1 WILL D\BTS >ISE CONC]N+ DOCTR9ES & ANCI5T DOGMAS4 ,ONLY ! NEW REALITY1 :I* MORE & MORE CLE>LY P5ETRATES ! M9D1 CAN OV]?R[ A FAI? H&$ D[N FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION2 IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 NECESS>Y ?AT M5'S CONSCI\SNESS %\LD CLE>LY COME TO GRIPS ) ?IS REALITY4 ,IT IS ONLY ?R\< CONTACT ) REALITY ?AT ! M9D FREES ITSELF FROM ! P[] ( 9H]IT$ IDEAS4 ,?IS IS :Y ,M>XI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W\LD NOT EV5 9 ITS WILDE/ DREAMS ?9K ( FIGUM5TS1 OR ( TRY+ TO USE RELIGION = ITS [N PURPOSES4 ,BO? SU* APPROA*ES W\LD HELP TO >TIFICIALLY PRES]VE RECEIV$ AB/RACT IDEAS1 9/EAD ( ALL[+ !M TO SL[LY DISSIPATE4 ,\R TACTIC CONSI/S 9 MAK+ ! WORK]S MORE AW>E ( !IR REAL CLASS 9T]E/S1 %[+ !M ! REALITY ( ?IS SOCIETY & ITS LIFE 9 ORD] TO ORI5T !IR M9DS MORE T[>DS ! REAL WORLD ( TODAY4 ,!N ! OLD IDEAS1 :I* NO LONG] F9D ANY N\RI%M5T 9 ! REALITY ( PROLET>IAT LIFE1 YIELD )\T BE+ DIRECTLY ATTACK$4 ,:AT M5 ?9K ( !ORETICAL PROBLEMS IS NO CONC]N ( \RS AS LONG AS !Y /RUGGLE TOGE!R ) US = ! NEW ECONOMIC ORD] ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS IS :Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY NEV] SPEAKS OR DEBATES AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD OR RELIGI\S CONTROV]SIES2 IT ONLY SPEAKS ( CAPITALISM1 EXPLOITATION1 CLASS 9T]E/S1 & ! NE$ = ! WORK]S TO COLLECTIVELY WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! M9D IS /E]$ AWAY FROM SECOND>Y IDEAS ( ! PA/ 9 ORD] TO FOCUS ON PRES5T-DAY REALITY2 !SE IDEAS ( ! PA/ >E ?US DEPRIV$ ( !IR P[] TO LEAD ! WORK]S A/RAY FROM ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! DEF5SE ( !IR CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ALL AT ONCE4 ,?AT :I* REMA9S PETRIFI$ )9 ! M9D CAN ONLY BE SL[LY ]OD$ & DISSOLV$ UND] ! IMPACT ( NEW =CES4 ,H[ MANY YE>S PASS$ BE=E L>GE NUMB]S ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORK]S ( ,RH9EL&-,WE/PHALIA AB&ON$ ! ,Z5TRUM.<#a#b.> = SOCIAL DEMOCRACY6 ,BUT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DID NOT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE L$ A/RAY2 IT DID NOT TRY TO ACCEL]ATE ! CONV]SION ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORK]S BY MEANS ( CONCESSIONS TO !IR RELIGI\S PREJUDICES2 IT WAS NOT IMPATI5T ) ! SC>CITY ( ITS SUCCESSES1 NOR DID IT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE S$UC$ BY ANTI-RELIGI\S PROPAG&A4 ,IT DID NOT LOSE FAI? 9 ! VICTORY ( REALITY OV] TRADITION1 IT CLUNG FIRMLY TO PR9CIPLE1 IT OPT$ = NO TACTICAL DEVIATIONS :I* W\LD GIVE ! ILLUSION ( A QUICK] R\TE TO SUCCESS2 IT ALWAYS OPPOS$ IDEOLOGY ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,& N[ ! FRUITS ( ITS TACTIC CONT9UE TO RIP54 ,IT IS ! SAME ) REG>D TO NATIONALISM1 ) ! SOLE DIFF]5CE ?AT 9 DEAL+ ) ! LATT]1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS A MORE REC5T & LESS PETRIFI$ IDEOLOGY1 WE >E LESS PREP>$ TO AVOID ! ]ROR ( FI TO BE USELESS AGA9/ ! P[] ( NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY2.<#a#c.> MO/ ( ALL1 IT C\LD SEEM ?AT NATIONALISM IS MAK+ ! MO/ PROGRESS AMONG ! WORK]S ( ! Y\NG NATIONS4 ,?US1 ! ,*RI/IAN TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,RH9EL& MADE !IR GREATE/ GA9S AT ! SAME TIME AS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY2 ?IS C\LD BE COMP>$ TO ! PH5OM5ON ( NATIONAL SEP>ATISM1 :I* IS A P>T ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T ?AT CONC$ES MORE IMPORTANCE TO A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AN TO ! PR9CIPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT 9S(> AS SU* MOVEM5TS >E 9 PRACTICE CAPABLE ONLY ( FOLL[+ 9 ! WAKE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ?US ( >\S+ ! FEEL+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ !M1 !Y WILL PROGRESSIVELY LOSE !IR P[]4 ,WE W\LD !RE=E HAVE GONE COMPLETELY (F ! RAILS IF WE WANT$ TO W9 ! WORK+ MASSES OV] TO SOCIALISM BY BE+ MORE NATIONALI/ ?AN !Y >E1 BY YIELD+ TO ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,?IS NATIONALI/ OPPORTUNISM C\LD1 AT ! V]Y MO/1 ALL[ !SE MASSES TO BE WON OV] EXT]NALLY1 9 APPE>ANCE1 = ! P>TY1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT W9 !M OV] TO \R CAUSE1 TO SOCIALI/ IDEAS2 B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS WILL CONT9UE TO RULE !IR M9DS AS BE=E4 ,& :5 ! DECISIVE MOM5T >RIVES :5 !Y MU/ *OOSE BETWE5 NATIONAL & PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S1 ! 9T]NAL WEAKNESS ( ?IS WORK]S MOVEM5T WILL BECOME APP>5T1 AS IS CURR5TLY TAK+ PLACE 9 ! SEP>ATI/ CRISIS4 ,H[ CAN WE RALLY ! MASSES UND] \R BANN] IF WE ALL[ !M TO FLOCK TO ! BANN] ( NATIONALISM8 ,\R PR9CIPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE CAN ONLY PREVAIL :5 ! O!R PR9CIPLES ?AT MANIPULATE & DIVIDE M5 >E R5D]$ 9EFFECTIVE2 BUT IF \R PROPAG&A 5HANCES ! REPUTATION ( ?OSE O!R PR9CIPLES1 WE SUBV]T \R [N CAUSE4 ,AS A RESULT ( :AT HAS BE5 SET =? ABOVE1 IT W\LD BE A COMPLETE ]ROR TO WANT TO FIE DEEPLY-ROOT$ 9 PEOPLE'S HEADS1 !Y CANNOT BE ELIM9AT$ BY !ORETICAL >GUM5TS BUT ONLY BY A MORE P[]FUL REALITY1 :I* IS ALL[$ TO ACT UPON ! PEOPLE'S M9DS4 ,IF ONE BEG9S TO SPEAK AB\T ?IS TOPIC1 ! M9D ( ! LI/5] IS IMM$IATELY ORI5T$ T[>DS ! T]RA9 ( NATIONALISM & CAN ?9K ONLY 9 T]MS ( NATIONALISM4 ,IT IS !RE=E BETT] NOT TO SPEAK ( IT AT ALL1 NOT TO GET MIX$ UP 9 IT4 ,TO ALL ! NATIONALI/ SLOGANS & >GUM5TS1 ! RESPONSE WILL BE3 EXPLOITATION1 SURPLUS VALUE1 B\RGEOISIE1 CLASS RULE1 CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IF !Y SPEAK ( !IR DEM&S = NATIONAL S*OOLS1 WE %ALL CALL ATT5TION TO ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! TEA*+ DISP5S$ TO ! *ILDR5 ( ! WORK]S1 :O LE>N NO MORE ?AN :AT IS NECESS>Y = !IR SUBSEQU5T LIFE ( BACK-BREAK+ TOIL AT ! S]VICE ( CAPITAL4 ,IF !Y SPEAK ( /REET SIGNS & ADM9I/RATIVE PO/S1 WE WILL SPEAK ( ! MIS]Y :I* COMPELS ! PROLET>IANS TO EMIGRATE4 ,IF !Y SPEAK ( ! UNITY ( ! NATION1 WE WILL SPEAK ( EXPLOITATION & CLASS OPPRESSION4 ,IF !Y SPEAK ( ! GREATNESS ( ! NATION1 WE WILL SPEAK ( ! SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,ONLY :5 ! GREAT REALITY ( TODAY'S WORLD--CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 EXPLOITATION1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ITS F9AL GOAL1 SOCIALISM--HAS 5TIRELY IMPREGNAT$ ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S1 WILL ! LITTLE B\RGEOIS IDEALS ( NATIONALISM FADE AWAY & DISAPPE>4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE & PROPAG&A = SOCIALISM COMPRISE ! SOLE EFFECTIVE MEANS ( BREAK+ ! P[] ( NATIONALISM4 ,SEP>ATISM & ,P>TY ,ORGANIZATION ,9 ,AU/RIA AFT] ! ,WIMB]G ,CONGRESS1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY WAS DIVID$ BY NATIONALITIES1 EA* NATIONAL WORK]S P>TY BE+ AUTONOM\S & COLLABORAT+ ) ! O!RS ON A F$]ALI/ BASIS4.<#a#d.> ,?IS SEP>ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY NATIONALITIES DID NOT CAUSE MAJOR 9CONV5I5CES & WAS FREQU5TLY CONSID]$ TO BE ! NATURAL ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE = ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 9 A C\NTRY :I* IS SO PR(\NDLY DIVID$ BY NATIONALITIES4 ,BUT :5 ?IS SEP>ATION CEAS$ TO BE RE/RICT$ TO ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION & WAS APPLI$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS UND] ! NAME ( SEP>ATISM1 ! DANG] SUDD5LY BECAME PALPABLE4 ,! ABSURDITY ( A SITUATION :]E ! WORK]S 9 ! SAME WORK%OP >E ORGANIZ$ 9 DIFF]5T TRADE UNIONS & ?US /& 9 ! WAY ( ! COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EMPLOY] IS EVID5T4 ,!SE WORK]S CON/ITUTE A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S2 !Y CAN ONLY FIATI/S1 BY 9TRODUC+ ! SEP>ATION ( WORK]S BY NATIONALITIES 9TO ! TRADE UNION1 %ATT] ! P[] ( ! WORK]S 9 ! SAME WAY ! ,*RI/IAN TRADE UNION S*ISMATICS DID & SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTE TO OB/RUCT+ ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! SEP>ATI/S KN[ ?IS & CAN SEE IT AS WELL AS WE DO4 ,:AT1 !N1 IMPELS !M TO TAKE ?IS HO/ILE /ANCE T[>DS ! WORK]S DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !IR CAUSE WAS CONDEMN$ BY AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AT ,COP5HAG58.<#a#e.> ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! FACT ?AT !Y CONSID] ! NATIONAL PR9CIPLE TO BE 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR TO ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & ! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 H[EV]1 !Y MAKE REF]5CE TO ! RUL+S ( ANO!R 9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS1 ! ,/UTTG>T ,CONGRESS 7#a#i#g71 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS ( A C\NTRY MU/ BE 9TIMATELY L9K$ 9 A CON/ANT COMMUNITY ( LABOR & /RUGGLE4.<#a#f.> ,H[ IS ?IS POSSIBLE :5 ! P>TY IS >TICULAT$ BY NATIONALITY & ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T IS AT ! SAME TIME 9T]NATIONALLY C5TRALIZ$ ?R\<\T ! ,/ATE8 ,:]E WILL ! ,CZE* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY F9D A TRADE UNION MOVEM5T ) :I* IT CAN BE 9TIMATELY L9K$1 IF IT DOES NOT CREATE ITS [N ,CZE* TRADE UNION MOVEM5T8 ,TO PROCE$1 AS HAVE MANY ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ,AU/RIA1 BY REF]R+ TO ! TOTAL DISP>ITY ( POLITICAL & TRADE UNION /RUGGLES AS AN ESS5TIAL >GUM5T 9 ! !ORETICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ SEP>ATISM1 IS TO LIT]ALLY *OOSE ! WEAKE/ POSITION4 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 NO O!R WAY \T IF !Y WANT TO SIMULTANE\SLY DEF5D 9T]NATIONAL UNITY 9 ! TRADE UNIONS & SEP>ATION BY NATIONALITIES 9 ! P>TY4 ,BUT ?IS >GUM5T DOES NOT PRODUCE ! S\TY & TRADE UNION HAD TO ASS]T !MSELVES SL[LY :ILE FITY C>RIES \T ! /RUGGLE = ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 = G5]AL IDEALS & ELEVAT$ IDEAS4 ,9 REALITY1 BO? >E FIE HELP+ TO BUILD ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* WILL MAKE ! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS JU/ ?AT1 9S(> AS ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS A G5]AL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE1 ! MO/ DI/ANT CONSEQU5CES & ! MO/ PR(\ND BASES ( ! SOCIALI/ WORLD-VIEW MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 :ILE 9 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE1 9 :I* CONTEMPOR>Y ISSUES & IMM$IATE 9T]E/S COME TO ! =E1 REF]5CE TO G5]AL PR9CIPLES IS NOT NECESS>Y1 & C\LD EV5 BE H>MFUL TO MOM5T>Y UNITY4 ,BUT 9 REALITY IT IS ! SAME WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S :I* DET]M9E ! TWO =MS ( /RUGGLE2 IT IS JU/ ?AT 9 ! P>TY !Y >E SOME:AT MORE 5VELOP$ 9 ! =M ( IDEAS & PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT AS ! MOVEM5T GR[S1 & ! CLOS] ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNION APPROA* ONE ANO!R1 ! MORE !Y >E COMPELL$ TO FIT RESOLUTION MAKES ?IS NECESSITY EV5 MORE CLE>4 ,?US1 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO DEFEAT SEP>ATISM BY POSIT+ ! TOTAL DISP>ITY ( TRADE UNION & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS IS 9 CONFLICT ) REALITY4 ,! ]ROR ( SEP>ATISM1 !N1 LIES NOT 9 WANT+ ! SAME ORGANIZATION = ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS1 BUT 9 DE/ROY+ ! TRADE UNION TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS GOAL4 ,! ROOT ( ! CONTRADICTION IS NOT F\ND 9 ! UNITY ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 BUT 9 ! DIVISION ( ! POLITICAL P>TY4 ,SEP>ATISM 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T IS M]ELY ! UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! P>TY'S NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS2 S9CE IT SUBORD9ATES ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO ! NATIONAL PR9CIPLE1 IT IS EV5 ! ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CE ( ! !ORY :I* CONSID]S NATIONS TO BE ! NATURAL PRODUCTS ( HUMANITY & SEES SOCIALISM 9 ! LIATISM UNLESS1 ON ALL FRONTS1 9 TACTICS1 9 AGITATION1 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL ! COMRADES1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE RULES AS ! SOLE PROLET>IAN PR9CIPLE COMP>$ TO :I* ALL NATIONAL DIFF]5CES >E ( NO IMPORTANCE4 ,! UNIFICATION ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES IS ! ONLY WAY TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTION :I* HAS GIV5 BIR? TO ! SEP>ATI/ CRISIS & ALL ! H>M IT HAS DONE TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! SECTION ABOVE 5TITL$ 0,! ,COMMUNITY ( ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE0 IT WAS DEMON/RAT$ H[ ! CLASS /RUGGLE DEVELOPS ON ! T]RA9 ( ! ,/ATE & UNIFIES ! WORK]S ( ALL ! ,/ATE'S NATIONALITIES4 ,IT WAS ALSO CONFIRM$ ?AT DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 ! C5T] ( GRAVITY WAS /ILL LOCAT$ 9 ! NATIONS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS S9CE !N3 FROM ! MOM5T ?AT IT BEGAN TO REA* ! MASSES ?R\< ITS PROPAG&A1 ! P>TY SPLIT UP 9TO SEP>ATE UNITS ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL :I* HAD TO ADAPT TO !IR RESPECTIVE 5VIRONM5TS1 TO ! SITUATION & SPECIFIC WAYS ( ?9K+ ( EA* NATION1 & = ?AT V]Y REASON W]E MORE OR LESS CONTAM9AT$ BY NATIONALI/ IDEAS4 ,! 5TIRE WORK]S MOVEM5T DUR+ ITS ASC5DANT PHASE WAS /UFF$ FULL ( B\RGEOIS IDEAS :I* IT CAN ONLY SL[LY RID ITSELF ( 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T1 ?R\< ! PRACTICE ( /RUGGLE & 9CREAS+ !ORETICAL UND]/&+4 ,?IS B\RGEOIS 9FLU5CE ON ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 :I* 9 O!R C\NTRIES HAS ASSUM$ ! =M ( REVISIONISM OR AN>*ISM1 NECESS>ILY TOOK ! =M ( NATIONALISM 9 ,AU/RIA1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE NATIONALISM IS ! MO/ P[]FUL B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE 9 ,AU/RIA NATIONALISM IS OPPOS$ TO ! ,/ATE & ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,NATIONAL AUTONOMY 9 ! P>TY IS NOT ONLY ! RESULT ( AN ]RONE\S YET AVOIDABLE RESOLUTION ( ?IS OR ?AT P>TY CONGRESS1 BUT IS ALSO A NATURAL =M ( DEVELOPM5T1 CREAT$ 9CREM5TALLY BY ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION ITSELF4 ,BUT :5 ! CONQUE/ ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE CREAT$ ! T]RA9 = ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 & ! PROLET>IAT BECAME AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL =CE1 ?IS SITUATION C\LD NOT LA/4 ,!N ONE C\LD SEE IF ! AUTONOM\S P>TIES /ILL REALLY COMPRIS$ ONE S+LE P>TY 7,GESAMTP>TEI74 ,IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO BE SATISFI$ ) PLATONIC DECL>ATIONS AB\T !IR UNITY2 H5CE=? A MORE SOLIDLY-GR\ND$ UNITY WAS NE$$1 SO ?AT ! SOCIALI/ FRACTIONS ( ! V>I\S NATIONAL P>TIES W\LD SUBMIT 9 PRACTICE & 9 DE$ TO A COMMON WILL4 ,! POLITICAL MOVEM5T HAS NOT PASS$ ?IS TE/2 9 SOME ( ITS COMPON5T P>TS1 NATIONALISM /ILL HAS SU* DEEP ROOTS ?AT !Y FEEL CLOS] TO ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( !IR NATIONS ?AN TO ! O!R SOCIALI/ FRACTIONS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S A CONTRADICTION :I* IS ONLY APP>5T3 ! S+LE P>TY COLLAPS$ AT ! PRECISE MOM5T :5 ! NEW CONDITIONS ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE REQUIR$ A REAL S+LE P>TY1 ! SOLID UNITY ( ! :OLE ,AU/RIAN PROLET>IAT2 ! SLACK BONDS CONNECT+ ! NATIONAL GR\PS BROKE :5 !SE GR\PS W]E CONFRONT$ BY ! PRESS+ NE$ TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO A SOLID UNITY4 ,BUT IT WAS AT ! SAME TIME EVID5T ?AT ?IS ABS5CE ( ! S+LE P>TY C\LD ONLY BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,! SEP>ATI/ CRISIS MU/ NECESS>ILY LEAD TO ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW S+LE P>TY ?AT WILL BE ! COMPACT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! :OLE ,AU/RIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,! AUTONOM\S NATIONAL P>TIES >E =MS FROM ! PA/ :I* NO LONG] CORRESPOND TO ! NEW CONDITIONS ( /RUGGLE4 ,! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS ! SAME = ALL NATIONS & IS CONDUCT$ 9 ONE S+LE P>LIAM5T 9 ,VI5NA2 !RE1 ! ,CZE* SOCIAL DEMOCRATS DO NOT FIE CONDUCT$ )9 EA* NATION SEP>ATELY3 ! ADV]S>IES >E !RE=E NOT ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY1 BUT ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( EA* NATION4 ,?IS IS CORRECT2 BUT ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN IS NOT1 SO TO SPEAK1 ANY MORE ?AN AN EXT5SION ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NOT ! WORDS1 BUT ! DE$S ( \R ADV]S>IES1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! MAT]IAL ( ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN1 & !SE DE$S >E P]PETRAT$ 9 ! ,REI*SRAT2 !Y =M P>T ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,AU/RIAN P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN COAXES ! WORK]S \T ( !IR LITTLE NATIONAL WORLDS2 IT DIRECTS !IR ATT5TION TO A MU* GREAT] 9/ITUTION ( DOM9ATION1 A P[]FUL ORGANIZATION ( CO]CION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 :I* RULES !IR LIVES4 ,! ,/ATE1 :I* 9 O!R TIMES SEEM$ WEAK & DEF5SELESS AGA9/ ! NATION1 IS 9CREAS+LY ASS]T+ ITS P[] AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALISM4 ,! GR[? ( IMP]IALISM1 :I* DRAGS ! ,DANUBIAN MON>*Y 9 ITS WAKE1 PUTS 9CREAS+LY MORE POT5T 9/RUM5TS ( P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE = ! PURPOSES ( 9T]NATIONAL POLICY1 IMPOSES GREAT] MILIT>Y PRESSURE & TAX BURD5S ON ! MASSES1 CONTA9S ! OPPOSITION ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES & COMPLETELY IGNORES ! WORK]S' SOCIOPOLITICAL DEM&S4 ,IMP]IALISM HAD TO PROVIDE A P[]FUL IMPULSE TO ! JO9T CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S2 9 COMP>ISON ) !IR /RUGGLES1 :I* %AKE ! 5TIRE WORLD1 :I* SET CAPITAL & LABOR AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 A BITT] CONFLICT1 ! GOALS ( NATIONAL DISPUTES LOSE ALL MEAN+4 ,& IT IS NOT TO BE TOTALLY RUL$ \T ?AT ! COMMON *ANGES TO :I* ! WORK]S >E EXPOS$ BY 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 ABOVE ALL ! DANG] ( W>1 WILL UNITE ! N[-DIVID$ WORK+ MASSES = A COMMON /RUGGLE MORE QUICKLY ?AN IS G5]ALLY ?\ATELY 9 EA* P>TICUL> NATION4 ,! PRACTICE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ ACKN[L$GE NATIONS AS GR\PS DI/+UI%$ BY DIFF]5T LANGUAGES2 ?IS APPLIES TO ! P>TY AS WELL AS ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,AS ORGANIZATIONS = /RUGGLE1 BO? ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNION MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A UNIT>Y MANN] ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,= PURPOSES ( PROPAG&A1 EXPLANATION1 & $UCATIONAL EF=TS :I* >E ALSO ( COMMON CONC]N1 !Y NE$ NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & /RUCTURES4 ,NATIONAL ,AUTONOMY ,EV5 ?\< WE DO NOT GET 9VOLV$ 9 ! SLOGANS & WAT*WORDS ( NATIONALISM & CONT9UE TO USE ! SLOGANS ( SOCIALISM1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE >E PURSU+ A K9D ( O/RI* POLICY 9 REG>D TO NATIONAL QUE/IONS4 ,!SE >E1 AFT] ALL1 REAL QUE/IONS :I* >E ( CONC]N TO M5 & :I* !Y WANT TO SOLVE4 ,WE >E TRY+ TO GET ! WORK]S TO BECOME CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT1 = !M1 IT IS NOT !SE QUE/IONS1 BUT EXPLOITATION & ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* >E ! MO/ VITAL & IMPORTANT QUE/IONS :I* CA/ !IR %AD[S OV] EV]Y?+4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MAKE ! O!R QUE/IONS DISAPPE> & WE HAVE TO %[ ?AT WE >E CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ !M4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DOES NOT JU/ SIMPLY LEAVE M5 ) ! PROMISE ( ! FUTURE ,/ATE1 IT ALSO PRES5TS 9 ITS PROGRAM ( IMM$IATE DEM&S ! SOLUTION IT PROPOSES = EV]Y ONE ( ?OSE QUE/IONS :I* CON/ITUTE ! FOCAL PO9TS ( CONTEMPOR>Y /RUGGLES4 ,WE >E NOT M]ELY ATTEMPT+ TO UNITE ! ,*RI/IAN WORK]S ) ALL ! O!RS 9 ! COMMON CLASS /RUGGLE1 )\T TAK+ RELIGION 9TO CONSID]ATION1 BUT1 9 \R PROGRAMMATIC PROPOSAL1 ,PROCLAMATION ,CONC]N+ ! ,PRIVATE ,*>ACT] ( ,RELIGION1 WE >E ALSO %[+ !M ! MEANS TO PRES]VE !IR RELIGI\S 9T]E/S MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ?R\< RELIGI\S /RUGGLES & DISPUTES4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ! P[] /RUGGLES ( ! ,*UR*ES1 /RUGGLES :I* >E 9H]5T 9 !IR *>ACT] AS ORGANIZATIONS ( DOM9ATION1 WE PROPOSE ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION & FRE$OM = ALL M5 TO PRACTICE !IR FAI? )\T RISK ( BE+ H>M$ BY O!RS = DO+ SO4 ,?IS PROGRAMMATIC PROPOSAL DOES NOT SUPPLY ! SOLUTION = ANY P>TICUL> QUE/ION1 BUT CONTA9S A BLANKET SOLUTION 9S(> AS IT PROVIDES A BASIS UPON :I* ! V>I\S QUE/IONS CAN BE SETTL$ AT WILL4 ,BY REMOV+ ALL PUBLIC CO]CION1 ALL NECESSITY = SELF-DEF5SE & DISPUTE IS SIMULTANE\SLY REMOV$4 ,RELIGI\S QUE/IONS >E ELIM9AT$ FROM POLITICS & LEFT TO ORGANIZATIONS ?AT WILL BE CREAT$ BY M5 ( !IR [N FREE WILL4 ,\R POSITION 9 REG>D TO NATIONAL QUE/IONS IS SIMIL>4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY (F]S ! PRACTICAL SOLUTION :I* WILL DEPRIVE /RUGGLES BETWE5 NATIONS ( !IR RAISON D'ETRE4 ,BY MEANS ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! P]SONAL PR9CIPLE 9/EAD ( ! T]RITORIAL PR9CIPLE1 NATIONS WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ORGANIZATIONS :I* WILL BE RESPONSIBLE = ! C>E ( ALL ! CULTURAL 9T]E/S ( ! NATIONAL COMMUNITY )9 ! BORD]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,EA* NATION ?US OBTA9S ! LEGAL P[] TO REGULATE ITS AFFAIRS AUTONOM\SLY EV5 :]E IT IS 9 ! M9ORITY4 ,9 ?IS WAY NO NATION F9DS ITSELF FAC$ ) ! P]MAN5T OBLIGATION ( CONQU]+ & PRES]V+ ?IS P[] 9 ! /RUGGLE TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS WILL DEF9ITIVELY PUT AN 5D TO ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 NATIONS :I*1 ?R\< 5DLESS OB/RUCTIONS1 P>ALYZE ALL P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY & PREV5T SOCIAL QUE/IONS FROM BE+ ADDRESS$4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES 5GAGE 9 A FREE-=-ALL1 )\T ADVANC+ A S+LE /EP1 & F9D !MSELVES TO BE HELPLESS BE=E ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO GET \T ( ?IS *AOS1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS %[N ! PRACTICAL WAY :I* P]MITS ! SATISFACTION ( JU/IFI$ NATIONAL DESIRES1 )\T = ?AT REASON NECESSITAT+ MUTUAL H>M4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ?IS PROGRAM HAS ANY *ANCE ( BE+ IMPLEM5T$4 ,ALL ( US >E CONV9C$ ?AT \R PROGRAMMATIC PROCLAMATION ( ! PRIVATE *>ACT] ( RELIGION1 ALONG ) ! GREAT] P>T ( \R IMM$IATE DEM&S1 WILL NOT BE BR\ IDEA IS F\ND 9 \R NATIONAL PROGRAM1 :I* SEEKS TO TRANS=M ! POPUL> CONCEPTION ( NATIONS 9TO A REALITY4 ,NATIONS >E NOT JU/ GR\PS ( M5 :O HAVE ! SAME CULTURAL 9T]E/S & :O1 = ?AT REASON1 WANT TO LIVE 9 PEACE ) O!R NATIONS2 !Y >E COMBAT ORGANIZATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :I* >E US$ TO GA9 P[] )9 ! ,/ATE4 ,EV]Y NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE HOPES TO EXT5D ! T]RITORY :]E IT EX]CISES ITS RULE AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS ADV]S>IES2 IT IS !RE=E TOTALLY ]RONE\S TO ?9K ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD ?R\< ITS [N 9ITIATIVE PUT AN 5D TO !SE EXHAU/+ /RUGGLES1 JU/ AS IT IS UTT]LY \T ( ! QUE/ION ?AT ! CAPITALI/ WORLD P[]S WILL U%] 9 AN EPO* ( ET]NAL WORLD PEACE1 ?R\< A S5SIBLE SETTLEM5T ( !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,= 9 ,AU/RIA1 ! SITUATION IS SU* ?AT A HI<] BODY IS AVAILABLE :I* IS CAPABLE ( 9T]V5+3 ! ,/ATE1 ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! C5TRAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE WILL BE 5GAG$ TO RESOLVE NATIONAL DIFF]5CES1 BECAUSE ! LATT] ?REAT5 TO TE> ! ,/ATE AP>T & IMP$E ! REGUL> FUNCTION+ ( ! ,/ATE MA*9]Y2 BUT ! ,/ATE HAS LE>N$ H[ TO COEXI/ ) NATIONAL /RUGGLES1 & HAS GONE SO F> AS TO MAKE USE ( !M TO RE9=CE ! P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! P>LIAM5T1 SO ?AT IT IS NO LONG] AT ALL NECESS>Y TO DO AWAY ) !M4 ,&1 :AT IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT3 ! REALIZATION ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 SU* AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DEM&S1 IS BAS$ UPON DEMOCRATIC SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,& ?IS QUITE JU/IFIABLY /RIKES T]ROR 9TO ! HE>TS ( ! FEUDAL & CL]ICAL ELEM5TS ( BIG BUS9ESS & ! MILIT>I/S :O RULE ,AU/RIA4 ,BUT DOES ! B\RGEOISIE REALLY HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 PUTT+ AN 5D TO NATIONAL /RUGGLES8 ,NOT AT ALL1 IT HAS ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ 9 NOT PUTT+ AN 5D TO !M1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS REA*$ A HI< PO9T4 ,JU/ LIKE RELIGI\S ANTAGONISMS1 NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS CON/ITUTE EXCELL5T MEANS TO DIVIDE ! PROLET>IAT1 TO DIV]T ITS ATT5TION FROM ! CLASS /RUGGLE ) ! AID ( IDEOLOGICAL SLOGANS & TO PREV5T ITS CLASS UNITY4 ,! 9/9CTIVE ASPIRATIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES TO BLOCK ! PROLET>IAT'S LUCID & P[]FUL EF=TS T[>DS UNIFICATION =M AN 9CREAS+LY L>G] P>T ( B\RGEOIS POLICY4 ,9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,5GL&1 ,HOLL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & EV5 ,G]MANY 7:]E ! CONS]VATIVE P>TY ( ! ,JUNK]S IS AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE ( A %>PLY-DEF9$ CLASS P>TY71 WE OBS]VE ?AT ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! TWO MAJOR B\RGEOIS P>TIES--G5]ALLY BETWE5 A 0LIB]AL0 P>TY & A 0CONS]VATIVE0 OR 0RELIGI\S0 P>TY-->E BECOM+ MORE EMBITT]$1 & ! W>-CRIES MORE /RID5T1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !IR REAL CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/ DIM9I% & !IR ANTAGONISM CONSI/S ( IDEOLOGICAL SLOGANS H&$ D[N FROM ! PA/4 ,ANYONE ) A S*EMATIC CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM :O WANTS TO SEE ! P>TIES AS M]ELY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]E/S ( B\RGEOIS GR\PS1 IS FAC$ ) AN 5IGMA H]E3 :5 ONE W\LD EXPECT ?AT !Y W\LD FUZE 9TO A REACTION>Y MASS TO CONFRONT ! ?REAT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT SEEMS1 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! GAP BETWE5 !M GR[S DEEP] & WID]4 ,! V]Y SIMPLE EXPLANATION ( ?IS PH5OM5ON IS ?AT !Y HAVE 9/9CTIVELY UND]/OOD ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CRU% ! PROLET>IAT ) =CE ALONE & ?AT IT IS 9F9ITELY MORE IMPORTANT TO CONFUSE & DIVIDE ! PROLET>IAT ) IDEOLOGICAL SLOGANS4 ,?IS IS :Y ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ,AU/RIA'S V>I\S B\RGEOISIES FL>E UP ALL ! MORE VIOL5TLY ! LESS REASON !RE IS = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! MORE CLOSELY !SE G5TLEM5 COOP]ATE TO %>E ,/ATE P[]1 ! MORE FURI\SLY !Y ATTACK ONE ANO!R 9 PUBLIC DEBATES OV] ISSUES RELAT+ TO NATIONALI/ TRIFLES4 ,9 ! PA/1 EA* B\RGEOISIE /ROVE TO GR\P ! PROLET>IAT ( ITS NATION 9TO A COMPACT BODY 9 ORD] TO M\NT A MORE EFFECTIVE BATTLE AGA9/ ITS ADV]S>IES4 ,TODAY1 ! OPPOSITE IS TAK+ PLACE3 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! NATIONAL 5EMY MU/ S]VE TO UNITE ! PROLET>IAT BEH9D ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ?US IMP$E ITS 9T]NATIONAL UNITY4 ,! ROLE PLAY$ 9 O!R C\NTRIES BY ! BATTLE-CRY1 0,) US = ,*RI/IANITY601 0,) US = FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE601 BY MEANS ( :I* IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ! WORK]S' ATT5TION W\LD BE DIV]T$ FROM SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 ?IS ROLE WILL BE 9CREAS+LY ASSUM$ BY NATIONAL BATTLE-CRIES 9 ,AU/RIA4 ,IT IS 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL QUE/IONS ?AT !IR CLASS UNITY & !IR CLASS ANTAGONISM AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE ASS]T$4 ,WE DO NOT EXPECT ?AT ! PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO NATIONAL DISPUTES WE HAVE PUT =? WILL EV] BE IMPLEM5T$1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !SE /RUGGLES WILL NO LONG] HAVE ANY PO9T4 ,:5 ,BAU] SAYS ?AT 0NATIONAL P[] POLITICS & PROLET>IAN CLASS POLITICS >E LOGICALLY DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE2 PSY*OLOGICALLY1 ONE EXCLUDES ! O!R3 NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS CAN DISP]SE ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ANY MOM5T2 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE R5D]S ! CLASS /RUGGLE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! C5TRALI/-ATOMI/ CON/ITUTION1 :I* MAKES ! NATIONAL P[] /RUGGLE 9EVITABLE1 IS !RE=E 9TOL]ABLE = ! PROLET>IAT0 7P4 #b#e#b71 HE IS P]HAPS P>TLY CORRECT1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE HELPS TO PROVIDE A BASIS = \R PROGRAM'S DEM&S4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 HE MEANS ?AT ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE MU/ FIR/ CEASE SO ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE C\LD !N TAKE PLACE1 HE IS WRONG4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT WE >E /RIV+ TO MAKE NATIONAL /RUGGLES DISAPPE> :I* LEADS ! B\RGEOISIE TO MA9TA9 !IR EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT H[ WE WILL BE /OPP$4 ,! PROLET>IAN >MY IS ONLY DISP]S$ BY NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS AS LONG AS SOCIALI/ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS WEAK4 ,IT IS AFT] ALL TRUE ?AT1 9 ! F9AL ACC\NT+1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE F> SURPASSES ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,! BALEFUL P[] ( NATIONALISM WILL 9 FACT BE BROK5 NOT BY \R PROPOSAL = NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 :OSE REALIZATION DOES NOT DEP5D UPON US1 BUT SOLELY BY ! /R5G!N+ ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE 9CORRECT TO CONC5TRATE ALL \R =CES ON A 0POSITIVE NATIONAL POLICY0 & TO /AKE EV]Y?+ ON ?IS ONE C>D1 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( \R NATIONAL PROGRAM AS A PRECONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS PROGRAMMATIC DEM&1 LIKE MO/ ( \R PRACTICAL DEM&S1 ONLY S]VES TO %[ H[ EASILY WE C\LD RESOLVE !SE QUE/IONS IF ONLY WE HAD P[]1 & TO ILLU/RATE1 9 ! LIDS ! NECESSITY ( ALWAYS & EXCLUSIVELY C>RY+ \T ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TO AWAK5 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS SO ?AT ! WORK]S1 ?ANKS TO A CLE> UND]/&+ ( REALITY1 WILL BECOME 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! SLOGANS ( NATIONALISM4 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK ,REI*5B]G1 #aiab ,NOTES3 .<#a.> ,SEE ,LES ,M>XI/ES ET LA QUE/ION NATIONALE1 PP4 #b#c#c-#b#g#b1 AS WELL AS ,>DU9O ,AGNELLI1 0,LE SOCIALISME ET LA QUE/ION DES NATIONALITES *EZ ,OTTO ,BAU]01 ,HI/OIRE DU M>XISME CONTEMPORA91 ,I,I1 #a_/#a#h1 PP4 #c#e#e-#d#f4 7,NOTE FROM ! ,FR5* $ITION74 ,9 ,5GLI%1 SEE ,OTTO ,BAU]1 ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONALITIES & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 TR4 ,JOSEPH ,O',DONNELL1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS1 ,M9NEAPOLIS1 #b4 ,ALL PAGE REF]5CES REF] TO ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE $ITION4 .<#b.> ,?IS IS :Y ! WORDS 0,/ATE0 & 0NATION0 >E US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! ,/ATE'S DEBT IS CALL$ ! NATIONAL DEBT & ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,/ATE COMMUNITY >E ALWAYS CALL$ NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 7,PANNEKOEK'S NOTE74 .<#c.> ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 M9D & MATT] HAS BE5 MO/ CLE>LY SET =? 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG51 :O1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS ANALYSIS ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM1 WELL-DES]V$ ! TITLE ,M>X BE/[$ UPON HIM3 ! PHILOSOPH] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 7,PANNEKOEK'S NOTE74 ,SEE ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG51 ,L'ESS5CE DU TRAVAIL 9TELLECTUAL4 ,ECRITS PHILOSOPHIQUES ANNOTES P> ,L591 9TRODUC$ & TRANSLAT$ BY ,J4-,P4 ,OSI]1 ,MASP]O1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#g#c2 & ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG51 ,ESS5CE DU TRAVAIL 9TELLECTUAL HUMA91 TRANSLAT$ BY ,M4 ,JACOB1 ) A ,PREFACE BY ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ,*AMP ,LIBRE1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#g#c4 ,9 FACT1 ,M>X WROTE1 9 A LETT] DAT$ ,OCTOB] #b#h1 #ahfh TO ,MEY] & ,VOGT1 CONC]N+ ,DIETZG53 0,HE IS ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT WORK]S ,I KN[02 ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,W]KE1 ,VOL4 #c#b1 P4 #e#g#e4 ,AS = ,5GELS1 HE ATTRIBUT$ ! P>ALLEL DISCOV]Y ( ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC TO ,DIETZG54 7,NOTE FROM ! ,FR5* $ITION74 ,9 ,5GLI%1 SEE ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG51 ,! ,POSITIVE ,\TCOME ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,]NE/ ,UNT]MANN4 ,9TRODUCTION BY ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK4 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,COMPANY1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#f2 & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,ESSAYS1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,M4 ,BE] & ,T4 ,RO?/E91 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,CO41 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#a#g4 .<#d.> ,SEE ! ,E>L ( ,BEACONSFIELD 7,B5JAM9 ,DISRAELI71 ,SYBIL1 OR ! ,TWO ,NATIONS1 ,LONDON1 ,LONGMAN'S1 ,GRE5 & ,CO41 #a#i#a#c1 PP4 #g#f-#g#g4 .<#e.> ,JOHN ,HUSS 7#a#c#f#i-#a#d#a#e71 ,CZE* RE=M]1 CONDEMN$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,CON/ANCE & BURN$ AT ! /AKE4 ,! DATE ( HIS DEA? WAS LONG CELEBRAT$ 9 ,BOHEMIA AS A NATIONAL & RELIGI\S HOLIDAY4 ,HE WAS ALSO A PROPON5T ( ! USE ( ! ,CZE* LANGUAGE4 ,JAN ,ZISKA VON ,TROCNOV 7#a#c#g-#a#d#b#d71 ,HUSSITE LEAD]4 ,ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#d#b1 HE REPELL$ ! ASSAULT ( ! ,EMP]OR ,SIGISMUND AT ,M\NT ,WITKA1 NE> ,PRAGUE4 ,AFT] HAV+ DEFEAT$ ! ,EMP]OR ONCE MORE TWO YE>S LAT]1 HE DI$ ( ! PLAGUE 9 ,PRIBYSLAU4 ,! ,:ITE ,M\NTA9 7,BILA ,HORA7 IS LOCAT$ WE/ ( ,PRAGUE4 ,! BATTLE TOOK PLACE ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 #a#f#b4 ,! ,PROTE/ANT >MY ( ,BOHEMIA WAS DEFEAT$ BY IMP]IAL TROOPS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAU]'S ANALYSIS1 ! DEFEAT AT ,:ITE ,M\NTA91 :I* ]ADICAT$ ! $UCAT$ ELEM5TS ( ! ,CZE* NATION1 TRANS=M$ ! LATT] 9TO A 0NATION )\T HI/ORY04 .<#f.> ,F]D9& ,FREILIGRA? 7#a#h#a-#a#h#g#f71 A POET & ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 COLLABORAT$ ) ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4 ,HIS POEMS >E P>T ( ! CULTURAL PATRIMONY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 .<#g.> ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 ,! ,M>X-,5GELS ,READ]1 #bND ,$ITION1 $4 ,ROB]T ,C4 ,TUCK]1 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 ,9C41 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h1 P4 #d#h#b4 .<#h.> ,I4E41 ! ,UKRA9IANS4 .<#i.> ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION SP>K$ ! /RUGGLE = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ,AU/RIA4 ,AFT] A L>GE MASS MOVEM5T 9 :I* ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PLAY$ ! LEAD+ ROLE AT ! 5D ( #a#i#e1 9 ,JANU>Y #aig ! ,EMP]OR GRANT$ HIS APPROVAL TO ! ELECTORAL RE=M PROPOSAL M&AT+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ! T]RITORY ( ,AU/RIA 7:I* DID NOT 9CLUDE ! O!R P>T ( ! BICEPHALIC MON>*Y1 ,HUNG>Y OR ,TRANSLEITANIA74 .<#a.> ,SEE ,F4 ,5GELS1 ,SOCIALISM3 ,UTOPIAN & ,SCI5TIFIC1 9 ,! ,M>X-,5GELS ,READ]1 #bND ,$ITION1 $4 ,ROB]T ,C4 ,TUCK]1 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 ,9C41 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h1 P4 #f#h#i4 .<#a#a.> ,PANNEKOEK'S >GUM5T H]E IS ID5TICAL TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S4 ,ON ! DAY AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! #aie REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG CALL$ = ,POLI% AUTONOMY )9 A CON/ITUTIONAL ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,!SE P>TIES LAT] UND]W5T RE/RUCTUR+S & TRANS=MATIONS :I* WE %ALL NOT DISCUSS H]E BECAUSE WE >E ONLY PROVID+ AN EXAMPLE TO ILLU/RATE ! !ORETICAL POSITIONS TAK5 BY ! V>I\S GR\PS4 7,PANNEKOEK'S NOTE74 ,! ,P,P,S SPLIT 9TO TWO FRACTIONS4 ,! RI4 ,! LEFT W+--! ,P,P,S-,LEVITSA--W\LD M]GE ) ! ,S,D,K,PI,L TO =M ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 .<#a#b.> ,! 7,CA?OLIC7 ,SOCIAL ,*RI/IAN ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 .<#a#c.> ,?US1 9 HIS REVIEW ( ,/RASS]'S PAMPHLET ,WORK] & ,NATION 9 ,D] ,KAMPF 7,V1 #i71 ,OTTO ,BAU] EXPRESS$ HIS D\BT ?AT PUTT+ ! ACC5T ON ! PROLET>IAT'S CLASS 9T]E/ C\LD HAVE ANY IMPACT AT ALL 9 ! FACE ( ! GLITT]+ ATTRACTION ( NATIONALI/ IDEALS4 7,PANNEKOEK'S NOTE74 .<#a#d.> ,! #ahig ,CONGRESS ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 MEET+ 9 ,VI5NA-,WIMB]G1 APPROV$ ! /RUCTURE S9CE IMPLEM5T$ 9 ! ,AU/RIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY3 A F$]ATION BAS$ ON ! NATIONALITY PR9CIPLE 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! AUTONOMY & ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ITS SIX COMPON5T NATIONAL P>TIES4 .<#a#e.> ,! #aia ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AT ,COP5HAG5 UNANIM\SLY CONDEMN$ ! 0SEP>ATISM0 ( ,CZE* TRADE UNIONISM4 .<#a#f.> ,! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ AT ! #aig ,/UTTG>T ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL P>TICUL>LY /IPULAT$3 0,! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE CAN BE MORE EFFECTIVELY CONDUCT$ & WILL BE ALL ! MORE FRUITFUL ! CLOS] ! RELATIONS >E BETWE5 P>TY & TRADE UNIONS1 )\T COMPROMIS+ ! NECESS>Y UNITY ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT1 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! CLOSE/ RELATIONS %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! P>TY & ?AT !SE RELATIONS %\LD BE MADE P]MAN5T40 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE & ,NATION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE & ,NATION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/