,*E*NYA & ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,Z4 ,HOBSON 

,TEXT 3 

,AS ?IS IS WRITT5 9 MID-,FEBRU>Y1 ,%ALI1 ,SAMA%KI1 ,>GUN & O!R T[NS >\ND ! ,*E*5 CAPITAL1 ,GROZNY1 :]E ,*E*5 =CES HAVE REGR\P$1 >E TAK+ ! FULL BRUNT ( ,RUSSIAN FI<T]-BOMB] ATTACKS1 TANK B>RAGES1 & MORT> BOMB>DM5TS4 ,9 ,GROZNY ITSELF1 ?\S&S ( BUILD+S HAVE ONLY A WALL OR TWO /&+4 ,= NE>LY #a WEEKS AFT] ! ,RUSSIANS 9VAD$ ON ,DEC4 #aa TO REV]SE A #aiia DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE1 FI<T]S 9 ,GROZNY RESI/$ BLOCK BY BLOCK4 ,N[1 FEW] ?AN A HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE PICK = FOOD 9 :AT WAS ONCE A CITY ( #d14 ,MOV+ ON1 ,RUSSIAN =CES LEVEL ! C\NTRYSIDE ( A T9Y C\NTRY ?AT ,RUSSIA ORIG9ALLY CONQU]$ BY =CE ONLY #ace YE>S AGO4 

,RUSSIAN ANN\NCEM5TS FOLL[ A WELL-?UMB$ SCRIPT4 ,A 0,PROVISIONAL ,C\NCIL0 IS NAM$ TO RUN ! C\NTRY1 HEAD$ BY A =M] ,SOVIET OIL M9I/]4 ,!RE'S TALK ( NEGOTIATION1 ANN\NCEM5TS ( CEASE-FIRES1 :5 ,GROZNY /ILL HOLDS \T--!N ! PROCLAMATION ?AT ! ,*E*5 PRESID5T IS A 0/ATE CRIM9AL10 :5 ! BALANCE %IFTS4 ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS >E SUPPORT+ ,YELTS91 ) MILD CRITICISMS4 ,PRESID5T ,CL9TON GOES \T ( HIS WAY TO M5TION ?AT ,*E*NYA IS P>T ( ,RUSSIA1 & ADDS ?AT 0IF ! =CES ( RE=M >E EMBATTL$1 WE MU/ R5EW--NOT RETREAT FROM--\R SUPPORT = !M40 ,HE IS REF]R+ TO ,BORIS ,YELTS94 ,G]MAN *ANCELLOR ,HELMUT ,KOHL1 VISIT+ ,CL9TON 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 AGREES3 WE MU/ NOT 0PU% ! =CES ( RE=M & ! ,PRESID5T 9TO A CORN]40 7,YELTS9 IS HAPPY TO OBLIGE !M1 ONCE HE HAS ! UPP] H&2 ANO!R CEASE-FIRE IS ANN\NC$ ,FEB4 #a#c47 

,TO ! CONTR>Y ( :AT ,CL9TON & ,KOHL SAY1 ! REAL LESSONS >E CLE>3  

,! EF=T TO PEACEFULLY RE=M COMMUNISM 9TO A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM HAS FAIL$4  

,! /RUGGLE = SELF-DET]M9ATION IS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ REAL =CES = *ANGE--A /EP T[>D DEMOCRATIZATION TODAY1 & T[>D ! GOAL ( A VOLUNT>Y F$]ATION ( FREE PEOPLES1 /ILL F> AWAY4  
  
,SOME ,HI/ORY 

  

,RUSSIA 7!N ,MUSCOVY7 BEGAN EXP&+ 9TO ,MUSLIM L&S TO ITS S\? & EA/ 9 ! #a#eS1 REA*+ ! ,CAUCASUS AB\T A C5TURY LAT]4 ,RUSSIAN POLICY WAS BO? IMP]IALI/ & ANTI-,MUSLIM4 ,AS ONE HI/ORY SUMM>IZES1 0! LIQUIDATION ( ! GOV]N+ BODIES ( !SE T]RITORIES WAS FOLL[$ BY A SY/EMATIC OCCUPATION ( ! =M] ,MUSLIM L&S4444 ,MUSLIM 9HABITANTS W]E TREAT$ AS ,RUSSIAN SUBJECTS TO :OM ! RI<TS RES]V$ TO ,*RI/IANS W]E D5I$0 7,MUSLIMS ( ! ,SOVIET ,EMPIRE1 #h7 ,DESPITE SOME P]IODS ( RELATIVE TOL]ANCE--UND] ,CA!R9E ! ,GREAT 9 ! #a#gS1 AFT] ! #aie ,REVOLUTION1 DUR+ ! ,SOVIET 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY0 ( ! #a#i#bS--SUPPRESSION WAS ! RULE4 

,! ,*E*5S & O!R TRIBAL PEOPLES1 SU* AS ,DA<E/ANIS1 RESI/$ ,RUSSIAN CONTROL UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,A MAJOR REVOLT BROKE \T UND] ,IMAM ,MANSUR 9 #a#g#h#c1 BUT ! ,*E*5 LEAD] ,%EIKH ,%AMIL L$ ! LONGE/1 BITT]E/ RESI/ANCE1 A H>ASS+ GU]RILLA W> FROM ! RUGG$ ,*E*5 HILLS ?AT LA/$ FROM #ahcd TO #a#h#e#i4 ,) HIS CAPTURE ! ,*E*5 L&S BECAME P>T ( ,RUSSIA1 BUT ,*E*5S & ,DA<E/ANIS REVOLT$ AGA91 AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 9 #a#i#b-#b#b4 

,9 ! #a#i#cS1 ! ,*E*5S & ! NEI<BOR+ ,+U% PEOPLE W]E ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! 0,*E*5-,+U% ,AUTONOM\S ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC10 RUL$ FROM ,MOSC[4 ,LEGALLY1 ?IS WAS P>T ( ,RUSSIA1 UNLIKE ,UKRA9E1 ,KAZAKH/AN1 ETC41 :I* W]E SUPPOS$LY 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS ( ! ,U,S,S,R ON A P> ) ,RUSSIA4 7,?IS IS :Y1 :5 !SE REPUBLICS DECL>$ ! ,U,S,S,R DISSOLV$ 9 #a#i#i#a1 ,*E*NYA REMA9$ 9SIDE ,RUSSIA47 

,FROM #aibh TO #a#i#d#a--! P]IOD ( ,SOVIET =C$ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 COLLECTIVIZATION1 & PURGES--,/AL9 C>RI$ \T 0A FRONTAL ASSAULT ON ,ISLAM )9 ,SOVIET BORD]S4 ,?IS ASSAULT RESULT$ 9 ! CLOS+ ( ?\S&S ( MOSQUES & ! LIQUIDATION OR IMPRISONM5T ( MO/ ,MUSLIM CL]ICS444 CL]ICS & BELIEV]S W]E ACCUS$ ( BE+ SABOTEURS1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES & P>ASITES40 7,MUSLIMS ( ! ,SOVIET ,EMPIRE1 #a#a7 ,9 A SO-CALL$ 0SUP]-PURGE0 ON ,AUG4 #a1 #a#i#c#g1 ,/AL9'S POLICE >RE/$1 EXECUT$1 OR DEPORT$ #a#d1 PEOPLE 9 ! ,*E*5-,+U% REPUBLIC--ONE \T ( EV]Y #c 9HABITANTS4 

,F9ALLY1 AFT] ANTI-,RUSSIAN1 ANTI-COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS AS ,G]MAN >MIES APPROA*$ ! ,CAUCASUS 9 #a#i#d#b1 ,/AL9 ORD]$ ! DEPORTATION ( ! 5TIRE ,*E*5 & ,+U% POPULATION 9 #a#i#d#d4 0,SECURITY ,POLICE UNITS 5T]$ ! ,*E*5-,+U% ,A,S,S,R DISGUIS$ AS ORD9>Y TROOPS4 ,ON #bc ,FEBRU>Y1 :5 PEOPLE W]E ASSEMBL$ 9 VILLAGES TO M>K ,R$ ,>MY ,DAY1 !Y W]E SUDD5LY SURR\ND$ BY SECURITY =CES & 9=M$ ( ! DECREE40 7,SOVIET ,DISUNION1 #i#f7 ,!SE DEPORTATIONS TOOK AN 5ORM\S TOLL 9 LIVES4 ,UP TO #df P]C5T ( ! NEI<BOR+ ,CRIMEAN ,TAT>S1 ALSO DEPORT$ 5 MASSE1 W]E KILL$ OR DI$ 9 TRANSIT OR 9 EXILE4 ,! NUMB] ( ,*E*5 & ,+U% CASUALTIES IS NOT KN[N4 

,:5 ! ,*E*5S & ,+U% W]E F9ALLY ALL[$ TO RETURN 9 ! #a#i#eS1 !Y 5DUR$ RIOT+ & MASSACRES BY LOCAL ,RUSSIANS 7#a#i#e#h7 & R5EW$ ANTI-,MUSLIM CAMPAIGNS--9 ! #a#i#fS1 :5 TWO-?IRDS ( ! MOSQUES 9 ! :OLE ,SOVIET ,UNION W]E CLOS$1 & AGA9 9 ! #a#i#hS4 ,SPORADIC RESI/ANCE TO ,RUSSIA CONT9U$ TOO--BOMB+S1 SECRET RESI/ANCE MEET+S1 & AN EF=T TO F\ND A 0,UNIT$ ,P>TY = ! ,LIB]ATION ( ! ,CAUCASUS0 9 #aifi 7! LEAD] WAS S5T TO A M5TAL HOSPITAL72 MASS DEMON/RATIONS 9 #a#i#g#c1 & SO ON4 

,DESPITE ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION1 ,RUSSIA NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 FULLY CONTROLL+ ! ,*E*5S4 ,BO? SOCIAL & RELIGI\S REASONS HELP EXPLA9 :Y4 ,! CLAN-TRIBAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 /ILL /RONG AS LATE AS ! #a#i#hS1 MEANS ?AT ! AV]AGE ,*E*51 EV5 9 ! CITIES1 BELONGS TO A SOCIAL NETWORK ?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! (FICIAL GOV]NM5T1 & ?AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 HI<LY RESI/ANT TO ,RUSSIAN SUPPRESSION4 ,RELIGI\S DEVOTION1 TOO1 IS A MAJOR REASON = FI<T+ A GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS REPEAT$LY TRI$ TO /AMP ,ISLAM \T4 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 A TRADITIONAL SEMISECRET NETWORK ( ,SUFI BRO!RHOODS1 P>ALLEL TO ! (FICIAL ,SUNNI ,MUSLIM RELIGI\S /RUCTURE1 HAS PROVID$ ORGANIZATION & LEAD]%IP = RESI/ANCE4 ,IMAM ,MANSUR1 ,%EIKH ,%AMIL1 ,UZUN ,HAJI 7LEAD] ( ! #a#i#b-#b#b REBELLION71 & LEAD]S ( O!R ,MUSLIM 9SURG5CIES ELSE:]E 9 ,RUSSIA W]E ALL MEMB]S ( V>I\S ,SUFI SOCIETIES4 ,! ,SUFI ORD]S W]E /ILL /RONG 9 ! #a#i#hS1 & MAY WELL BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! PRES5T RESI/ANCE4 

,9DEP5D5T ,*E*NYA 

  

,?IS BACKGR\ND MAKES IT CLE> :Y ,*E*NYA DECL>$ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#i#a1 :5 ! ,U,S,S,R CRACK$ UP AFT] ! ATTEMPT$ C\P 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?AT YE>4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ,*E*5 RESI/ANCE HAS BROK5 \T EV]Y TIME ,RUSSIAN P[] HAS BE5 WEAK5$--9 #a#i#b-#b#b1 #a#i#d#b1 #a#i#i#a4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9DEP5D5CE WAS NOT ! RESULT ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T4 ,!RE WAS NO SUB/ANTIAL DISSID5T MOVEM5T 9 ,*E*NYA 9 ! #a#i#hS1 AS !RE WAS 9 ,UKRA9E1 = EXAMPLE4 ,RA!R1 ! CURR5T PRESID5T1 ,DZHOKH> ,M4 ,DUDAYEV--A =M] ,SOVIET AIR =CE G5]AL 9 ,AF<ANI/AN--RAN A PRO-9DEP5D5CE CAMPAIGN AS AN OPPORTUNI/ MANEUV] TO GA9 P[]1 MU* AS LOCAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HEADS DID 9 SOME O!R REPUBLICS4 

,!RE IS SOME TRU? 9 ,RUSSIAN *>GES ?AT ! ,*E*5 GOV]NM5T IS BO? A DICTATOR%IP & A FRONT = ORGANIZ$ CRIME4 ,DUDAYEV'S ALLIES1 LAT] HIS POLICE1 W]E ! ,*E*5 CRIME SYNDICATES :O HAD TRADITIONALLY BE5 ACTIVE AS SMUGGL]S & AS GANGS 9 ,MOSC[4 ,:5 ,PET] ,J5N+S ( ! ,NEW ,/ATESMAN & ,NATION VISIT$ ,GROZNY 9 #a#i#i#c1 HE NOT$ 0L9ES ( NEW ,M]C$ES1 ,B,M,WS & ,CADILLACS0 W]E P>K$ \TSIDE ! PRESID5TIAL PALACE4 ,DUDAYEV EXPLA9$ ?AT ! C>S 0%[ ! WEAL? ( \R NATION444 ?AT \R LADS1 \R ,*E*5 PEOPLE1 HAVE LE>N$ H[ TO FUNCTION CREATIVELY UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS40 ,MEAN:ILE1 UP TO @s#c MILLION 9 OIL REV5UES DISAPPE>$4 

,TO SOME EXT5T ,*E*5 CRIME IS A TYPICAL ECONOMIC OP]ATION ( AN EMPIRE'S 0\TSID]S0--AFT] ALL1 :Y %\LD ,*E*5S RESPECT ,RUSSIAN LEGALITY8 ,BUT ,*E*5S TOO >E AMONG ! REGIME'S VICTIMS4 ,J5N+S REPORT$ ?AT WORK]S 0COMPLA9 !Y HAVE RECEIV$ NO WAGES = MON?S0 & 0LIVE 9 CON/ANT FE>0 ( >M$ GANGS1 ! POLICE =CE WAS QU9TUPL$ 7P>T ( ! PROBLEM71 & J\RNALI/S :O TRI$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! CORRUPTION W]E KILL$4 

,BUT TO /ATE :AT %\LD BE OBVI\S1 ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION TRANS=M$ ?IS SITUATION ( GR[+ DICTATOR%IP1 ) L+]+ NATIONALI/ SUPPORT = ,DUDAYEV1 9TO A MASS /RUGGLE4 0,! FI<T]S N[ DON'T FI<T = ,DUDAYEV1 BUT = !MSELVES10 ONE GU]RILLA TOLD ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 A COMM5T E*O$ OV] & OV]4 ,?\< WE %\LDN'T HAVE ANY SIMPLI/IC OPTIMISM AB\T PROSPECTS = DEMOCRACY IF IT %\LD W91 ! ANTI-,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T IS A MASS NATIONAL RESI/ANCE4 

,/ATE ,CAPITALISM "4 ,IMP]IALISM "7 ,BAD ,NEWS 

  

,TWO MAJOR LESSONS CAN BE LE>N$ FROM ! ,*E*5 SITUATION4 ,FIR/1 COMMUNISM1 OR /ATE CAPITALISM1 CAN'T BE PEACEFULLY RE=M$ 9TO A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM1 ANY MORE ?AN O!R =MS ( CAPITALISM CAN BE PEACEFULLY RE=M$ 9TO A FREE1 EQUAL SY/EM4 ,! PO9T H]E ISN'T ONE ( DEF9ITIONS1 BUT ONE ( DYNAMICS4 

,COMMUNISM 9 ! OLD ,U,S,S,R HAD TWO HI/ORIC PROBLEMS1 & NEI!R ONE HAS BE5 SOLV$4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ITS ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ONE ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 WAS 9 P]MAN5T /AGNATION4 ,! ,U,S & ,U,S-DOM9AT$ F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND1 WANT ,YELTS9 TO 0SOLVE0 ?IS SITUATION ?R\< A :OLESALE ATTACK ON MASS LIV+ /&>DS4 ,DESPITE SOME 0SUCCESSES0 9 ?IS PLAN1 IT HAS BE5 TOO POLITICALLY DANG]\S TO C>RY ?R\<1 SO ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY IS 9 A D[NW>D SPIRAL IT CAN'T SEEM TO BREAK \T (4 

,! SECOND PROBLEM1 SYMBOLIZ$ BY ,*E*NYA1 IS ?AT ,RUSSIA IS A /ATE BUILT ON ! SUPPRESSION ( NON-,RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES4 ,A GLANCE AT ! MAP TELLS ! /ORY4 ,OV] HALF ( ,RUSSIA'S >EA CONSI/S ( NON-,RUSSIAN L&S ?AT1 LIKE ,*E*NYA1 >E 0AUTONOM\S0 >EAS OR REPUBLICS 9 LAW4 ,IF ,*E*5 SECESSION IS RECOGNIZ$1 ! :OLE PILE TAKES A LUR* T[>D COLLAPSE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,RUSSIA REMA9S AN EMPIRE ( SUPPRESS$ NATIONS4 ,ANY PROGRESS T[>D REAL DEMOCRACY RISKS BREAK+ IT UP4 

,S9CE NEI!R PROBLEM HAS BE5 SOLV$1 & BO? CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ )9 ! PRES5T SY/EM ?R\< UNDEMOCRATIC MEANS1 ,RUSSIA'S FRAGILE P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM & ITS REC5TLY GRANT$ POLITICAL FRE$OMS >E 9 DANG] ( UNRAVEL+4 ,S9CE ,JANU>Y1 CRITICS ( ! GOV]NM5T LIKE ,YELTS9'S [N HUMAN RI<TS COMMISSION]1 ,S]GEI ,A4 ,KOVALYEV1 HAVE BE5 D5\NC$ AS 05EMIES ( ! PEOPLE0--A DEA? S5T5CE 9 ,RUSSIA'S REC5T PA/--& IT HAS BECOME CLE> ?AT ! DECISIONS AB\T ,*E*NYA >E BE+ MADE BY A MA9LY MILIT>Y BODY CALL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,YELTS9 HIMSELF SEEMS TO BE UND] ! ?UMB ( ! ,N,S,C4 ,ONE P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD] CALLS ?IS BODY 0A MILIT>Y-CIVILIAN JUNTA DISGUIS$ AS ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL10 & W>NS1 0,IF IT CONT9UES ,RUSSIA WILL BE RIPE = AN AU?ORIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP40 

,IT MAY SEEM ?AT ,RUSSIA'S 0NATIONALITY PROBLEM0 IS NOT A RESULT ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ( A 0,KREML9 M5TALITY10 A P>TICUL>LY B>B>IC SURVIVAL ( PRE-CAPITALI/ CZ>I/ CONQUE/S4 ,)\T GO+ 9TO ALL ! REASONS = CONSID]+ ,RUSSIAN COMMUNISM A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT O!R CAPITALI/ SY/EMS HAVE BE5 BUILT ON PRE-CAPITALI/1 OR ONLY P>TLY CAPITALI/1 =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,BLACK OPPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 !SE APPE> TO BE SPECIAL1 9H]IT$ PROBLEMS1 :5 !Y >E REALLY BUILT 9TO ! SY/EM4 ,& LIKE ! ,U,S1 ,RUSSIA & O!R EX-COMMUNI/ /ATES1 ) A C\PLE ( POSSIBLE EXCEPTIONS1 >E FAIL+ TO SOLVE !IR 0M9ORITY0 PROBLEMS ?R\< RE=MS4 

,SECOND LESSON3 ,! /RUGGLES = SELF-DET]M9ATION >\ND ! EX-COMMUNI/ WORLD >E LIMIT$1 BUT IMPORTANT /RUGGLES ?AT HELP ! G5]AL /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 IT MAY LOOK AS IF 0NATIONALISM0 IS A DE/RUCTIVE =CE ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO ! EM]G5CE ( AU?ORIT>IAN RULE4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 ! SIX YE>S S9CE ! OLD ,U,S,S,R BEGAN TO CRACK UP 9 #a#i#h#i1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES HAS PU%$ ,RUSSIA T[>D DEMOCRACY NOT ONCE BUT MANY TIMES4 ,! /RUGGLES ( ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES TO SEC$E1 9 #a#i#h#i-#i#a1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! WEAK5+ ( ,GORBA*EV'S RULE1 L$ ,GORBA*EV TO TURN T[>D ! G5]ALS1 & !RE=E HELP$ BR+ AB\T ! C\P ATTEMPT :OSE DEFEAT GREATLY1 IF MOM5T>ILY1 EXP&$ ,RUSSIAN DEMOCRACY4 

,ISN'T IT PLA9 ?AT IF ,LI?UANIA & ! O!RS HAD NOT /RUGGL$ = 9DEP5D5CE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 H>D] TO DE/ROY COMMUNI/ RULE1 IF POSSIBLE AT ALL8 ,& ! SECESSION ( ! O!R NON-,RUSSIAN /ATES FROM ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aiia AT LEA/ MEANS ?AT ,RUSSIA IS N[ SLID+ T[>D DICTATOR%IP 9 A SMALL]1 WEAK] /ATE4 ,F9ALLY1 OPPOSITION TO ! ,*E*5 9VASION ITSELF HAS WEAK5$ ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 9CREAS$ ! DEMORALIZATION ( TROOPS & (FIC]S1 & L$ TO OP5 PROTE/S 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T W\LD BE MOV+ TO ! RI<T )\T ANY ( ?IS2 :AT ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS HAVE CREAT$ IS RESI/ANCE TO ?IS MOVE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IF ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE CONT9UES TO FRAY & CRACK )\T A FULL-SCALE POPUL> /RUGGLE = FRE$OM1 ! G5]ALS & POLICE WILL GR[ BOLD 5\< TO C\NT]ATTACK4 ,! NEXT MON?S OR A YE> CAN BE CRUCIAL = ! SURVIVAL ( ANY DEGREE ( FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA1 & AFT] ?AT1 ! O!R EX-COMMUNI/ /ATES4 

,RI<T N[ IT SEEMS AS IF PEOPLE 9 ,RUSSIA & O!R EX-COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES >E TOO ECONOMICALLY EXHAU/$ & TOO DEMORALIZ$ BY ! FAILURE ( RE=M TO />T MASS /RUGGLES4 ,IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 SEMI-DEMOCRATIC CAPITALISM WILL GIVE WAY TO AU?ORIT>IANISM &1 9T]NATIONALLY1 ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM WILL REEM]GE AS A RIVAL TO ,U,S IMP]IALISM4 

,! LA/ WORD LIES ) ! PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 & !Y HAV5'T SPOK5 IT4 ,IT'S POSSIBLE ?AT NEW /RUGGLES = LIB]TY WILL EM]GE4 ,IT %\LD BE CLE>1 TOO1 ?AT BATTLES >E POSSIBLE 9 ! FUTURE TO DEF5D ! RELATIVELY LIMIT$ DEMOCRATIC RI<TS !SE C\NTRIES HAVE GA9$ S9CE #a#i#h#e4 ,9 ?AT CASE AN>*I/S & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 EV5 ?\< WE /& = ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL OPPRESSION & OPPOSE ALL /ATES1 W\LD SIDE ) PEOPLE TRY+ TO DEF5D LIMIT$ =MS ( DEMOCRACY AGA9/ DE/RUCTION4 

.<,TWO ,GORBA*EV-]A BOOKS ?AT >E /ILL USEFUL = BACKGR\ND >E3 ,ALEX&RE ,B5NIGS5 & ,S4 ,5D]S ,WIMBU%1 ,MUSLIMS ( ! ,SOVIET ,EMPIRE1 A ,GUIDE 7,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f72 ,BOHDAN ,NAHAYLO & ,VICTOR ,SWOBODA1 ,SOVIET ,DISUNION1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,NATIONALITIES ,PROBLEM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 7,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#i74 ,! SECOND DEALS ) ALL NON-,RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES1 NOT JU/ ,MUSLIMS4.> 

7,S\RCE3 #aiie ,M>_/,APR ISSUE ( ,L@&,R4 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#a#f-#f-#a#c FROM WEB4>*IVE4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*E*NYA & ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION -- ,ADD$4 

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