,! ,CASE ( ,R,C,T,V & ! ,FICTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIZATION ( ,COMMUNICATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO ,$ITORIAL ,COLLECTIVE 

,TEXT 3 

,S9CE TWO DECADES AGO1 BY MEANS ( \R PUBLICATIONS1 ! ,V5EZUELAN AN>*I/S HAVE D5\NC$ & BE5 AGA9/ ! VICES & SLANTS ( ! PRIVATE M$IA CORPORATIONS AS ,R,C,T,V4 ,?IS COMPANY HAD GU>ANTE$ ITS ECONOMIC SUCCESS COMB9+ EVIL OLIGOPOLI/IC PRACTICES1 OPPORTUNI/ BONDS ) ! CURR5T /ATE P[] & ! EMISSION ( 0G>BAGE-CONT5T0 ) ! EXCUSE ( 0GIV+ ! PEOPLE :AT !Y WANT04 ,H[EV]1 ! PROBLEMS ?AT 9DE$ ?IS COMPANY REPRES5T$ >E TAK5 N[ AS AN EXCUSE = ! IMPOSITION ( A SOLUTION ?AT MEANS A REPETITION & MULTIPLICATION ( ! SAME VICES4 ,9 ! #b#g'S ,V5EZUELA1 ! MEANNESS ( A P>T ( ! PRIVATE OLIGOPOLY IS SUPPOS$ TO BE CORRECT$ BY ! DREADFUL ( A /ATE MONOPOLY1 9CREAS+ ! UNPREC$5T$ 9SANE ADVANTAGES = ! GOV]NM5T & JU/IFY+ ! PRODUCTION ( 0G>BAGE-CONT5T0 ) ! CONDITION ( BE+ 0ROJO-ROJITO0 7R$-SMALL R$7 .<#a.>4 ,9 CONCRETE T]MS3 WE DO NOT HAVE ,MIGUEL ,ANGEL ,RODRIGUEZ ANYMORE BUT WE WILL HAVE ! ACCLAIM$ ,M>IO ,SILVA1 ! PRES5T] ( ! J\RNALI/IC P>ADIGM ( ! #e? ,REPUBLIC4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,V5EZUELAN TELEVISION TEA*ES ?AT ! PRIVATE [N]S ( ! M$IA HAVE NEV] RECOGNIZ$ ! RI<T TO FRE$OM EXPRESSION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ?IS RI<T AFFECTS !IR PR(ITS & ITS PRIVILEG$ POLITICAL & CULTURAL POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,/ATE - BE=E OR AFT] #aiii -- HAS NEV] MADE ANY?+ DIFF]5T 9 ?IS FIELD TO UND]/& ! TELEVISION TO CONSID] IT AS ONE = ! EX]CISE & DEF5SE ( !IR P[] 9T]E/S4 ,= ?AT REASON1 ! LITTLE SPACE ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ = FREE DIFFUSION & DISCUSSION ( IDEAS ON ! ,T,V HAS BE5 V]Y WEAK BECAUSE ?OSE :O HAVE ! P[] 9 ?IS FIELD HAVE ALWAYS WANT IT TO BE ?IS WAY4 

,& IF ?AT WASN'T 5\<1 9 ! /RUGGLE UNLEA%$ AFT] ! COM+ ( ,*AVEZ TO ! PRESID5CY = ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE & ! CONSEQU5T ACCESS TO ! OIL R5T1 ! GOV]NM5TAL & OPPOSITIONI/ FACTIONS HAVE COMPETE EQUALLY 9 ORD] TO USE OPPORTUNI/ICALLY & T5D5TI\SLY ! MASS M$IA BECAUSE ?IS HAS BE5 CONV]T$ 9 A BATTLEFIELD SC5>IO :]E ! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T TO FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION MEANS TO GIVE 9 SPACE TO ! 5EMY1 )9 ?IS P]V]SE LOGIC ( POL>IZATION ?AT WE HAVE SUFF]$ 9 ! LA/ TIMES1 9 :]E ?OSE ( US ?AT DISS5T & CRITICIZE TO ! CONT5D]S ( P[] HAD BE5 EQUALLY DETE/$ & EXCLUD$ = BO? SIDES4 

,H[EV]1 DESPITE ALL ! NUANCES & W>N+S ?AT >E APPLICABLE TO ! ,V5EZUELAN CASE1 ! /RUGGLE = GU>ANTEE+ ! LITTLE ONE ?AT C\LD BE PRES]V$ 9 T]MS ( FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION TODAY :5 SEV]AL EVID5CES LEAD TO ?9K ?AT ! MA9 RISK ?AT FACES UP ?IS FRE$OM 9 ! CURR5T SITUATION COMES FROM ! /ATE ) ITS CLE> 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A COMMUNICATIONAL MODEL SUIT MADE TO ! SIZE ( A SO-CALL$ 0SOCIALISM0 ?AT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! NEW FACE ( ! CAPITALI/IC DOM9ATION 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,WE HAVE NO D\BTS ( ?AT WE HAVE TO BE SO NAIVE TO BELIEVE 9 VOCIF]AT+ IMPORTANT FIGURES ( TODAY LIKE ,GRANI] ( ,R,C,T,V OR ,RAVELL ( ,GLOBOVISION 7& ?AT = NOT M5TION+ ! TODAY'S SIL5T ,>MAS ,CAM]O ( ,TELEV5 OR ,CISN]OS ( ,V5EVISION71 BUT ! MEASURES TAK5 AGA9/ ?OSE FIGURES WILL BE PROMPT ADOPT$ AGA9/ ! RE/ ( ! DISSID5CE ( ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ?OSE )9 ! GOV]NM5TAL SECTOR4 

,WE HAVE NO D\BT AB\T ! FACT ( ?AT WE SUFF] FROM A REGIME ?AT IS SO OPPOS$ TO ANY K9D ( CRITIQUE OR DISAGREEM5T ?AT !Y EV5 PROCLAIM AS A VIRTUE TO REPRESS ANY MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS CLASS BETWE5 !IR ADEPTS BECAUSE !Y IMM$IATELY DISCR$IT ! LEGITIMACY ( ! REACTIONS ( PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( P[] & (FICIAL 9COMPET5CE ATTRIBUT+ !M TO SO-CALL$ CRIM9AL CONSPIRACIES 7! 0,C,I,A01 ! 0,COLOMBIAN P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS01 ! 0RI<T ?AT WANTS TO GIVE A C\P D'ETAT01 ETC47 ?AT W\LD BE BEH9D ANY POSSIBLE K9D ( DISSID5CE 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS P>ANOIAC-,/AL9I/ APPROA*1 ! M]E DEM& ( RI<TS IS JU/ ! UNQUE/IONABLE PRO( ( ! EVIL CONSPIRACIES ?AT ?REAT5 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS0 & ALSO = NOT TO AGREE TO OR TO REPRESS TO ?OSE :O MAKE ?AT DEM&4 ,9DE$1 JU/ FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN DOGMATISM ?AT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,V5EZUELAN GOV]NM5T C\LD BE JU/IFI$ ! AGGRESSION TO ?OSE RI<TS 9 ! NAME ( AN ABSURD 0SOCIALISM0 ?AT IS PR\D TO DAMAGE S]I\SLY TO ,GRANI] BUT COMES TO AN AGREEM5T ) ,CISN]OS1 GIVES RI<TS ( PROP]TY TO MULT9ATIONALS & GIVES ITS PROTECTION TO ! BR&-NEW 0BOLI-B\RGEOISIE0 .<#b.>4 

,FAC$ ) ?AT SITUATION1 WE ! ,V5EZUELAN AN>*I/S C\LD NOT DO ANO!R ?+ ?AT PUT \RSELVES FIRMLY 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! N[ MUTILAT$ RI<T TO FREE EXPRESSION AS SO AS ( ALL ! O!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL RI<TS :I* >E 9DISP5SABLE = ! M]E EXI/5CE & RIS+ ( AUTONOM\S GRASS ROOTS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! FACULTY ( COMMUNICATION1 9 ! FULLE/ & MORE HUMAN S5SE ?AT HAS ?IS WORD IS -= US- A MEAN BUT ALSO A GOAL 9 ?IS PROPOSAL ( A SOCIETY ( FREE & EQUAL PEOPLE ?AT WE WANT TO COME TRUE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE D5\NCE ! USE ( ! CURR5T SITUATION ( CONFRONTATION TO ADVANCE 9 ! WAY ( ! CRIM9ALIZATION ( ! DISSID5CE & ! /RUCTUR+ ( A JURIDICAL ORD9ATION ?AT >E FIT ( A POLICE /ATE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! LEFT W+ AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE IS SUPPORT+ MEASURES 7ILLEGALIZATION ( ! CLOSES ( WAYS & ! BURN+ ( TIRES = EXAMPLE71 ?AT 9 A %ORT T]M WILL BE US$ AGA9/ POPUL> SECTORS ?AT WILL DEM& CLAIMS4 ,WE ALSO D5\NCE ! USE ( >M$ GANGS TO CONFRONT ! DEMON/RATORS 9 ! /REETS2 A BR&-NEW K9D ( P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS ?AT S]VE TO ! ,V5EZUELAN /ATE TO COPY ! PRACTICE ( ITS COMM]CIAL P>TN]S3 ,ALV>O ,URIBE & ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN MULT9ATIONALS4 ,F9ALLY1 WE WILL PO9T \T ! CLE> RELATION BETWE5 ! ,V5EZUELAN GOV]NM5T & SECTORS ( ! GLOBALIZ$ ECONOMY SU* AS ,GU/AVO ,CISN]OS1 RELATION ?AT WANTS TO 5SURE PREC>I\S EMPLOYM5T1 ! SUBORD9ATION & ! S]VILITY ( ! 5TIRE MALE & FEMALE OPPRESS$ ( \R C\NTRY4 

,NUMB]S & FACTS ( ! 0DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! RADIOELECTRIC SPECTRUM0 7?AT (T5 >E NOT TO M5TION BY ! 0,BOLIV>IAN SOCIALISM0 & ! 0DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION073  

,9 #a#i#i#i1 ! PRES5CE ( ! ,V5EZUELAN /ATE 9 ! RADIOELECTRIC SPECTRUM WAS DEMON/RAT$ ONLY ?R\< ONE ,T,V *ANNEL 7,V,T,V7 & TWO FREQU5CIES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,RADIO4 ,N[ADAYS1 !Y HAVE AT ONE'S DISPOSAL ! DIRECT CONTROL OV] #f TELEVISION /ATIONS 7,V,T,V1 ,T,V,E,S2 ,VIVE ,T,V1 ,TELESUR1 ,AVILA ,T,V & ,A,N,T,V71 PLUS #b RADIO NETWORKS 7,NACIONAL & ,Y,V,K,E ,MUNDIAL7 ) #h RADIO /ATIONS4 ,WE HAVE TO ADD TO ! LA/ ?+ SAID1 ! REC5TLY ACQUIR$ CONTROL OV] ,C,A,N,T,V ?AT IS ! BIGGE/ PROVID] ( SUPPORT = TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9 ! C\NTRY4  

,9 ! TOTAL ORD9>Y BUDGET ( ! ,V5EZUELAN ,/ATE = ! YE> #b#g1 IT IS SUPPOS$ TO ASSIGN #a#f#e1#c ?\S& MILLIONS BOLIV>S 7MORE ?AN #gg MILLION DOLL>S7 = ! COMMUNICATIONS FIELD1 )\T TALK+ AB\T ADDITIONAL CR$ITS4  

,ACCORD+ TO ! 5T]PRISE ( MEASUREM5TS ,A,G,B1 BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y ( #aiii & ,DECEMB] ( #b#f1 ! GOV]NM5T IMPOS$ ! PRODUCTION ( #acci OBLIGATORY TRANSMISSIONS TO ! NON-(FICIAL RADIOS & ,T,V'S = A TOTAL ( #ha H\RS1 #ef M9UTES & #db SECONDS4 ,?OSE DATA DO NOT 9CLUDE ! H\RS ( TRANSMISSION ( ,ALO ,PRESID5TE4  

,! MOVEM5T TO E/ABLI% COMMUNIT>IAN RADIOS & ,T,V'S ?AT #a YE>S AGO GAVE POSITIVE /EPS T[>D A MODEL ( AUTONOM\S ALT]NATIVE COMMUNICATION1 HAS BE5 SUBJUGAT$ BY ! P[] ( ! /ATE ?R\<\T ! ECONOMIC CONTROL BECAUSE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! #afg RADIO /ATIONS & #bh TV /ATIONS ?AT N[ADAYS WORK ) ! D5OM9ATION ( 0COMMUNIT>IAN0 DEP5D UPON ! GOV]NM5T SUBSIDIES 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,ASAMBLEA ,NACIONAL1 9 #bf !Y RECEIV$ #e1#g ?\S& MILLIONS BOLIV>S1 APROX4 MORE ?AN #b4#f#e4 DOLL>S71 & = ?AT REASON !Y T5D TO BECOME (FICIAL M\?PIECES & TO REPEAT ! SAME COMMUNICATIONAL VICES !Y QUE/ION4  

,ACCORD+ TO ! (FICIAL M\?PIECE ,M>I ,PILI ,H]N&EZ1 ! HYPO!TIC VOLUME ( BUS9ESSES ( ,R,C,T,V = ! YE> #bg W\LD BE ( #db ?\S& MILLIONS BOLIV>S 7MORE ?AN #aie MILLION DOLL>S74 ,! PROMISE ( SU* A C&Y1 TOGE!R ) ! FE> ( CONFRONT ! ,*AVI/A REV5GE SPIRIT CAN EXPLA9 ! ?+S ?AT HAPP5$ TO ! RE/ ( ! PRIVATE TV /ATIONS 7) ! EXCEPTION ( ,GLOBOVISION1 A SAVAGE CRITICI/71 :]E - = EXAMPLE -3 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT ( OBS]V]S ( ! ,E,U AB\T ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! TIME AT ! ,T,V REG>D+ TO ! ELECTORAL PRESID5TIAL CAMPAIGN1 ,V5EVISION GAVE #h#d.0 TO ! (FICIAL C&IDATE & #a#f.0 TO ! OPPOSITION1 :ILE AT ,TELEV5 ! RESPECTIVE NUMB]S W]E #f#h.0 & #c#b.02 ,LA ,TELE -*ANNEL #a#b- FIR$ TO ! J\RNALI/ ,M>IETTA ,SANTANA = CRITICIZ+ 9 PUBLIC ! CLOSE ( ,R,C,T,V & ! J\RNALI/ ,ANA ,M>IA ,H]N&EZ RESIGN$ AFT] ! PROHIBITION ( D5\NC+ ! IRREGUL>ITIES 9 ! /ATE OIL CORPORATION ,P,D,V,S,A2 :ILE ! *ANNEL ( MUSIC ,PUMA ,T,V WAS B\<T 9 #bd BY ,WILM] ,RUP]TI1 A NOTORI\S 0BOLI-B\RGEOIS01 :O WANTS TO TURN IT 9TO A NEWS *ANNEL 7! ANN\NC$ ,CANAL #a74  

,DUR+ MORE ?AN #c YE>S1 ,R,C,T,V 7( ! CORPORATIVE GR\P #a,B,C OR ,PHELPS7 & ,V5EVISION 7( ! ,CISN]OS GR\P7 =M$ ! DUOPOLY ?AT IMPOS$ !IR BAD & WEIRD HABITS TO ! C\NTRY'S TELEVISION4 ,?IS AGREEM5T HAD A ECONOMIC RA!R ?AN POLITICAL *>ACT]1 &1 9 V>I\S OCCASIONS !Y W]E CONFRONT$ EA* O!R & ALSO ) ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T4 ,IT CAN'T BE COMP>E ) ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL MONOPOLY 9 ! H&S ( SOLDI]S & SELFI% 9T]E/S ?AT WE FACE TODAY4 ,AFT] ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,REF]5DUM ( #b#d1 ! PACT WAS BROK5 :5 ! ,CISN]OS GR\P DECID$ -= ! GOOD HEAL? ( !IR BUS9ESSES- ?AT ! BE/ WAS TO MAKE PEACE ) ! GOV]NM5T1 OP]ATION LEGITIMAT$ 9 A MEET+ HELD 9 ! MA9 B>RACKS ( ,C>ACAS BETWE5 ,*AVEZ & ,GU/AVO ,CISN]OS ) ,JIMMY ,C>T] AS ! M$IATOR ( APPE>ANCE4 ,& FROM ?AT MOM5T ON BEG9S A HONEY MOON BETWE5 ! 0TW5TY ONE C5TURY SOCIALISM0 & ?IS CORPORATE GANG1 9 :I* ! 5GAGEM5T R+ ACQUIR$ ! =M ( ! R5EWAL ( ! DEAL]%IP TO ,V5EVISION POR #e MORE YE>S1 ?AT BEGAN TO C\NT ! SAME DAY ?AT ! 5D ( ! SIGNAL ( ,R,C,T,V4 ,( C\RSE1 TO BO!R TO ANY ,*AVI/A IT IS 5\< TO REM9D !M ?AT IT'S BE5 A %ORT TIME :ILE !IR FACTION FI<T AGA9/ ,V5EVISION & ,! ,CISN]OS OR TO ASK !M = ! CUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! BO? 5T]PRISES ?AT JU/IFY ! CLOSE ( ONE & ! PRIZ+ ( ! O!R ONE4  

,! SY/EMATIC APPLICATION ( A REPRESSIVE POLICY AGA9/ ! DISS5T+ COMMUNICATIONAL EXPRESSIONS IS NOT /OPP$ ONLY 9 ! ISSUE ( ! DEAL]%IPS TO BROADCA/ ,T,V SIGNALS4 ,IT ALSO EXI/S ! BLACKMAIL ?R\<\T ! ,S,5,I,A,T ) ! COLLECTION ( REAL OR SO-CALL$ FISCAL 9SOLV5CIES2 ! CRIM9ALIZATION ( ! CRITIQUE BY MEANS ( ! NUM]\S JUDGM5TS TO J\RNALI/S & M$IA NOT SO FAIR = ! GOV]NM5T & ! >BITR>Y APPLICATION ( ,! ,LAW ( ,SOCIAL ,ACC\NTABILITY ( ,RADIO & ,TELEVISION ?AT BECAUSE IT IS NOT REGULAT$1 IT IS US$ >BITR>ILY BY ,C,O,N,A,T,E,L -! CORRESPOND+ ORGANIZATION- AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ANY J\RNALI/1 PROGRAM O /ATION 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M TO *ANGE !IR POSITION4  
  

.<#a.> 0R$-SMALL R$0 IS A PHRASE US$ BY ! ,PRESID5T ,*AVEZ & !IR PEOPLE TO DESCRIBE ! COLOR ( ! SOCIALI/ SIGN ( !IR POLITICAL MOVEM5T ) AN EMPHASIS US+ ! EXPRESSION 0SMALL R$0 TO MEAN ?AT IS V]Y OR TOTALLY R$4  

.<#b.> ,A WORD COMPOS$ ( 0BOLI0 ( ,BOLIV>IAN & 0B\RGEOISIE04 

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