,CAPITALISM & ,ECOLOGY ,FROM ! ,DECL9E ( ,CAPITAL TO ! ,DECL9E ( ! ,WORLD ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,S\RCE3 LIBCOM4ORG2 ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 AS 0,KAPITALISMUS UND ,OKOLOGIE3 ,VOM ,UNT]GANG DES ,KAPITALS ZUM ,UNT]GANG D] ,WELT01 ,JAHRBU* ,>BEIT]BEWEGUNG #d1 ,FIS*] ,TAS*5BU*1 ,FRANKFURT AM ,MA91 #a#i#g#f2 ,TRANSLAT$3 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR42 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,ZDRAVKO ,SAVESKI1 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#b4 ,! HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( NATURE FOLL[S FROM ! ,SECOND ,LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS1 DISCOV]$ MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO BY ,C>NOT & ,CLAUSIUS1 SPELL+ AN 9CREASE 9 5TROPY 5D+ 9 HEAT DEA?4 ,\R E>?LY LIFE DEP5DS ON ! CONT9U\S SUPPLY ( 5]GY FROM SOL> RADIATION1 :I* DECREASES ) 9CREAS+ 5TROPY1 H[EV] SL[LY4 ,! P]IOD ( TIME 9VOLV$ IS 9DEF9ITE FROM ! HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW1 TOO GIGANTIC TO BE TAK5 9TO PRACTICAL CONSID]ATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! 5TROPY LAW HAS A CONT9U\S1 DIRECT 9FLU5CE ON ! E>? & !RE=E ON ! FATE ( HUMANK9D4 ,AP>T FROM ! SUN1 ! M9]AL WEAL? ( ! E>? PROVIDES = ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN 5]GY NE$S4 ,ITS EXPLOITATION1 H[EV]1 HA/5S ! TRANS=MATION ( 0FREE0 9TO 0B\ND0 5]GY1 ?AT IS1 5]GY NO LONG] AVAILABLE = HUMAN USE & DEGRAD+ T[>DS HEAT DEA?4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! AVAILABLE 5]GY S\RCES CAN ONLY BE UTILIZ$ ONCE4 ,) !IR EXHAU/ION HUMAN LIFE W\LD COME TO AN 5D1 & 9DE$ V]Y LONG BE=E ! COOL+ ( ! SUN1 AS ALL ! NATURAL RI*ES ( ! E>? CONTA9 NO MORE 5]GY ?AN TWO DAYS' SUNLIIES ) ! SIZE ( ! POPULATION1 ! MOM5T AT :I* ! WORLD WILL COLLAPSE IS CONNECT$ ) ! POPULATION PROBLEM4 ,9 ORD] TO DELAY ?IS COLLAPSE1 POPULATION GR[? MU/ BE LIMIT$ & ! CONSUMPTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES BE DECREAS$4 ,TO ?IS PROBLEM1 RAIS$ ) REG>D TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 ,WOLFGANG ,H>I* HAS TURN$ ) REG>D TO COMMUNISM1 :I* HAS UP TO N[ SIMIL>LY BE5 5GAG$ 9 5DLESS ECONOMIC GR[?4.<#a.> ,! OLD SAY+ FITS ,H>I*3 0,! CAT WON'T LEAVE ! M\SE ALONE40 ,HIS MANY YE>S 9 ,WALT] ,ULBRI*T'S PRISONS HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO BREAK HIS SPIRIT ( OPPOSITION4 ,AS AFT] ,JUNE #a#g1 #aiec HE TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,/AL9I/ C\RSE 9 ! ,D,D,R1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,D,D,R ITSELF1 SO TODAY HE TURNS AGA9/ ! GR[? IDEOLOGY REIGN+ 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 TO SAVE ! WORLD BY MEANS ( COMMUNISM4 ,AFT] #aiec ! ,D,D,R %\LD HAVE COME CLOS] TO ! ,WE/ 9 ORD] TO MA/] ITS 9N] CONTRADICTIONS2 TODAY ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS RAIS$ 9 ! ,WE/ %\LD BE TACKL$ BY ! ,EA/1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD4 ,! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM IS ?US = ,H>I* NOT ONLY ! GOAL ( COMMUNI/ POLITICS BUT ! ONLY ADEQUATE MEANS TO MOVE TO A WORLD )\T GR[?1 ON :I* DEP5DS ! LONG-T]M SURVIVAL ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIS VIEWS 9 9T]VIEWS ) ,FREIMUT ,DUVE1 ) ! HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD NOT AGA9 BE MISUND]/OOD 9 ! ,D,D,R4 ,NEI!R ,M>X NOR CLASSICAL ECONOMICS RELAT$ !IR !ORIES TO ! 5TROPY LAW4 ,MAL?US1 H[EV]1 OP5$ UP ! POPULATION PROBLEM = DEBATE & ,RIC>DO SAW ! T5D5CY TO DECL9+ RETURNS FROM ! L& AS A LIMIT TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y APOLOGETICALLY PORTRAY$ SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS AS NATURAL & UNALT]ABLE PROCESSES4 ,!SE !ORIES W]E DEVELOP$ AT A TIME :5 AGRICULTURE /ILL DOM9AT$ ! ECONOMY & 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS MAK+ ITS 9ITIAL TAKE-(F4 ,AL?\< PRODUCTION IS DET]M9$ BY NATURE & HUMAN BE+S1 ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S *IEF ATT5TION WAS DIRECT$ NOT TO NATURAL LIMITATIONS BUT TO ?OSE DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ! WORLD-SE5 AS NATURE-WAS /ILL QUITE UND]-POPULAT$1 & ! 0OV]POPULATION0 ( :I* ,MAL?US WROTE WAS A DIRECT RESULT ( CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 AN 9CREAS+ POPULATION PRESUPPOSES ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 & ?IS1 9 TURN1 PRESUPPOSES *ANGES 9 SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 0,! MORE ,I GO 9TO ! /UFF10 ,M>X WROTE ,5GELS1 0! MORE ,I BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT ! RE=M ( AGRICULTURE1 & H5CE ! QUE/ION ( PROP]TY BAS$ ON IT1 IS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( ! COM+ UPHEAVAL4 ,)\T ?AT1 ,FA!R ,MAL?US WILL TURN \T TO BE RI ,9 ! LI1 ,H>I* SEEKS TO LEGITIMATE HIS 9T]E/ 9 ECOLOGY ) REF]5CES TO ,M>X & ,5GELS & TO DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,CIT+ ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,G4 ,BIOLAT1 HE MA9TA9S ?AT 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ECOLOGY EXPRESS$ A NEW DEEPLY DIALECTICAL APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( NATURE10 SO ?AT HIS [N CONC]N 0IS AS OR?ODOX AS ONE C\LD WI%40 ,ECOLOGY CONC]NS ITSELF ) ! 0RECIPROCAL ACTION BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY10 :I* CAN ONLY BE FULLY COMPREH5D$ BY ! ADEPTS ( 0! DIALECTICS ( NATURE0 & ! 0,M>XI/ !ORY ( KN[L$GE REF9$ BY ,L5940 ,N[1 ! METABOLISM BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE1 :I* CAN ALSO BE UND]/OOD AS A MUTUAL 9T]ACTION1 HAS 9 ITSELF NO?+ TO DO ) ! QUE/ION ( ! DIALECTICS ( NATURE1 & WILL NOT BE DISPUT$ BY ?OSE = :OM ! DIALECTIC HAS NO VALIDITY4 ,!RE=E ,L59'S EPI/EMOLOGY IS ALSO NOT REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS ECOLOGY & ! ?REATS TO IT1 JU/ AS HIS POSSESSION ( ?IS EPI/EMOLOGY1 AS ,H>I* MU/ TO HIS SORR[ RECOGNIZE1 HAS UNTIL N[ CONTRIBUT$ LITTLE TO ! KN[L$GE ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME IS UNCONC]N$ ) DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,AS 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS IT H>DLY MATT]S EV5 = ,H>I* :E!R ! DIALECTICS ( NATURE ALREADY 9CLUD$ ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO DISCUSS HIS P>TY-L9E ,L59I/ OR?ODOXY4 ,HIS >GUM5T RE/S NOT ON ! DIALECTICS ( NATURE BUT ON ! CALCULATIONS ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 :I* />T FROM ! TOO RAPID CONSUMPTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES & ! POPULATION EXPLOSION TO PR$ICT A DECL9E ( HUMANITY 9 ! NOT TOO DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,!RE >E ASPECTS ( NATURE :I* CAN BE GRASP$ ) =MAL LOGIC & O!RS :I* REQUIRE ! USE ( DIALECTICAL LOGIC4 ,DISCOV]IES 9 MICROPHYSICS 5=CE A LOGIC ADEQUATE TO ?IS OBJECT1 :I* IS NOT ID5TICAL ) EI!R =MAL OR DIALECTICAL LOGIC4 ,BUT ! MEANS = ! UND]/&+ ( NATURE & ! RELEVANCE ( ITS REGUL>ITIES ON ! HUMAN BE+S :O 9VE/IGATE !M GIVE NO 9=MATION AB\T ! 0TOTALITY0 ( NATURE & ITS LAWS ( MOTION1 :I* >E CLOS$ TO US UP TO N[1 & NO D\BT P]MAN5TLY4 ,EV5 IF DIALECTICAL LOGIC W\LD BE REQUIR$ = ! /UDY ( NATURE1 WE C\LD DRAW NO CONCLUSIONS FROM ?IS AB\T ! DIALECTICS ( NATURE2 9 CONTRA/1 ! DIALECTIC ( SOCIETY IS VISIBLE 9 ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T & CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,ONE CAN1 ( C\RSE1 DESCRIBE ! 5TROPY LAW AS 0DIALECTICAL10 JU/ BECAUSE IT IMPLIES LA/+ QUALITATIVE *ANGES1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE TRACES ALL ECONOMIC & BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES TO !IR PHYSICAL BASIS4 ,BUT ! ,SECOND ,LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS WAS DISCOV]$ BY PHYSICAL *EMI/RY1 NOT BY ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD1 & IS QUITE SUFFICI5T TO ILLUM9ATE ECOLOGY FROM BO? A BIOLOGICAL & A SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M>XISM IS NOT A NATURAL SCI5CE1 & 9 FACT NOT A SCI5CE 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE1 BUT USES SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] ! PRESUPPOSITIONS & NECESSITIES ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 9 G5]AL & ( ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM 9 P>TICUL>1 9 ORD] TO 9T]V5E PRACTICALLY 9 SOCIAL PROCESSES4 ,LAWS ( NATURE CANNOT BE *ANG$2 !Y HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$1 AL?\< 9CREAS+ UND]/&+ ( !M BECOMES A HUMAN =CE ( PRODUCTION1 DET]M9+ ! POSSIBILITIES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF NATURE AS IT AFFECTS HUMAN BE+S CAN ?US ONLY DEVELOP 9 ONE DIRECTION1 NAMELY ITS 5D1 SO LONG AS ! WORLD EXI/S ! PROBLEMS ( HUMANITY >E DET]M9$ BY ?IS WORLD & MU/ BE DECID$ )9 IT4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE ?AT !RMODYNAMICS IS ONLY A *>ACT]I/IC ( AN EXP&+ UNIV]SE & ?AT 9 A CONTRACT+ UNIV]SE ! OPPOSITE PROCESS W\LD OCCUR1 LEAD+ TO A NEW PRODUCTION ( MATT] \T ( RADIATION1 ?IS HAS NO SIGNIFICANCE = ! WORLD :I* W\LD HAVE DISAPPE>$ 9 ! MEANTIME1 TOGE!R ) ITS 9HABITANTS4 ,IT IS ALSO OBVI\S )\T REF]5CE TO ! 5TROPY PR9CIPLE ?AT ! METABOLISM BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE DEP5DS ON ! FRUITFULNESS ( ! E>? & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( ITS RAW MAT]IALS4 ,) ! EXHAU/ION ( ! LATT] ! S\RCES ( 5]GY DECL9E & ) !M ! POSSIBILITY ( HUMAN 9T]V5TIONS 9 NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,! WORLD 9 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS LIV$ KNEW1 H[EV]1 NONE ( ! NATURE-DET]M9$ LIMITS TO PRODUCTION4 ,NEI!R PHYSICAL NOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES EXPLA9$ ! UNPLEASANT SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! EXHAU/ION ( ! E>?'S WEAL? & RELATIVE OV]POPULATION W]E ! DIRECT RESULT ( PRODUCTION = PR(IT & C\LD BE UNDONE BY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE C\LD NOT YET SPEAK ( AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 9 P>TICUL> NOT FROM A ,M>XI/ /&PO9T4 ,>E ?+S DIFF]5T TODAY8 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME & ,H>I*1 WE >E 9 ! MID/ ( AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 :I* OBLIGES ,M>XISM ALSO TO GO MORE DEEPLY ?AN BE=E 9TO ! NATURAL BASIS ( SOCIETY & 9TO ! POPULATION QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ,MAL?US4 ,H>I* BELIEVES ?AT COMMUNI/ SCI5TI/S1 IF NOT YET 9 ! ,D,D,R !N 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 0>E BEG9N+ TO FOCUS ) GR[+ 9SII*1 LIES 9 REV]S+ !SE PROCESSES4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IMPLIES ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & !RE=E REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATIONS ON ! GLOBAL LEVEL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 H[EV]1 WE CAN TODAY NO LONG] SPEAK ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION AS IT WAS ONCE IMAG9$1 FREE+ ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION FROM ! FETT]S ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO MEET GR[+ NE$S1 BUT MU/ TAKE UP ,BABEUF'S IDEA ( TURN+ BACK ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & HUMAN NE$S 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ASCETIC COLLECTIVITY4 ,M>X HAD ALREADY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 9 CAPITALISM ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAD BECOME =CES ( DE/RUCTION1 0& EXACTLY ?IS10 SAYS ,H>I*1 0WE >E EXP]I5C+ TODAY40 ,BUT ?IS IS A MISUND]/&+ ON ,H>I*'S P>T4 ,EV5 CONSID]+ ! DE/RUCTIVE SIDE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ,M>X SAW 9 COMMUNISM ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY TO A FUR!R PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 ON :I* ! OV]COM+ ( HUMAN POV]TY AS DET]M9$ BY CAPITALISM1 AS 9 G5]AL1 DEP5DS4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS GR[? ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION 9CLUDES ! REQUIREM5T ?AT IT %\LD NO LONG] S]VE ! BL9D DRIVE = VALORIZATION ( CAPITAL1 BUT RATIONAL HUMAN NE$S1 :I* >E !MSELVES DET]M9$ BY ! TE*NOLOGICO-SCI5TIFIC *>ACT] ( ! ADDITIONAL PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,N[ ?IS MAY TURN \T TO BE UTOPIAN1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! LONG-LIV$ *>ACT] ( CAPITALISM BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( LIMITS TO ECONOMIC GR[? SET BY NATURE & NOT CONSID]$ BY ,M>X4 ,! RELATIVE OV]POPULATION ,M>X WROTE AB\T HAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 BECOME ABSOLUTE OV]POPULATION1 :I* CANNOT BE OV]COME BY MEANS ( A *ANGE FROM CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM1 BUT ONLY ?R\< ITS SY/EMATIC R$UCTION BY MEANS ( POPULATION PLANN+-& NOT ONLY 9 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 BUT ON ! GLOBAL SCALE4 ,?US EV5 COMMUNISM ALL[S = NO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ON ! BASIS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 BUT REQUIRES ECONOMIC PLANN+ )\T GR[? & POSSIBLY ! LIQUIDATION ( =MS ( PRODUCTION ALREADY 9 USE4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS DISCOV]$ BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME & O!RS CAN BE SE5 AS A NEW ATTEMPT-SIMIL> TO ! EF=TS ( ,MAL?US & ,RIC>DO-TO EXPLA9 SOCIAL DIFFICULTIES AS ! RESULT ( NATURAL CONDITIONS1 S9CE TO !M ! =M ( SOCIETY APPE>S TO BE NATURAL & UN*ANGEABLE4 ,! NOVEL ELEM5T IS ?AT TODAY !RE IS AGREEM5T FROM ! 0,M>XI/0 SIDE1 ) EI!R A GOOD OR A BAD CONSCI5CE4 ,( C\RSE1 ,H>I*'S POSITION DIFF]S FROM ?AT ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME 9 ?AT HE REMA9S AW>E ?AT EV5 ) A FULL UND]/&+ ( ! CRISIS SITUATION ! CAPITALI/ WORLD IS 9 NO POSITION TO TAKE MEASURES TO PRES]VE HUMAN LIFE = ! DI/ANT FUTURE1 EV5 IF ON A MORE MODE/ BASIS4 ,! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 ,H>I* NOTES1 9DE$ SPEAKS ( AN EXPECTABLE IMPOV]I%M5T & DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD1 BUT 0IT DOES NOT SAY ?AT ! RI* MU/ DISAPPE> FROM ! PICTURE40 ,PEOPLE >E 9DE$ READY TODAY 0TO RATION GASOL9E10 BUT NOT PREP>$ 0TO RATION EV]Y?+40 ,BUT :Y %\LDN'T EV]Y?+ BE RATION$1 & 9DE$ ON A SOCIALI/ BASIS1 ASKS ,H>I*2 0,W\LDN'T ?AT ALREADY BE COMMUNISM80 ,W\LD IT NOT BE1 0AS A RESULT ( A RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION1 ,BABEUF'S COMMUNISM1 TO :I* ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T MU/ N[1 HAV+ REA*$ A HI<] LEVEL1 TURN BACK ) A DIALECTICAL SPIRAL MOVEM5T-! NEGATION ( ! NEGATION-AFT] ! 'SPR+S' ( CAPITALI/ WEAL? HAVE FL[$ = NE>LY #b YE>S80 ,BUT :Y /OP ) ,BABEUF8 ,:Y NOT RETURN TO ! P]FECT ECOLOGY ( ,P>ADISE BE=E ,ORIG9AL ,S98 ,! ONE IS AS MU* AN IMPOSSIBILITY AS ! O!R1 ON :I* ,BABEUF MU/ COME TO GRIEF4 ,HI/ORY CANNOT BE MADE TO GO BACKW>DS1 NOT EV5 ?R\< ! 0NEGATION ( ! NEGATION40 ,A RATION$ DI/RIBUTION ITSELF PRESUPPOSES PRODUCTIVE =CES :I* >E A MAT* = ! NE$S ( F\R BILLION PEOPLE1 & ) ?IS CONT9U$ PRODUCTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! LAW ( 9CREAS+ 5TROPY1 I4E4 TO SUPPORT ! NEGATIVE 5TROPY ( ! LIV+ WORLD ) ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( 0FREE0 5]GY4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ?IS1 ! RATION+ ( :I* ,H>I* SPEAKS IS NOT AT ALL =EIGN TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 :]E IT IS TO BE F\ND1 APPLI$ MORE OR LESS ?OR\TIME 7& ALSO 9 0W>-COMMUNISM074 ,BESIDES1 CAPITALISM IS BAS$1 9 ! =M ( ! LAW ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ON A =M ( 0RATION+0 ( PROLET>IAN LIV+ CONDITIONS1 SOME?+ ?AT ALSO *>ACT]IZES ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! PUTATIVELY 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES1 AL?\< !RE SURPLUS VALUE CAN APPE> DIRECTLY AS SURPLUS PRODUCT4 ,9 FACT1 ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL1 AS ,H>I* HIMSELF EXPLA9S1 HANGS ON ! CONT9U+ 0RATION+0 ( ! PRODUC]S1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY ! GR[+ SURPLUS-VALUE REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,:5 & TO :ATEV] EXT5T IT IS NECESS>Y1 CAPITAL WILL ALSO SEEK POLITICAL WAYS TO PU% ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S D[N TO A MORE MODE/ LEVEL4 ,! EXP&+ POV]TY ON ! GLOBAL LEVEL IS A PRODUCT ( SURPLUS VALUE PRODUCTION1 ! RESULT ( CAPITALISM'S 0RATION+0 ( ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( EV] GREAT] MASSES ( PEOPLE1 & CAN !RE=E NOT BE RECOMM5D$ AS A SOLUTION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,IF IT W]E A SOLUTION1 CAPITAL W\LD BE 9 ! BE/ POSITION TO C>RY IT ?R\<4 ,:5 ,H>I* SPEAKS ( ! NECESSITY TO R$UCE PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ! QUE/ION >ISES3 ( :OM IS HE SPEAK+1 ACTUALLY8 ,! WORK]S1 FROM :OM ALWAYS MORE SURPLUS VALUE IS BE+ EXTRACT$8 ,! UNEMPLOY$1 :O CAN H>DLY KEEP !IR HEADS ABOVE WAT]8 ,! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 :O SUFF] FROM MALN\RI%M5T & SL[ 7OR (T5 FA/7 />VATION8 ,& IF ABSOLUTE OV]POPULATION & ! TOO RAPID CONSUMPTION ( RAW MAT]IALS >E ! CAUSES ( !SE SUFF]+S1 !N A MORE JU/ DI/RIBUTION CANNOT *ANGE MU* ESS5TIALLY4 ,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 WE MU/ CALL AN 5D TO ACCUMULATION1 SO ?AT SOCIAL PRODUCTION ON ! BASIS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 & ) Z]O POPULATION GR[?1 CAN F9ALLY MAT* CONSUMPTION4 ,! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & PROP]TY EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,9T]RUPTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T DEM&$ BY ! PRESSURE TO ACCUMULATE BR+S ECONOMIC CRISIS & ! MIS]Y ( A DEPRESSION4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT SEES ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AS ALREADY UND]WAY1 ?IS W\LD ( C\RSE BE A WELCOME SITUATION4 ,BUT AS A CRISIS SITUATION )\T A REVOLUTION>Y CONTE/ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM CAN LEAD ONLY TO A NEW PHASE ( ACCUMULATION1 A REALIZATION ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION IS RES]V$ = COMMUNISM4 ,9DE$1 9 ,H>I*'S CONCEPTION COMMUNISM ALSO NOT A REALITY1 BUT ITS PRECONDITIONS HAVE ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ ) ! EXI/5CE ( 0SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES40 ,IT DEP5DS ON !M1 & ON ! WORK]S' MOVEM5TS 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 :E!R SOCIETY CAN PRES]VE ITS NATURAL BASIS4 0,! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! CREATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! REALIZATION ( COMMUNISM >E10 ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 0! PRESUPPOSITIONS = ! SOCIAL REALIZATION ( ! DEM&S ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME40 ,AP>T FROM A H&FUL ( SCI5TI/S1 H[EV]1 NEI!R ! AU?ORITIES ( ! 0SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES0 NOR ! WORK]S ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD >E CONSCI\S ( ?IS IMPORTANT TASK4 ,AS ,FREIMUT ,DUVE EMPHASIZES1 0! ECONOMIC POLICIES ( ALL NATIONS-)\T EXCEPTION->E ! SAME AS IF ! /UDIES ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME HAD NEV] BE5 MADE40 ,?IS HOLDS ALSO = ! 0SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES10 :I* DOES NOT /OP ,H>I* FROM ASCRIB+ TO !M ! POSSIBILITY ( A FA/] & BETT] ADAPTATION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 AS !Y >E NOT SUBJECT TO ! PRESSURE = EXP&$ REPRODUCTION4 ,S9CE 9 ANY CASE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T IS A PROBLEM = 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY G5]ALLY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( COM+ TO GRIPS ) ?IS PROBLEM IS 9 NO WAY SY/EM-NEUTRAL4 ,C]TA9LY1 UN=TUNATELY1 ! RAW-MAT]IALS RES\RCES ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES MAKE A PRIOR COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION UNNECESS>Y4 ,BUT !Y WILL NEV]!LESS F9ALLY DEAL ) ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 AS COMMUNI/S 0WILL NEV] RESIGN !MSELVES TO ! IDEA ?AT HUMANITY IS DOOM$ TO DE/RUCTION40 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 IT IS A MATT] ( ONCE MORE SWIMM+ 0AGA9/ ! CURR5T0 & HOLD+ AN IMAGE ( ! FUTURE TO ! EYES ( ! WORLD1 SO AS TO 9DICATE ! PA?WAY TO ESCAPE4 ,?AT ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME CAN ONLY W>N & MAKE PROPOSALS1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 *ANGES NO?+ 9 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSIVE =CE0 ( ! ECOLOGICAL UND]/&+ IT HAS A*IEV$4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS UND]/&+ CAN ONLY BE DRAWN BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ! WORK]S' /ATES1 BUT !Y DEM& ! REVISION ( TRADITIONAL COMMUNI/ IDEAS4 0,! ADVANTAGES ( ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM MU/ BE UTILIZ$1 9 ORD] TO REGULATE BY PLANN+ ! PRODUCTION ( ALL MAT]IAL GOODS1 TO DO OPTIMAL JU/ICE TO ! CRIT]IA ( ECOLOGY4440 ,TO ?IS 5D1 SAYS ,H>I*1 0! LEFT-W+ P>TIES MU/ N[ IMM$IATELY BEG9 TO EXPLA9 TO ! WORK+ CLASS ! REASONS :Y :I* IT WILL HALT ECONOMIC GR[? AS SOON AS IT HAS COME TO P[]1 & IMPOSE MAT]IAL RE/RICTIONS ON ! :OLE POPULATION1 9CLUD+ ! WORK]S40 ,?IS WILL ?US BE A REVOLUTION NOT = IMPROV+ BUT = L[]+ ( ! WORK]S' /&>D ( LIV+4 ,IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO >\SE MU* REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM = ?IS PROJECT4 ,?IS IS ,H>I*'S GREATE/ WORRY4 ,AS A TRU?-LOV+ P]SON HE WI%ES TO AWAK5 NO ILLUSIONS & MAKE CLE> TO ! WORK]S ! NECESSITY ( NEW PRIVATIONS1 0AS POPUL> AS POSSIBLE & AS UNPOPUL> AS IS NECESS>Y GIV5 ! JUDGM5T ( SCI5CE40 ,9 ANY CASE WE MU/ PUT AS MU* ( AN 5D AS WE CAN TO PROSP]ITY ?9K+ & ! FETI%ISM ( GR[?1 0BY MEANS ( RE$UCATION1 ?\< ALSO1 :5 NECESS>Y1 BY RIGOR\S REPRESSION1 P]HAPS BY ! %UTD[N ( :OLE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 ACCOMPANI$ BY LEGALLY IMPOS$ COLD-TURKEY CURES40 ,IT IS CLE>1 AT LEA/ = ,H>I*1 0?AT = ?IS ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ADM9I/]$ BY ! PROLET>IAN /ATE1 IS ! NECESS>Y PRECONDITION40 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,! PROLET>IAN /ATE MU/ ALSO HAVE ! P[] TO CONTROL 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION ACCORD+ TO CRIT]IA IMPOS$ BY ECOLOGY4 0,9 ! F9ITE SY/EM ( ! BIOSPH]E10 ,H>I* CONT9UES1 09 :I* COMMUNISM MU/ MAKE ITS WAY1 IT MU/ TRANS=M HUMAN SOCIETY 9TO A HOMEO/ATIC /ATION>Y /ATE :I*1 JU/ AS IT LIMITS ! CONT9UATION ( ! DYNAMIC ( CAPITALISM OR ( SOCIALISM1 ALSO HAS NO PLACE = ! LIMITLESS FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,ANY IDEA ( A FUTURE WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE IS !RE=E ILLUSORY40 ,?IS 0REVISION0 ( 0CLASSICAL ,M>XISM-,L59ISM0 IS DIRECT$ ( C\RSE ONLY AGA9/ ! IDEOLOGY & NOT AGA9/ ! REALITY ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES1 :I* HAVE NEV]1 & DO NOT N[1 9T5D TO R5\NCE 0/ATE AU?ORITY & CODIFI$ LAW0 9 ORD] TO REALIZE COMMUNISM 9 ! ORIG9AL ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>I*1 WAS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO CREATE ! 0HEAVY 9DU/RIAL F\NDATION ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ) 0UNEXAMPL$ H>%NESS & BRUTALITY10 IT IS EV5 MORE NECESS>Y TODAY 9 ORD] TO DISMANTLE ?IS F\NDATION4 ,AS ,/AL9 0GOV]N$ ! C\NTRY0 ) ! GOAL ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 SO MU/ ! PROLET>IAN /ATE1 TAK+ 9TO ITS CALCULATIONS ! =ECA/S ( SCI5CE1 UTILIZE ALL NECESS>Y MEANS TO =CE PEOPLE 9TO A LIFE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ECOLOGY4 ,BABEUF'S COMMUNISM ITSELF CANNOT BE LEFT TO ! WORK]S1 BUT CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! UNAVOIDABLE /ATE P[] EX]CIS$ BY ,M>XI/-,L59I/ P>TIES4 ,TO ?IS ,DUVE OBJECTS ?AT ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( COMMUNISM 9 RELATION TO ,H>I*'S AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS1 S9CE 0! ADM9I/RATION ( WANT 9 ANY CASE WILL GIVE ! ADM9I/RATORS ! REAL P[]40 ,! P]PETUATION ( ! /ATE IS NATURALLY ! P]PETUATION ( CLASS SOCIETY & SO ( EXPLOITATIVE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E AT ! SAME TIME RELATIONS ( PROP]TY4 ,AS /ATE PROP]TY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION APPE> 9 FUTURE AS MEANS ( PRODUCTION SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORK]S4 ,H[ & :AT IS PRODUC$ IS SUBORD9AT$ NOT TO !IR CONTROL BUT TO ?AT ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* SUPPOS$LY REPRES5T ! 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT ?IS SOCIETY REMA9S DIVID$ 9TO ONE GR\P ( PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! /ATE1 :O CONTROL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SO ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCT1 & ! MASS ( ! POPULATION1 :O MU/ FOLL[ !IR ORD]S4 ,?IS NEW TYPE ( SOCIETY *>ACT]IZ$ BY /ATE CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION APPE>S TO ! B\RGEOISIE AS /ATE SOCIALISM1 OR SIMPLY SOCIALISM1 BUT IS CAPITALI/ 9 ITS RELATION TO ! WORK]S1 SOME?+ :I* IS CONV5I5TLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 AL?\< IT SEEKS TO PRES5T ITSELF AS SOCIALISM4 ,ONCE ?IS SITUATION IS E/ABLI%$1 ! SOCIAL REPRODUCTION PROCESS TAKES PLACE AS ! REPRODUCTION ( /ATE DOM9ATION & SOCIAL WEAL? GR[S AS ! 9CREASE ( /ATE P[]4 ,AP>T FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE AMONG NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ CAPITALS1 :I* WILL BE EV5 %>P] ?ANKS TO ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EMS1 ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS BUILD+ ITSELF UP )9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( /ATE CAPITALISM HAS ITS [N DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 ! 9CREASE ( ! SURPLUS PRODUCT AT ITS DISPOSAL & SO = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ON A /ATE-CAPITALI/ F\NDATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ FREELY TO SET LIMITS ON ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS =C$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION IT WILL NOT APPLY ! RESULT+ PRIVATIONS IT TO ITSELF1 BUT IMPOSE !M ON ! P[]LESS MASS ( ! POPULATION4 ,! ECOLOGICAL >GUM5T1 ( C\RSE1 (F]S A GOOD ALIBI4 ,IT IS ALREADY ( USE TO ,H>I* = ! DEF5SE ( ! CONT9U+ BACKW>DNESS ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES 9 COMP>ISON TO ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL NATIONS4 0,WE MU/ TRANS=M ! ,WE/-,EA/ GRADI5T ( LIV+ /&>DS10 HE SAYS1 0:I* UP TO ! PRES5T HAS LIMIT$ ! PROGRESS ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 9TO AN ,EA/-,WE/ GRADI5T ( EXEMPL>Y C>E = ! 5VIRONM5T1 ( RATIONAL1 MOD]ATE1 ECONOMICAL H&L+ ( RAW MAT]IALS & A QUALITY ( SOCIALI/ LIFE 9 ACCORDANCE ) IT40 ,WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/1 EV5 IF ONLY AFT] A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 >E TO TAKE ! L[] /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! ,EA/ AS A MODEL & P]CEIVE !IR REVOLUTION>Y DUTY 9 ! R5UNCIATION ( ! FEW COM=TS :I* CAPITALISM OCCASIONALLY (F]S !M4 ,:AT ! WORK]S ( ! ,D,D,R EXP]I5CE %\LD ?US MAKE CLE> TO ?OSE 9 ! ,WE/ 0?AT ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,D,D,R1 AS ( ! SOCIALI/ CAMP 9 G5]AL1 :I* WE USUALLY SEE AS DISADVANTAGES1 >E ADVANTAGES AS SOON AS WE MEASURE !M AGA9/ ! NEW /&>DS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS40 ,?IS 9V]SION ( HI!RTO EXI/+ VALUES CAN NOT1 H[EV]1 9 ,H>I*'S CONCEPTION BE A*IEV$ OV]NIX ALREADY /RESS$ & AS EXI/S 9 ! ,D,D,R3 I4E4 A DI/RIBUTION NOT ACCORD+ TO NE$ BUT ACCORD+ TO WORK P]=M$4 ,AS IT IS ! 0PROLET>IAN /ATE0 ?AT JUDGES P]=MANCE1 ?IS /ATE BECOMES ! 9/RUM5T ( 9EQUALITY & HAS NO O!R CONT5T ?AN ?IS 9EQUALITY1 OR ITSELF4 ,BUT JU/ AS LITTLE AS ! RUL+ CLASS 9 PRIVATE CAPITALISM IS WILL+ FREELY TO GIVE UP ITS PRIVILEGES1 SO LITTLE WILL ! NEW CLASS RUL+ ?R\< ! 0PROLET>IAN /ATE0 GIVE UP ! PRIVILEGES ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,! 0SOCIALI/ /ATE0 IS NO MORE ABLE TO RESPOND TO ! W>N+S ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME A LA ,BABEUF ?AN CAPITAL2 IT ACTS 9/EAD AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK]S1 AS ALWAYS1 ) OR )\T ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,& AS LITTLE AS ! WORK+ CLASS WILL BE READY1 UND] ! CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION & 9EQUALITY ?AT OBTA9 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 TO SET ASIDE ITS NE$S TO PRES]VE ! 5VIRONM5T1 SO LITTLE WILL ! WORK]S ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES R5\NCE AN IMPROVEM5T ( !IR LIV+ /&>D 9 ! 9T]E/ ( 0FUTURE G5]ATIONS40 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ALWAYS LAT5T1 WILL DECIDE ! FUR!R C\RSE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF ECONOMIC GR[? IS TO BE HALT$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ ALSO BE ABOLI%$1 OR1 TO USE ,H>I*'S T]M9OLOGY1 ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES MU/ BE CREAT$ ON A GLOBAL SCALE 9 ORD] TO MEET ! DEM&S ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS EV5 9 ! 0FIR/ PHASE0 ( COMMUNISM4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE CANNOT ( C\RSE BE ABOLI%$ BY MEANS ( /ATE P[] BUT ONLY C>RI$ ON 9 A ONE-SID$ WAY = A LONG] OR %ORT] P]IOD1 ?AT IS1 ?R\< ! FASCI/ OR DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( CAPITAL OR ?R\< ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 9 ! S5SE ( 0,M>XISM-,L59ISM40 ,JU/ AS ! ECONOMIC CRISIS >IS+ FROM ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION %>P5S CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 SO MU/ ! MEASURES = OV]COM+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 :I* >E ! SAME AS ?OSE RESPOND+ TO AN ECONOMIC CRISIS1 BE EXPECT$ TO %>P5 CLASS CONFLICTS4 ,! CONT9U+ ?REAT TO ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL1 ON ! ONE H&1 PU% ! LATT] TO KEEP !IR P[] BY DICTATORIAL MEANS2 ON ! O!R1 !Y WILL ALSO SEEK TO MEET ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S HALFWAY1 9 SO F> AS ?IS IS POSSIBLE4 ,= PRIVATE CAPITAL ?IS CAN ONLY BE A MATT] ( MEASURES ?AT LEAD TO ! RESUMPTION ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & ) IT ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 ,TO KEEP !IR P[]1 ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES MU/ 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & EXP& PRODUCTION1 COMMITT+ !MSELVES )\T A BACKW>D GLANCE TO ! ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( FUR!R GR[?4 ,?US ! W>N+S ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME FALL ON DEAF E>S EV]Y:]E1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES1 :]E A NEW 0B\RGEOISIE0 HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE ON ! F\NDATION ( ! /ATE4 ,H>I* CONJURES UP A LACK 9 UND]/&+ ON ! P>T ( ! 0COMMUNI/0 AU?ORITIES1 :I* C\LD BE REM$I$ BY 0SCI5TIFIC0 9SII* CAN IMAG9E1 :I* ALL[S HIM TO MAKE HIS ECOLOGICAL HOPES DEP5D ON /ATE DICTATOR%IP & ITS P]PETUATION4 ,IF ! SALVATION ( ! WORLD DEP5DS ON ! ALREADY EXI/+ 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES & FUTURE ONES LIKE !M1 WE CAN AB&ON ALL HOPE4 ,:AT ,H>I* REPROA*ES CAPITALISM =1 ITS 9ABILITY TO CALL A HALT TO ECONOMIC GR[?1 IS AS TRUE = ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS POS+ AS 0SOCIALISM40 ,HIS ILLUSION>Y DEM& = 0A /ATION>Y /ATE ( HUMANITY )9 ! SY/EM ( NATURE0 REQUIRES ! SIMULTANE\S OV]COM+ ( ! CAPITALI/ & /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS & W\LD REQUIRE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS :I* W\LD NOT SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES UNCONDITIONALLY TO ! 0JUDGM5T ( SCI5CE0 OR ! /ATE BUT W\LD1 )\T OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY1 MAKE !MSELVES AT HOME 9 ! WORLD 9 A WAY CORRESPOND+ TO !IR [N NECESSITIES & NE$S4 ,AS SU* MOVEM5TS DO NOT EXI/1 WE >E /UCK ) ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 0,SCI5CE0 IS NOT RESPONSIBLE = ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION OR FAILURE TO APPLY ! KN[L$GE WON BY IT2 !SE >E LEFT TO ! GOV]NM5TS & SO TO ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,IT IS PECULI> ?AT ,H>I* CRITICIZES ! FETI%ISM ( GR[? 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 S9CE ! LATT] IS ITSELF ONLY AN ASPECT ( ! FETI%ISM ( GR[?4 ,SCI5CE IS REPRES5T$ BY PEOPLE1 :O >E NOT ONLY SCI5TI/S BUT ALSO MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 & IT IS P>TICUL> SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT DET]M9E ! FIELDS ( APPLICATION ( SCI5CE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ =CES ( PRODUCTION OR-:AT COMES TO ! SAME ?+-! G5]ATION ( ! 0ECOLOGICAL CRISIS0 WAS A PROCESS MADE POSSIBLE BY SCI5CE1 TO AN 9CREAS+ EXT5T A DIRECT RESULT ( SCI5CE & ITS 9FLU5CE ON TE*NOLOGY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS 5VIRONM5T-DE/ROY+ SCI5CE ?AT ,H>I* N[ EXPECTS ! NECESS>Y 9/RUCTIONS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM1 :OSE PRACTICAL REALIZATION W\LD SET DEF9ITE LIMITS NOT ONLY TO ! GR[? ( ! ECONOMY BUT TO ?AT ( SCI5CE4 ,HE SPEAKS ( C\RSE ( SCI5CE UND] ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 BUT S9CE ?IS IS ONLY ANO!R NAME = ! /ILL EXI/+ CAPITAL-WORK] RELATION1 9 ! =M ( /ATE PROP]TY1 H]E ALSO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE DEP5DS ON ! FUR!R GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 AS ! SOCIALLY-DET]M9$ 9T]E/S ( ! SCI5TI/S REMA9 TI$ TO ! PROGRESS ( /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,?IS IS APP>5TLY CONTRADICT$ BY ! RECOGNITION GIV5 TO ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME BY ,RUSSIAN SCI5TI/S1 AS WELL AS BY ! ATT5TION GIV5 G5]ALLY TO ! ,CLUB'S DISCOV]IES1 CR$IT$ ) 0REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSIVE =CE40 ,IT SEEMS A/ONI%+ ?AT !SE RESE>*ES HAVE BE5 F9ANC$ BY CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS & BUS9ESS CONC]NS1 SU* AS ! ,VOLKSWAG5 ,F\NDATION1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! UNEXPECT$ LIB]ALISM ) :I* TOTALIT>IAN /ATES HAVE ALL[$ !IR ACADEMICS ! RIE ITS PRES5T-DAY CONC]NS ALSO ?OSE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES8 ,IS ?IS DEVELOPM5T P]HAPS A P>T ( CALL$-= LONG-T]M PLANN+1 OR ONLY A SPONTANE\S REACTION TO A %ORTAGE ( NECESS>Y RAW MAT]IALS & FUELS1 POLITICALLY 5G9E]$ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PRICE ME*ANISM8 ,OR >E WE H]E DEAL+ ) NO MORE ?AN A FREE RE9 GIV5 TO SCI5CE1 :I* CAN ULTIMATELY LEAD ONLY TO EXT5SIVE PROJECTS TO GIVE ! SCI5TI/S JOBS & 9COMES8 ,AL?\< ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM ACTUALLY EXI/S1 ! RESE>*ES 9TO IT HAVE ALMO/ NO PRACTICAL MEAN+4 ,9 SO F> AS ONE C\LD ASCRIBE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE TO !M1 IT IS A CONTRADICTORY ONE3 :ILE !Y >E ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! DREADFUL SITUATION TO ! WORK]S 9 ! ,EA/ & ,WE/ & HALT !IR /RUGGLE = BETT] LIV+ CONDITIONS1 AN 9CREASE 9 SURPLUS VALUE OR SURPLUS PRODUCT /ILL REQUIRES PROGRESSIVE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! ABSOLUTE MA9T5ANCE ( AN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT TODAY ! PROLONGATION ( HUMAN EXI/5CE BY RESPECT+ ! LIMITS SET BY NATURE IS A POSSIBILITY1 BUT ONE :OSE REALIZATION W\LD REQUIRE ! 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ OV]EXPLOITATION ( NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,! LIMITS SET BY NATURE >E 9 ANY CASE NOT YET ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,:AT IS NECESS>Y1 TODAY & TOMORR[1 IS TO 5D ! HUMAN MIS]Y DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 AS ! />T+-PO9T = A RATIONALLY PLANN$ MODE ( SOCIETY 9 ACCORDANCE ) NATURAL CONDITIONS-ONE BAS$ NOT ON FUR!R PRIVATIONS BUT ON A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+ = EV]YONE1 ON :I* ! DIM9UTION ( POPULATION GR[? DEP5DS1 & :I* W\LD MAKE POSSIBLE ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY'S PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,! PROGRESSIVE DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T IS NOT SO MU* ! RESULT ( GR[+ PRODUCTIVE =CES AS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE =CES UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 ,W]E CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION REALLY :AT IT IS CLAIM$ TO BE1 PRODUCTION = ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES W\LD HAVE HAD A *>ACT] DIFF]5T FROM ! ACTUAL ONE1 ) A DIFF]5T TE*NOLOGY & DIFF]5T ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,) RESPECT TO ?IS1 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ) A GR[+ POPULATION & 9CREAS+ NE$S MAKES NO DIFF]5CE 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES TAKES PLACE ON ! BASIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS & IS ?US B\ND TO ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL2 IT CAN S]VE HUMAN NE$S ONLY 9S(> AS !Y CO9CIDE ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,?IS RULES \T ANY DIRECT REF]5CE TO TRUE SOCIAL NE$S & TO ! NATURAL LIMITS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION1 :I* >E NOT ABOLI%$ BY MONOPOLY CAPITAL1 & TO :I* ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS >E SUBORD9AT$ AS P>TS ( A GLOBAL SY/EM1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ADVANCES BL9DLY1 ESPECIALLY AS ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO BR+ PRODUCTION UND] CONSCI\S C5TRAL CONTROL ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,?IS PROCESS REQUIRES AN 5ORM\S WA/AGE ( HUMAN LABOR P[] & NATURAL RES\RCES1 :I* W\LD NOT OCCUR 7AT LEA/ TO ! SAME DEGREE7 9 ANO!R SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NOT MU* S5SE 9 IT1 ONE C\LD CALCULATE TO :AT EXT5T ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS DET]M9$ BY ! REQUIREM5TS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE & TO :AT EXT5T BY ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 :AT W\LD PRODUCTION LOOK LIKE )\T ALL ! PRODUCTIVE & UNPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES REQUIR$ BY CAPITALISM8 ,SURELY SU* A CALCULATION W\LD %[ ?AT AT LEA/ HALF ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION C\LD BE DISP5S$ ) )\T AFFECT+ PEOPLE'S LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,! L>G] PORTION ( LABOR P]=M$ TODAY IS UNPRODUCTIVE1 MAK+ 0S5SE0 ONLY )9 ! CAPITALI/ M>KET & PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,IT C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO PRODUCTIVE LABOR-0PRODUCTIVE0 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( PR(ITABLE BUT 9 ! S5SE ( CREATIVE ( USE-VALUE-:ILE %ORT5+ LABOR TIME4 ,SU* PRODUCTION1 ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PR(IT PR9CIPLE1 COMPETITION1 & ! UNNECESS>Y 0MORAL DEPRECIATION0 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 W\LD BR+ A MEAN+FUL SAV+S ( RAW MAT]IALS )\T DIM9I%+ PRODUCTION TO MEET HUMAN NE$S4 ,SU* A TRANS=MATION REQUIRES A SOCIAL ORD] DIFF]5T FROM ! EXI/+ ONES4 ,IF WE FOLL[ ! CALCULATIONS ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 IT MAY BE ?AT-GIV5 OV]POPULATION1 ! LIMIT$ C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! E>?1 & ! DRY+ UP ( S\RCES ( 5]GY-! OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE IT MAY ALREADY HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,A GLANCE AT TODAY'S WORLD PRODUCTION %[S CLE>LY ?AT WE CANNOT YET SPEAK ( AN ACTUAL LACK ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 & DESPITE ! %ORT1 >TIFICIALLY PRODUC$ 05]GY CRISIS10 ! WORLD IS SUFF]+ FROM 0OV]PRODUCTION10 FROM AN 9SUFFICI5T EFFECTIVE DEM&1 EV5 ON ! BASIS ( A L[ RATE ( ACCUMULATION1 :I* BY ITSELF SETS LIMITS TO ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 ,! CRISIS SITUATION WE >E EXP]I5C+ HAS AS YET NO NATURAL CAUSES1 BUT HAS ITS BASIS 9 ! VALORIZATION REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITAL4 ,EV5 ACCORD+ TO ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 ! EFFECTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS WILL BE FULLY VISIBLE1 & TAKE ON CATA/ROPHIC =MS1 ONLY 9 0TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS10 & !N ONLY IF NO /EPS >E TAK5 TO C\NT] IT4 ,9 ! TWO REPORTS PRODUC$ = ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME ?AT ,H>I* CITES.<#c.> A REPRIEVE = ! WORLD SEEMS POSSIBLE BY ! MID/ ( ! NEXT C5TURY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME A WAY MU/ BE F\ND TO MOVE FROM TODAY'S 0UNDIFF]5TIAT$0 GR[? TO AN 0ORGANIC0 GR[? ( ECONOMY & SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAY IS TO BE DISCOV]$ ?ANKS TO A COMPUT] MODEL ?AT EXTRAPOLATES ! TR5D ( PRES5T-DAY DEVELOPM5T 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! RESULTS >E ONLY A MATT] ( PROBABILITY1 NOT ( C]TA9TY4 ,:ILE ! FIR/ REPORT ON ! 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 CONC]N$ ! WORLD AS A :OLE1 DEAL+ ) ! 9CREASE ( ! TOTAL POPULATION & ! AV]AGE P] CAPITA 9COME1 ETC41 ! SECOND REPORT EMPHASIZES ?AT ?IS SORT ( ANALYSIS CANNOT LEAD TO A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM4 ,! WORLD CONSI/S ( V>I\S1 V]Y DIFF]5T P>TS1 :I* MU/ BE DEALT ) 9 P>TICUL> WAYS1 ) REG>D = REGIONAL NECESSITIES4 ,IF ! FIR/ REPORT W>N$ ?AT ! WORLD SY/EM WILL BREAK D[N 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NEXT C5TURY1 ! SECOND REPORT PR$ICTS NOT ! BREAKD[N ( ! WORLD BUT ?AT ( ONE OR ANO!R ( ITS REGIONS 7:I* W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 IPSO FACTO MEAN ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD AS A TOTALITY74 ,:E!R FRAGM5T BY FRAGM5T OR ALL AT ONCE1 ! BREAKD[N IS 9EVITABLE1 ACCORD+ TO ! COMPUT]'S LOGIC2 IT FOLL[S ?AT IT IS UP TO 0/ATESM50 TO PULL ! C>TS \T ( ! MUCK4 ,H]E WE 5C\NT] ! M5TALITY ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME'S SCI5TIFIC EXP]TS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,M4 ,MES>OVIC & ,E4 ,PE/EL1 RESPONSIBLE = ! SECOND REPORT4 ,!Y REF] ?R\<\T NOT TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT TO 0SOCIETY0 7OR SIMPLY TO 0HUMANITY071 ?REAT5$ BY NATURE4 ,FROM !IR PO9T ( VIEW ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ACTIVITIES ?AT 0>ISE FROM PEOPLE'S BE/ 9T5TIONS40 ,?AT !SE 9T5TIONS 9VOLVE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S DOES NOT OCCUR TO !M2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E CONV9C$ 0?AT ! DECREASE ( HUMAN LABOR ?R\< ! EXPLOITATION ( NON-HUMAN S\RCES ( 5]GY IS A PROJECT ) :I* EV]Y P]SON MU/ AGREE40 ,!Y >E UNABLE TO GRASP ?AT IT IS EXACTLY ! 9CREASE 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR ?AT MAKES NECESS>Y ! OV]EXPLOITATION ( NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,!Y HAVE EI!R NO UND]/&+ ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y LIVE OR !Y FEIGN A LACK ( UND]/&+ 9 ORD] NOT TO BE (F5SIVE4 ,BUT LOOK+ AT !IR PROPOS$ SOLUTIONS1 IT IS ! FIR/ ( !SE ?AT SEEMS CORRECT4 ,!SE PROPOSALS AM\NT TO A S]IES ( NONCOMMITTAL =MS ( TALK1 SU* AS EMPHASIZ+ ! NECESSITY ( A GLOBAL SOLUTION ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM2 A MORE BALANC$ WORLD ECONOMY ?R\< ! SIMULTANE\S ABOLITION ( UND]- & OV]-DEVELOPM5T 9 ! RESPECTIVE REGIONS2 AN APPROPRIATE WORLDWIDE ALLOCATION ( NONR5EWABLE RAW MAT]IALS & FUELS2 AN EFFECTIVE POPULATION POLICY2 A TURN T[>DS SOL> 5]GY 9/EAD ( MORE NUCLE> REACTORS2 9CREAS$ SUPPORT = ! POOR C\NTRIES BY ! RI* ONES2 & SIMIL> PRAISEWOR?Y MEASURES4 ,NOT A WORD IS WA/$ ON H[ ?IS PROGRAM IS TO BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,! EXP]TS >E C]TA9 ONLY ?AT ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMATIQUE HUMA9E REQUIRES ! CLOSE/ COOP]ATIVE WORK ON ! WORLD SCALE1 S9CE !RE CAN ONLY BE A FUTURE 0:5 HI/ORY NO LONG]1 AS E>LI]1 IS DET]M9$ BY 9DIVIDUALS OR SOCIAL CLASSES1 BUT ?R\< ! DEVOTION ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES TO ! SECURITY ( HUMAN EXI/5CE40 ,! RECOGNITION ( CAPITALI/ REALITY IS ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ,H>I*'S UND]/&+ ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 WORLD4 ,9 BO? CASES WE HAVE TO DO ONLY ) CONJURATIONS SPOK5 9TO ! W9D4 ,SOMEH[ ! AU?ORS ( ! SECOND REPORT DO NOT !MSELVES FEEL QUITE RIE IRRATIONAL4 ,AL?\< ! COMPUT] 9DICATES ?AT PEOPLE CAN BE HELP$ NOT ?R\< CONFLICT BUT ?R\< COOP]ATION1 ! COMPUT] ANALYSIS NECESS>ILY DEALS ONLY ) ! MAT]IAL LIMITS ( GR[?4 ,BUT ! WORLD IS ?REAT5$ BY PEOPLE !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS1 :I* 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS SPR+ FROM 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,S9CE ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME IS NONP>TIZAN ) RESPECT TO POLITICS1 ! PROBLEMS CAN'T BE DISCUSS$ POLITICALLY4 ,! REPORT NOTES ?AT ! QUICKE/ ROAD TO ! ANNIHILATION ( HUMANK9D W\LD C]TA9LY BE AN ATOMIC W>2 BUT ?IS EV5TUALITY1 LIKE ! 5ORM\S WA/AGE ( EXP5SIVE RES\RCES ?R\< >MAM5TS & MILIT>ISM1 IS NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 S9CE ! WORLD IS EXPOS$ TO ! DANG] ( COMPLETE DE/RUCTION EV5 )\T AN ATOMIC W>4 ,A DIALECTICIAN LIKE ,H>I* CAN NOT BE SATISFI$ ) ?IS4 ,! DI/9CTION MADE BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME BETWE5 NATURAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS CONTRADICTS ! 09T]ACTION0 BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,= ,H>I* ! ?REAT5$ ATOMIC W> & ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS /& 9 A CLOSE CONNECTION4 ,9DE$1 HE DOES NOT D5Y ?AT !RE >E SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS ?AT DRIVE T[>DS W>1 BUT 09 A TIME 9 :I* ECONOMIC GR[? COMES UP AGA9/ UNBREA*ABLE NATURAL LIMITS1 WE MU/ ALSO READJU/ \R VIEWS A LITTLE4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS NATURAL & SOCIAL FACTORS >E 9T]TW9$ 9 PREVI\SLY UNKN[N WAYS 444 ,! 9FLU5CE ( SOCIETY ON NATURE CAN CREATE A SITUATION :I* !N 9 TURN DRIVES SOCIETY TO SEEK REFUGE 9 A CATA/ROPHE40 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT 5\< TO /RIVE DIRECTLY TO PREV5T W>2 WE MU/ TREAT ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE ( W>1 9 ORD] TO AVOID W> ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 WE HAD TWO WORLD W>S & MANY SMALL] SKIRMI%ES BEH9D US BE=E ! ?REAT TO ! ECOLOGY 5T]$ \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!SE W>S HAPP5$ NOT BECAUSE NATIONS F\ISES FROM ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 :5 A %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS & CONSUMPTION GOODS LEADS TO W> 9/EAD ( SOME O!R SOLUTION1 ?IS RESULTS FROM ! =M ( SOCIETY & NOT FROM ! %ORTAGE AS SU*4 ,ON ?IS QUE/ION1 H[EV]1 ,H>I* AGA9 COMES CLOSE TO ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME'S ONE-SID$ CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEM AS PURELY ECOLOGICAL1 ) NO REF]5CE TO ! ACTUAL CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,?IS WORLD IS = HIM TOO1 DESPITE ! 09T]TW9+ ( NATURAL & SOCIAL FACTORS10 ONLY A SUBORD9ATE FACTOR3 IT IS ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS :I* CAN LEAD TO W>1 SO ?AT AVOID+ W> PRESUPPOSES SOLV+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,BUT W> CAN BREAK \T TOMORR[1 :ILE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS NOT EXPECT$ TILL ! MIDDLE ( ! NEXT C5TURY4 ,IT CAN EV5 BE =E/ALL$ BY AN ATOMIC W>1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A I* & ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME REF] >E OP5 TO D\BT FROM MANY DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,AS ! AM\NT ( RAW MAT]IALS & 5]GY CONSUM$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES OV] ! LA/ #e YE>S CAN ONLY BE DET]M9$ V]Y 9EXACTLY1 WE >E EV5 LESS SURE :AT IS /ILL AVAILABLE4 ,H]E WE >E DEAL+ ) UNKN[N QUANTITIES1 AS CAN ALREADY BE SE5 9 ! FACT ?AT E/IMATES >E CONT9U\SLY REVIS$1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! DISCOV]Y ( NEW RES]VES1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( IMPROVEM5TS 9 ME?ODS ( E/IMATION4 ,TO GIVE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE3 ,! UNT\*$ COAL SUPPLIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E E/IMAT$ 9 #aifi AT #c1 BILLION TONS2 9 #aige ?IS QUANTITY WAS 9CREAS$ BY #bc P]C5T ON ! BASIS ( BETT] ME?ODS ( E/IMATION4 ,S9CE SU* MI/AKES ( E/IMATION1 :E!R TOO HI< OR TOO L[1 DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! RAW MAT]IALS & FUELS WILL 9 ! 5D BE UTILIZ$1 IT DOES NOT MAKE MU* S5SE TO C\NT]POSE OPTIMI/IC EXPECTATIONS TO ! PESSIMI/IC ONES4 ,BUT AS ?+S >E1 IT IS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE ECONOMIC POLICY & !RE=E POLITICS WILL NOT BE DET]M9$ BY ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 BUT-AS E>LI]-BY CAPITAL'S IMMAN5T REQUIREM5T ( PR(IT PRODUCTION4 ,! HI/ORICAL LIMIT ( CAPITAL IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION BY WAY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION NOT ONLY REQUIRES NONR5EWABLE RAW MAT]IALS & BR+S ) IT RELATIVE OV]POPULATION1 BUT ALSO LEADS TO ! T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO FALL 9 RELATION TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL4 ,) ?IS ! LIMITS TO CAPITALI/ EXPANSION COME 9TO VIEW4 ,EV5 )\T ! LIMITS SET BY NATURE CAPITAL MU/ COME TO AN 5D4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT ORI5T$ DIRECTLY TO NATURE BUT TO ! PR(IT RATE1 DEP5D5T ON SURPLUS VALUE1 :I*1 AS CAPITAL ACCUMULATES1 DET]M9ES ! RELATION BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,?US ! 0ECOLOGICAL0 APPREH5SIONS ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME (T5 HAVE A PROSAIC BACKGR\ND1 AS WAS PROM95T1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SO-CALL$ OIL CRISIS ( #a#i#g#c4 ,H]E !RE WAS NOT A SUDD5 LACK ( OIL BUT POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$ PRICE 9CREASES1 FOLL[+ ! 9FLATION G5]AL 9 ! WORLD1 :I* %IFT$ ! SUPPLY-DEM& RELATION TO ! B5EFIT ( ! OIL PRODUC]S4 ,IF IT W]E LEFT TO ! M>KET1 ONLY A CONSID]ABLE DECL9E 9 DEM& C\LD AFFECT ! MONOPOLY PRICE1 & ONLY ) DIFFICULTY 7& OV] TIME74 ,BUT ! 9CREASE 9 OIL PRODUCTION TOGE!R ) 9CREAS+ PRICES WILL1 ACCORD+ TO ! SECOND REPORT ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 LEAD NOT ONLY TO A MORE RAPID EXHAU/ION ( 5]GY SUPPLIES BUT TO A TRANSF] ( WEAL? & ECONOMIC P[] FROM ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES TO ! OIL-PRODUC+ /ATES4 ,IRAN HAS ALREADY A*IEV$ M9ORITY CONTROL ( ! ,G]MAN ,KRUPP WORKS4 ,)9 T5 YE>S ! OIL /ATES1 ) AN ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL ( #e BILLION DOLL>S1 C\LD TAKE A L>GE P>T ( ,WE/]N CAPITAL 9TO !IR H&S1 ?US %AK+ ! WORLD ECONOMY1 9CLUSIVE ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 TO ! DEEPE/ LEVEL4 ,)\T GO+ 9TO !SE UNGR\ND$ & MORE ?AN DUBI\S SPECULATIONS1 IT CAN BE NOT$ ?AT ! WI%ES ( ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME = A 0GLOBAL SOLUTION ( ! 5]GY PROBLEM0 APPE>S TO D]IVE MORE FROM AN ECONOMIC ?AN FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS AT ! MOM5T NOT AN ACTUAL LACK ( NATURAL RES\RCES ?AT M5ACES ! WORLD BUT ! COMPETITIVE W> = GLOBAL PR(IT C>RI$ ON BY EV]Y POSSIBLE MEANS4 ,AS ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORLD IS DET]M9$ BY PR(IT1 ! CAPITALI/S CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM ONLY 9S(> AS IT AFFECTS PR(IT4 ,! CAPITALI/S HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD2 IF IT TURNS \T ?AT SAV+ ! WORLD CAN BE PR(ITABLE1 !N ! PROTECTION ( ! WORLD WILL BECOME ANO!R BUS9ESS-ALL ! MORE BECAUSE 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION IS ITSELF AN 9/RUM5T ( COMPETITION = %>ES ( ! TOTAL PR(IT4 ,?IS PROBLEM APPE>S 9 ! ECONOMIC LIT]ATURE UND] ! HEAD+ ( 0EXT]NALITY10 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PRIVATE EFFECTS & ! SOCIAL CONCOMITANT SYMPTOMS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,SOCIAL PH5OM5A >E ALSO ECOLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 AS :5 ! EMISSION ( POLLUTANTS ( ALL SORTS1 :I* 5T] 9TO NATURAL CYCLES1 F9ALLY DE/ROYS ! NECESS>Y GLOBAL BALANCE ( OXYG54 ,9 ?IS WAY ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 :I* IS (T5 TAK5 TO BE FA/] & MORE DANG]\S ?AN ! RAPID USE ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 IS B\ND UP ) ! EXHAU/ION ( RES\RCES4 ,SU* WIDELY KN[N PH5OM5A1 :I* CAN BO? BE ASCRIB$ TO PR(IT PRODUCTION & ALSO CURTAIL PR(IT PRODUCTION1 AFFECT DIFF]5T CAPITALS DIFF]5TLY & ?US !MSELVES PROVOKE ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT ! DE/RUCTION )9 CAPITALISM4 ,IT DEP5DS ON ! MASS ( SURPLUS VALUE :E!R !SE ATTEMPTS CAN BE SUCCESSFUL1 I4E4 ON ! 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S OR ON !IR 0MODE/ /&>D ( LIV+40 ,ON ?IS PO9T ,H>I*'S PROPOSALS >E AT ONE ) ! MEASURES RECOMM5D$ BY CAPITAL1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME4 ,IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT-) SUFFICI5T SURPLUS VALUE PRODUCTION-CAPITAL ITSELF C\LD BE ABLE TO AVOID ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 9 ITS [N 9T]E/1 AS LONG AS ! CO/ IS PAID BY ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,& AS ACCUMULATION SETS LIMITS TO SURPLUS VALUE1 ! ONGO+ DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! LIMITS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,WE >E1 ?AT IS1 FAC$ H]E ) A SOCIAL1 NOT AN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM4 ,BUT :AT AB\T OV]POPULATION8 ,?IS IS A PROBLEM 9 ITSELF1 :I* WILL NOT SIMPLY VANI% EV5 ) AN IMAG9ABLE RATIONAL MANAGEM5T ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! 5D ( 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE IS DECL9+ 9 RELATION TO ! 9CREAS+ POPULATION4 ,IS ! E>? BECOM+ LESS F]TILE8 ,OR IS IT SIMPLY 9ADEQUATE TO SUPPORT ! GR[+ POPULATION8 ,AMONG O!R /UDIES1 ONE UND]TAK5 ?REE YE>S AGO = ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,H4 ,L9NEMANN1 %[$ ?AT ! GLOBAL CAPACITY = FOOD PRODUCTION HAS GR[N SUFFICI5TLY TO SUPPORT A D\BL+ ( ! POPULATION4.<#d.> ,! DECREASE 9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ POPULATION HAS AT PRES5T NO?+ TO DO ) ANY LIMITS SET BY NATURE1 BUT ORIG9ATES 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT /& 9 ! WAY ( AN EXT5SION ( PRODUCTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! HUNG] EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURE4 ,EV5 A D\BL+ ( PRODUCTION C\LD NOT ELIM9ATE IT2 9DE$ IT W\LD MO/LY LIKELY 9CREASE IT EV5 MORE4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SUFFICI5T FOOD/UFFS IS NOT 5\< TO GU>ANTEE ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN CONSUMPTION NE$S4 ,COMMODITIES EXI/ ONLY = EFFECTIVE DEM&1 & = ?OSE :O NE$ IT )\T ! CAPACITY TO PAY OV]PRODUCTION CAN BE EV5 MORE DANG]\S ?AN A CROP FAILURE CAUS$ BY NATURE4 ,?AT CROP FAILURES CAN ALSO LEAD TO HUNG] HAS1 ( C\RSE1 NO?+ TO DO ) 9CALCULABLE NATURE1 BUT ) ! SOCIAL NEGLECT ( MEASURES :I*1 ) ! 9CREASE 9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ! IMPROVEM5T ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 C\LD ACCUMULATE SUFFICI5T RES]VES TO BE ABLE TO (FSET NATURAL CATA/ROPHES4 ,9 ! UND]DEVELOP$1 L>GELY AGR>IAN WORLD1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 ,S\? ,ASIA1 ! PROBLEM IS NOT SO MU* ! MIS]L9ESS ( NATURE AS A SOCIAL CLASS SY/EM ( 9/ITUTIONS & P[] RELATION%IPS ?AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,BESIDES ! 9CREAS+LY UNSU/A9ABLE SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY1 IT IS L&$ PROP]TY1 ! T5ANT-F>M+ SY/EM1 USURI\S LOAN CAPITAL1 ! PLANTATION ECONOMY1 & ! P>ASITICAL /ATE BUREAUCRACY ?AT H9D] ANY PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T BY MA9TA9+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,9 ! ,AFRICAN /ATES ! SPECIALIZATION 9 ! PRODUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL RAW MAT]IALS CREAT$ BY ! COLONIAL SY/EM HAS L$ TO A SITUATION :OSE FUR!R DEVELOPM5T IS TODAY ALSO SUBORD9AT$ TO ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS CYCLE & ! IMPOV]I%M5T B\ND UP ) IT4 ,NOT ONLY !RE1 BUT ALSO 9 ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN NATIONS1 9CREAS+ 9DU/RIALIZATION COMES AT ! CO/ ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,=M] EXPORT+ C\NTRIES >E BECOM+ IMPORT]S ( FOOD/UFFS4 ,RUSSIA'S DEVELOPM5T 9TO A COMPETITIVE WORLD P[] TOO HAS REQUIR$ ! RELATIVE NEGLECT ( AGRICULTURE1 MAK+ ! IMPORTATION ( FOOD NECESS>Y :5EV] !RE IS A BAD H>VE/4 ,! 9CREAS+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS LESS TO DO ) POPULATION GR[? & DECREAS+ F]TILITY ( ! SOIL ?AT ) ! ONE-SID$ OV]-EMPHASIS ON 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION1 OR CAPITAL'S EXPANSION1 DEM&$ BY CAPITALI/ COMPETITION4 ,( C\RSE1 ! POPULATION HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY4 ,S9CE M$IC9E HAS L[]$ MORTALITY FIGURES CONSID]ABLY1 ! NUMB] ( BIR?S1 REMA9+ ! SAME1 APPE>S AS A 0POPULATION EXPLOSION40 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! POPULATION CAN NOT CONT9UE TO GR[ & SOON] OR LAT] WILL HAVE TO /ABILIZE 9 RELATION TO ECOLOGICAL GIV5S4 ,BUT FROM ?IS IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT ! CURR5T SIZE ( ! POPULATION IS RESPONSIBLE = ! POV]TY EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD4 ,A LEVEL ( PRODUCTION ADEQUATE TO ! NE$S ( ! 9CREAS+ POPULATION W\LD V]Y LIKELY %[ ?AT IT IS TOO SOON TO SPEAK ( AN ABSOLUTE OV]POPULATION4 ,! P]C5TAGE GR[? 9 PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURE 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,AU/RALIA EXCE$S BY F> ! P]C5TAGE ( POPULATION 9CREASE4 ,AL?\< ! SAME RESULTS CANNOT BE A*IEV$ EV]Y:]E1 EV5 ) ! SAME ME?ODS1 IT IS C]TA9LY /ILL POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! WORLD'S PRODUCTION ( FOOD MEAN+FULLY4 ,& ) A G5]AL IMPROVEM5T ( LIV+ CONDITIONS CAN WE EXPECT TO SEE A CONSCI\S DECREASE 9 POPULATION GR[?4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS CAN ALSO BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! USE ( /ATE VIOL5CE1 ! ME?OD PRIZ$ BY ,H>I*4 ,?US 9 ,9DIA AT ! MOM5T BILLS HAVE BE5 PROPOS$ M&AT+ =C$ /]ILIZATION1 TO BE IMPOS$ ON ALL FAMILIES AFT] !IR SECOND *ILD4 ,FROM ?IS IT IS ONLY A SMALL /EP TO ! DIRECT EXT]M9ATION ( EXCESSIVE PEOPLE4 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO ANO!R ?+3 ,:ILE IT IS SO F> ! PRIVILEGE ( A M9ORITY ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 ! LEVEL ( BIR? CONTROL ALREADY A*IEV$ 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES DEMON/RATES ! POSSIBILITY ( POPULATION PLANN+1 :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME C\LD NOT ONLY /ABILIZE ! POPULATION BUT EV5 DIM9I% IT4 ,! W>N+S ( ,H>I* & ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME W\LD BE COMPLETELY S5SELESS IF !Y W]E NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY ! CONVICTION ?AT ! ?REAT5+ ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE CAN BE PREV5T$4 ,! IDEA ?AT ?IS IS A REAL POSSIBILITY 9 ITSELF MEANS ?AT :E!R HUMANITY /ILL HAS AN 9DEF9ITE FUTURE DEP5DS ON SOCIETY & NOT ON NATURE4 ,= ,H>I* ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS ! UNAVOIDABLE PRESUPPOSITION = ?IS FUTURE4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM F9D A G5]AL SOLUTION4 ,BUT :AT HE HAS 9 M9D IS NOT A REVOLUTION ?AT MII*'S PSEUDO-REVOLUTION BUT RELIES ON ! GOOD WILL & READ9ESS ( 5LIY TO SOLVE ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM4 ,BUT WE CANNOT EXPECT FROM ?IS QU>T] MEASURES ?AT W\LD DO AWAY ) ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE & SO ) ITS /ATESM5 !MSELVES4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS TO BE DONE 9 ?IS APP>5TLY HOPELESS SITUATION8 ,9 G5]AL1 NO?+1 SO LONG AS ! PROBLEM IS LOOK$ AT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ECOLOGY4 ,IT IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 NOT ! ?+ ?AT IS MO/ OBVI\S ?AT ?REAT5S ! CONT9U+ EXI/5CE ( HUMANK9D4 ,! 0ECOLOGICAL CRISIS0 IS TO A GREAT EXT5T ITSELF A PRODUCT ( A SITUATION ( SOCIAL CRISIS1 & ! APPROA*+ CATA/ROPHE >IS+ FROM ! LATT] IS COM+ SOON] ?AN ! ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,AS ?+S /& TODAY1 ! GREAT LIKELIHOOD ( CONFLICTS 9VOLV+ ATOMIC W>F>E MAKES CONC]N ) ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS SUP]FLU\S4 ,WE NE$ TO CONC5TRATE ON SOCIAL PROCESSES TO /OP ! ATOMIC CRIM9ALS ( ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,IF ! WORLD'S WORK]S DO NOT SUCCE$ 9 ?IS !Y WILL ALSO NOT BE 9 A POSITION TO C\NT] ! ECOLOGICAL ?REAT OR TO CREATE ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT W\LD MAKE POSSIBLE ! FUR!R EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY4 ,N,O,T,E,S .<#a.> ,WOLFGANG ,H>I*1 ,KOMMUNISMUS OHNE ,WA*TUM8 ,BABEUF UND D] 0,CLUB ( ,ROME40 ,SE*S ,9T]VIEWS MIT ,FREIMUT ,DUVE UND ,BRIEFE AN IHN4 7,HAMBURG3 ,RE9BEK1 #a#i#g#e74 .<#b.> ,M,E,C,W1 VOL4 #c#h1 P4 #d#b#e4 .<#c.> ,DONELLA ,MEAD[S1 ET AL41 ,! ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? 7#a#i#g#b7 & ,MIHAILO ,MES>OVIC & ,$U>D ,PE/EL1 ,MANK9D AT ! ,TURN+ ,PO9T 7#a#i#g#e74 .<#d.> ,HANS ,L9NEMANN1 ,M,O,I,R,A3 MODEL ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE3 REPORT ( ! PROJECT GR\P ',FOOD = A ,D\BL+ ,WORLD ,POPULATION' 7,AM/]DAM3 ,NOR?-,HOLL&1 #a#i#h74 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,CAPITALISM & ,ECOLOGY -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,CAPITALISM & ,ECOLOGY -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/