,*APT] #e 
,:Y ,>E ,BULL%IT ,JOBS ,PROLIF]AT+8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e3 ,:Y ,>E ,BULL%IT ,JOBS ,PROLIF]AT+8 

  
  

,9 ! ,SCILLY ,ISL&S444 ! NATIVES ( ?AT GR\P >E POPUL>LY SAID TO HAVE EK$ \T A PREC>I\S LIVELIHOOD BY TAK+ 9 EA* O!R'S WA%+4  
  

--OBSCURE N9ETE5?-C5TURY JOKE  
  

,A B\RGEOIS P>ADISE WILL SUP]V5E1 9 :I* EV]YONE WILL BE FREE TO EXPLOIT--BUT !RE WILL BE NO ONE TO EXPLOIT4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ONE MU/ SUPPOSE ?AT ! TYPE ( IT W\LD BE ?AT T[N ?AT ,I HAVE HE>D (1 :OSE 9HABITANTS LIV$ BY TAK+ 9 EA* O!R'S WA%+4  
  

--,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 #ahhg 

,IF ! PREC$+ *APT]S M]ELY DESCRIB$ =MS ( PO9TLESS EMPLOYM5T ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ) US 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R--OR EV5 ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ) US S9CE ! DAWN ( CAPITALISM--!N MATT]S W\LD BE DI/RESS+ 5\<4 ,BUT ! SITUATION IS MORE DIRE /ILL4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! OV]ALL NUMB] ( BULL%IT JOBS1 &1 EV5 MORE1 ! OV]ALL P]C5TAGE ( JOBS CONSID]$ BULL%IT BY ?OSE :O HOLD !M1 HAS BE5 9CREAS+ RAPIDLY 9 REC5T YE>S--ALONGSIDE ! EV]-9CREAS+ BULL%ITIZATION ( USEFUL =MS ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ?IS IS NOT JU/ A BOOK AB\T A HI!RTO NEGLECT$ ASPECT ( ! WORLD ( WORK4 ,IT'S A BOOK AB\T A REAL SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,ECONOMIES >\ND ! WORLD HAVE1 9CREAS+LY1 BECOME VA/ 5G9ES = PRODUC+ NONS5SE4  

 ,FIGURE #b ,DI/RIBUTION ( ! LABOR =CE BY SECTOR1 #a#h#d-#b#a  

,H[ DID ?IS HAPP58 ,& :Y HAS IT RECEIV$ SO LITTLE PUBLIC ATT5TION8 ,ONE REASON IT HAS BE5 SO LITTLE ACKN[L$G$1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT UND] \R CURR5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO HAPP53 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! FACT ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE FEEL SO UNHAPPY BE+ PAID TO DO NO?+ DEFIES \R COMMON ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN NATURE1 ! FACT ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE >E BE+ PAID TO DO NO?+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE DEFIES ALL \R ASSUMPTIONS AB\T H[ M>KET ECONOMIES >E SUPPOS$ TO WORK4 ,= MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 /ATE ,SOCIALI/ REGIMES D$ICAT$ TO FULL EMPLOYM5T CREAT$ BOGUS JOBS AS A MATT] ( PUBLIC POLICY1 & !IR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RIVALS 9 ,EUROPE & ELSE:]E AT LEA/ COLLUD$ 9 FEA!RB$D+ & OV]/AFF+ 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR OR ) GOV]NM5T CONTRACTORS1 :5 !Y W]5'T E/ABLI%+ SELF-CONSCI\S MAKE-WORK PROGRAMS LIKE ! ,WORKS ,PROGRESS ,ADM9I/RATION 7,W,P,A71 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE 5D$ ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET BLOC & WORLDWIDE M>KET RE=MS 9 ! N9ETIES4 ,IF ! JOKE UND] ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 0,WE PRET5D TO WORK2 !Y PRET5D TO PAY US10 ! NEW NEOLIB]AL AGE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ALL AB\T EFFICI5CY4 ,BUT IF PATT]NS ( EMPLOYM5T >E ANY?+ TO GO BY1 ?IS SEEMS TO BE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$ AFT] ! ,B]L9 ,WALL CAME D[N 9 #a#i#h#i4 

,SO P>T ( ! REASON NO ONE HAS NOTIC$ IS ?AT PEOPLE SIMPLY REFUS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD PRODUCE SU* RESULTS--EV5 IF ?AT MEANT WRIT+ (F !IR [N EXP]I5CES OR ?OSE ( !IR FRI5DS & FAMILY AS SOMEH[ ANOMAL\S4 

,ANO!R REASON ! PH5OM5ON HAS BE5 ABLE TO SAIL PA/ PEOPLE'S HEADS IS ?AT WE HAVE DEVELOP$ A WAY ( TALK+ AB\T *ANGES 9 ! NATURE ( EMPLOYM5T ?AT SEEMS TO EXPLA9 A LOT ( :AT WE SEE & HE> HAPP5+ >\ND US 9 ?IS REG>D1 BUT IS1 9 FACT1 PR(\NDLY DECEPTIVE4 ,I'M REF]R+ TO ! RISE ( :AT'S CALL$ ! 0S]VICE ECONOMY40 ,S9CE ! #a#i#hS1 ALL CONV]SATIONS ON *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURE ( EMPLOYM5T HAVE HAD TO BEG9 ) AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ! OV]ALL GLOBAL TR5D1 ESPECIALLY 9 RI* C\NTRIES1 HAS BE5 = A /EADY DECL9E 9 F>M+ & MANUFACTUR+1 & A /EADY 9CREASE 9 SOME?+ CALL$ 0S]VICES40 ,H]E1 = 9/ANCE1 IS A TYPICAL LONG-T]M ANALYSIS ( ! ,U,S LABOR =CE BY SECTOR 7SEE FIGURE #b74.<#a#a#e.> 

,(T5 IT'S ASSUM$ ?AT ! DECL9E ( MANUFACTUR+--:I*1 9CID5TALLY1 HASN'T DECL9$ ?AT MU* 9 T]MS ( EMPLOYM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY #ba ONLY RETURN+ TO AB\T :AT IT WAS AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>--SIMPLY MEANT ?AT FACTORIES W]E RELOCAT$ TO POOR] C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE TO AN EXT5T1 BUT IT'S 9T]E/+ TO OBS]VE ?AT ! SAME OV]ALL TR5DS 9 ! COMPOSITION ( EMPLOYM5T CAN BE OBS]V$ EV5 9 ! C\NTRIES TO :I* ! FACTORY JOBS W]E EXPORT$4 ,H]E1 = 9/ANCE1 IS ,9DIA 7SEE FIGURE #c1 BEL[74  

 ,FIGURE #c ,SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO ,G,D,P 7.071 ,9DIA  

,! NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL JOBS HAS REMA9$ CON/ANT OR 9CREAS$ SLI<TLY1 BUT O!RWISE ! PICTURE IS NOT SO V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,! REAL PROBLEM H]E IS ) ! CONCEPT ( A 0S]VICE ECONOMY0 ITSELF4 ,!RE IS A REASON ,I JU/ PUT ! T]M 9 QUOTATION M>KS4 ,DESCRIB+ A C\NTRY'S ECONOMY AS DOM9AT$ BY ! S]VICE SECTOR LEAVES ONE ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT PEOPLE 9 ?AT C\NTRY >E SUPPORT+ !MSELVES PR9CIPALLY BY S]V+ EA* O!R IC$ LATTES OR PRESS+ ONE ANO!R'S %ORTS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS ISN'T REALLY TRUE4 ,SO :AT ELSE MI<T !Y BE DO+8 ,:5 ECONOMI/S SPEAK ( A F\R?1 OR QUAT]N>Y1 SECTOR 7COM+ AFT] F>M+1 MANUFACTUR+1 & S]VICE PROVISION71 !Y USUALLY DEF9E IT AS ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR 7F9ANCE1 9SURANCE1 REAL E/ATE74 ,BUT BACK 9 #a#i#i#b1 ,ROB]T ,TAYLOR1 A LIBR>Y SCI5TI/1 SUGGE/$ IT W\LD BE MORE USEFUL TO DEF9E IT AS 9=MATION WORK4 ,! RESULTS W]E TELL+ 7SEE FIGURE #d74  

 ,FIGURE #d ,9=MATION AS A ,COMPON5T ( ! ,ECONOMY  

,AS WE CAN SEE1 EV5 9 #a#i#i1 ! PROPORTION ( ! WORK=CE MADE UP ( ACTUAL WAIT]S1 B>B]S1 SALESCL]KS1 & ! LIKE WAS REALLY QUITE SMALL4 ,IT ALSO REMA9$ REM>KABLY /EADY OV] TIME1 HOLD+ = MORE ?AN A C5TURY AT R\<LY #b P]C5T4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ?OSE O!RS 9CLUD$ 9 ! S]VICE SECTOR W]E REALLY ADM9I/RATORS1 CONSULTANTS1 CL]ICAL & ACC\NT+ /AFF1 ,I,T PR(ESSIONALS1 & ! LIKE4 ,?IS WAS ALSO ! P>T ( ! S]VICE SECTOR ?AT WAS ACTUALLY 9CREAS+--& 9CREAS+ QUITE DRAMATICALLY FROM ! #a#i#eS ONW>D4 ,& :ILE NO ONE1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 HAS PURSU$ ?IS P>TICUL> BREAKD[N ?R\< TO ! PRES5T1 ! P]C5TAGE ( 9=MATION JOBS WAS ALREADY RAPIDLY ON ! 9CREASE EV5 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO CONCLUDE ?IS TR5D CONT9U$1 & ?AT ! BULK ( ! NEW S]VICE JOBS ADD$ TO ! ECONOMY W]E REALLY ( ?IS SAME SORT4 

,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS PRECISELY ! ZONE :]E BULL%IT JOBS PROLIF]ATE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 NOT ALL 9=MATION WORK]S FEEL !Y >E 5GAG$ 9 BULL%IT 7,TAYLOR'S CATEGORY 9CLUDES SCI5TI/S1 TEA*]S1 & LIBR>IANS71 & BY NO MEANS ALL ?OSE :O FELT !Y >E 5GAG$ 9 BULL%IT >E 9=MATION WORK]S2 BUT IF \R SURVEYS >E TO BE TRU/$1 IT SEEMS EVID5T ?AT A MAJORITY ( ?OSE CLASS$ AS 9=MATION WORK]S DO FEEL ?AT IF !IR JOBS W]E TO VANI%1 IT W\LD MAKE V]Y LITTLE DIFF]5CE TO ! WORLD4 

,I ?9K ?IS IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE BECAUSE DESPITE ! LACK ( /ATI/ICS1 !RE HAS BE5 A GREAT DEAL ( DISCUSSION S9CE ! #a#i#iS AB\T ! RISE ( 9=MATION-ORI5T$ JOBS & !IR L>G] EFFECT ON SOCIETY4 ,SOME1 LIKE =M] ,U,S ,LABOR ,SECRET>Y ,ROB]T ,REI*1 SPOKE ( ! RISE ( A NEW TE*-SAVVY MIDDLE CLASS ( 0SYMBOLIC ANALY/S0 :O ?REAT5$ TO GA9 ALL ! B5EFITS ( GR[? & LEAVE ! OLD-FA%ION$ LABOR+ CLASSES LANGUI%+ 9 POV]TY2 O!RS SPOKE ( 0KN[L$GE WORK]S0 & 09=MATION SOCIETY02 SOME ,M>XI/S EV5 BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT NEW =MS ( :AT !Y CALL$ 0IMMAT]IAL LABOR0--F\ND$ 9 M>KET+1 5T]TA9M5T1 & ! DIGITAL ECONOMY BUT SPILL+ \TSIDE AS WELL 9TO \R 9CREAS+LY BR&-SATURAT$1 I,PHONE-HAPPY DAILY LIVES--HAD BECOME ! NEW LOCUS ( VALUE CREATION--LEAD+ TO PROPHECIES ( ! EV5TUAL REBELLION ( ! DIGITAL PROLET>IAT4.<#a#a#f.> ,ALMO/ EV]YONE ASSUM$ ?AT ! RISE ( SU* JOBS HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! RISE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL--EV5 IF !RE WAS NO CONS5SUS AS TO H[4 ,IT JU/ SEEM$ TO MAKE S5SE ?AT1 JU/ AS ,WALL ,/REET PR(ITS W]E D]IV$ LESS & LESS FROM FIRMS 9VOLV$ 9 COMM]CE OR MANUFACTUR+1 & MORE & MORE FROM DEBT1 SPECULATION1 & ! CREATION ( COMPLEX F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS1 SO DID AN EV]-9CREAS+ PROPORTION ( WORK]S COME TO MAKE !IR LIV+ FROM MANIPULAT+ SIMIL> AB/RACTIONS4 

,!SE DAYS1 IT'S H>D TO RECALL ! ALMO/ MY/ICAL AURA ) :I* ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR HAD SURR\ND$ ITSELF 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO #b#h4 ,F9ANCI]S HAD MANAG$ TO CONV9CE ! PUBLIC--& NOT JU/ ! PUBLIC1 BUT SOCIAL !ORI/S1 TOO 7,I WELL REMEMB] ?IS7--?AT ) 9/RUM5TS SU* AS COLLAT]ALIZ$ DEBT OBLIGATIONS & HI<-SPE$ TRAD+ ALGORI?MS SO COMPLEX !Y C\LD BE UND]/OOD ONLY BY A/ROPHYSICI/S1 !Y HAD1 LIKE MOD]N AL*EMI/S1 LE>N$ WAYS TO :ISK VALUE \T ( NO?+ BY MEANS ?AT O!RS D>$ NOT EV5 TRY TO UND]/&4 ,!N1 ( C\RSE1 CAME ! CRA%1 & IT TURN$ \T ?AT MO/ ( ! 9/RUM5TS W]E SCAMS4 ,MANY W]5'T EV5 P>TICUL>LY SOPHI/ICAT$ SCAMS4 

,9 A WAY1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! :OLE F9ANCIAL SECTOR IS A SCAM ( SORTS1 S9CE IT REPRES5TS ITSELF AS L>GELY AB\T DIRECT+ 9VE/M5TS T[>D PR(ITABLE OPPORTUNITIES 9 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 :51 9 FACT1 IT DOES V]Y LITTLE ( ?AT4 ,! OV]:ELM+ BULK ( ITS PR(ITS COMES FROM COLLUD+ ) GOV]NM5T TO CREATE1 & !N TO TRADE & MANIPULATE1 V>I\S =MS ( DEBT4 ,ALL ,I AM REALLY >GU+ 9 ?IS BOOK IS ?AT JU/ AS MU* ( :AT ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR DOES IS BASICALLY SMOKE & MIRRORS1 SO >E MO/ ( ! 9=MATION-SECTOR JOBS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ITS RISE AS WELL4 

,BUT H]E WE RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ALREADY RAIS$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]3 ,IF !SE >E SCAMS1 :O1 EXACTLY1 IS SCAMM+ :OM8 

A BRIEF EXCURSUS ON CAUSALITY & ! NATURE ( SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION 

  

,9 ?IS *APT]1 !N1 ,I WANT TO ADDRESS ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS & TO SUGGE/ SOME REASONS ?IS MAY BE HAPP5+4 

,( C\RSE1 9 E>LI] *APT]S1 P>TICUL>LY *APT] #b1 WE LOOK$ AT SOME ( ! MORE IMM$IATE CAUSES = ! CREATION ( USELESS EMPLOYM5T3 MANAG]S :OSE PRE/IGE IS CAU<T UP 9 ! TOTAL NUMB] ( !IR ADM9I/RATIVE ASSI/ANTS OR UND]L+S2 WEIRD CORPORATE BUREAUCRATIC DYNAMICS2 BAD MANAGEM5T2 POOR 9=MATION FL[4 ,!SE >E IMPORTANT 9 UND]/&+ ! OV]ALL PH5OM5ON1 BUT !Y DON'T REALLY EXPLA9 IT4 ,WE /ILL HAVE TO ASK1 ,:Y W]E SU* BAD ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR 9 #bae ?AN !Y W]E 91 SAY1 #a#i#a#e1 OR #a#i#e#e8 ,HAS !RE BE5 A *ANGE 9 ORGANIZATION CULTURE1 OR IS IT SOME?+ DEEP]3 A *ANGE1 P]HAPS1 9 \R V]Y CONCEPTIONS ( WORK8 

,WE >E FAC$ H]E ) A CLASSIC PROBLEM 9 SOCIAL !ORY3 ! PROBLEM ( LEVELS ( CAUSALITY4 ,9 ! CASE ( ANY GIV5 REAL-WORLD EV5T1 !RE >E ANY NUMB] ( DIFF]5T REASONS :Y ONE CAN SAY IT HAPP5$4 ,!SE1 9 TURN1 CAN BE SORT$ 9TO DIFF]5T K9DS ( REASON4 ,IF ,I FALL 9TO AN OP5 MANHOLE1 ONE MI<T ATTRIBUTE ?IS TO ABS5TM9D$NESS4 ,BUT IF WE DISCOV] !RE HAS BE5 A SUDD5 /ATI/ICAL 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE FALL+ 9TO MANHOLES 9 A GIV5 CITY1 ONE MU/ SEEK A DIFF]5T SORT ( EXPLANATION--EI!R ONE MU/ UND]/& :Y OV]ALL RATES ( ABS5TM9D$NESS >E GO+ UP !RE1 OR1 MORE LIKELY1 :Y MORE MANHOLES >E BE+ LEFT OP54 ,?IS IS AN 9T5TIONALLY :IMSICAL EXAMPLE4 ,LET'S CONSID] A MORE S]I\S ONE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ *APT]1 ,ME5A NOT$ ?AT :ILE MANY PEOPLE :O 5D UP HOMELESS HAVE A HI/ORY ( ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL OR O!R DRUGS1 OR O!R P]SONAL FOIBLES1 MANY O!RS >E TE5AG]S AB&ON$ BY !IR P>5TS1 VET]ANS ) ,P,T,S,D1 & WOM5 FLEE+ DOME/IC VIOL5CE4 ,NO D\BT IF Y\ W]E TO PICK A R&OM P]SON SLEEP+ ON ! /REETS OR 9 A %ELT] & EXAM9E HIS OR H] LIFE HI/ORY1 Y\ W\LD F9D A CONFLU5CE ( SEV]AL SU* FACTORS1 USUALLY COMB9$ ) A GREAT DEAL ( JU/ PLA9 BAD LUCK4 

,NO ONE 9DIVIDUAL1 !N1 C\LD BE SAID TO BE SLEEP+ ON ! /REETS SIMPLY BECAUSE HE OR %E WAS MORALLY REPROBATE2 BUT EV5 IF EV]YONE SLEEP+ ON ! /REETS REALLY WAS MORALLY REPROBATE 9 SOME WAY1 IT W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO DO MU* TO EXPLA9 ! RISE & FALL ( LEVELS ( HOMELESSNESS 9 DIFF]5T DECADES1 OR :Y RATES ( HOMELESSNESS V>Y FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY AT ANY GIV5 TIME4 ,?IS IS A CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,AFT] ALL1 CONSID] ! MATT] 9 REV]SE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 MORALI/S ?R\<\T ! AGES :O HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! POOR >E POOR BECAUSE ( !IR MORAL TURPITUDE3 AFT] ALL1 WE >E (T5 REM9D$1 IT'S EASY TO F9D EXAMPLES ( PEOPLE BORN POOR :O BECAME WEAL?Y [+ TO %E] GRIT1 DET]M9ATION1 & 5TREPR5EURIAL SPIRIT4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 ! POOR REMA9 POOR BECAUSE !Y DIDN'T MAKE AN EF=T !Y C\LD HAVE MADE4 ,?IS S\NDS CONV9C+ IF Y\ LOOK JU/ AT 9DIVIDUALS2 IT BECOMES MU* LESS SO :5 ONE EXAM9ES COMP>ATIVE /ATI/ICS & REALIZES ?AT RATES ( UPW>D CLASS MOBILITY FLUCTUATE DRAMATICALLY OV] TIME4 ,DID POOR ,AM]ICANS JU/ HAVE LESS GET-UP-&-GO DUR+ ! #a#i#cS ?AN DUR+ PREVI\S DECADES8 ,OR MI<T IT HAVE HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION8 ,IT BECOMES H>D] /ILL TO HOLD TO A PURELY MORAL APPROA* :5 ONE ALSO CONSID]S ! FACT ?AT RATES ( MOBILITY ALSO V>Y %>PLY FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY4 ,A *ILD BORN TO P>5TS ( MODE/ MEANS 9 ,SW$5 IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO BECOME WEAL?Y ?AN A SIMIL> *ILD IS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,MU/ ONE CONCLUDE ?AT ,SW$ES OV]ALL HAVE MORE GRIT & 5TREPR5EURIAL SPIRIT ?AN ,AM]ICANS8 

,I D\BT MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y CONS]VATIVE MORALI/S W\LD WI% TO >GUE ?IS4 

,ONE MU/1 !N1 SEEK A DIFF]5T SORT ( EXPLANATION3 ACCESS TO $UCATION1 = EXAMPLE1 OR ! FACT ?AT ! POORE/ ,SW$I% *ILDR5 >5'T NE>LY AS POOR AS ! POORE/ ,AM]ICAN ONES4.<#a#a#g.> ,?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT P]SONAL QUALITIES DO NOT HELP EXPLA9 :Y SOME POOR ,SW$I% *ILDR5 SUCCE$ & O!RS DO NOT4 ,BUT !SE >E DIFF]5T K9DS ( QUE/IONS & DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ANALYSIS4 ,! QUE/ION ( :Y ONE PLAY] WON A GAME RA!R ?AN ANO!R IS DIFF]5T FROM ! QUE/ION ( H[ H>D ! GAME IS TO PLAY4 

,OR :Y PEOPLE >E PLAY+ ! GAME TO BEG9 )4 ,?AT'S A ?IRD QUE/ION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 CASES LIKE !SE1 :]E ONE IS LOOK+ AT A BROAD PATT]N ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 SU* AS ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS1 ,I W\LD PROPOSE WE REALLY NE$ TO LOOK NOT AT TWO BUT AT ?REE DIFF]5T LEVELS ( EXPLANATION3 7#a7 ! P>TICUL> REASONS ANY GIV5 9DIVIDUAL 5DS UP HOMELESS2 7#b7 ! L>G] SOCIAL & ECONOMIC =CES ?AT LEAD TO 9CREAS$ LEVELS ( HOMELESSNESS 7SAY1 A RISE 9 R5TS1 OR *ANGES 9 ! FAMILY /RUCTURE72 &1 F9ALLY 7#c71 ! REASONS :Y NO ONE 9T]V5$4 ,WE MI<T REF] TO ?IS LA/ AS ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL LEVEL4 ,IT'S ALSO ! EASIE/ TO OV]LOOK1 S9CE IT (T5 DEALS SPECIFICALLY ) ?+S PEOPLE >E NOT DO+4 ,I WELL REMEMB] ! FIR/ TIME ,I DISCUSS$ ! PH5OM5ON ( HOMELESSNESS 9 ,AM]ICA ) FRI5DS 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,!Y W]E FLABB]GA/$ TO DISCOV] ?AT 9 ! WEAL?IE/ & MO/ P[]FUL C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 !RE W]E PEOPLE SLEEP+ ON ! /REETS4 0,BUT >5'T ,AM]ICANS A%AM$80 ONE FRI5D ASK$ ME4 0,!Y'RE SO RI*6 ,DOESN'T IT BO!R !M TO KN[ EV]YONE ELSE 9 ! WORLD WILL SEE IT AS A NATIONAL EMB>RASSM5T80 

,I HAD TO CONC$E IT WAS A GOOD QUE/ION4 ,:Y DIDN'T ,AM]ICANS SEE PEOPLE SLEEP+ ON ! /REETS AS A NATIONAL EMB>RASSM5T8 ,9 C]TA9 P]IODS ( ,U,S HI/ORY1 !Y C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE4 ,IF L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE W]E LIV+ ON ! /REETS 9 MAJOR CITIES 9 ! #a#h#bS1 OR EV5 ! #a#i#dS1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 AN \TCRY & SOME K9D ( ACTION W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK54 ,IT MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 V]Y NICE ACTION4 ,AT SOME PO9TS1 IT W\LD PROBABLY HAVE MEANT R\ND+ UP VAGRANTS & PLAC+ !M 9 WORKH\SES2 AT O!R TIMES1 IT MI<T HAVE 9VOLV$ BUILD+ PUBLIC H\S+2 BUT :ATEV] IT MI<T HAVE BE51 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 LEFT TO LANGUI% 9 C>DBO>D BOXES ON PUBLIC ?OR\<F>ES4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#hS1 ! SAME ,AM]ICAN WAS MORE LIKELY TO REACT NOT ) \TRAGE AT H[ SOCIAL CONDITIONS C\LD HAVE COME TO ?IS PASS1 BUT BY APPEAL TO EXPLANATIONS ( ! FIR/ LEVEL--& CONCLUDE ?AT HOMELESSNESS WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( HUMAN WEAKNESS4 ,HUMANS >E FICKLE BE+S4 ,!Y ALWAYS HAVE BE54 ,!RE'S NO?+ ANYONE CAN DO TO *ANGE ?IS FACT4.<#a#a#h.> 

,?IS IS :Y ,I EMPHASIZE ?AT ! ?IRD LEVEL IS SIMULTANE\SLY POLITICAL & CULTURAL--IT BE>S ON BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT PEOPLE >E1 :AT CAN BE EXPECT$ ( !M1 & :AT !Y CAN JU/IFIABLY DEM& ( ONE ANO!R4 ,?OSE ASSUMPTIONS1 9 TURN1 HAVE AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE 9 DET]M9+ :AT IS CONSID]$ TO BE A POLITICAL ISSUE & :AT IS NOT4 ,I DON'T WANT TO SUGGE/ ?AT POPUL> ATTITUDES >E ! ONLY FACTOR H]E4 ,POLITICAL AU?ORITIES (T5 IGNORE ! POPUL> WILL4 ,POLLS REGUL>LY F9D R\<LY TWO-?IRDS ( ,AM]ICANS FAVOR A NATIONAL HEAL? C>E SY/EM BUT NO MAJOR POLITICAL P>TY !RE HAS EV] SUPPORT$ ?IS4 ,POLLS ALSO %[ MO/ ,BRITONS FAVOR RE9/AT+ ! DEA? P5ALTY1 BUT NO MAJOR POLITICAL P>TY HAS TAK5 ?IS UP EI!R4.<#a#a#i.> ,/ILL1 ! L>G] CULTURAL CLIMATE IS CLE>LY A FACTOR4 

,9 ! CASE ( BULL%IT JOBS1 ?IS MEANS WE CAN ASK ?REE QUE/IONS3  

,ON ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL1 :Y DO PEOPLE AGREE TO DO & PUT UP ) !IR [N BULL%IT JOBS8  

,ON SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LEVELS1 :AT >E ! L>G] =CES ?AT HAVE L$ TO ! PROLIF]ATION ( BULL%IT JOBS8  

,ON ! CULTURAL & POLITICAL LEVELS1 :Y IS ! BULL%ITIZATION ( ! ECONOMY NOT SE5 AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM1 & :Y HAS NO ONE DONE ANY?+ AB\T IT8.<#a#b.>  
  

,MU* ( ! CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS DEBATE AB\T SOCIAL ISSUES 9 G5]AL CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE WILL REGUL>LY TAKE !SE DIFF]5T EXPLANATIONS AS ALT]NATIVES RA!R ?AN SEE+ !M AS FACTORS ?AT ALL OP]ATE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 PEOPLE SOMETIMES TELL ME ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 BULL%IT JOBS 9 POLITICAL T]MS IS WRON<EAD$2 SU* JOBS1 !Y 9SI/1 EXI/ BECAUSE PEOPLE NE$ ! MONEY--AS IF ?IS CONSID]ATION HAD SOMEH[ NEV] OCCURR$ TO ME BE=E4 ,LOOK+ AT ! SUBJECTIVE MOTIVES ( ?OSE :O TAKE SU* JOBS IS !N TREAT$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ASK+ :Y SO MANY PEOPLE F9D !MSELVES 9 A POSITION :]E ! ONLY WAY !Y CAN GET MONEY IS BY TAK+ SU* JOBS TO BEG9 )4 

,IT'S EV5 WORSE ON ! CULTURAL-POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,!RE HAS COME TO BE A TACIT UND]/&+ 9 POLITE CIRCLES ?AT Y\ CAN ASCRIBE MOTIVES TO PEOPLE ONLY :5 SPEAK+ AB\T ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL4 ,!RE=E1 ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT P[]FUL PEOPLE EV] DO ANY?+ !Y DON'T SAY !Y'RE DO+1 OR EV5 DO :AT !Y CAN BE PUBLICLY OBS]V$ TO BE DO+ = REASONS O!R ?AN :AT !Y SAY1 IS IMM$IATELY D5\NC$ AS A 0P>ANOID CONSPIRACY !ORY0 TO BE REJECT$ 9/ANTLY4 ,?US1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT SOME 0LAW & ORD]0 POLITICIANS OR SOCIAL S]VICE PROVID]S MI<T NOT FEEL IT'S 9 !IR BE/ 9T]E/ TO DO MU* AB\T ! UND]LY+ CAUSES ( HOMELESSNESS1 IS TREAT$ AS EQUIVAL5T TO SAY+ HOMELESSNESS ITSELF EXI/S ONLY BECAUSE ( ! MA*9ATIONS ( A SECRET CABAL4 ,OR ?AT ! BANK+ SY/EM IS RUN BY LIZ>DS4 

SUNDRY NOTES ON ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T 9 CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ BULL%IT JOBS 

  

,?IS IS RELEVANT BECAUSE :51 9 ! ORIG9AL #bac ESSAY AB\T BULL%IT JOBS1 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT :ILE \R CURR5T WORK REGIME WAS NEV] DESIGN$ CONSCI\SLY1 ONE REASON IT MI<T HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO REMA9 9 PLACE WAS BECAUSE ! EFFECTS >E ACTUALLY QUITE CONV5I5T POLITICALLY TO ?OSE 9 P[]2 ?IS WAS WIDELY D5\NC$ AS CRAZY TALK4 ,SO ANO!R ?+ ?IS *APT] CAN DO IS CL>IFY A FEW ?+S 9 ?AT REG>D4 

,SOCIAL 5G9E]+ DOES HAPP54 ,! REGIME ( MAKE-WORK JOBS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION OR ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CREAT$ FROM ABOVE BY A SELF-CONSCI\S GOV]NM5T POLICY ( FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,TO SAY ?IS IS 9 NO S5SE CONTROV]SIAL4 ,PRETTY MU* EV]YONE ACCEPTS ?AT IT IS ! CASE4 ,/ILL1 IT'S H>DLY AS IF ANYONE SITT+ 9 ! ,KREML9 OR ! ,GREAT ,HALL ( ! ,PEOPLE ACTUALLY S5T \T A DIRECTIVE SAY+ 0,I H]EBY ORD] ALL (FICIALS TO 9V5T UNNECESS>Y JOBS UNTIL UNEMPLOYM5T IS ELIM9AT$40 

,! REASON NO SU* ORD]S W]E S5T \T WAS BECAUSE !Y DIDN'T HAVE TO BE4 ,! POLICY SPOKE = ITSELF4 ,AS LONG AS Y\ DON'T SAY 0,AIM = FULL EMPLOYM5T1 BUT DO NOT CREATE JOBS UNLESS !Y CON=M TO ! FOLL[+ /&>DS0--& MAKE IT CLE> Y\ WILL BE V]Y PUNCTILI\S AB\T 5SUR+ ?OSE /&>DS >E MET--!N ONE CAN BE SURE ( ! RESULTS4 ,LOCAL (FICIALS WILL DO :AT !Y HAVE TO DO4 

,:ILE NO C5TRAL DIRECTIVES ( ?IS K9D W]E EV] S5T \T UND] CAPITALI/ REGIMES1 AT LEA/ TO MY KN[L$GE1 IT IS NONE!LESS TRUE ?AT AT LEA/ S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ALL ECONOMIC POLICY HAS BE5 PREMIS$ ON AN IDEAL ( FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,N[1 !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT MO/ POLICY MAK]S DON'T ACTUALLY WANT TO FULLY A*IEVE ?IS IDEAL1 AS G5U9E FULL EMPLOYM5T W\LD PUT TOO MU* 0UPW>D PRESSURE ON WAGES40 ,M>X APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 RI<T :5 HE >GU$ ?AT A 0RES]VE >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$0 HAS TO EXI/ 9 ORD] = CAPITALISM TO WORK ! WAY IT'S SUPPOS$ TO4.<#a#b#a.> ,BUT IT REMA9S TRUE ?AT 0,MORE ,JOBS0 IS ! ONE POLITICAL SLOGAN ?AT BO? ,LEFT & ,RI<T CAN ALWAYS AGREE ON4.<#a#b#b.> ,!Y DIFF] ONLY AB\T ! MO/ EXP$I5T MEANS TO PRODUCE ! JOBS4 ,BANN]S HELD AL(T AT A UNION M>* CALL+ = JOBS NEV] ALSO SPECIFY ?AT ?OSE JOBS %\LD S]VE SOME USEFUL PURPOSE4 ,IT'S JU/ ASSUM$ ?AT !Y WILL--:I*1 ( C\RSE1 MEANS ?AT (T5 !Y WON'T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 RI<T-W+ POLITICIANS CALL = TAX CUTS TO PUT MORE MONEY 9 ! H&S ( 0JOB CREATORS10 !Y NEV] SPECIFY :E!R ?OSE JOBS WILL BE GOOD = ANY?+2 IT'S SIMPLY ASSUM$ ?AT IF ! M>KET PRODUC$ !M1 !Y WILL BE4 ,9 ?IS CLIMATE1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT POLITICAL PRESSURE IS BE+ PLAC$ ON ?OSE MANAG+ ! ECONOMY SIMIL> TO ! DIRECTIVES ONCE COM+ \T ( ! ,KREML92 IT'S JU/ ?AT ! S\RCE IS MORE DIFFUSE1 & MU* ( IT FALLS ON ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,F9ALLY1 AS ,I'VE EMPHASIZ$1 !RE IS ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\S PUBLIC POLICY4 ,A ,SOVIET (FICIAL ISSU+ A PLANN+ DOCUM5T1 OR AN ,AM]ICAN POLITICIAN CALL+ = JOB CREATION1 MI<T NOT BE 5TIRELY AW>E ( ! LIKELY EFFECTS ( !IR ACTION4 ,/ILL1 ONCE A SITUATION IS CREAT$1 EV5 AS AN UN9T5D$ SIDE EFFECT1 POLITICIANS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SIZE UP ! L>G] POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?AT SITUATION :5 !Y MAKE UP !IR M9DS :AT--IF ANY?+--TO DO AB\T IT4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT MEMB]S ( ! POLITICAL CLASS MI<T ACTUALLY COLLUDE 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( USELESS EMPLOYM5T8 ,IF ?AT SEEMS A D>+ CLAIM1 EV5 CONSPIRACY TALK1 CONSID] ! FOLL[+ QUOTE1 FROM AN 9T]VIEW ) !N ,U,S PRESID5T ,B>ACK ,OBAMA AB\T SOME ( ! REASONS :Y HE BUCK$ ! PREF]5CES ( ! ELECTORATE & 9SI/$ ON MA9TA9+ A PRIVATE1 =-PR(IT HEAL? 9SURANCE SY/EM 9 ,AM]ICA3 

0,I DON'T ?9K 9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,I NEV] HAVE10 ,OBAMA SAID1 CONT9U+ ON ! HEAL? C>E !ME4 0,EV]YBODY :O SUPPORTS S+LE-PAY] HEAL? C>E SAYS1 ',LOOK AT ALL ?IS MONEY WE W\LD BE SAV+ FROM 9SURANCE & PAP]WORK4' ,?AT REPRES5TS ONE MILLION1 TWO MILLION1 ?REE MILLION JOBS .<FILL$ BY.> PEOPLE :O >E WORK+ AT ,BLUE ,CROSS ,BLUE ,%IELD OR ,KAIS] OR O!R PLACES4 ,:AT >E WE DO+ ) !M8 ,:]E >E WE EMPLOY+ !M80.<#a#b#c.> 

,I W\LD 5C\RAGE ! READ] TO REFLECT ON ?IS PASSAGE BECAUSE IT MI<T BE CONSID]$ A SMOK+ GUN4 ,:AT IS ! PRESID5T SAY+ H]E8 ,HE ACKN[L$GES ?AT MILLIONS ( JOBS 9 M$ICAL 9SURANCE COMPANIES LIKE ,KAIS] OR ,BLUE ,CROSS >E UNNECESS>Y4 ,HE EV5 ACKN[L$GES ?AT A SOCIALIZ$ HEAL? SY/EM W\LD BE MORE EFFICI5T ?AN ! CURR5T M>KET-BAS$ SY/EM1 S9CE IT W\LD R$UCE UNNECESS>Y PAP]WORK & R$UPLICATION ( EF=T BY DOZ5S ( COMPET+ PRIVATE FIRMS4 ,BUT HE'S ALSO SAY+ IT W\LD BE UNDESIRABLE = ?AT V]Y REASON4 ,ONE MOTIVE1 HE 9SI/S1 = MA9TA9+ ! EXI/+ M>KET-BAS$ SY/EM IS PRECISELY ITS 9EFFICI5CY1 S9CE IT IS BETT] TO MA9TA9 ?OSE MILLIONS ( BASICALLY USELESS (FICE JOBS ?AN TO CA/ AB\T TRY+ TO F9D SOME?+ ELSE = ! PAP] PU%]S TO DO4.<#a#b#d.> 

,SO H]E IS ! MO/ P[]FUL MAN 9 ! WORLD AT ! TIME PUBLICLY REFLECT+ ON HIS SIGNATURE LEGISLATIVE A*IEVEM5T--& HE IS 9SI/+ ?AT A MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! =M ?AT LEGISLATURE TOOK IS ! PRES]VATION ( BULL%IT JOBS4.<#a#b#e.> 

,?AT A POLITICAL CULTURE :]E 0JOB CREATION0 IS EV]Y?+ MI<T PRODUCE SU* RESULTS %\LD NOT BE %OCK+ 7?\< = SOME REASON1 IT IS1 9 FACT1 TREAT$ AS %OCK+72 BUT IT DOES NOT 9 ITSELF EXPLA9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DYNAMICS BY :I* ?OSE JOBS FIR/ COME 9TO BE+4 ,9 ! REMA9D] ( ?IS *APT]1 WE WILL CONSID] !SE DYNAMICS & !N RETURN BRIEFLY TO ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T4 

CONC]N+ SOME FALSE EXPLANATIONS = ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS 

  

,BE=E MAPP+ \T :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$1 IT WILL FIR/ BE NECESS>Y TO DISPOSE ( C]TA9 V]Y COMMON1 IF ILL-CONCEIV$1 EXPLANATIONS = ! RISE ( APP>5TLY PO9TLESS EMPLOYM5T FREQU5TLY PROPOS$ BY M>KET 5?USIA/S4 ,S9CE LIB]T>IANS1 0AN>*O-CAPITALI/S10 5?USIA/S = ,AYN ,R& OR ,FRI$RI* ,HAYEK & ! LIKE >E EXTREMELY COMMON 9 POP ECONOMIC =UMS1 & S9CE SU* M>KET 5?USIA/S >E COMMITT$ TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT A M>KET ECONOMY C\LD NOT1 BY DEF9ITION1 CREATE JOBS ?AT S]VE NO PURPOSE1.<#a#b#f.> ONE T5DS TO HE> !SE >GUM5TS QUITE A LOT4 ,SO WE MI<T AS WELL ADDRESS !M4.<#a#b#g.> 

,BASICALLY SU* >GUM5TS FALL 9TO TWO BROAD TYPES4 ,PROPON5TS ( EA* >E HAPPY TO ADMIT ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE !Y HOLD PO9TLESS JOBS 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR >E CORRECT4 ,H[EV]1 ! FIR/ GR\P >GUES ?AT ?OSE :O H>BOR SIMIL> SUSPICIONS 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR >E NOT CORRECT4 ,S9CE COMPET+ FIRMS W\LD NEV] PAY WORK]S TO DO NO?+1 !IR JOBS MU/ BE USEFUL 9 SOME WAY ?AT !Y SIMPLY DO NOT UND]/&4 

,! SECOND GR\P ADMITS USELESS PAP]-PU%+ JOBS DO EXI/ 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR1 & EV5 ?AT !Y HAVE PROLIF]AT$4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS GR\P 9SI/S ?AT PRIVATE SECTOR BULL%IT JOBS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE A PRODUCT ( GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE4 

,A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ! FIR/ K9D ( >GUM5T CAN BE F\ND 9 A PIECE 9 ! ,ECONOMI/1 PUBLI%$ AB\T A DAY & A HALF AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( MY ORIG9AL 0BULL%IT JOBS0 ESSAY 9 #b#a#c4.<#a#b#h.> ,IT HAD ALL ! TRAPP+S ( A RU% JOB1.<#a#b#i.> BUT ! V]Y FACT ?AT ?IS BA/ION ( FREE M>KET OR?ODOXY FELT ! NE$ TO RESPOND ALMO/ 9/ANTLY %[S ?AT ! $ITORS KNEW H[ TO ID5TIFY AN IDEOLOGICAL ?REAT4 ,!Y SUMM$ UP !IR >GUM5T AS FOLL[S3 

,OV] ! PA/ C5TURY1 ! WORLD ECONOMY HAS GR[N 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX4 ,! GOODS BE+ PROVID$ >E MORE COMPLEX2 ! SUPPLY *A9S US$ TO BUILD !M >E MORE COMPLEX2 ! SY/EMS TO M>KET1 SELL1 & DI/RIBUTE !M >E MORE COMPLEX2 ! MEANS TO F9ANCE IT ALL IS MORE COMPLEX2 & SO ON4 ,?IS COMPLEXITY IS :AT MAKES US RI*4 ,BUT IT IS AN 5ORM\S PA9 TO MANAGE4 ,I'D SAY ?AT ONE WAY TO MANAGE IT ALL W\LD BE ?R\< TEAMS ( G5]ALI/S--CRAFTSMAN MANAG]S :O M9D ! SY/EM FROM ! DESIGN /AGE RI<T ?R\< TO ! CU/OM] S]VICE CALLS--BUT !RE IS NO WAY SU* COMPLEXITY W\LD BE ECONOMICALLY WORKABLE 9 ?AT WORLD 7JU/ AS *EAP1 UBIQUIT\S AUTOMOBILES W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE 9 A WORLD :]E TEAMS ( G5]ALI/ ME*ANICS PRODUC$ C>S ONE AT A TIME74 

,NO1 ! EFFICI5T WAY TO DO ?+S IS TO BREAK BUS9ESSES UP 9TO MANY DIFF]5T K9DS ( TASKS1 ALL[+ = A V]Y HI< LEVEL ( SPECIALIZATION4 ,& SO Y\ 5D UP ) ! CL]ICAL EQUIVAL5T ( REPEAT$LY AFFIX+ ,TAB ,A TO ,FRAME ,B3 %UFFL+ PAP]S1 MANAGEM5T ( ! M9UTIAE ( SUPPLY *A9S1 & SO ON4 ,DISAGGREGATION MAY MAKE IT LOOK MEAN+LESS1 S9CE MANY WORK]S 5D UP DO+ ?+S 9CR$IBLY F> REMOV$ FROM ! 5D PO9TS ( ! PROCESS2 ! DAYS :5 ! IRON ORE GOES 9 ONE DOOR & ! C> ROLLS \T ! O!R >E OV]4 ,BUT ! IDEA IS ! SAME4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! AU?OR CLAIMS ?AT :5 WE SPEAK ( 0BULL%IT JOBS10.<#a#c.> WE'RE REALLY JU/ TALK+ AB\T ! PO/9DU/RIAL EQUIVAL5T ( FACTORY-L9E WORK]S1 ?OSE ) ! UN5VIABLE FATE ( HAV+ TO C>RY \T ! REPETITIVE1 M9D-NUMB+LY BOR+ BUT /ILL V]Y NECESS>Y TASKS REQUIR$ TO MANAGE 9CREAS+LY COMPLICAT$ PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ROBOTS REPLACE ! FACTORY WORK]S1 !SE >E 9CREAS+LY ! ONLY JOBS LEFT4 7,?IS POSITION IS SOMETIMES COMB9$ ) A RA!R CONDESC5D+ >GUM5T AB\T SELF-IMPORTANCE3 IF SO MANY PEOPLE FEEL !IR JOBS >E USELESS1 IT'S REALLY BECAUSE TODAY'S $UCAT$ WORK=CE IS FULL ( PHILOSOPHY OR ,R5AISSANCE LIT]ATURE MAJORS :O BELIEVE !Y >E CUT \T = BETT] ?+S4 ,!Y CONSID] BE+ A M]E COG 9 ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y B5EA? !IR DIGNITY47 

,I DON'T ?9K ,I REALLY NE$ TO DWELL TOO MU* ON ! SECOND >GUM5T1 S9CE ! READ] IS LIKELY TO HAVE 5C\NT]$ V>IATIONS ( IT A ?\S& TIMES BE=E4 ,ANYONE :O TRULY BELIEVES 9 ! MAGIC ( ! M>KETPLACE WILL ALWAYS 9SI/ ?AT ANY PROBLEM1 ANY 9JU/ICE1 ANY ABSURDITY ?AT MI<T SEEM TO BE PRODUC$ BY ! M>KET IS REALLY CAUS$ BY GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE ) SAME4 ,?IS MU/ BE TRUE BECAUSE ! M>KET IS FRE$OM1 & FRE$OM IS ALWAYS GOOD4 ,PUTT+ IT ?IS WAY MI<T S\ND LIKE A C>ICATURE1 BUT ,I HAVE MET LIB]T>IANS WILL+ TO SAY EXACTLY ?AT1 9 ALMO/ EXACTLY ?OSE WORDS4.<#a#c#a.> ,( C\RSE1 ! PROBLEM ) ANY SU* >GUM5T IS ?AT IT'S CIRCUL>2 IT CAN'T BE DISPROV$4 ,S9CE ALL ACTUALLY EXI/+ M>KET SY/EMS >E TO SOME DEGREE /ATE REGULAT$1 IT'S EASY 5\< TO 9SI/ ?AT ANY RESULTS ONE LIKES 7SAY1 HI< LEVELS ( OV]ALL WEAL?7 >E ! RESULT ( ! WORK+S ( ! M>KET1 & ?AT ANY FEATURES ONE DOESN'T LIKE 7SAY1 HI< LEVELS ( OV]ALL POV]TY7 >E REALLY DUE TO GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! WORK+S ( ! M>KET--& !N 9SI/ ?AT ! BURD5 ( PRO( IS ON ANYONE :O W\LD >GUE O!RWISE4 ,NO REAL EVID5CE 9 FAVOR ( ! POSITION IS REQUIR$ BECAUSE IT IS BASICALLY A PR(ESSION ( FAI?4.<#a#c#b.> 

,N[1 ?IS BE+ SAID1 ,I %\LD HA/5 TO PO9T \T ,I AM NOT SAY+ GOV]NM5T REGULATION PLAYS NO ROLE 9 ! CREATION ( BULL%IT JOBS 7P>TICUL>LY ( ! BOX-TICK] V>IETY74 ,CLE>LY1 IT DOES4 ,AS WE'VE ALREADY SE51 :OLE 9DU/RIES1 SU* AS CORPORATE COMPLIANCE1 W\LD NOT EXI/ AT ALL W]E IT NOT = GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS4 ,BUT ! >GUM5T H]E IS NOT ?AT SU* REGULATIONS >E ONE REASON = ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS1 IT'S ?AT !Y >E ! PRIM>Y OR1 EV51 ! ONLY REASON4 

,TO SUM UP1 !N1 WE HAVE TWO >GUM5TS3 FIR/1 ?AT GLOBALIZATION HAS R5D]$ ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION SO COMPLICAT$ ?AT WE NE$ EV] MORE (FICE WORK]S TO ADM9I/] IT1 SO !SE >E NOT BULL%IT JOBS2 SECOND1 ?AT :ILE MANY ( !M >E 9DE$ BULL%IT JOBS1 !Y ONLY EXI/ BECAUSE 9CREASES 9 GOV]NM5T REGULATION HAVE NOT ONLY CREAT$ AN EV]-BURGEON+ NUMB] ( USELESS BUREAUCRATS BUT ALSO =C$ CORPORATIONS TO EMPLOY >MIES ( BOX TICK]S TO KEEP !M AT BAY4 

,BO? !SE >GUM5TS >E WRONG1 & ,I ?9K A S+LE EXAMPLE CAN REFUTE BO? ( !M4 ,LET US CONSID] ! CASE ( PRIVATE UNIV]SITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H]E >E TWO TABLES1 BO? DRAWN FROM ,B5JAM9 ,G9SB]G'S BOOK ,! ,FALL ( ! ,FACULTY1 AB\T ! ADM9I/RATIVE TAKE-OV] ( ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES1 :I* GIVE US PRETTY MU* ALL WE NE$ TO KN[4 ,! FIR/ %[S ! GR[? 9 ! PROPORTION ( ADM9I/RATORS & !IR /AFF 9 ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES OV]ALL4 ,DUR+ ! ?IRTY YE>S 9 QUE/ION1 A TIME DUR+ :I* TUITION SKYROCKET$1 ! OV]ALL NUMB] ( TEA*]S P] /UD5T REMA9$ L>GELY CON/ANT 79 FACT1 ! P]IOD 5D$ ) SLI<TLY FEW] TEA*]S P] /UD5T ?AN BE=E74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NUMB] ( ADM9I/RATORS &1 ABOVE ALL1 ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF BALLOON$ TO AN UNPREC$5T$ DEGREE 7SEE FIGURE #e74  
,FIGURE #e ,*ANGES 9 ! ,SUPPLY ( & ,DEM& = ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,S]VICES1 #a#i#h#e-#b#e  ,/AFF   "4#b#d.0   ,ADM9I/RATORS   "4#h#e.0   ,/UD5T ,5ROLLM5TS   "4#e#f.0   ,FACULTY   "4#e.0   ,NO4 ( ,DEGREE-,GRANT+ ,9/ITUTIONS   "4#e.0   ,NO4 ( ,B,A ,DEGREES ,GRANT$   "4#d#g.0   

,S\RCE3 ,CALCULAT$ FROM ,N,C,E,S1 0,DIGE/10 #bf 

,IS ?IS BECAUSE ! PROCESS ( 0PRODUCTION0--9 ?IS CASE1 ?IS W\LD PRESUMABLY MEAN TEA*+1 READ+1 WRIT+1 & RESE>*--HAD BECOME TWO OR ?REE TIMES MORE COMPLICAT$ BETWE5 #aihe & #b#e1 SO ?AT IT N[ REQUIRES A SMALL >MY ( (FICE /AFF TO ADM9I/] IT8.<#a#c#c.> ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,H]E ,I CAN SPEAK FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?+S HAVE *ANG$ A BIT S9CE ,I WAS 9 COLLEGE 9 ! #a#i#hS--LECTUR]S >E N[ EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE ,P[],PO9T DISPLAYS 9/EAD ( WRIT+ ON BLACKBO>DS2 !RE'S GREAT] USE ( CLASS BLOGS1 ,MOODLE PAGES1 & ! LIKE4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS PRETTY M9OR /UFF4 ,IT'S NO?+ EV5 REMOTELY COMP>ABLE TO1 SAY1 ! CONTA9]IZATION ( %IPP+1 ,JAPANESE-/YLE 0JU/ 9 TIME0 PRODUCTION REGIMES1 OR ! GLOBALIZATION ( SUPPLY *A9S4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 TEA*]S CONT9UE TO DO :AT !Y HAVE ALWAYS DONE3 GIVE LECTURES1 LEAD SEM9>S1 MEET /UD5TS DUR+ (FICE H\RS1 & GRADE PAP]S & EXAMS4.<#a#c#d.> 

,:AT AB\T ! HEAVY H& ( GOV]NM5T1 !N8 ,G9SB]G PROVIDES US ) A REFUTATION TO ?AT CLAIM1 TOO1 AGA9 9 ONE EASY TABLE 7SEE FIGURE #f74  
,FIGURE #f ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,GR[? AT ,PUBLIC & ,PRIVATE ,9/ITUTIONS1 #a#i#g#e-#b#e    #aige   #aiie   #be   *ANGE   ,ADM9I/RATORS & ,MANAG]S AT ,PUBLIC ,COLLEGES   #f1#g#c#c   #h#b1#c#i#f   #a#a1#a#a   "4#f#f.0   ,ADM9I/RATORS & ,MANAG]S AT ,PRIVATE ,COLLEGES   #d1#e#c   #f#e1#d#i   #f#e1#d#i   "4#a#c#e.0   

,S\RCE3 ,CALCULAT$ FROM ,N,C,E,S1 0,DIGE/10 #bf 

,9 REALITY1 ! NUMB] ( ADM9I/RATORS & MANAG]S AT PRIVATE 9/ITUTIONS 9CREAS$ AT MORE ?AN TWICE ! RATE AS IT DID AT PUBLIC ONES4 ,IT SEEMS EXTREMELY UNLIKELY ?AT GOV]NM5T REGULATION CAUS$ PRIVATE SECTOR ADM9I/RATIVE JOBS TO BE CREAT$ AT TWICE ! RATE AS IT DID )9 ! GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 ! ONLY REASONABLE 9T]PRETATION ( !SE NUMB]S IS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE3 PUBLIC UNIV]SITIES >E ULTIMATELY ANSW]ABLE TO ! PUBLIC1 & H5CE1 UND] CON/ANT POLITICAL PRESSURE TO CUT CO/S & NOT 5GAGE 9 WA/EFUL EXP5DITURES4 ,?IS MAY LEAD TO SOME PECULI> PRIORITIES 79 MO/ ,U,S /ATES1 ! HI<E/-PAID PUBLIC S]VANT IS A FOOTBALL OR BASKETBALL COA* AT A /ATE UNIV]SITY71 BUT IT DOES T5D TO LIMIT ! DEGREE TO :I* A NEWLY APPO9T$ DEAN CAN SIMPLY DECIDE ?AT1 S9CE HE IS OBVI\SLY A V]Y IMPORTANT P]SON1 IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT HE %\LD HAVE FIVE OR SIX ADDITIONAL ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF WORK+ UND] HIM--& ONLY !N BEG9 TRY+ TO FIGURE \T :AT SAID /AFF >E ACTUALLY GO+ TO DO4 ,ADM9I/RATORS AT PRIVATE UNIV]SITIES >E ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO !IR BO>D ( TRU/EES4 ,TRU/EES >E USUALLY EXTREMELY RI*4 ,IF !Y >E NOT !MSELVES CREATURES ( ! CORPORATE WORLD1 !Y >E AT ! V]Y LEA/ US$ TO MOV+ 9 5VIRONM5TS %AP$ BY ITS MORES & S5SIBILITIES--& AS A RESULT1 !Y T5D TO VIEW SU* A DEAN'S BEHAVIOR AS 5TIRELY NORMAL & UNOBJECTIONABLE4 

,G9SB]G HIMSELF SEES ! 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S & P[] ( UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATORS AS A SIMPLE P[] GRAB--ONE :I*1 HE SAYS1 HAS RESULT$ 9 A PR(\ND %IFT 9 ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! V]Y NATURE ( UNIV]SITIES & ! REASONS = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,BACK 9 ! #a#i#eS OR #a#i#fS1 ONE C\LD /ILL SAY ?AT UNIV]SITIES W]E ONE ( ! FEW ,EUROPEAN 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAD SURVIV$ MORE OR LESS 9TACT FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,CRUCIALLY1 !Y W]E /ILL RUN ON ! OLD M$IEVAL PR9CIPLE ?AT ONLY ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 A C]TA9 =M ( PRODUCTION--:E!R ?IS BE ! PRODUCTION ( /ONEWORK OR LEA!R GLOVES OR MA!MATICAL EQUATIONS--HAD ! RI<T TO ORGANIZE !IR [N AFFAIRS2 9DE$ ?AT !Y W]E ALSO ! ONLY PEOPLE QUALIFI$ TO DO SO4 ,UNIV]SITIES W]E BASICALLY CRAFT GUILDS RUN = & BY S*OL>S1 & !IR MO/ IMPORTANT BUS9ESS WAS CONSID]$ TO BE PRODUC+ S*OL>%IP1 !IR SECOND-MO/1 TRA9+ NEW G5]ATIONS ( S*OL>S4 ,TRUE1 S9CE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 UNIV]SITIES HAD MA9TA9$ A K9D ( G5TLEMAN'S PACT ) GOV]NM5T1 ?AT !Y W\LD ALSO TRA9 CIVIL S]VANTS 7& LAT]1 CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS7 9 EX*ANGE = O!RWISE BE+ L>GELY LEFT ALONE4 ,BUT S9CE ! EI<TIES1 ,G9SB]G >GUES1 UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATORS HAVE EFFECTIVELY /AG$ A C\P4 ,!Y WRE/$ CONTROL ( ! UNIV]SITY FROM ! FACULTY & ORI5T$ ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF T[>D 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PURPOSES4 ,IT IS N[ COMMONPLACE = MAJOR UNIV]SITIES TO PUT \T 0/RATEGIC VISION DOCUM5TS0 ?AT B>ELY M5TION S*OL>%IP OR TEA*+ BUT GO ON AT L5G? AB\T 0! /UD5T EXP]I5CE10 0RESE>* EXCELL5CE0 7GETT+ GRANTS71 COLLABORATION ) BUS9ESS OR GOV]NM5T1 & SO =?4 

,ALL ?IS R+S V]Y TRUE = ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! UNIV]SITY SC5E1 BUT ! QUE/ION REMA9S3 ,IF ?IS WAS A C\P1 H[ DID ! ADM9I/RATORS MANAGE TO GET AWAY ) IT8 ,ONE HAS TO ASSUME ?AT EV5 9 ! #a#h#hS1 !RE W]E UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATORS :O W\LD HAVE BE5 DELI<T$ TO SEIZE P[] 9 ?IS WAY & EA* HIRE !MSELVES A RET9UE ( M9IONS4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ! 9T]V5+ C5TURY ?AT PUT !M 9 A POSITION TO ACTUALLY DO SO8 ,& :ATEV] IT WAS1 H[ IS IT CONNECT$ TO ! RISE ( ! TOTAL PROPORTION ( MANAG]S1 ADM9I/RATORS1 & MEAN+LESS PAP] PU%]S \TSIDE ! ACADEMY ?AT OCCURR$ DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ( TIME8 

,S9CE ?IS IS ! P]IOD ?AT ALSO SAW ! RISE ( F9ANCE CAPITALISM1 IT MI<T BE BE/ TO RETURN TO ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR 7F9ANCE1 9SURANCE1 REAL E/ATE7 TO SEEK 9SI<T 9TO :AT OV]ALL DYNAMIC 9 ! ECONOMY SP>K$ SU* *ANGES4 ,IF ?OSE :OM ! ,ECONOMI/ BELIEVES TO BE ADM9I/]+ COMPLEX GLOBAL SUPPLY *A9S >E NOT1 9 FACT1 ADM9I/]+ COMPLEX GLOBAL SUPPLY *A9S1 !N :AT EXACTLY >E !Y DO+8 ,& DOES :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ?OSE (FICES PROVIDE ANY SORT ( W9D[ ON :AT IS HAPP5+ ELSE:]E8 

:Y ! F9ANCIAL 9DU/RY MI<T BE CONSID]$ A P>ADIGM = BULL%IT JOB CREATION 

  

EXP$IT$ FRICTIONLESS CONV]G5CES  

COORD9AT$ 9T]ACTIVE M>KET 9/ITUTIONS  

CONTRACT$ VIRTUAL CLE>+H\SES  

DIRECT$ M>G9 ADJU/M5TS .<#a#c#e.>  
  

,ON A SUP]FICIAL LEVEL1 ( C\RSE1 ! IMM$IATE ME*ANISMS ?AT CREATE BULL%IT JOBS 9 ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR >E ! SAME ONES ?AT PRODUCE !M ANY:]E ELSE4 ,I LI/$ SOME ( !SE 9 *APT] #b1 :5 ,I DESCRIB$ ! FIVE BASIC TYPES ( BULL%IT JOBS & H[ !Y CAME AB\T4 ,FLUNKY POSITIONS >E CREAT$ BECAUSE ?OSE 9 P[]FUL POSITIONS 9 AN ORGANIZATION SEE UND]L+S AS BADGES ( PRE/IGE2 GOONS >E HIR$ DUE TO A DYNAMIC ( ONE-UPMAN%IP 7IF \R RIVALS EMPLOY A TOP LAW FIRM1 !N SO1 TOO1 MU/ WE72 DUCT-TAP] POSITIONS >E CREAT$ BECAUSE SOMETIMES ORGANIZATIONS F9D IT MORE DIFFICULT TO FIX A PROBLEM ?AN TO DEAL ) ITS CONSEQU5CES2 BOX-TICK] POSITIONS EXI/ BECAUSE1 )9 L>GE ORGANIZATIONS1 PAP]WORK ATTE/+ TO ! FACT ?AT C]TA9 ACTIONS HAVE BE5 TAK5 (T5 COMES TO BE SE5 AS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ACTIONS !MSELVES2 TASKMA/]S EXI/ L>GELY AS SIDE EFFECTS ( V>I\S =MS ( IMP]SONAL AU?ORITY4 ,IF L>GE ORGANIZATIONS >E CONCEIV$ AS A COMPLEX PLAY ( GRAVITATIONAL =CES1 PULL+ 9 MANY CONTRADICTORY DIRECTIONS1 ONE C\LD SAY !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A C]TA9 PULL 9 ANY ( !SE FIVE4 ,EV5 SO1 ONE MU/ ASK3 ,:Y IS !RE NOT A GREAT] PRESSURE PULL+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION8 ,:Y IS ?IS NOT SE5 AS MORE ( A PROBLEM8 ,FIRMS LIKE TO REPRES5T !MSELVES AS LEAN & MEAN4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?OSE CREAT+1 PLAY+ >\ND )1 & DE/ROY+ L>GE AM\NTS ( MONEY 9 ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR PROVIDE ! P]FECT PLACE TO BEG9 TO ASK ?IS QUE/ION--9 P>T BECAUSE MANY :O WORK 9 ?IS SECTOR >E CONV9C$ ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y?+ DONE 9 IT IS BASICALLY A SCAM4.<#a#c#f.>  
  

,ELLIOT3 ,SO ,I DID A JOB = A LITTLE :ILE WORK+ = ONE ( ! 0BIG F\R0 ACC\NTANCY FIRMS4 ,!Y HAD BE5 CONTRACT$ BY A BANK TO PROVIDE COMP5SATION TO CU/OM]S ?AT HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,P,P,I SC&AL4 ,! ACC\NTANCY FIRM WAS PAID BY ! CASE1 & WE W]E PAID BY ! H\R4 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y PURPOSEFULLY MIS-TRA9$ & DISORGANIZ$ /AFF SO ?AT ! JOBS W]E REPEAT$LY & CONSI/5TLY DONE WRONG4 ,! SY/EMS & PRACTICES W]E *ANG$ & MODIFI$ ALL ! TIME1 TO 5SURE NO ONE C\LD GET US$ TO ! NEW PRACTICE & ACTUALLY DO ! WORK CORRECTLY4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT CASES HAD TO BE R$ONE & CONTRACTS EXT5D$4  
  

,9 CASE ! READ] IS UNAW>E1 ! ,P,P,I 7PAYM5T PROTECTION 9SURANCE7 SC&AL BROKE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM 9 #b#f1 :5 A L>GE NUMB] ( BANKS W]E F\ND TO HAVE BE5 UNLOAD+ UNWANT$ & (T5 WILDLY DISADVANTAGE\S ACC\NT 9SURANCE POLICIES ON !IR CLI5TS4 ,C\RTS ORD]$ MU* ( ! MONEY RETURN$1 & ! RESULT WAS AN 5TIRE NEW 9DU/RY ORGANIZ$ >\ND RESOLV+ ,P,P,I CLAIMS4 ,AS ,ELLIOT REPORT$ IT1 AT LEA/ SOME ( ?OSE HIR$ TO PROCESS !SE CLAIMS W]E 9T5TIONALLY DRAGG+ !IR FEET TO MILK ! CONTRACT = ALL !Y C\LD4  
  

,ELLIOT3 ,! S5IOR MANAGEM5T HAD TO BE AW>E ( ?IS1 BUT IT WAS NEV] EXPLICITLY /AT$4 ,9 LOOS] MOM5TS1 SOME ( ! MANAGEM5T SAID ?+S LIKE 0,WE MAKE MONEY FROM DEAL+ ) A LEAKY PIPE--DO Y\ FIX ! PIPE1 OR DO Y\ LET ! PIPE KEEP LEAK+80 7OR WORDS TO ?AT EFFECT74 ,!RE HAD BE5 VA/ SUMS SET ASIDE BY ! BANK TO PAY COMP5SATION = ! ,P,P,I4  
  

,?IS IS ACTUALLY A FAIRLY COMMON /ORY 9 ! TE/IMONIES ,I RECEIV$3 ,I HE>D AB\T SIMIL> ?+S GO+ ON 9 LAW FIRMS 9VOLV$ ) ASBE/OS COMP5SATION PAYM5TS AS WELL4 ,:5EV] A V]Y L>GE SUM ( MONEY1 9 ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS1 IS SET ASIDE TO COMP5SATE AN 5TIRE CLASS ( PEOPLE1 A BUREAUCRACY MU/ BE SET UP TO LOCATE CLAIMANTS1 PROCESS CLAIMS1 & PORTION \T ! MONEY4 ,?IS BUREAUCRACY MAY (T5 9VOLVE HUNDR$S OR EV5 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,S9CE ! MONEY ?AT PAYS !IR SAL>IES IS ULTIMATELY COM+ FROM ! SAME POT1 !Y HAVE NO P>TICUL> 9C5TIVE TO DI/RIBUTE ! SPOILS EFFICI5TLY4 ,?AT W\LD BE KILL+ ! GOOSE ?AT LAID ! GOLD5 EGG6 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ELLIOT1 ?IS (T5 L$ TO 0CRAZY1 SURREAL /UFF0 LIKE 9T5TIONALLY PLAC+ (FICES 9 DIFF]5T CITIES & =C+ PEOPLE TO COMMUTE BETWE5 !M1 OR PR9T+ & DE/ROY+ ! SAME DOCUM5TS A HALF DOZ5 TIMES--ALL ! :ILE ?REAT5+ LEGAL ACTION AGA9/ ANYONE :O REVEAL$ SU* PRACTICES TO \TSID]S4.<#a#c#g.> ,CLE>LY1 ! PO9T WAS TO SIPHON (F AS MU* ( ! MONEY AS POSSIBLE BE=E IT GOT TO ! CLAIMANTS2 ! LONG] ! L[]-LEVEL PEOPLE TOOK1 ! MORE ! COMPANY W\LD E>N2 BUT [+ TO ! PECULI> DYNAMIC DISCUSS$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 ! V]Y PO9TLESSNESS ( ! EX]CISE SEEM$ TO EXAC]BATE LEVELS ( /RESS & ABUSIVE BEHAVIOR4  
  

,ELLIOT3 ,! CYNICISM 9VOLV$ WAS REM>KABLE4 ,I GUESS IT WORKS \T TO A =M ( P>ASITISM4 ,AS IT HAPP5S1 ! JOB WAS ALSO EXTREMELY DIFFICULT & /RESSFUL3 IT APPE>$ ?AT P>T ( !IR BUS9ESS MODEL WAS PLAC+ IMPOSSIBLE T>GETS :I* W\LD 9CREASE ALL ! TIME SO ?AT TURNOV] WAS HI< & MORE /AFF W\LD REGUL>LY HAVE TO BE BR\<T 9 & MIS-TRA9$1 SO ?AT1 ,I IMAG9E1 ! FIRM C\LD PLAUSIBLY ASK !IR CLI5T ?AT ! CONTRACT BE EXT5D$ FUR!R4 

,?IS WAS DEMORALIZ+1 ( C\RSE4 ,I'M N[ WORK+ AS A CLEAN]1 :I* IS ! LEA/ BULL%IT_/ALI5AT$ JOB ,I HAVE EV] HAD4 

,DAVID3 ,SO ?IS S\NDS LIKE A :OLE NEW CATEGORY3 JOBS 9T5TIONALLY DONE WRONG6 ,H[ COMMON DO Y\ ?9K ?AT IS8 

,ELLIOT3 ,FROM :AT ,I'VE HE>D AMONG O!R PEOPLE 9 DIFF]5T COMPANIES1 ! ,P,P,I 9DU/RY IS BASICALLY BUILT >\ND ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ON ! BASIS ?AT APP>5TLY IT'S ONLY L>GE ACC\NTANCY FIRMS ?AT REALLY HAVE ! CAPACITY TO TAKE ON CONTRACTS LIKE ?AT4 

,DAVID3 ,WELL1 ,I SEE H[ ONE C\LD MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT 9 ANY SY/EM :]E Y\ >E BASICALLY DEAL+ ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( SPOILS1 IT MAKES S5SE TO CREATE AS MANY LAY]S ( P>ASITES 9 BETWE5 AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT :O W]E !Y ULTIMATELY MILK+8 ,!IR CLI5TS8 ,OR :O8 

,ELLIOT3 ,I'M NOT SURE :O WAS ULTIMATELY PAY+ = ?IS4 ,! BANK8 ,AN 9SURANCE COMPANY ?AT 9SUR$ ! BANK AGA9/ LOSSES ON FRAUD ACTIVITIES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,( C\RSE1 ULTIMATELY IT W\LD BE ! CONSUM] & TAXPAY] :O PAY2 ALL !SE COMPANIES NE$ TO KN[ IS H[ TO MILK IT4  
  

,AS LONG AGO AS #a#h#e#b1 ,*>LES ,DICK5S1 9 ,BLEAK ,H\SE1 WAS ALREADY MAK+ FUN ( ! LEGAL PR(ESSION ) ! CASE ( ,J>NDYCE & ,J>NDYCE--9 :I* TWO TEAMS ( B>RI/]S KEEP ! BATTLE OV] A HUGE E/ATE ALIVE = MORE ?AN A LIFETIME1 UNTIL !Y'VE DEV\R$ ! :OLE ?+1 :]EUPON !Y SIMPLY DECL>E ! MATT] MOOT & MOVE ON4 ,! MORAL ( ! /ORY IS ?AT :5 A PR(IT-SEEK+ 5T]PRISE IS 9 ! BUS9ESS ( DI/RIBUT+ A V]Y L>GE SUM ( MONEY1 ! MO/ PR(ITABLE ?+ = IT TO DO IS TO BE AS 9EFFICI5T AS POSSIBLE4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS BASICALLY :AT ! 5TIRE ,F,I,R,E SECTOR DOES3 IT CREATES MONEY 7BY MAK+ LOANS7 & !N MOVES IT >\ND 9 (T5 EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ WAYS1 EXTRACT+ ANO!R SMALL CUT ) EV]Y TRANSACTION4 ,! RESULTS (T5 LEAVE BANK EMPLOYES FEEL+ ?AT ! 5TIRE 5T]PRISE IS JU/ AS PO9TLESS AS ! ACC\NTANCY COMPANY'S 9T5TIONALLY MIS-TRA9+ EMPLOYES TO MILK A CA% C[4 ,SURPRIS+ NUMB]S ( BANK EMPLOYES CAN'T EV5 FIGURE \T :AT ! REAL JU/IFICATION = !IR P>TICUL> SPECIES ( BANK IS SUPPOS$ TO BE4  
  

,BRUCE3 ,I WORK AS A FUND ACC\NTANT AT A CU/ODIAN BANK4 ,I'VE NEV] REALLY FIGUR$ \T :AT CU/ODIAN BANKS DO4 ,I UND]/& ! CONCEPTS ASSOCIAT$ ) CU/ODIAN BANKS1 BUT ,I ALWAYS ?\<T ( !M AS JU/ AN UNNECESS>Y ADD$ LAY] ( ACC\NT+4 ,CU/ODIAN BANKS SAFEGU>D CONCEPTS SU* AS /OCKS & BONDS4 ,H[ DO !Y ACTUALLY DO ?AT8 ,CAN ,RUSSIAN HACK]S /EAL !SE CONCEPTS8 ,AS F> AS ,I CAN SEE1 ! 5TIRE CU/ODIAN BANK 9DU/RY IS BULL%IT4  
  

,ONE REASON = ! CONFUSION1 P]HAPS1 IS ?AT ! LEVEL ( G5]AL FE>1 /RESS1 & P>ANOIA APPE>S TO BE MU* GREAT] 9 BANKS ?AN 9 MO/ ( ! O!R 5T]PRISES WE'VE BE5 CONSID]+ SO F>4 ,EMPLOYES >E UND] 5ORM\S PRESSURE NOT TO ASK TOO MANY QUE/IONS4 ,ONE REBEL BANK]1 :O DESCRIB$ TO ME 9 DETAIL ! MA*9ATIONS BY :I* ! BIGGE/ BANKS W\LD LOBBY ! GOV]NM5T TO 9TRODUCE REGULATIONS TO !IR ADVANTAGE & !N EXPECT EV]YONE TO PLAY ALONG ) ! PRET5SE ?AT ! REGULATIONS HAD SIMPLY BE5 IMPOS$1 TOLD ME HE ?\<T IT'S ALMO/ AS BAD AS COM+ \T AS GAY W\LD HAVE BE5 9 ! #a#i#eS3 0,!RE >E MANY PEOPLE :O HAVE READ 'ON ! PH5OM5ON ( BULL%"9T JOBS' & KN[ ( ! REALITY ( \R 9DU/RY1 YET !Y 79CLUD+ MYSELF7 >E CONSUM$ BY FE> ( LOS+ \R JOBS1 SO WE DON'T TALK AB\T OR DISCUSS !SE ISSUES OP5LY4 ,WE LIE TO \RSELVES1 \R COLLEAGUES1 & \R FAMILIES40 

,SU* S5TIM5TS W]E COMMONPLACE4 ,ALMO/ ALL BANK WORK]S ,I CORRESPOND$ ) 9SI/$ ON ELABORATE SECRECY1 EFFAC+ ANY DETAIL ?AT MI<T POSSIBLY CONNECT !M TO !IR EMPLOY]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MANY EMPHASIZ$ H[ CA?>TIC IT WAS TO BE ABLE TO F9ALLY EXPRESS ?+S ?AT HAD BE5 P]COLAT+ ?R\< !IR M9DS = SO MANY YE>S4 ,H]E1 = 9/ANCE1 IS ! TE/IMONY ( ,RUP]T1 AN ECONOMIC REFUGEE FROM ,AU/RALIA N[ WORK+ 9 ! ,CITY ( ,LONDON1 ON BULL%ITIZATION )9 ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTION :]E HE PRES5TLY WORKS3  
  

,RUP]T3 ,SO 9 BANK+1 OBVI\SLY ! 5TIRE SECTOR ADDS NO VALUE & IS !RE=E BULL%IT4 ,BUT LET'S LEAVE ?AT TO ! SIDE = A M9UTE & LOOK AT ?OSE )9 BANK+ :O LIT]ALLY DO NO?+4 ,!RE ACTUALLY >E NOT ALL ?AT MANY ( !SE BECAUSE BANK+ IS A WEIRD MIX4 ,OV]ALL WE DO NO?+1 YET )9 ?AT NO?+ IT'S EFFICI5T1 M]ITOCRATIC1 & 9 G5]AL LEAN4  
  

,/ILL1 ! MO/ OBVI\S IS ! *E]LEAD] ,HUMAN ,RES\RCES ,DEP>TM5T4 ,AT SOME PO9T1 BANK+ REALIZ$ ?AT EV]YONE HATES !M1 & ?AT !IR /AFF KN[S ?IS1 TOO1 SO !Y SET AB\T TRY+ TO MAKE ! /AFF FEEL BETT] AB\T IT ALL4 ,WE HAVE AN 9TRANET ?AT ,H,R WAS TOLD TO MAKE 9TO A K9D ( 9T]NAL 0COMMUNITY10 LIKE ,FACEBOOK4 ,!Y SET IT UP2 NOBODY US$ IT4 ,SO !Y !N />T$ TO TRY & BULLY EV]YONE 9TO US+ IT1 :I* MADE US HATE IT EV5 MORE4 ,!N !Y TRI$ TO 5TICE PEOPLE 9 BY HAV+ ,H,R PO/ A LOAD ( T\*Y-FEELY CRAP OR PEOPLE WRIT+ 09T]NAL BLOGS0 ?AT NOBODY C>$ AB\T4 ,/ILL NOBODY COMES4 

,?REE YE>S !Y'VE BE5 AT ?IS1 ! 9T]NAL 9TRANET ,FACEBOOK PAGE IS JU/ FULL ( ,H,R PEOPLE SAY+ SOME?+ *EESY AB\T ! COMPANY & !N O!R ,H,R PEOPLE SAY+ 0,GREAT PO/6 ,I REALLY AGREE ) ?IS40 ,H[ !Y CAN /& ?IS1 ,I HAVE NO IDEA4 ,IT'S A MONUM5T TO ! TOTAL LACK ( COHESIV5ESS 9 BANK+4 

,ANO!R ONE IS !Y HAVE SOME BIG DRIVE TO DO *>ITY = A WEEK4 ,I REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE AS ?\< ,I GIVE TO *>ITY1 ,I WILL NOT GIVE ?R\< MY BANK1 AS = !M IT'S JU/ A BIG ADV]TIS+ DRIVE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO %ORE UP MORALE 9T]NALLY & MAKE IT LOOK LIKE BANK+ ISN'T APPROPRIAT+ LABOR ?R\< USURY4 ,!Y PUT \T A 0T>GET0 (1 SAY1 N9ETY P]C5T P>TICIPATION--ALL 0VOLUNT>Y0--& !N = TWO MON?S1 !Y TRY TO GET PEOPLE TO SIGN UP4 ,IF Y\ DON'T SIGN UP1 !Y NOTE Y\R NAME1 & !N PEOPLE COME & ASK Y\ :Y Y\ HAV5'T SIGN$ UP4 ,9 ! LA/ TWO WEEKS BE=E ! 5D ( IT1 WE GET AUTOMAT$ MAILS ?AT LOOK LIKE !Y COME FROM ! ,C,E,O 05C\RAG+0 Y\ TO SIGN UP4 ,! LA/ TIME1 ,I WAS ACTUALLY WORRI$ AB\T LOS+ MY JOB OV] HOLD+ \T4 ,= ME1 ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 BAD1 AS ,I'M 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY ON A WORK VISA ) NO RI<T TO REMA94 ,BUT HOLD ON ,I DID4 

,! NUMB] ( MAN-H\RS SP5T *AS+ ?IS 0VOLUNT>Y0 *>ITY WORK IS AMAZ+4 0,VOLUNTOLD0 IS1 ,I BELIEVE ! TE*NICAL T]M4 

,! *>ITY WORK ITSELF IS TOTALLY EMPTY4 ,?+S LIKE TWO H\RS ( LITT] PICK+4 ,GIV+ BAD S&WI*ES TO ! HOMELESS :]E SOMEONE ELSE ORGANIZES ALL ! S&WI* PACKAGES1 ETC41 & BANK EMPLOYES JU/ TURN UP & H& !M \T !N GO HOME AGA9 9 !IR NICE C>S4 ,A LOT ( ! *>ITY WORK IS DRIV5 BY 0BE/ COMPANY TO WORK = 9 ,X0 AW>DS ?AT /IPULATE CRIT]IA LIKE 0*>ITABLE WORK40 ,! BANK !N HAS TO HIT ?AT CRIT]IA TO BE CONSID]$1 :I* WILL !N HELP !M ) RECRUIT+4 ,!Y SP5D GOD KN[S H[ MANY H\RS EV]Y YE> TRY+ TO DO ?IS4 

,OKAY1 NEXT3 ! TIME %EET GUY444 

,AFT] LI/+ A FEW POSITIONS ?AT C\LD EASILY BE AUTOMAT$ AWAY & SEEM TO EXI/ ONLY TO PROVIDE EMPLOYM5T1 ,RUP]T 5DS ) ! MO/ APP>5TLY USELESS POSITION ( ALL3  
  

,RUP]T3 ,F9ALLY1 MIDDLE MANAGEM5T4 ,! O!R DAY1 ,I HAD TO GET AN APPROVAL FROM SOMEONE AT MIDDLE-MANAGEM5T LEVEL4 ,I CLICK$ ON A SY/EM TO EMAIL \T APPROVAL REQUE/S4 ,TW5TY-FIVE MIDDLE MANAG]S W]E LI/$ 7ONLY ONE NE$$ TO APPROVE74 ,I HAD ONLY EV] HE>D ( ONE ( !M4 ,:AT >E !SE PEOPLE DO+ ALL DAY LONG8 ,>E !Y NOT WORRI$ AB\T BE+ F\ND \T & HAV+ TO WORK AT ,MC,DONALD'S8 

,ACCORD+ TO ?OSE MIDDLE MANAG]S :O'VE CONTACT$ ME1 ! ANSW] TO 0,:AT >E !SE PEOPLE DO+ ALL DAY LONG0 W\LD BE1 9 MANY CASES1 AT LEA/1 0,NOT MU*40 ,SO 9 ,RUP]T'S E/IMATION1 AT LEA/1 9 ! L[] E*ELONS1 COMPET5CE & EFFICI5CY ACTUALLY DO SEEM TO BE ! REIGN+ VALUES2 ! HI<] ONE GOES UP ! LADD]1 ! LESS TRUE ?IS APPE>S TO BE4  
  

,RUP]T'S ACC\NT IS FASC9AT+ FROM ANY NUMB] ( P]SPECTIVES4 ,TAKE ! !ME ( H[ >TIFICIAL CONTE/S OP]ATE AS A ME*ANISM ( BULL%ITIZATION1 ONE ?AT CROPP$ UP 9 NUM]\S O!R CONTEXTS AS WELL4 ,MANY ( ! FOLLIES ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,U,K1 = 9/ANCE1 >E DRIV5 BY A SIMIL> DESIRE TO BE NAM$ 0BE/ C\NCIL0 9 A GIV5 REGION1 OR 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 SU* CONTE/S SET (F A FR5ZY ( BOX-TICK+ RITUALS1 CLIMAX+1 9 ?IS CASE1 9 ! RIDICUL\S SIMULATIONS ( *>ITY DEM&$ ( PRES5T EMPLOYES SO AS TO BE ABLE TO TELL POT5TIAL FUTURE EMPLOYES ?AT !IR COMPANY HAS BE5 VOT$ ONE ( ! BE/ PLACES TO WORK4 ,MO/ ( ! O!R ELEM5TS 9 ,RUP]T'S TE/IMONY APPE> 9 O!R ACC\NTS FROM 9SIDE MAJOR F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS WELL3 ! CONFUS$ MIX ( FR5ETIC1 /RESSFUL1 BUT ALMO/ MAGIC EFFICI5CY 9 SOME SECTORS1 ! OBVI\S BLOAT 9 O!RS2 ALL 9 A CONTEXT :]E NO ONE WAS QUITE SURE :AT ! BANK REALLY DID OR IF IT WAS EV5 A LEGITIMATE 5T]PRISE2 ! FACT ?AT SU* QUE/IONS C\LD NEV] BE DISCUSS$4 

,ANO!R COMMON !ME WAS ! WAY MANY ( ?OSE LABOR+ 9 F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS--TO A MU* L>G] DEGREE ?AN ?OSE 9 MO/ L>GE CORPORATIONS--HAD LITTLE OR NO IDEA H[ !IR WORK CONTRIBUT$ TO ! BANK AS A :OLE4 ,IR5E1 = EXAMPLE1 WORK$ = SEV]AL MAJOR 9VE/M5T BANKS 9 0,ONBO>D+0--?AT IS1 MONITOR+ :E!R ! BANK'S CLI5TS 79 ?IS CASE1 V>I\S H$GE FUNDS & PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDS7 W]E 9 COMPLIANCE ) GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS4 ,9 !ORY1 EV]Y TRANSACTION ! BANK 5GAG$ 9 HAD TO BE ASSESS$4 ,! PROCESS WAS SELF-EVID5TLY CORRUPT1 S9CE ! REAL WORK WAS \TS\RC$ TO %ADY \TFITS 9 ,B]MUDA1 ,MAURITIUS1 & OR ! ,CAIMAN ,ISL&S 70:]E BRIBES >E *EAP071 & !Y 9V>IABLY F\ND EV]Y?+ TO BE 9 ORD]4 ,NONE!LESS1 S9CE A #a.0 P]C5T APPROVAL RATE W\LD H>DLY DO1 AN ELABORATE $IFICE HAD TO BE ]ECT$ SO AS TO MAKE IT LOOK AS IF SOMETIMES1 !Y DID 9DE$ F9D PROBLEMS SOMETIMES4 ,SO ,IR5E W\LD REPORT ?AT ! \TSID] REVIEW]S HAD OKAY$ ! TRANSACTION1 & A ,QUALITY ,CONTROL BO>D W\LD REVIEW ,IR5E'S PAP]WORK & DULY LOCATE TYPOS & O!R M9OR ]RORS4 ,!N ! TOTAL NUMB] ( 0FAILS0 9 EA* DEP>TM5T W\LD BE TURN$ OV] TO BE TABULAT$ BY A METRICS DIVISION1 ?IS ALL[+ EV]YONE 9VOLV$ TO SP5D H\RS EV]Y WEEK 9 MEET+S >GU+ OV] :E!R ANY P>TICUL> 0FAIL0 WAS REAL4  
  

,IR5E3 ,!RE WAS AN EV5 HI<] CA/E ( BULL%IT1 PROPP$ ATOP ! METRICS BULL%IT1 :I* W]E ! DATA SCI5TI/S4 ,!IR JOB WAS TO COLLECT ! FAIL METRICS & APPLY COMPLEX S(TW>E TO MAKE PRETTY PICTURES \T ( ! DATA4 ,! BOSSES W\LD !N TAKE !SE PRETTY PICTURES TO !IR BOSSES1 :I* HELP$ EASE ! AWKW>DNESS 9H]5T 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD NO IDEA :AT !Y W]E TALK+ AB\T OR :AT ANY ( !IR TEAMS ACTUALLY DID4 ,AT .<,BIG ,BANK ,A.>1 ,I HAD FIVE BOSSES 9 TWO YE>S4 ,AT .<,BIG ,BANK ,B.>1 ,I HAD ?REE4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY W]E 9/ALL$1 *]RY-PICK$ BY HI<]-UPS1 & 0GIFT$0 !SE CA/LES ( %IT4 ,9 MANY CASES1 SADLY1 IT WAS H[ ! COMPANIES MET !IR M9ORITIES-9-MANAGEM5T QUOTA4  
  

,SO ONCE AGA91 WE HAVE ! SAME COMB9ATION ( FRAUD1 PRET5SE 7NO ONE WAS ALL[$ TO TALK AB\T ! %ADY COMPANIES 9 ! ,CAIMAN ,ISL&S71 A SY/EM DESIGN$ NOT TO BE UND]/OOD1 :I* WAS !N PU%$ (F ON MANAG]S :O HAD NO IDEA :AT WAS GO+ ON BEL[ !M1 L>GELY BECAUSE IT MADE NO S5SE4 ,IT WAS ALL JU/ A MEAN+LESS RITUAL4 ,:AT'S 5TIRELY UNCLE> IS :E!R ANYONE ON TOP ( ! FOOD *A9--! DATA CRUN*]S1 ! JU/-PASS+-?R\< EXECUTIVES1 EV5 ! HI<]-UPS :O *OSE !M--ACTUALLY KNEW H[ PO9TLESS IT ALL WAS4 

,F9ALLY1 ON TOP ( ! USUAL >TIFICIALLY 9DUC$ /RESS & T5SION & B>K+ AB\T DEADL9ES1 ! USUAL SADOMASO*I/IC 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS1 & ! USUAL FE>FUL SIL5CES 7?AT IS1 ALL ! ?+S ?AT TYPICALLY HAPP5 :5 PO9TLESS PROJECTS >E ORGANIZ$ ON TOP-D[N L9ES71 !RE WAS ! 9T5SE PRESSURE ON EMPLOYES TO TAKE P>T 9 A DIFF]5T SET ( RITUALS DESIGN$ TO PROVE ! 9/ITUTION REALLY C>$4 ,9 ,IR5E'S CASE1 !SE W]E NOT /AG$ *>ITY EV5TS1 BUT ,NEW ,AGEY SEM9>S ?AT (T5 DROVE H] TO ! PO9T ( TE>S3  
  

,IR5E3 ,ON TOP ( ! METRICS1 !RE W]E ! CRUEL1 PATRONIZ+ 0FLEXIBILITY0 & 0M9DFULNESS0 SEM9>S4 ,NO1 Y\ CAN'T WORK FEW] H\RS4 ,NO Y\ CAN'T GET PAID MORE4 ,NO1 Y\ CAN'T *OOSE :I* BULL%IT PROJECTS TO DECL9E4 ,BUT Y\ CAN SIT ?R\< ?IS SEM9>1 :]E ! BANK TELLS Y\ H[ MU* IT VALUES FLEXIBILITY4 

,! M9DFULNESS SEM9>S W]E EV5 WORSE4 ,!Y ATTEMPT$ TO R$UCE ! UNFA?OMABLE BEAUTY & /UPEFY+ SADNESS ( ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE 9TO ! RAW PHYSICALITY ( BREA?+1 EAT+1 & %ITT+4 ,BREA! M9DFULLY4 ,EAT M9DFULLY4 ,%IT M9DFULLY1 & Y\ CAN BE SUCCESSFUL 9 BUS9ESS4  
  

,ALL ( ?IS1 PRESUMABLY1 TO REM9D ! EMPLOYEE ?AT IF ONE R$UC$ LIFE TO PURE PHYSICALITY1 ! FACT ?AT SOME AB/RACTIONS W]E MORE 0REAL0 ?AN O!RS1 & ?AT SOME (FICE TASKS SEEM$ TO S]VE A LEGAL & MORAL OR EV5 ECONOMIC PURPOSE & O!RS DID NOT1 WAS NOT REALLY ALL ?AT IMPORTANT4 ,IT'S AS IF !Y FIR/ =BID Y\ TO ACKN[L$GE Y\ >E 5GAG+ 9 EMPTY RITUAL1 !N =CE Y\ TO ATT5D SEM9>S :]E HIR$ GURUS TELL Y\1 0,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ISN'T EV]Y?+ WE DO JU/ EMPTY RITUAL80 

,:AT WE'VE SE5 SO F> FROM ,ELLIOT1 ,RUP]T1 & ,IR5E >E ALL P>TIAL1 SITUAT$ P]SPECTIVES ON V]Y L>GE & COMPLICAT$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NONE ( !M HAS AN OV]ALL1 PANOPTIC VIEW4 ,BUT IT'S NOT 5TIRELY CLE> IF ANYONE ELSE DOES1 EI!R4 ,ONE HAS TO ASSUME ! HI<]-UPS 9 ,IR5E'S /ORY1 :O 9T5TIONALLY ASSIGN EXECUTIVES FROM M9ORITY BACKGR\NDS TO ! ONBO>D+ SECTOR1 >E AW>E ?AT MO/ ( :AT GOES ON 9 ?AT P>T ( ! COMPANY IS BULL%IT4 ,EV5 !Y MI<T NOT KN[ PRECISELY H[ & :Y4 ,NOR W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO CREATE SOME K9D ( SECRET SURVEY TO DET]M9E :AT P]C5TAGE ( BANK WORK]S SECRETLY BELIEVE !IR JOBS TO BE BULL%IT & ! DIVISIONS 9 :I* !Y T5D TO BE CONC5TRAT$4 ,! CLOSE/ ,I WAS ABLE TO F9D TO G5]AL 9SI<T CAME FROM A C]TA9 ,SIMON1 :O HAD BE5 EMPLOY$ BY A S]IES ( L>GE 9T]NATIONAL BANKS 9 RISK MANAGEM5T1 :I* BASICALLY1 HE SAYS1 MEANS TO ANALYZE & 0F9D PROBLEMS 9 !IR 9T]NAL PROCESSES40  
  

,SIMON3 ,I SP5T TWO YE>S ANALYZ+ ! CRITICAL PAYM5T & OP]ATIONS PROCESSES AT ONE BANK1 ) ! SOLE AIM TO WORK \T H[ A /AFF MEMB] MI<T USE ! COMPUT] SY/EMS TO COMMIT FRAUD & !FT1 & !REBY RECOMM5D SOLUTIONS TO PREV5T ?IS4 ,:AT ,I DISCOV]$ BY *ANCE WAS ?AT MO/ PEOPLE AT ! BANK DIDN'T KN[ :Y !Y W]E DO+ :AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,!Y W\LD SAY ?AT !Y >E ONLY SUPPOS$ TO LOG 9TO ?IS ONE SY/EM & SELECT ONE M5U OPTION & TYPE C]TA9 ?+S 94 ,!Y DIDN'T KN[ :Y4  
  

,SO ,SIMON'S JOB WAS BASICALLY TO BE ! ALL-SEE+ EYE ?AT DET]M9$ H[ DIFF]5T P>TS ( A BANK'S MANY MOV+ P>TS FIT TOGE!R & IRON \T ANY 9COH]5CES1 VULN]ABILITIES1 OR R$UNDANCIES HE MI<T F9D4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE'S AB\T AS QUALIFI$ TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION AS ANYONE C\LD BE4 ,HIS CONCLUSIONS8  
  

,SIMON3 ,9 MY CONS]VATIVE E/IMATION1 EI<TY P]C5T ( ! BANK'S SIXTY ?\S& /AFF W]E NOT NE$$4 ,!IR JOBS C\LD EI!R COMPLETELY BE P]=M$ BY A PROGRAM OR W]E NOT NE$$ AT ALL BECAUSE ! PROGRAMS W]E DESIGN$ TO 5ABLE OR REPLICATE SOME BULL%IT PROCESS TO BEG9 )4  
  

,9 O!R WORDS1 =TY-EI<T ?\S& ( ! BANK'S SIXTY ?\S& EMPLOYES DID NO?+ USEFUL--OR NO?+ ?AT C\LDN'T EASILY BE DONE BY A MA*9E4 ,!SE W]E1 ,SIMON BELIEV$1 DE FACTO BULL%IT JOBS1 EV5 IF ! BANK WORK]S !MSELVES W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! MEANS TO ASSESS OR COLLECTIVELY ANALYZE ! SITUATION1 & EXPECT$ TO KEEP ANY SUSPICIONS TO !MSELVES4 ,BUT :Y DIDN'T ! BANK'S HI<]-UPS FIGURE ?IS \T & DO SOME?+ AB\T IT8 ,WELL1 ! EASIE/ WAY TO ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION IS TO OBS]VE :AT HAPP5$ :5 ,SIMON DID SUGGE/ RE=MS3  
  

,SIMON3 ,9 ONE 9/ANCE1 ,I CREAT$ A PROGRAM ?AT SOLV$ A CRITICAL SECURITY PROBLEM4 ,I W5T TO PRES5T IT TO AN EXECUTIVE1 :O 9CLUD$ ALL HIS CONSULTANTS 9 ! MEET+4 ,!RE W]E TW5TY-FIVE ( !M 9 ! BO>DROOM4 ,! HO/ILITY ,I FAC$ DUR+ & AFT] ! MEET+ WAS SEV]E1 AS ,I SL[LY REALIZ$ ?AT MY PROGRAM AUTOMAT$ EV]Y?+ !Y W]E CURR5TLY BE+ PAID TO DO BY H&4 ,IT'S NOT AS IF !Y 5JOY$ IT2 IT WAS T$I\S WORK1 MONOTON\S & BOR+4 ,! CO/ ( MY PROGRAM WAS FIVE P]C5T ( :AT !Y W]E PAY+ ?OSE TW5TY-FIVE PEOPLE4 ,BUT !Y W]E ADAMANT4 

,I F\ND MANY SIMIL> PROBLEMS & CAME UP ) SOLUTIONS4 ,BUT 9 ALL MY TIME1 NOT ONE ( MY RECOMM5DATIONS WAS EV] ACTION$4 ,BECAUSE 9 EV]Y CASE1 FIX+ !SE PROBLEMS W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 PEOPLE LOS+ !IR JOBS1 AS ?OSE JOBS S]V$ NO PURPOSE O!R ?AN GIV+ ! EXECUTIVE !Y REPORT$ TO A S5SE ( P[]4  
  

,SO EV5 IF !SE JOBS DIDN'T ORIG9ATE AS FLUNKY JOBS1 :I* PRESUMABLY MO/ DIDN'T1 !Y 5D$ UP BE+ MA9TA9$ AS SU*4 ,! ?REAT ( AUTOMATION1 ( C\RSE1 IS AN ONGO+ CONC]N 9 ANY L>GE 5T]PRISE--,I'VE HE>D ( COMPANIES :]E PROGRAMM]S WILL %[ UP TO WORK WE>+ ,T-%IRTS ?AT SAY 0,GO ,AWAY OR ,I ,WILL ,REPLACE ,Y\ ) A ,V]Y ,SMALL ,%ELL ,SCRIPT0--BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 & MANY LIKE IT1 ! CONC]N W5T TO ! V]Y TOP3 TO ! V]Y EXECUTIVES :O 7IF1 = 9/ANCE1 !Y >E 9VOLV$ 9 PRIVATE EQUITY 9 ANY WAY7 PRIDE !MSELVES ON ! RU?LESSNESS ) :I* !Y ACQUIR$ O!R CORPORATIONS & SADDL$ !M ) 5ORM\S DEBTS 9 ! NAME ( D[NSIZ+ & EFFICI5CY4 ,!SE V]Y SAME EXECUTIVES PRID$ !MSELVES ON !IR [N BLOAT$ /AFFS4 ,9 FACT1 IF ,SIMON IS ALSO CORRECT1 !Y DID SO BECAUSE ?AT'S :AT A L>GE BANK REALLY WAS3 IT WAS MADE UP ( A S]IES ( FEUDAL RET9UES1 EA* ANSW]ABLE TO SOME LORDLY EXECUTIVE4.<#a#c#h.> 

ON SOME WAYS 9 :I* ! CURR5T =M ( MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM RESEMBLES CLASSICAL FEUDALISM1 & O!R WAYS 9 :I* IT DOES NOT 

  
  

,! UPP] QU9TILE IS GR[+ 9 SIZE & 9COME BECAUSE ALL ! VALUE CREAT$ BY ACTUAL PRODUCTIVE WORK]S 9 ! L[] QU9TILES GETS EXTRACT$ BY ?OSE AT ! TOP4 ,:5 ! TOP CLASSES ROB EV]YBODY ELSE1 !Y NE$ A LOT MORE GU>D LABOR TO KEEP !IR /OL5 LOOT SECURE4  
  

--,KEV9 ,C>SON 

,IF WE RETURN TO ! EXAMPLE ( ! FEUDAL OV]LORD 9 *APT] #b1 ?IS ACTUALLY MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,I WAS US+ FEUDAL OV]LORDS & RETA9]S AS A METAPHOR AT ?AT PO9T4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( BANKS1 AT LEA/1 IT'S NOT CLE> H[ MU* IS METAPHOR & H[ MU* IS LIT]AL TRU?4 ,AS ,I PO9T$ \T1 FEUDALISM IS ESS5TIALLY A R$I/RIBUTIVE SY/EM4 ,PEASANTS & CRAFTSM5 PRODUCE ?+S1 TO A L>GE EXT5T AUTONOM\SLY2 LORDS SIPHON (F A %>E ( :AT !Y PRODUCE1 USUALLY BY D9T ( SOME COMPLEX SET ( LEGAL RI<TS & TRADITIONS 70DIRECT JURO-POLITICAL EXTRACTION0 IS ! TE*NICAL PHRASE ,I LE>N$ 9 COLLEGE71.<#a#c#i.> & !N GO AB\T PORTION+ \T %>ES ( ! LOOT TO !IR [N /AFF1 FLUNKIES1 W>RIORS1 RETA9]S--& TO A LESS] EXT5T1 BY SPONSOR+ FEA/S & FE/IVALS & BY OCCASIONAL GIFTS & FAVORS1 GIV+ SOME ( IT BACK TO ! CRAFTSM5 & PEASANTS ONCE AGA94 ,9 SU* AN >RANGEM5T1 IT MAKES LITTLE S5SE TO SPEAK ( SEP>ATE SPH]ES ( 0POLITICS0 & 0! ECONOMY0 BECAUSE ! GOODS >E EXTRACT$ ?R\< POLITICAL MEANS & DI/RIBUT$ = POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ONLY ) ! FIR/ /IRR+S ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ?AT ANYONE />T$ TALK+ AB\T 0! ECONOMY0 AS AN AUTONOM\S SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 9 ! CLASSIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 PR(ITS D]IVE FROM ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION3 CAPITALI/S HIRE PEOPLE TO MAKE OR BUILD OR FIX OR MA9TA9 ?+S1 & !Y CANNOT TAKE HOME A PR(IT UNLESS !IR TOTAL OV]HEAD--9CLUD+ ! MONEY !Y PAY !IR WORK]S & CONTRACTORS--COMES \T LESS ?AN ! VALUE ( ! 9COME !Y RECEIVE FROM !IR CLI5TS OR CU/OM]S4 ,UND] CLASSIC CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS ( ?IS SORT IT DOES 9DE$ MAKE NO S5SE TO HIRE UNNECESS>Y WORK]S4 ,MAXIMIZ+ PR(ITS MEANS PAY+ ! LEA/ NUMB] ( WORK]S ! LEA/ AM\NT ( MONEY POSSIBLE2 9 A V]Y COMPETITIVE M>KET1 ?OSE :O HIRE UNNECESS>Y WORK]S >E NOT LIKELY TO SURVIVE4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS :Y DOCTR9AIRE LIB]T>IANS1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S1 WILL ALWAYS 9SI/ ?AT \R ECONOMY CAN'T REALLY BE RIDDL$ ) BULL%IT JOBS2 ?AT ALL ?IS MU/ BE SOME SORT ( ILLUSION4 ,BUT BY A FEUDAL LOGIC1 :]E ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS OV]LAP1 ! SAME BEHAVIOR MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,AS ) ! ,P,P,I DI/RIBUTORS1 ! :OLE PO9T IS TO GRAB A POT ( LOOT1 EI!R BY /EAL+ IT FROM ONE'S 5EMIES OR EXTRACT+ IT FROM COMMON]S BY MEANS ( FEES1 TOLLS1 R5TS1 & LEVIES1 & !N R$I/RIBUT+ IT4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 ONE CREATES AN 5T\RAGE ( FOLL[]S ?AT IS BO? ! VISIBLE MEASURE ( ONE'S POMP & MAGNIFIC5CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 A MEANS ( DI/RIBUT+ POLITICAL FAVOR3 = 9/ANCE1 BY BUY+ (F POT5TIAL MALCONT5TS1 REW>D+ FAI?FUL ALLIES 7GOONS71 OR CREAT+ AN ELABORATE HI]>*Y ( HONORS & TITLES = L[]-RANK+ NOBLES TO SQUABBLE OV]4 

,IF ALL ( ?IS V]Y MU* RESEMBLES ! 9N] WORK+S ( A L>GE CORPORATION1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS IS NO CO9CID5CE3 SU* CORPORATIONS >E LESS & LESS AB\T MAK+1 BUILD+1 FIX+1 OR MA9TA9+ ?+S & MORE & MORE AB\T POLITICAL PROCESSES ( APPROPRIAT+1 DI/RIBUT+1 & ALLOCAT+ MONEY & RES\RCES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT1 ONCE AGA91 IT'S 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DI/+UI% POLITICS & ECONOMICS1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ) ! ADV5T ( 0TOO-BIG-TO-FAIL0 BANKS1 :OSE LOBBYI/S TYPICALLY WRITE ! V]Y LAWS BY :I* GOV]NM5T SUPPOS$LY REGULATES !M1 BUT EV5 MORE1 BY ! FACT ?AT F9ANCIAL PR(ITS !MSELVES >E GA!R$ L>GELY ?R\< DIRECT JURO-POLITICAL MEANS4 ,J,P,MORGAN ,*ASE @& ,CO41 = EXAMPLE1 ! L>GE/ BANK 9 ,AM]ICA1 REPORT$ 9 #bf ?AT R\<LY TWO-?IRDS ( ITS PR(ITS W]E D]IV$ FROM 0FEES & P5ALTIES10 & 0F9ANCE0 9 G5]AL REALLY REF]S TO TRAD+ 9 O!R PEOPLE'S DEBTS--DEBTS :I*1 ( C\RSE1 >E 5=CEABLE 9 C\RTS ( LAW4.<#a#d.> 

,IT'S ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO GET ACCURATE FIGURES AB\T EXACTLY :AT PROPORTION ( A TYPICAL FAMILY'S 9COME 91 SAY1 ,AM]ICA1 OR ,D5M>K1 OR ,JAPAN1 IS EXTRACT$ EA* MON? BY ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR1 BUT !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE IT IS NOT ONLY A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL *UNK BUT ALSO IS N[ A DI/9CTLY GREAT] *UNK ( TOTAL PR(ITS ?AN ?OSE ! CORPORATE SECTOR D]IVES DIRECTLY FROM MAK+ OR SELL+ GOODS & S]VICES 9 ?OSE SAME C\NTRIES4 ,EV5 ?OSE FIRMS WE SEE AS ! V]Y HE>T ( ! OLD 9DU/RIAL ORD]--,G5]AL ,MOTORS & ,G5]AL ,ELECTRIC 9 ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE--N[ D]IVE ALL1 OR ALMO/ ALL1 ( !IR PR(ITS FROM !IR [N F9ANCIAL DIVISIONS4 ,G,M1 = EXAMPLE1 MAKES ITS MONEY NOT FROM SELL+ C>S BUT RA!R FROM 9T]E/ COLLECT$ ON AUTO LOANS4 

,/ILL1 !RE IS ONE CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 M$IEVAL FEUDALISM & ! CURR5T1 F9ANCIALIZ$ V]SION4 ,WE'VE ALREADY M5TION$ IT E>LI] 9 ! *APT]4 ,M$IEVAL FEUDALISM WAS BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( SELF-GOV]NANCE 9 ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION4 ,ANYONE :OSE WORK WAS BAS$ ON SOME K9D ( SPECIALIZ$ KN[L$GE1 :E!R LACE MAK]S1 :EELWRI<TS1 M]*ANTS1 LEGAL S*OL>S1 WAS EXPECT$ TO COLLECTIVELY REGULATE !IR [N AFFAIRS1 OR 9CLUD+ :O W\LD BE ALL[$ TO 5T] ! PR(ESSION & H[ !Y W\LD BE TRA9$1 ) M9IMAL SUP]VISION FROM ANYBODY ELSE4 ,GUILDS & SIMIL> ORGANIZATIONS TYPICALLY HAD ELABORATE HI]>*IES )9 7?\< NOT ALWAYS SO MU* AS !Y DO TODAY3 9 MANY M$IEVAL UNIV]SITIES1 = 9/ANCE1 /UD5TS ELECT$ !IR PR(ESSORS71 BUT AT ! V]Y LEA/1 A M$IEVAL SWORD SMI? OR SOAP MAK] C\LD GO AB\T HIS WORK 9 ! CONFID5CE ?AT HE W\LD NEV] HAVE ANYONE :O WAS NOT HIMSELF A SWORD SMI? OR A SOAP MAK] TELL+ HIM HE WAS NOT GO+ AB\T IT CORRECTLY4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM OBVI\SLY *ANG$ ALL ?AT1 & ! RISE ( MANAG]IALISM 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY DROVE ! PROCESS EV5 FUR!R2 BUT RA!R ?AN ?IS 9 ANY S5SE REV]S+ UND] F9ANCIALIZ$ CAPITALISM1 ! SITUATION HAS ACTUALLY WORS5$4 0,EFFICI5CY0 HAS COME TO MEAN VE/+ MORE & MORE P[] TO MANAG]S1 SUP]VISORS1 & O!R PRESUM$ 0EFFICI5CY EXP]TS10 SO ?AT ACTUAL PRODUC]S HAVE ALMO/ Z]O AUTONOMY4.<#a#d#a.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! RANKS & ORD]S ( MANAG]S SEEM TO REPRODUCE !MSELVES 5DLESSLY4 

,IF ONE WANTS A P>ABLE = :AT SEEMS TO HAVE HAPP5$ TO CAPITALISM OV] ! LA/ =TY-ODD YE>S1 P]HAPS ! BE/ EXAMPLE ,I KN[ IS ! ,ELEPHANT ,TEA FACTORY \TSIDE ,M>SEILLE1 ,FRANCE1 CURR5TLY OCCUPI$ BY ITS EMPLOYES4 ,I VISIT$ ! PLANT A FEW YE>S AGO1 & ONE ( ! OCCUPI]S--:O TOOK ME & SOME FRI5DS ON A T\R ( ! GR\NDS--TOLD US ! /ORY ( :AT HAPP5$4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 IT WAS A LOCAL 5T]PRISE1 BUT DUR+ ! AGE ( M]G]S & ACQUISITIONS1 ! COMPANY WAS B\<T UP BY ,UNILEV]1 [N] ( ,LIPTON1 ! WORLD'S L>GE/ TEA PRODUC]4 ,AT FIR/1 ! COMPANY LEFT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PLANT MORE OR LESS ALONE4 ,! WORK]S1 H[EV]1 W]E 9 ! HABIT ( T9K]+ ) ! MA*9]Y1 & BY ! N9ETIES1 !Y HAD 9TRODUC$ A S]IES ( IMPROVEM5TS ?AT SP$ UP PRODUCTION BY MORE ?AN #e P]C5T1 ?US M>K$LY 9CREAS+ PR(ITS4 

,N[1 9 ! FIFTIES1 SIXTIES1 & SEV5TIES1 !RE WAS A TACIT UND]/&+ 9 MU* ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD ?AT IF PRODUCTIVITY 9 A C]TA9 5T]PRISE IMPROV$1 A C]TA9 %>E ( ! 9CREAS$ PR(ITS W\LD BE R$I/RIBUT$ TO ! WORK]S 9 ! =M ( IMPROV$ WAGES & B5EFITS4 ,S9CE ! EI<TIES1 ?IS IS NO LONG] ! CASE4 ,SO H]E4 

0,DID !Y GIVE ANY ( ?AT MONEY TO US80 \R GUIDE ASK$4 0,NO4 ,DID !Y USE IT TO HIRE MORE WORK]S1 OR NEW MA*9]Y1 TO EXP& OP]ATIONS8 ,NO4 ,!Y DIDN'T DO ?AT1 EI!R4 ,SO :AT DID !Y DO8 ,!Y />T$ HIR+ MORE & MORE :ITE-COLL> WORK]S4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 :5 ,I />T$ WORK+ H]E1 !RE W]E JU/ TWO ( !M3 ! BOSS & ! ,H,R GUY4 ,IT HAD BE5 LIKE ?AT = YE>S4 ,N[ SUDD5LY !RE W]E ?REE1 F\R1 FIVE1 SEV5 GUYS 9 SUITS W&]+ >\ND4 ,! COMPANY MADE UP DIFF]5T FANCY TITLES = !M1 BUT BASICALLY ALL ( !M SP5T !IR TIME TRY+ TO ?9K ( SOME?+ TO DO4 ,!Y'D BE WALK+ UP & D[N ! CATWALKS EV]Y DAY1 />+ AT US1 SCRIBBL+ NOTES :ILE WE WORK$4 ,!N !Y'D HAVE MEET+S & DISCUSS IT & WRITE REPORTS4 ,BUT !Y /ILL C\LDN'T FIGURE \T ANY REAL EXCUSE = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,!N F9ALLY1 ONE ( !M HIT ON A SOLUTION3 ',:Y DON'T WE JU/ %UT D[N ! :OLE PLANT1 FIRE ! WORK]S1 & MOVE OP]ATIONS TO ,POL&8' 0 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 EXTRA MANAG]S >E HIR$ ) ! O/5SIBLE PURPOSE ( IMPROV+ EFFICI5CY4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 !RE WAS LITTLE TO BE IMPROV$2 ! WORK]S !MSELVES HAD BOO/$ EFFICI5CY AB\T AS MU* AS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DO4 ,BUT ! MANAG]S W]E HIR$ ANYWAY4 ,:AT ?IS SUGGE/S IS ?AT :AT WE >E REALLY DEAL+ ) H]E HAS NO?+ TO DO ) EFFICI5CY BUT EV]Y?+ TO DO ) *ANG+ UND]/&+S ( ! MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES ( CORPORATIONS4 ,FROM R\<LY #aide TO #a#i#g#e1 !RE WAS :AT IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS A 0,KEYNESIAN B>GA90 BETWE5 WORK]S1 EMPLOY]S1 & GOV]NM5T--& P>T ( ! TACIT UND]/&+ WAS ?AT 9CREASES 9 WORK] PRODUCTIVITY W\LD 9DE$ BE MAT*$ BY 9CREASES 9 WORK] COMP5SATION4 ,A GLANCE AT ! DIAGRAM ON ! NEXT PAGE CONFIRMS ?AT ?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5$4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! TWO BEGAN TO P>T WAYS1 ) COMP5SATION REMA9+ L>GELY FLAT1 & PRODUCTIVITY TAK+ (F LIKE A ROCKET 7SEE FIGURE #g74 

,!SE FIGURES >E = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT SIMIL> TR5DS CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 VIRTUALLY ALL 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES4 

,:]E DID ! PR(ITS FROM ?IS 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY GO8 ,WELL1 MU* ( IT1 AS WE >E (T5 REM9D$1 5D$ UP SWELL+ ! =TUNES ( ! WEAL?IE/ #a P]C5T3 9VE/ORS1 EXECUTIVES1 & ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASSES4 ,BUT IF WE TAKE ! ,ELEPHANT ,TEA FACTORY AS A MICROCOSM = ! CORPORATE WORLD AS A :OLE1 IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT WASN'T ALL ?AT HAPP5$4 ,ANO!R CONSID]ABLE *UNK ( ! B5EFITS ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY W5T TO CREAT+ 5TIRELY NEW & BASICALLY PO9TLESS PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL POSITIONS1 USUALLY--AS WE'VE SE5 9 ! CASE ( UNIV]SITIES--ACCOMPANI$ BY SMALL >MIES ( EQUALLY PO9TLESS ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 SO (T51 FIR/ ! /AFF IS ALLOCAT$ & !N SOMEONE HAS TO FIGURE \T :AT1 IF ANY?+1 !Y WILL ACTUALLY DO4  

 ,FIGURE #g  

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! FEUDAL ANALOGY IS NOT EV5 REALLY AN ANALOGY4 ,MANAG]IALISM HAS BECOME ! PRETEXT = CREAT+ A NEW COV]T =M ( FEUDALISM1 :]E WEAL? & POSITION >E ALLOCAT$ NOT ON ECONOMIC BUT POLITICAL GR\NDS--OR RA!R1 :]E EV]Y DAY IT'S MORE DIFFICULT TO TELL ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT CAN BE CONSID]$ 0ECONOMIC0 & :AT IS 0POLITICAL40 

,ANO!R CLASSIC FEATURE ( M$IEVAL FEUDALISM IS ! CREATION ( HI]>*IES ( RANK$ NOBLES OR (FICIALS3 A ,EUROPEAN K+ MI<T GRANT L& TO A B>ON 9 EX*ANGE = PROVID+ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( KNI<TS TO HIS >MY2 ! B>ON1 9 TURN1 W\LD GRANT MO/ ( ?AT L& TO SOME LOCAL VASSAL ON ! SAME BASIS1 & SO ON4 ,SU* DEVOLUTION W\LD PROCE$1 ?R\< A PROCESS ( 0SUB-9FEUDATION10 D[N TO LOCAL LORDS ( ! MANOR4 ,?IS WAS ! PROCESS BY :I* ! ELABORATE RANKS ( DUKES1 E>LS1 VISC\NTS1 & SO =? ?AT /ILL EXI/ 9 PLACES LIKE ,5GL& ORIG9ALLY CAME 9TO BE+4 ,9 ,9DIA & ,*9A1 MATT]S W]E TYPICALLY MORE 9DIRECT2 ! USUAL PRACTICE WAS TO SIMPLY ALLOCATE ! 9COME FROM A C]TA9 T]RITORY OR PROV9CE TO (FICIALS :O W]E LIKELY TO ACTUALLY LIVE 9 ! NE>E/ CITY1 BUT = \R PURPOSES H]E1 ! RESULT IS NOT SO V]Y DIFF]5T4.<#a#d#b.> 

,AS A G5]AL PR9CIPLE1 ,I W\LD PROPOSE ! FOLL[+3 9 ANY POLITICAL-ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON APPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 RA!R ?AN ON ACTUALLY MAK+1 MOV+1 OR MA9TA9+ !M1 & !RE=E1 :]E A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( ! POPULATION IS 5GAG$ 9 FUNNEL+ RES\RCES UP & D[N ! SY/EM1 ?AT PORTION ( ! POPULATION WILL T5D TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9TO AN ELABORATELY RANK$ HI]>*Y ( MULTIPLE TI]S 7AT LEA/ ?REE1 & SOMETIMES T51 TWELVE1 OR EV5 MORE74 ,AS A COROLL>Y1 ,I W\LD ADD ?AT )9 ?OSE HI]>*IES1 ! L9E BETWE5 RETA9]S & SUBORD9ATES WILL (T5 BECOME BLURR$1 S9CE OBEISANCE TO SUP]IORS IS (T5 A KEY P>T ( ! JOB DESCRIPTION4 ,MO/ ( ! IMPORTANT PLAY]S >E LORDS & VASSALS AT ! SAME TIME4 

H[ MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! CREATIVE 9DU/RIES ?R\< AN 5DLESS MULTIPLICATION ( 9T]M$I>Y EXECUTIVE RANKS 

  
  

,EV]Y DEAN NE$S HIS VICE-DEAN & SUB-DEAN1 & EA* ( !M NE$S A MANAGEM5T TEAM1 SECRET>IES1 ADM9 /AFF2 ALL ( !M ONLY !RE TO MAKE IT H>D] = US TO TEA*1 TO RESE>*1 TO C>RY \T ! MO/ BASIC FUNCTIONS ( \R JOBS4  
  

--ANONYM\S ,BRITI% ACADEMIC.<#a#d#c.> 

,! RISE ( MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM HAS PRODUC$ A SIMIL> 9FATUATION ) HI]>*Y = ITS [N SAKE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! PH5OM5ON ( MANAG]S :OSE JOB IT IS TO MANAGE O!R MANAG]S1 OR ! ELABORATE ME*ANISMS ,IR5E DESCRIB$ :]EBY BANKS SET UP A HI]>*Y ( (FICES TO 5DLESSLY R>IFY :AT'S ULTIMATELY AN >BITR>Y & MEAN+LESS SET ( DATA4 ,(T51 ?IS K9D ( MANAG]IAL SUB-9FEUDATION IS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! UNLEA%+ ( 0M>KET =CES40 ,RECALL H]E ,KURT1 ) :OM WE BEGAN *APT] #a1 :O WAS WORK+ = A SUBCONTRACTOR TO A SUBCONTRACTOR TO A SUBCONTRACTOR TO ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y4 ,HIS POSITION WAS ! DIRECT \TCOME ( M>KET RE=MS SUPPOS$LY DESIGN$ TO MAKE GOV]NM5T MORE EFFICI5T4 

,! SAME PH5OM5ON CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 A DOZ5 DIFF]5T FIELDS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! MULTIPLICATION ( LEVELS ( MANAG]S :OSE BASIC JOB IS TO SELL ?+S TO ONE ANO!R HAS COME TO DOM9ATE ALMO/ ALL 0CREATIVE 9DU/RIES0--FROM BOOKS1 :]E $ITORS AT ACADEMIC PRESSES 9 MANY CASES DON'T EV5 READ HALF ! BOOKS !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE $IT$1 BECAUSE !Y >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D MO/ ( !IR TIME M>KET+ ?+S TO O!R $ITORS2 TO ! VISUAL >TS1 :]E REC5T DECADES HAVE SE5 ! RISE ( A :OLE NEW /RATUM ( MANAG]IAL 9T]M$I>IES CALL$ CURATORS1 :OSE WORK ASSEMBL+ ! WORK ( >TI/S IS N[ (T5 CONSID]$ ( EQUAL VALUE & IMPORTANCE TO ! >T ITSELF2 TO EV5 J\RNALISM1 :]E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 $ITORS & REPORT]S HAS BE5 COMPLICAT$ BY AN ADDITIONAL LEVEL ( 0PRODUC]S40.<#a#d#d.> ,FILM & TELEVISION HAVE F>$ P>TICUL>LY BADLY4 ,AT LEA/1 SO IT SEEMS FROM TE/IMONIALS )9 ! 9DU/RY4 ,:]E ONCE ! ,HOLLYWOOD /UDIO SY/EM RELI$ ON A RELATIVELY SIMPLE RELATION BETWE5 PRODUC]S1 DIRECTORS1 & WRIT]S1 REC5T DECADES HAVE WITNESS$ AN APP>5TLY 5DLESS PROCESS ( MANAG]IAL SUB-9FEUDATION1 RESULT+ 9 A DAUNT+ >RAY ( PRODUC]S1 SUBPRODUC]S1 EXECUTIVE PRODUC]S1 CONSULTANTS1 & ! LIKE1 ALL 9 CON/ANT SE>* = SOME?+1 ANY?+1 TO ACTUALLY DO4.<#a#d#e.> 

,I RECEIV$ SEV]AL TE/IMONIES FROM WORK]S 9 ,T,V 0DEVELOPM5T0--?AT IS1 SMALL COMPANIES 9 ! BUS9ESS ( COM+ UP ) PROGRAMM+ IDEAS TO PIT* TO L>G] ONES4 ,H]E'S AN EXAMPLE ?AT ILLU/RATES JU/ H[ MU* ! 9TRODUCTION ( M>KET ELEM5TS )9 ! PROCESS HAS *ANG$ ?+S3  
  

,[53 ,I WORK 9 DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS P>T ( ! TELEVISION 9DU/RY HAS EXP&$ EXPON5TIALLY 9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 ,T,V US$ TO BE COMMISSION$ BY ONE *ANNEL CONTROLL] :O W\LD ASK PRODUC]S HE LIK$ TO MAKE :ATEV] %[S !Y WANT$4 ,!RE WAS NO 0DEVELOPM5T40 ,!RE WAS JU/ MAK+ ! %[4 

,N[ EV]Y COMPANY 9 ,T,V 7& FILM1 TOO7 HAS ITS [N DEVELOPM5T TEAM1 /AFF$ BY ?REE TO T5 PEOPLE1 & !RE >E MORE & MORE COMMISSION]S :OSE JOB IT IS TO LI/5 TO !IR PIT*ES4 ,NONE ( !SE PEOPLE MAKE ,T,V %[S4 

,I HAVE NOT GOTT5 A %[ SOLD = F\R YE>S4 ,NOT BECAUSE WE >E P>TICUL>LY BAD BUT BECAUSE ( NEPOTISM & POLITICS4 ,?AT'S F\R YE>S ?AT HAVE AM\NT$ TO PRECISELY NO?+4 ,I C\LD HAVE SAT ) MY ?UMB UP MY ASS = F\R YE>S1 & NO?+ W\LD BE ANY DIFF]5T4 ,OR ,I C\LD HAVE BE5 MAK+ FILMS4 

,I W\LD SAY ! AV]AGE DEVELOPM5T TEAM GETS ONE %[ COMMISSION$ EV]Y ?REE TO F\R MON?S4 ,IT'S BULL%IT ?R\< & ?R\<4  
  

,SU* COMPLA9TS >E SIMIL> TO :AT ONE REGUL>LY HE>S 9 ACADEMIA3 IT'S NOT JU/ ! S5SELESSNESS ( ! PROCESS ?AT RANKLES1 BUT AS ) ALL BOX-TICK+ RITUALS1 ! FACT ?AT ONE 5DS UP SP5D+ SO MU* MORE TIME PIT*+1 ASSESS+1 MONITOR+1 & >GU+ AB\T :AT ONE DOES ?AN ONE SP5DS ACTUALLY DO+ IT4 ,9 FILM1 TELEVISION1 & EV5 RADIO1 ! SITUATION BECOMES EV5 MORE DI/RESS+1 BECAUSE [+ TO 9T]NAL M>KETIZATION ( ! 9DU/RY1 A SUB/ANTIAL *UNK ( ?OSE :O WORK 9 IT SP5D !IR TIME WORK+ ON %[S ?AT DO NOT & WILL NEV] EXI/4 ,APOLLONIA1 = 9/ANCE1 DID A /9T = A DEVELOPM5T TEAM PIT*+ IDEAS = REALITY ,T,V %[S ) TITLES SU* AS ,SNIPP$ 7:]E M5 VOT$ TOO PROMISCU\S BY ! AUDI5CE UND]W5T A VASECTOMY LIVE ON ! AIR71 ,TRANSSEXUAL ,H\SEWIVES1 &--?IS WAS A REAL TITLE--,TOO ,FAT TO ,FUCK4 ,ALL W]E CA/ & PROMOT$1 EV5 ?\< NOT ONE WAS EV] PRODUC$4  
  

,APOLLONIA3 ,:AT W\LD HAPP5 IS WE W\LD COME UP ) IDEAS TOGE!R & !N SELL !M TO NETWORKS4 ,:I* 9VOLVES S\RC+ ! TAL5T1 BUILD+ A SIZZLE VIDEO 7A ?IRTY-SECOND PROMO = SOME?+ ?AT DOESN'T EXI/ YET71 & !N %OPP+ ?AT SIZZLE >\ND TO TRY & SELL IT TO A NETWORK4 ,:ILE ,I WAS !RE1 WE DIDN'T SELL ANY %[S1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE MY BOSS WAS AN IDIOT4  
  

,APOLLONIA DID ALL ! WORK1 SO ?AT ! ,VICE ,PRESID5T & ! ,S5IOR ,VICE ,PRESID5T--:O W]E ! ONLY O!R MEMB]S ( H] TEAM--C\LD HELICOPT] >\ND ! CITY MEET+ O!R VICE PRESID5TS & S5IOR VICE PRESID5TS = LUN*1 & G5]ALLY ACT+ LIKE HI<-P[]$ M$IA EXECUTIVES4 ,DUR+ ! TIME %E WORK$ !RE1 ! RESULT ( SU* EF=TS WAS PRECISELY Z]O4 

,H[ DID ?IS HAPP58 ,& :AT HAPP5S :5 AN IDEA IS ACCEPT$8 ,ONE CURR5T ,HOLLYWOOD SCRIPTWRIT] WAS K9D 5\< TO S5D ME HIS 9SID]'S ANALYSIS ( :AT W5T WRONG & H[ ?+S N[ PLAY \T3  
  

,OSC>3 ,9 ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( ,HOLLYWOOD1 FROM ! #a#i#bS TO ! #a#i#eS1 /UDIOS W]E V]TICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E ALSO COMPANIES HEAD$ BY ONE MAN1 :O TOOK ALL ! DECISIONS & :O BANK$ HIS [N MONEY4 ,!Y W]E NOT YET [N$ BY CONGLOM]ATES1 & !Y HAD NO BO>D ( DIRECTORS4 ,!SE /UDIO 0HEADS0 W]E F> FROM 9TELLECTUALS1 OR >TI/S1 BUT !Y HAD GUT 9/9CTS1 TOOK RISKS1 & HAD AN 9NATE S5SE AB\T :AT MADE A MOVIE WORK4 ,9/EAD ( >MIES ( EXECUTIVES1 !Y W\LD ACTUALLY HIRE >MIES ( WRIT]S = !IR /ORY DEP>TM5T4 ,?OSE WRIT]S W]E ON ! PAYROLL1 SUP]VIS$ BY ! PRODUC]S1 & EV]Y?+ WAS 9-H\SE3 ACTORS1 DIRECTORS1 SET DESIGN]S1 ACTUAL FILM /AGES1 ETC4  
  

,/>T+ 9 ! SIXTIES1 HE CONT9UES1 ?IS SY/EM CAME UND] ATTACK AS VULG>1 TYRANNICAL1 & /IFL+ ( >TI/IC TAL5T4 ,= A :ILE1 ! RESULT+ F]M5T DID ALL[ SOME 9NOVATIVE VISIONS TO %9E ?R\<1 BUT ! ULTIMATE RESULT WAS A CORPORATIZATION F> MORE /IFL+ ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAD COME BE=E4  
  

,OSC>3 ,!RE W]E OP5+S 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES 7,NEW ,HOLLYWOOD3 ,BEATTY1 ,SCORSESE1 ,COPPOLA1 ,/ONE71 AS ! FILM 9DU/RY WAS 9 COMPLETE *AOS AT ! TIME4 ,!N1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 CORPORATE MONOPOLIES TOOK OV] /UDIOS4 ,IT WAS A BIG DEAL1 & ,I ?9K A SIGN ( ?+S TO COME1 :5 ,COCA-,COLA PUR*AS$ ,COLUMBIA ,PICTURES 7= A %ORT :ILE74 ,FROM !N ON1 MOVIES W\LDN'T BE MADE BY ?OSE ?AT LIK$ !M OR EV5 WAT*$ !M4 7,CLE>LY1 ?IS TIES 9 ) ! ADV5T ( NEOLIB]ALISM & A L>G] %IFT 9 SOCIETY47 

,! SY/EM ?AT EV5TUALLY EM]G$ WAS SUFFUS$ ) BULL%IT ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,! PROCESS ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 70DEVELOPM5T HELL10 AS WRIT]S PREF] TO CALL IT7 N[ 5SURES ?AT EA* SCRIPT HAS TO PASS ?R\< NOT JU/ ONE BUT USUALLY A HALF DOZ5 CLONE-LIKE EXECUTIVES ) TITLES SU* AS 7,OSC> LI/S SOME7 0,MANAG+ ,DIRECTOR ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONT5T & ,TAL5T1 ,EXECUTIVE ,MANAG+ ,DIRECTOR1 ,EXECUTIVE ,VICE ,PRESID5T = ,DEVELOPM5T1 &1 MY FAVORITE1 ,EXECUTIVE ,CREATIVE ,VICE ,PRESID5T = ,TELEVISION40 ,MO/ >E >M$ ) ,M,B,AS 9 M>KET+ & F9ANCE BUT KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T ! HI/ORY OR TE*NICALITIES ( FILM OR ,T,V4 ,!IR PR(ESSIONAL LIVES1 LIKE ?AT ( ,APOLLONIA'S BOSS1 SEEM TO CONSI/ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( WRIT+ EMAILS & HAV+ O/5SIBLY HI<-P[]$ LUN*ES ) O!R EXECUTIVES BE>+ EQUALLY ELABORATE TITLES4 ,AS A RESULT1 :AT WAS ONCE ! FAIRLY /RAI<T=W>D BUS9ESS ( PIT*+ & SELL+ A SCRIPT IDEA DESC5DS 9TO A LABYR9?9E GAME ( SELF-M>KET+ ?AT CAN GO ON = YE>S BE=E A PROJECT IS F9ALLY APPROV$4  
  

,IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS HAPP5S NOT JU/ :5 AN 9DEP5D5T WRIT] TRIES TO SELL A SCRIPT IDEA TO A /UDIO ON 0SPEC10 BUT EV5 9-H\SE1 = WRIT]S ALREADY 9SIDE A /UDIO OR PRODUCTION COMPANY4 ,OSC> IS OBLIG$ TO WORK ) AN 09CUBATOR10 :O PLAYS A ROLE R\<LY EQUIVAL5T TO ?AT ( A LIT]>Y AG5T1 HELP+ HIM PREP>E SCRIPT PROPOSALS ?AT ! 9CUBATOR WILL !N PASS TO HIS [N NETWORK ( TOP EXECUTIVES1 EI!R )9 OR \TSIDE ! COMPANY4 ,HIS EXAMPLE IS ( ANO!R TELEVISION %[1 ?\< HE EMPHASIZES ! PROCESS IS EXACTLY ! SAME = MOVIES3  
  

,OSC>3 ,SO ,I 0DEVELOP0 A S]IES PROJECT ) ?IS 09CUBATOR0444 WRIT+ A 0BIBLE03 A SIXTY-PAGE DOCUM5T ?AT DETAILS ! PROJECT'S CONCEPT1 *>ACT]S1 EPISODES1 PLOTS1 !MES1 ETC4 ,ONCE ?AT'S DONE COMES ! C>NIVAL ( PIT*+4 ,! 9CUBATOR & ,I PROPOSE ! PROJECT TO A SLEW ( BROADCA/]S1 F9ANC+ FUNDS1 & PRODUCTION COMPANIES4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E1 PURPORT$LY1 AT ! TOP ( ! FOOD *A94 ,Y\ C\LD SP5D MON?S 9 ! VACUUM ( COMMUNICATIONS ) !M--EMAILS UNANSW]$ & SO ON4 ,PHONE CALLS >E CONSID]$ PU%Y1 IF NOT BORD]L9E H>ASSM5T4 ,!IR JOBS >E TO READ & SEEK \T PROJECTS--YET !Y C\LDN'T BE MORE UNREA*ABLE IF !Y WORK$ FROM A %ACK 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ,AMAZON ,JUNGLE4  
  

,PIT*+ IS A /RATEGIC BALLET4 ,!RE IS A RITUAL DELAY ( AT LEA/ A WEEK BETWE5 EA* COMMUNICATION4 ,AFT] A MON? OR TWO1 H[EV]1 ONE EXECUTIVE MI<T TAKE 5\< ( AN 9T]E/ TO AGREE TO A FACE-TO-FACE MEET+3  
  

,OSC>3 ,9 ! MEET+S1 !Y ASK Y\ TO PIT* !M ! PROJECT ALL OV] AGA9 7AL?\< !Y'RE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE ALREADY READ IT74 ,ONCE ?AT'S DONE1 !Y USUALLY ASK Y\ PREWRITT5 ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL QUE/IONS FILL$ ) BUZZWORDS444 ,IT'S ALWAYS V]Y NONCOMMITTAL1 & )\T EXCEPTION1 !Y TELL Y\ AB\T ALL ! O!R EXECUTIVES ?AT W\LD NE$ TO APPROVE ! PROJECT 9 CASE IT W\LD BE DECID$ TO MOVE =W>D4 

,!N Y\ GO1 & !Y =GET AB\T Y\444 & Y\ HAVE TO FOLL[ UP1 & ! LOOP BEG9S ANEW4 ,9 FACT1 AN EXECUTIVE WILL SELDOM TELL Y\ YES OR NO4 ,IF HE SAYS YES1 & !N ! PROJECT GOES NO:]E OR ELSE GETS MADE & BOMBS1 IT'S HIS RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IF HE SAYS NO & !N IT SUCCE$S SOME:]E ELSE1 HE WILL GET BLAM$ = ! OV]SI<T4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ! EXECUTIVE LOA!S TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY4  
  

,! GAME1 !N1 IS TO KEEP ! BALL 9 ! AIR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,JU/ TO OPTION AN IDEA1 :I* 9VOLVES A M]E TOK5 PAYM5T1 TYPICALLY REQUIRES APPROVAL FROM ?REE O!R BRAN*ES ( ! COMPANY4 ,ONCE ! OPTION PAP]S >E SIGN$1 A NEW PROCESS ( /ALL+ BEG9S3  
  

,OSC>3 ,!Y WILL TELL ME ! DOCUM5T !Y OPTION$ IS TOO LONG TO S5D >\ND2 !Y NE$ A %ORT] PIT* DOCUM5T4 ,OR SUDD5LY !Y ALSO WANT SOME *ANGES TO ! CONCEPT4 ,SO WE HAVE A MEET+1 WE TALK IT OV]1 BRA9/ORM4 

,A LOT ( ?IS PROCESS IS JU/ !M JU/IFY+ !IR JOBS4 ,EV]YBODY 9 ! ROOM WILL HAVE A DIFF]5T OP9ION JU/ = ! SAKE ( HAV+ A REASON TO BE !RE4 ,IT'S A CACOPHONY ( IDEAS1 & !Y TALK 9 ! LOOSE/1 MO/ CONCEPTUAL T]MS POSSIBLE4 ,!Y PRIDE !MSELVES ON BE+ SAVVY M>KET]S & 9CISIVE ?9K]S1 BUT IT'S ALL G5]ALITIES4 

,! EXECUTIVE LOVES TO TALK 9 METAPHORS1 & HE LOVES TO EXPOSE HIS !ORIES AB\T H[ ! AUDI5CE ?9KS1 :AT IT WANTS1 H[ IT REACTS TO /ORYTELL+4 ,MO/ FANCY !MSELVES CORPORATIZ$ ,JOSEPH ,CAMPBELLS.<#a#d#f.>--) NO D\BT1 H]E AGA91 AN 9FLU5CE FROM ! CORPORATE 0PHILOSOPHIES0 ( ,GOOGLE1 ,FACEBOOK1 & O!R SU* BEHEMO?S4 

,OR !Y'LL SAY 0,I'M NOT SAY+ Y\ %\LD DO ,X1 BUT MAYBE Y\ %\LD DO ,X02 BO? TELL Y\ TO DO SOME?+ & NOT TO DO IT AT ! SAME TIME4 ,! MORE Y\ PRESS = DETAILS1 ! BLURRI] IT GETS4 ,I TRY TO DECIPH] !IR GIBB]I% & TELL !M :AT ,I ?9K !Y MEAN4 

,ALT]NATELY1 ! EXECUTIVE WILL TOTALLY1 :OLEHE>T$LY AGREE ) EV]Y?+ ! WRIT] PROPOSES2 !N AS SOON AS ! MEET+ IS OV]1 HE'LL S5D \T AN EMAIL 9/RUCT+ H] TO DO ! OPPOSITE4 ,OR WAIT A FEW WEEKS & 9=M H] ! 5TIRE PROJECT MU/ BE RECONCEIV$4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ALL HE DID WAS %AKE ! WRIT]'S H& & ALL[ H] TO GET TO WORK1 !RE'D BE LITTLE PO9T ( HAV+ AN ,EXECUTIVE ,CREATIVE ,VICE ,PRESID5T TO BEG9 )--LET ALONE FIVE OR SIX ( !M4  
  

,9 O!R WORDS1 FILM & ,T,V PRODUCTION IS N[ NOT ALL ?AT 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ! ACC\NTANCY COMPANIES MIS-TRA9+ EMPLOYES TO /ALL ! DI/RIBUTION ( ,P,P,I PAYM5TS1 OR ,DICK5S'S CASE ( ,J>NDYCE & ,J>NDYCE4 ,! LONG] ! PROCESS TAKES1 ! GREAT] ! EXCUSE = ! 5DLESS MULTIPLICATION ( 9T]M$I>Y POSITIONS1 & ! MORE MONEY IS SIPHON$ (F BE=E IT HAS ANY *ANCE TO GET TO ?OSE DO+ ! ACTUAL WORK4  
  

,OSC>3 ,& ALL ?IS = A 7N[7 FIFTE5-PAGE DOCUM5T4 ,N[1 EXTRAPOLATE ?AT TO MORE PEOPLE1 A SCRIPT1 A DIRECTOR1 PRODUC]S1 EV5 MORE EXECUTIVES1 ! %OOT1 ! $IT--& Y\ HAVE A PICTURE ( ! 9SANITY ( ! 9DU/RY4  
  

,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE >E 5T]+ 9TO :AT MI<T BE T]M$ ! AIRY REA*ES ( ! BULL%IT ECONOMY1 & !RE=E1 ?AT P>T LEA/ ACCESSIBLE TO /UDY4 ,WE CANNOT KN[ :AT ,EXECUTIVE ,CREATIVE ,VICE ,PRESID5TS >E REALLY ?9K+4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O >E SECRETLY CONV9C$ !IR JOBS >E PO9TLESS--& = ALL WE KN[1 ?AT'S PRETTY MU* ALL ( !M-->E UNLIKELY TO ADMIT ?IS TO AN AN?ROPOLOGI/4 ,SO ONE CAN ONLY GUESS4 

,BUT ! EFFECTS ( !IR ACTIONS CAN BE OBS]V$ EV]Y TIME WE GO TO ! C9EMA4 0,!RE'S A REASON10 SAYS ,OSC>1 0:Y MOVIES & ,T,V S]IES--TO PUT IT PLA9LY--SUCK40 

,! RULE ( F9ANCE HAS SE5 ! 9S]TION ( COMPETITIVE GAMES ( ?IS SORT AT EV]Y LEVEL ( CORPORATE LIFE1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 )9 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS UNIV]SITIES OR *>ITIES ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SE5 AS ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( CORPORATIONS4 ,P]HAPS 9 SOME IT HASN'T REA*$ ?AT Z5I? ( BULL%IT :I* IS ,HOLLYWOOD4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E1 MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM 5SURES ?AT ?\S&S ( H\RS ( CREATIVE EF=T WILL LIT]ALLY COME TO NO?+4 ,TAKE ! DOMA9 ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*1 OR HI<] $UCATION ONCE AGA94 ,IF A GRANT AG5CY FUNDS ONLY #a P]C5T ( ALL APPLICATIONS1 ?AT MEANS ?AT #i P]C5T ( ! WORK ?AT W5T 9TO PREP>+ APPLICATIONS WAS JU/ AS PO9TLESS AS ! WORK ?AT W5T 9TO MAK+ ! PROMO VIDEO = ,APOLLONIA'S DOOM$ REALITY ,T,V %[ ,TOO ,FAT TO ,FUCK4 7,EV5 MORE SO1 REALLY1 S9CE ONE CAN R>ELY MAKE SU* AN AMUS+ ANECDOTE \T ( IT AFT]W>DS47 ,?IS IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y SQU&]+ ( HUMAN CREATIVE 5]GY4 ,JU/ TO GIVE A S5SE ( ! SCALE ( ! PROBLEM3 ONE REC5T /UDY DET]M9$ ?AT ,EUROPEAN UNIV]SITIES SP5D R\<LY #a4#d BILLION EUROS A YE> ON FAIL$ GRANT APPLICATIONS.<#a#d#g.>--MONEY ?AT1 OBVI\SLY1 MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE TO FUND RESE>*4 

,ELSE:]E1 ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION OV] ! LA/ SEV]AL DECADES IS ?AT SCI5TI/S1 TOO1 HAVE TO SP5D SO MU* ( !IR TIME VY+ ) ONE ANO!R TO CONV9CE POT5TIAL DONORS !Y ALREADY KN[ :AT !Y >E GO+ TO DISCOV]4.<#a#d#h.> ,F9ALLY1 ! 5DLESS 9T]NAL MEET+ RITUALS :]E ,DYNAMIC ,BR& ,COORD9ATORS & ,EA/ ,COA/ ,VISION ,MANAG]S.<#a#d#i.> = PRIVATE CORPORATIONS DISPLAY !IR ,P[],PO9T PRES5TATIONS1 M9D MAPS1 & GRAPHICS-RI* GLOSSY REPORTS1 >E ALL ESS5TIALLY EX]CISES 9 9T]NAL M>KET+ AS WELL4 

,WE'VE ALREADY SE5 H[1 9T]NALLY1 L>GE NUMB]S ( ANCILL>Y BULL%IT JOBS T5D TO CLU/] >\ND SU* 9T]NAL M>KET+ RITUALS3 SU* AS ?OSE HIR$ TO PREP>E1 $IT1 COPY1 OR PROVIDE GRAPHICS = ! PRES5TATIONS OR REPORTS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ALL ?IS IS AN 9TR9SIC FEATURE ( MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM4 ,:]E ONCE UNIV]SITIES1 CORPORATIONS1 MOVIE /UDIOS1 & ! LIKE HAD BE5 GOV]N$ BY A COMB9ATION ( RELATIVELY SIMPLE *A9S ( COMM& & 9=MAL PATRONAGE NETWORKS1 WE N[ HAVE A WORLD ( FUND+ PROPOSALS1 /RATEGIC VISION DOCUM5TS1 & DEVELOPM5T TEAM PIT*ES--ALL[+ = ! 5DLESS ELABORATIONS ( NEW & EV] MORE PO9TLESS LEVELS ( MANAG]IAL HI]>*Y1 /AFF$ BY M5 & WOM5 ) ELABORATE TITLES1 FLU5T 9 CORPORATE J>GON1 BUT :O EI!R HAVE NO FIR/H& EXP]I5CE ( :AT IT'S LIKE TO ACTUALLY DO ! WORK !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BE MANAG+1 OR :O HAVE DONE EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[] TO =GET IT4 

CONCLUSION1 ) A BRIEF RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ( ?REE LEVELS ( CAUSATION 

  

,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE CAN RETURN TO ,PRESID5T ,OBAMA'S REM>KS AB\T HEAL? C>E RE=M & ALL[ ! PIECES TO FALL TOGE!R4 ,! 0ONE MILLION1 TWO MILLION1 ?REE MILLION JOBS0 ?AT ,OBAMA WAS SO CONC]N$ TO PRES]VE W]E CREAT$1 SPECIFICALLY1 BY ! V]Y SORTS ( PROCESSES WE HAVE JU/ BE5 DESCRIB+3 ! SEEM+LY 5DLESS ACCRUAL ( LAY] UPON LAY] ( UNNECESS>Y ADM9I/RATIVE & MANAG]IAL POSITIONS RESULT+ FROM ! AGGRESSIVE APPLICATION ( M>KET PR9CIPLES1 9 ?IS CASE1 TO ! HEAL? C>E 9DU/RY4 ,IT'S A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T SITUATION ?AN MO/ ( ?OSE WE'VE BE5 LOOK+ AT1 S9CE ! ,U,S HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 ALMO/ UNIQUELY AMONG ?OSE ( WEAL?Y C\NTRIES1 WAS ALWAYS MA9LY PRIVATE4 ,DESPITE ?IS--EV5 MORE SO AFT] ,OBAMA1 ACTUALLY--IT %[S ! EXACT SAME 5TANGLEM5T ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 & ! SAME ROLE ( GOV]NM5T 9 GU>ANTEE+ PRIVATE PR(ITS1 AS ONE IS BEG9N+ TO SEE 9 ,CANADA OR ,EUROPE ) ! P>TIAL PRIVATIZATION ( NATIONAL HEAL? SY/EMS4 ,9 EV]Y CASE 7& 9 ?IS CASE ( ,U,S HEAL? C>E RE=M ?IS WAS DONE QUITE SELF-CONSCI\SLY71 5SUR+ ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ?OSE PR(ITS >E R$I/RIBUT$ TO CREAT+ WELL-PAID1 PRE/IGI\S1 BUT ULTIMATELY BULL%IT (FICE JOBS4 

,I BEGAN ! *APT] BY SPEAK+ ( DIFF]5T LEVELS ( CAUSALITY4 ,! REASONS :Y 9DIVIDUALS CREATE1 OR ACCEPT1 BULL%IT JOBS >E BY NO MEANS ! SAME AS ! REASONS :Y SU* JOBS WILL T5D TO PROLIF]ATE 9 C]TA9 TIMES & PLACES RA!R ?AN O!RS4 ,! DEEP] /RUCTURAL =CES ?AT DRIVE SU* HI/ORICAL *ANGES1 9 TURN1 >E NOT ! SAME AS ! CULTURAL & POLITICAL FACTORS ?AT DET]M9E H[ ! PUBLIC1 & POLITICIANS1 REACT TO !M4 ,?IS *APT] HAS BE5 L>GELY AB\T /RUCTURAL =CES4 ,NO D\BT BULL%IT JOBS HAVE LONG BE5 ) US2 BUT REC5T YE>S HAVE SE5 AN 5ORM\S PROLIF]ATION ( SU* PO9TLESS =MS ( EMPLOYM5T1 ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EV]-9CREAS+ BULL%ITIZATION ( REAL JOBS--& DESPITE A POPUL> MISCONCEPTION ?AT ALL ?IS IS SOMEH[ TI$ TO ! RISE ( ! S]VICE SECTOR1 ?IS PROLIF]ATION APPE>S TO HAVE EV]Y?+ TO DO ) ! GR[+ IMPORTANCE ( F9ANCE4 

,CORPORATE CAPITALISM--?AT IS1 ?AT =M ( CAPITALISM 9 :I* PRODUCTION IS L>GELY C>RI$ \T )9 L>GE BUREAUCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ FIRMS--FIR/ EM]G$ 9 ,AM]ICA & ,G]MANY 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,DUR+ MO/ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 L>GE 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS W]E V]Y MU* 9DEP5D5T (1 & TO SOME DEGREE EV5 HO/ILE TO1 ! 9T]E/S ( :AT WAS CALL$ 0HI< F9ANCE40 ,EXECUTIVES 9 FIRMS D$ICAT$ TO PRODUC+ BREAKFA/ C]EALS1 OR AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 SAW !MSELVES AS HAV+ F> MORE 9 COMMON ) PRODUCTION-L9E WORK]S 9 !IR [N FIRMS ?AN !Y DID ) SPECULATORS & 9VE/ORS1 & ! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( FIRMS REFLECT$ ?IS4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! #a#i#gS ?AT ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR & ! EXECUTIVE CLASSES--?AT IS1 ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! V>I\S CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES--EFFECTIVELY FUZ$4 ,C,E,OS BEGAN PAY+ !MSELVES 9 /OCK OPTIONS1 MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 UTT]LY UNRELAT$ COMPANIES1 PRID+ !MSELVES ON ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES !Y C\LD LAY (F4 ,?IS SET (F A VICI\S CYCLE :]EBY WORK]S1 :O NO LONG] FELT ANY LOYALTY TO CORPORATIONS ?AT FELT NONE T[>D !M1 HAD TO BE 9CREAS+LY MONITOR$1 MANAG$1 & SURVEILL$4 

,ON A DEEP] LEVEL1 ?IS REALIGNM5T SET (F A :OLE S]IES ( TR5DS ?AT HAD 5ORM\S IMPLICATIONS ON VIRTUALLY EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS TO FOLL[1 FROM *ANGES 9 POLITICAL S5SIBILITIES TO *ANGES 9 DIRECTIONS ( TE*NOLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,TO TAKE JU/ ONE P>TICUL>LY REVEAL+ EXAMPLE3 BACK 9 ! #a#i#gS1 BANKS W]E /ILL ! ONLY COMPANIES ?AT W]E 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! USE ( COMPUT]S4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE AN 9TR9SIC CONNECTION BETWE5 ! F9ANCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 ! BLOSSOM+ ( 9=MATION 9DU/RIES1 & ! PROLIF]ATION ( BULL%IT JOBS4.<#a#e.> 

,! RESULTS W]E NOT JU/ SOME SORT ( RECALIBRATION OR READJU/M5T ( EXI/+ =MS ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 IT M>K$ A PR(\ND BREAK ) :AT HAD COME BE=E4 ,IF ! EXI/5CE ( BULL%IT JOBS SEEMS TO DEFY ! LOGIC ( CAPITALISM1 ONE POSSIBLE REASON = !IR PROLIF]ATION MI<T BE ?AT ! EXI/+ SY/EM ISN'T CAPITALISM--OR AT LEA/1 ISN'T ANY SORT ( CAPITALISM ?AT W\LD BE RECOGNIZABLE FROM ! WORKS ( ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,K>L ,M>X1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ,LUDWIG VON ,MISES OR ,MILTON ,FRI$MAN4 ,IT IS 9CREAS+LY A SY/EM ( R5T EXTRACTION :]E ! 9T]NAL LOGIC--! SY/EM'S 0LAWS ( MOTION10 AS ! ,M>XI/S LIKE TO SAY-->E PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM CAPITALISM1 S9CE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL IMP]ATIVES HAVE COME TO L>GELY M]GE4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 IT RESEMBLES CLASSIC M$IEVAL FEUDALISM1 DISPLAY+ ! SAME T5D5CY TO CREATE 5DLESS HI]>*IES ( LORDS1 VASSALS1 & RETA9]S4 ,9 O!R WAYS--NOTABLY 9 ITS MANAG]IALI/ E?OS--IT IS PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T4 ,& ! :OLE APP>ATUS1 RA!R ?AN REPLAC+ OLD-FA%ION$ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 IS 9/EAD SUP]IMPOS$ ON TOP ( IT1 BL5D+ TOGE!R 9 A ?\S& PO9TS 9 A ?\S& DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ! SITUATION SEEMS SO CONFUS+ ?AT EV5 ?OSE DIRECTLY 9 ! MIDDLE DON'T REALLY KN[ QUITE :AT TO MAKE ( IT4 

,?IS WAS ! /RUCTURAL LEVEL4 ,9 ! NEXT TWO *APT]S1 ,I WILL TURN TO ! CULTURAL & POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,H]E1 ( C\RSE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE NEUTRAL4 ,EV5 TO ASK :Y IT IS ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( =MS ( PO9TLESS EMPLOYM5T IS NOT SE5 AS A GREAT SOCIAL PROBLEM IS TO AT LEA/ SUGGE/ ?AT IT REALLY \<T TO BE4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ORIG9AL ESSAY ACT$ AS A K9D ( CATALY/ 9 ?IS REG>D--IT SEIZ$ ON A BROADLY EXI/+ FEEL+ ?AT HAD NOT REALLY F\ND ANY O!R VOICE \TSIDE ! CORRIDORS1 A S5SE ?AT SOME?+ WAS V]Y WRONG ) ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & IT PROVID$ A S]IES ( FRAMEWORKS = H[ ONE MI<T BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T ?OSE ISSUES 9 POLITICAL T]MS4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S1 ,I WILL EXP& ON ?OSE SUGGE/IONS1 & ?9K A LITTLE MORE SY/EMATICALLY AB\T :AT ! L>G] POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! CURR5T DIVISION ( LABOR ACTUALLY >E1 & :AT MI<T BE DONE AB\T ! SITUATION4 

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