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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,AUGU/ #aicf 

  

,9 ,V,A,L,5,C,I,A ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ,F,I,J,L 7,F$]ACION ,IB]ICA DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS -- ! AN>*I/ Y\? MOVEM5T71 :O HAD L$ ! ATTACK ON ! ,VAL5CIA ,B>RACKS ON ,JULY #a#h1 MET 9 A MONA/]Y ?AT !Y HAD CONV]T$ 9TO A TEMPOR>Y B>RACKS & =M$ :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ',! ,IRON ,COLUMN'4 ,9 L9E ) ,SPANI% AN>*I/ POLICY ALL PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$ :5 ! PRISONS W]E OP5$ DUR+ AN 9SURRECTION4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E COMMON LAW PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 POLITICIZ$ DUR+ !IR IMPRISONM5T BY AN>*I/ OR 'SOCIAL' PRISON]S & *OSE TO FI<T ALONGSIDE !IR LIB]ATORS4 ,ACCOMPANI$ BY SEV]AL HUNDR$ FRE$ PRISON]S ! NEW COLUMN SET (F = ! ,T]UEL ,FRONT :]E !Y LAT] R\T$ ! FASCI/S AT ,S>RION1 9 ! ,MAE/RAZGO1 ON #ac ,AUGU/4 ,! COLUMN !N CAPTUR$ 'LA ,PUEBLA' :]E !Y DECL>$ ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM & SET UP !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,!Y QUICKLY E/ABLI%$ A DEF5SIVE L9E1 SOME #ae MILES FROM ,T]UEL1 :I* /RET*$ FROM ,&EGUELA TO ,=NI*E4 ,! REBEL ADVANCE ON ,VAL5CIA WAS HALT$4 

,ONE ( ! PRISON]S LIB]AT$ BY ! AN>*I/S FROM ! ,VAL5CIAN PRISON ( ,SAN ,MIGUEL DE ,LOS ,REYES HAS LEFT US A P]SONAL ACC\NT ( ! =MATION ( :AT WAS QUICKLY TO BECOME ! MO/ VILIFI$ & UNCOMPROMIS+LY REVOLUTION>Y ( ALL ! MILITIA COLUMNS3  
  

',I AM ONE ( ! ONES :O W]E FRE$ FROM ,SAN ,MIGUEL DE ,LOS ,REYES1 A S9I/] PRISON BUILT BY ! MON>*Y AS A BURIAL PLACE = M5 LIKE US :O1 BE+ NO C[>DS1 HAVE NEV] SUBMITT$ TO ! 9FAM\S LAWS DEVIS$ BY ! P[]FUL AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$4 ,LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 ,I WAS TAK5 !RE = HAV+ COMMITT$ AN (F5SE 9 ?AT ,I HAD REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! DEGRADATION VISIT$ UPON AN 5TIRE C\NTRY 444 ,I HAD TAK5 ! LIFE ( A BULLY4 ,\T ALONG ) ME CAME MANY M5 :O HAD ALSO SUFF]$ & ALSO BE5 SC>R$ BY ! ILL-TREATM5T !Y HAD EXP]I5C$ S9CE BIR?4 ,SOME1 AS SOON AS !Y HIT ! /REETS1 DISP]S$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD2 O!RS ( US RALLI$ TO \R LIB]ATORS :O TREAT$ US AS FRI5DS & LOV$ US AS BRO!RS4 ,TOGE!R ) !SE WE HAVE GRADUALLY =M$ ! ,IRON ,COLUMN1 TOGE!R ) !M WE HAVE WA/$ NO TIME 9 /ORM+ ! B>RACKS & DIS>M+ FE>FUL GU>DS2 TOGE!R WE HAVE1 9 H>D F\<T ATTACKS1 DRIV5 ! FASCI/S BACK AS F> AS ! ,SI]RA PEAKS :]E !Y REMA9 TODAY4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO TAK+ :AT WE NE$1 WE SEIZ$ RIFLES & PROVISIONS 9 REPULS+ ! FASCI/S4 ,& = A TIME WE D9$ (F :AT WAS (F]$ TO US BY ! PEASANTRY4 ,& )\T ANYONE MAK+ US A GIFT ( A S+LE WEAPON1 WE HAVE >M$ \RSELVES ) :AT WE HAVE WRE/$ FROM ! 9SURG5T TROOPS BY ! /R5G? ( \R >MS4 ,! RIFLE :I* ,I CLUT*1 ! RIFLE :I* HAS BE5 AT MY SIDE EV] S9CE ,I TURN$ MY BACK ON ?AT FATEFUL PRISON IS M9E1 MY V]Y [N1 ,I TOOK IT FROM ! MAN :O BORE IT & NE>LY ALL ! RIFLES :I* MY COMRADES C>RY >E1 BY ! SAME TOK51 \R V]Y [N4'.<#b#i.>  
  

,9 RESPONSE TO ! LIBEL\S REF]5CES TO ! ,IRON ,COLUMN & ! RELEAS$ PRISON]S :O F\<T BRAVELY 9 ITS RANKS BY HI/ORIANS SU* AS ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON & ,HU< ,?OMAS WE CAN QUOTE ! TE/IMONY ( ,MIKA ,ET*EBEH]E1 A CAPTA9 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,>MY & A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M :O HAD SOME LIB]AT$ PRISON]S UND] H] COMM&3  
  

',WE1 TOO1 HAVE HAD ?REE OR F\R SU* CASES 9 \R COLUMN1 & !Y F\<T SPL5DIDLY4 ,AT FIR/ WE W]E /& (FI%2 LAT]1 BE+ TOGE!R1 !Y CAME TO SUBSCRIBE TO \R IDEAS & N[ IT C\LD NOT BE SAID ?AT !Y /OLE OR ANY?+ ( ?AT SORT1'.<#c.>  
  

,! ,IRON ,COLUMN1 LIKE O!R MILITIAS1 SET UP A ,W> ,COMMITTEE ) ! FOLL[+ /RUCTURE3 ',! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE IS ACCEPTABLE TO ALL ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS4 ,TAK+ ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! />T+ PO9T WE =M GR\PS ( #a1 :I* MANAGE M9OR OP]ATIONS = !MSELVES4 ,T5 GR\PS MAKE UP ONE C5TURIA1 :I* NOM9ATES A DELEGATE TO REPRES5T IT4 ,?IRTY C5TURIAS MAKE UP ONE COLUMN4 :I* IS L$ BY ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( ! C5TURIA DELEGATES4.<#c#a.> 

,ITS FI<T+ /R5G? 9 ! E>LY DAYS WAS SOME #a1#e M51 BUT 9 SPITE ( ! OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 ITS WAY BY ! GOV]NM5T & ! REGIONAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T1 ?IS LAT] ROSE TO #c1 M54 ,IT HAD BASES SCATT]$ ?R\<\T FIVE PROV9CES3 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,ALICANTE1 ,MURCIA & ,ALBACETE4 ,! ,IRON ,COLUMN ALSO 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( TWO PUBLICATIONS -- ,L9EA DE ,FUEGO1 A F\R-PAGE DAILY NEWS BULLET9 = ! M5 AT ! FRONT1 & ,NOSOTROS BAS$ 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,! LATT] ALSO ACT$ AS ! ORGAN ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,F,I,J,L4 ,L9EA DEL ,FUEGO ALSO PUBLI%$ G5]AL CULTURAL >TICLES -- POEMS1 %ORT /ORIES1 LIT]>Y CRITICISM1 &1 ( C\RSE1 >TICLES ON POLITICS1 SOCIOLOGY1 PHILOSOPHY1 ECONOMY & SO ON4 ,MILITANTS ALSO CONTRIBUT$ ) >TICLES AB\T !IR EV]YDAY LIVES1 ON ! RUNN+ ( ! COLUMN1 & ON O!R NATIONAL ISSUES4 ,IT WAS A G5U9E =UM = ! DISCUSSION ( ISSUES PECULI> TO ! COLUMN4 

,BECAUSE ( ITS TOTAL COMMITM5T TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & ITS REFUSAL TO COMPROMISE OR =M ALLIANCES ) B\RGEOIS OR POLITICAL P>TIES1 ,! ,IRON ,COLUMN BECAME ! IMM$IATE T>GET ( A CAMPAIGN ( VILIFICATION & DIS9=MATION FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 LIBELS :I* HAVE BE5 PICK$ UP & REPEAT$ BY SUBSEQU5T G5]ATIONS ( E/ABLI%M5T HI/ORIANS4 

,ON #a ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ANGRY AT ! RE/ORATION ( B\RGEOIS ORD] 9 ! RE>GU>D1 9T]V5TION UNITS FROM ! COLUMN1 SET UP SPECIALLY TO RESI/ SU* DEVELOPM5TS1 LEFT ! ,T]UEL FRONT & RETURN$ TO ,VAL5CIA TO DEMON/RATE TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NOT FI<T+ TO DEF5D B\RGEOIS PROP]TY RI<TS & JU/ICE BUT A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,IT ATTACK$ & DIS>M$ ! GU>DS1 9VAD$ ! C\RTS & DE/ROY$ C\RT RECORDS1 RAID$ ! NI<TCLUBS & CAB>ETS FREQU5T$ BY ! WELL-TO-DO & RELIEV$ !M ( !IR JEWELRY & WALLETS4 ,ANO!R UNIT W5T TO ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA ON #a ,OCTOB] ON A SIMIL> MISSION & BURN$ AL ! CRIM9AL & JUDICIAL RECORDS 9 ! T[N4 ,LAT] ?AT SAME MON?1 #c ,OCTOB]1 ! FUN]AL ( ,>IZA ,GONZALES1 ONE ( ! ,IRON ,COLUMN LEAD]S :OM IT IS BELIEV$ WAS KILL$ 9 A REPRISAL1 TURN$ 9TO AN >M$ UPRIS+4 ',9 ! 5D1 SURR\ND$ 9 ! ,PLAZA ,TETUAN BY COMMUNI/ UNITS >M$ ) MA*9E GUNS1 ! DEMON/RATORS SUFF]$ HEAVY CASUALTIES ) AB\T #e OR SO BE+ KILL$4.<#c#b.> 

,! ,IRON ,COLUMN DEF5D$ ITS ACTIONS AGA9/ ! CAMPAIGN ( VILIFICATION M\NT$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T 9 ! FOLL[+ MANIFE/O AIM$ AT %[+ ! B\RGEOISIE & ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ?AT !Y W]E NOT GIV5 TO RHETORIC & MEANT BUS9ESS3  
  

'444 ,AS AN>*I/S1 WE :O1 UND] ! FAMILI> D5OM9ATION ',IRON ,COLUMN' -- /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CL]ICAL & MILIT>I/ REACTION ON ! ,T]UEL ,FRONT >E CONC]N$1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! PROBLEMS ( ! FRONT1 BUT ALSO ) ?OSE ( ! RE>GU>D4 ,CONSEQU5TLY :5 WE REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ,VAL5CIA ?+S W]E NOT MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ?AT WE WI%$1 :5 WE NOT$ ?AT ! RE>GU>D1 F> FROM BE+ A REASSURANCE TO US1 WAS A FOCUS ( CONC]N & MISGIV+S1 WE RESOLV$ TO 9T]V5E &1 TO ?AT 5D1 WE DISPAT*$ ! FOLL[+ REQUE/S TO ! RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS3 

7#a7 ?AT ! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL BE DIS>M$ & DISB&$2 

7#b7 ?AT ALL ( ! >M$ =CES ( ! /ATE 9 ! RE>GU>D 7,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 ,C>AB9]OS1 ,SEGURIDAD1 ETC47 BE S5T IMM$IATELY TO ! FRONT2 & 

7#c7 ?AT ALL RECORDS & >*IVES HELD 9 CAPITALI/ & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS BE DE/ROY$ =?)4 

,!SE REQUE/S HAD !IR F\NDATIONS 9 REVOLUTION>Y & IDEOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,AS AN>*I/S & AS REVOLUTION>IES1 WE CONSID]$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL A REACTION>Y CORPS1 :I* AS1 ?R\<\T ITS EXI/5CE & MORE ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! PRES5T REVOLT1 CLE>LY DISPLAY$ ITS M5TALITY & ITS 9T5TIONS1 TO BE A ?REAT4 ,! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL WAS ODI\S 9 \R EYES = MANY REASONS & WE HAD NO CONFID5CE 9 IT4 ,SO WE ASK$ ?AT IT MAY BE DIS>M$ & PROCE$$ TO DIS>M IT4 

,WE ASK ?AT ALL ( ! >M$ CORPS BE MOV$ UP TO ! FRONT L9ES BECAUSE M5 & WEAPONS >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY !RE :ILE 9 ! CITY1 UND] ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !IR PRES5CE WAS MORE ( A PROVOCATION ?AN A NECESSITY4 ,WE HAVE BE5 HALFWAY SUCCESSFUL ON ?IS C\NT & WE %ALL PRESS ON UNTIL \R OBJECTIVE HAS BE5 COMPLETELY A*IEV$4 

,F9ALLY WE ASK$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! DOCUM5TS :I* REPRES5T$ A :OLE PA/ ]A ( TYRANNY & OPPRESSION AGA9/ :I* \R FREE CONSCI5CES HAD REVOLT$4 ,LET US DE/ROY ! RECORDS & GIVE CONSID]ATION TO REQUISITION+ ?OSE BUILD+S1 :I*1 LIKE ! ,C\RT BUILD+S1 HAVE BE5 US$ 9 O!R TIMES TO 5TOMB REVOLUTION>IES 9 PRISONS & HAVE NO RAISON D'ETRE TODAY1 N[ ?AT WE F9D \RSELVES AT ! DAWN+ ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,SU* OBJECTIVES BR\<T US 9TO ,VAL5CIA & ?IS EXPLA9S ALL ?AT WE DID 9 ! MANN] DEEM$ MO/ APPROPRIATE4 

,LAT]1 DUR+ \R /AY 9 ,VAL5CIA1 WE OBS]V$ ?AT :]EAS EF=TS TO ACQUIRE WEAPONS F\ND]$ DUE TO \R LACK ( FUNDS1 !RE WAS A HUGE QUANTITY ( GOLD & O!R PRECI\S METALS 9 MANY PLACES -- ?IS PROMPT$ US TO REQUISITION ! GOLD1 SILV] & PLAT9UM ( SOME JEWEL]S 9 9SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES :I* W]E SURR5D]$ TO ! ,ORGANIZATION4 ,! ABOVE IS :AT WE HAVE DONE4 ,N[ LET US EXAM9E ?AT :I* WE DID NOT DO4 

,WE >E ACCUS$ ( LOOT+ BUILD+S4 ,?IS IS A LIE4 ,WE DEFY ANYONE TO PRES5T US ) AN ACC\NT ( ?IS & TO %[ ?AT \R M5 W]E NOT ACT+ \T ( NECESSITY BUT FROM M]E CAPRICE & A DESIRE TO CREATE CONFUSION4 ,WE /& ACCUS$ ( MURD]+ PEOPLE = AMUSEM5T4 ,?IS IS A F\L CALUMNY4 ,:AT HAVE WE DONE TO DES]VE ?IS REPUTATION8 ,:AT CRIMES HAVE WE COMMITT$8 ,A DEPLORABLE EPISODE1 :I* WE >E FIR/ TO LAM5T & TO CONDEMN1 APPE>S TO BE ! PROSECUTION EVID5CE4 ,WE HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! DEA? ( \R ,SOCIALI/ COMRADE ,JOSE ,P>DO ,>ACIL4 ,IT WAS %[N1 ON ! V]Y NI<T ( HIS DEA? ?AT NO MEMB] ( \R COLUMN HAD ANY H& 9 IT4 ,IT HAS NEV] OCCURR$ TO US TO ATTACK ! ,SOCIALI/S NOR ANY O!R ANTIFASCI/ GR\P1 MU* LESS TO DO SO 9 ! TREA*]\S FA%ION 9 :I* ,P>DO WAS ATTACK$4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE R5EGE ON \R AIMS = !SE >E ! SOLE MOTIVATIONS = \R FI<T3 WE REALIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 9T]NEC9E W>F>E W\LD BE A CRIME4 ,WE >E FAC+ A =MIDABLE 5EMY & ALL \R EX]TIONS MU/ BE B5T TO HIS DE/RUCTION4 

,9 !SE CRUCIAL TIMES = ,SPA9'S FUTURE1 \R POSITION IS CLE> & UNMI/AKABLE4 ,WE %ALL FI<T ) ALL \R MANP[]1 ALL \R 5]GIES1 ALL \R 5?USIASM 9 ORD] TO CONF\ND ! VIL5ESS ( FASCISM =EV]4 ,WE /RUGGLE TO MAKE A REALITY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LET US M>* T[>DS ,AN>*Y4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 H]E & N[1 WE %ALL /& BY EV]Y?+ :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO LIVE ) GREAT] FRE$OM1 TO SMA% ! YOKES :I* OPPRESS US & TO DE/ROY ! VE/IGES ( ! PA/4 

,TO EV]Y WORK]1 EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y1 EV]Y AN>*I/1 LET US SAY3 /RUGGLE1 :]EV] Y\ MAY BE -- AT ! FRONT L9E OR 9 ! RE>GU>D1 AGA9/ ALL ! 5EMIES ( Y\R LIB]TY4 ,/RANGLE ! LIFE \T ( FASCISM4 ,BUT SEE TO IT ALSO ?AT AS A RESULT ( Y\R EF=TS NO DICTATORIAL REGIME IS 9/ALL$1 NO CONT9UATION 7) ALL ! VICES & DEFECTS7 ( ?AT /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* WE >E /RIV+ TO ]ADICATE4 ,) WEAPONS N[ & ) WORK+ TOOLS LAT] ON1 LE>N TO LIVE )\T TYRANTS1 LE>N TO EMANCIPATE Y\RSELVES1 = ?IS IS ! ONLY PA? TO FRE$OM4 ,SU*1 CLE>LY EXP\ND$1 IS ! ?9K+ ( ! ',IRON ,COLUMN'4 

,COMRADES6 ,DEA? TO FASCISM6 ,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,LONG LIVE AN>*Y6.<#c#c.>  
  

,FR5* SURREALI/ WRIT] ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T WAS AMONG ! FIR/ =EIGN VOLUNTE]S TO FI<T 9 ,SPA94 ,HIS LETT]S TO ,&RE ,BRETON PROVIDE US ) A LUCID & MOV+ 9SI<T 9TO ! FL[]+ & DECL9E ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FIR/ LETT]1 SIMPLE & S9C]E1 WAS S5T FROM ,B>CELONA ON #aa ,AUGU/3  
  

',MY V]Y DE> ,&RE1 IF Y\ W]E TO SEE ,B>CELONA TODAY1 FILL$ ) B>RICADES1 DECORAT$ ) *UR*ES GUTT$ EXCEPT = !IR EMPTY WALLS1 Y\1 LIKE ME1 W\LD EXULT4 ,! AN>*I/S >E VIRTUALLY ! MA/]S ( ,CATALONIA & ! ONLY =CE BESIDE !M IS ! ,P,\,M4 ,! RATIO BETWE5 US IS ?REE TO ONE1 :I* ISN'T EXCESSIVE & 9 ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES CAN EASILY *ANGE4 ,WE HAVE #a#e1 >M$ M5 & !Y HAVE #d1--#e14 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O HAVE FUZ$ ) ?REE OR F\R SMALL P>TIES1 >E A NEGLIGIBLE =CE4 ,9 !IR NEWSPAP] ON ,FRIDAY !Y DECL>$ ?AT :AT IS NECESS>Y ISN'T A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BUT A DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & :OEV] TRIES TO MAKE A REVOLUTION WILL F9D !MSELVES OPPOS$ BY ! MILITIAS4'.<#c#d.>  
  

,ANO!R =EIGN >RIVAL 9 ,AUGU/ WAS ,ABDELKJALAK ,TORRES1 ! ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/ LEAD]1 :O CAME TO ,B>CELONA CL&E/9ELY ) AN (FICIAL DELEGATION FROM ! ,MOROCCAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,!Y PROPOS$ TO ! ,MILITIAS' COMMITTEE TO UNLEA% A REVOLUTION>Y REVOLT 9 ! ,SPANI% PROTECTORATE1 ! HOME BASE ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 IF WEAPONS OR MONEY C\LD BE PROVID$4 ,ALL !Y ASK$ = 9 RETURN WAS A PROMISE ( RECOGNITION ( ,MOROCCO'S 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! EV5T ( A ,REPUBLICAN VICTORY4 ,! POT5TIAL EFFECT ( SU* AN UPRIS+ 9 ,FRANCO'S RE>GU>D W\LD HAVE BE5 5ORM\S1 BUT ! PROPOSITION WAS TURN$ D[N BY ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS ( SU* A MOVE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 REG>D TO ,FRANCE & ,BRITA94 ,H[EV] ! IDEA ( PROMOT+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,MOROCCO WAS ONE ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E TO PRESS ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( ! W>4 

,! 'NOTABLES' ( ! ,C,N,T ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE W]E BLUNT & TO ! PO9T :5 !Y EV5TUALLY EXPLA9$ !IR BEHAVIOR TO ! RANK & FILE ON #i ,AUGU/4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO TAKE PLACE S9CE ! RIS+3  
  

',:5 ! CONSULS APPROA*$ US1 WE QUICKLY GU>ANTE$ ! =EIGN FIRMS SO ?AT NOBODY MI<T CONFISCATE !M4 ,& :5 ANY ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DO SO1 WE EV5 DISPAT*$ GU>DS SO ?AT !IR 9T]E/S W\LD BE RESPECT$4'.<#c#e.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ADD$3 ',I ASK ! :OLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO /AY 9 ! PLACES ( PRODUCTION & NOT TO BE SP>+ 9 !IR SACRIFICES 444 ,?IS IS NOT ! TIME TO SEEK A #d-H\R-WEEK & A #ae P] C5T WAGE 9CREASE'4.<#c#f.> ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 TOPP$ !M ALL ) CLASSICAL UTILIT>IAN LOGIC3 ',WE >E OBLIG$ TO GO BEYOND :AT WE HAD 9T5D$1 ON ACC\NT ( ! AB&ONM5T ( A HUGE NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES NECESS>Y TO ! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE ACCEPT ?AT AB&ON$ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ORD] TO D]IVE M9IMUM PR(IT BY IT4'.<#c#g.>  

,W> OR ,REVOLUTION8 

  

,AS ! FI<T+ REC$$ E>LY 9 ,AUGU/1 & CONFUSION BEGAN TO LIFT ! B\RGEOISIE BEGAN TO CAT* !IR SECOND BREA? & PREP>$ TO REGA9 LO/ GR\ND4 ,ON ! MILIT>Y FRONT ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T MADE ! FIR/ T5TATIVE MOVES TO RE/ORE ITS AU?ORITY BY CALL+ UP ! RES]VES FROM ! 9TAKE ( ! PREVI\S ?REE YE>S ) ! VIEW ( CREAT+ A VOLUNTE] >MY UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! Y\NG PEOPLE CALL$ TO ! COLORS RESPOND$ IMM$IATELY TO ?IS DECREE BY ORGANIZ+ HEAT$ ANTI-MILIT>I/ DEMON/RATIONS 9 :I* !Y TORE UP !IR TUNICS TO ANGRY CRIES ( ',D[N ) ! ,>MY6' & ',LONG LIVE ! ,PEOPLE'S MILITIA6'4 ,AT A MASS RALLY 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,OLIMPIA ,!AT] #a1 Y\NG ,CATALANS ANN\NC$ !IR 9T5TION TO JO9 ! MILITIAS & HELP LIB]ATE !IR COMRADES 9 ,Z>AGOZA BUT TO REFUSE CONSCRIPTION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !Y HAD NO CONFID5CE 9 ! (FIC] CORPS & W]E MORALLY OPPOS$ TO P>ADE GR\ND & B>RACK ROOM DISCIPL9E4 

,A MANIFE/O ISSU$ BY ! ,C,N,T ! FOLL[+ DAY D5\NC$ ! ,MADRID DECREE1 SUPPORT+ ! REFUSAL ( ! Y\NG TO BE CALL$ UP & S\<T A COMPROMISE SOLUTION ) ! ,G5]ALIDAD'S ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILOR1 ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 )9 ! ,MILITIAS' ,COMMITTEE3  
  

',! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T'S LACK ( POLITICAL VISION CONFRONTS ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ) A SOME:AT DIFFICULT PROBLEM4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( !SE Y\?S >E ALREADY 5ROLL$ 9 ! MILITIAS2 O!RS HAVE DECL>$ A READ9ESS TO 5LI/ & TO SET (F = ,Z>AGOZA IMM$IATELY4 ,BUT :AT !Y DO NOT WANT1 & !IR ATTITUDE IS A LOGICAL ONE 9 ! LI<T ( ! TREA*]Y ( MILIT>Y FIGURES IMPLICAT$ 9 ! REC5T REVOLT1 IS ?AT !Y %\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & PLAC$ UND] ! ORD]S ( !IR OLD COMM&]S4 ,! =MIDABLE EF=T AT LIB]ATION MADE BY ! PEOPLE IMPLICITLY ON #ai ,JULY WAS NO IDLE EX]CISE2 IT WAS NOT MADE ?AT EV]Y?+ MI<T CONT9UE AS BE=E4 ,! UMBILICAL CORD :I* B\ND US 9 ! PA/ HAS BROK5 =EV]4 ,NEW CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS1 HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ( LAW & LIB]TY >E 9 =CE 444 ,! ,C,N,T CANNOT BE UNHE$FUL (1 NOR MAY IT FRU/RATE ! L(TY & WOR?Y EXPRESSION ( A RESOLVE ?US 5UNCIAT$ ) VIM & 5?USIASM4 ,! SOLDI]S GA!R$ 9 ! ,OLIMPIA ,!AT] YE/]DAY EV5 UND]TOOK TO REJO9 !IR RESPECTIVE CORPS1 ON CONDITION ?AT !Y 5T] ! B>RACKS AS MILITIANS FREE TO COME & GO AS FREE M5 FREELY EMBRAC+ ! DISCIPL9E ?AT IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( CONC]T$ ACTIONS1 & NOT AS AUTOMATA B]EFT ( ALL HUMAN P]SONALITY4 ,& ! ,C,N,T ( ,CATALONIA HAS TO PUT ! ISSUE PURE & SIMPLE TO ! ,G5]ALIDAD & ,MADRID GOV]NM5TS ALIKE4 ,WE CANNOT DEF5D ! EXI/5CE NOR CAN WE COMPREH5D ! NE$ = A REGUL>1 UNI=M$ & COMPULSORY >MY4 ,?AT >MY \<T TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY ! PEOPLE'S MILITIAS1 BY ! PEOPLE >M$1 ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ?AT FRE$OM WILL BE DEF5D$ ZEAL\SLY & ?AT FRE% PLOTS WILL NOT BE HAT*$ 9 ! %AD[S4'  
  

,ON #f ,AUGU/1 ,SANTILLAN1 ,F,A,I REPRES5TATIVE ON ! ,MILITIAS' ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ ! FOLL[+ MEMOR&UM3  
  

',! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA HAS DET]M9$ ?AT SOLDI]S FROM ! YE>S #a#i#c#c1 #a#i#c#d1 #aice & #aicf %\LD REPORT IMM$IATELY TO B>RACKS & !RE PLACE !MSELVES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,MILITIAS' COMMITTEES SET UP UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4'  
  

,H[EV]1 FE>FUL ( ! RISE ( A NEW (FIC] CLASS )9 ! MILITIAS1 ! UNIONS SET UP WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS SIMIL> TO ?OSE CREAT$ 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,!SE C\NCILS1 MADE UP ( SOLDI]S & DELEGATES FROM ! V>I\S WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES1 ACT$ AS A WORK+ CLASS SECURITY S]VICE :I* OP]AT$ ?R\<\T ALL ! >M$ S]VICES4 

,JOSE ,PEIRATS PROVIDES AN 9T]E/+ ACC\NT ( ! ROLE ( ! ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ! TE/IMONY ( ,ALFONSO ,MIGUEL1 A ,C,N,T MILITANT & *AMPION ( ! ,C\NCILS3  
  

',! FIR/ WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES CAME 9TO EXI/5CE BY AGREEM5T ( ! ,C,N,T--,U,G,T4 ,!Y W]E BORN 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!N !Y W]E =M$ 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 9 ,&ALUSIA & 9 ! CAPITAL ITSELF1 :I* WAS DEMORALIZ$ BY DEFEATISM & LURK+ TREA*]Y4 ,!Y SET AB\T MONITOR+ & C>RY+ \T PURGES4 ,! COMMITTEES ASSUM$ ! UN5VIABLE TASK ( RAIS+ MORALE1 MONITOR+ C]TA9 9TRIGUES & KEEP+ AN EYE ON SUSPECT (FIC]S & ASSI/+ ALL COMPET5T & S9C]E P]SONNEL4 ,) ! COMMITTEES IT WAS POSSIBLE TO SU/A9 MILIT>Y ACTIVITY & TO KEEP AT BAY ! FASCISM )94 ,BUT = !M1 FASCISM W\LD ASSUR$LY HAVE DEV\R$ US4 ,AT ?AT PA9FUL JUNCTURE1 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( ! WAY1 :O WAS !RE CAPABLE ( BR++ UNITY BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! >MY 7AN >MY ON ITS LA/ LEGS7 & ! >M$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 DEMORALIZ$ BY TREA*]Y & DECIMAT$ 9 ACTIVE S]VICE8 ,!Y W]E NOT SET UP = CONSID]ATIONS ( RHETORIC4 ,! COMMITTEES' CREATIONS W]E DET]M9$ BY ! NECESSITY ( PRESS+ ON ) ! /RUGGLE & ! NE$ TO HAVE ! UTMO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! OV]ALL DECISIONS ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&4 ,! REVOLT HAD DA%$ ALL RESPECT & KILL$ EV]Y IOTA ( CONFID5CE4 ,SO DESPITE EV]Y?+1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 A FAIRLY COH]5T DIRECTION AMID ! G5]AL *AOS BY MEANS ( SUP]VISION 7OCCASIONALLY NOM9AL & AT O!R TIMES EFFECTIVE7 ( ! DECISIONS ( ! COMM&1 )\T :I* NO DECISIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,! WORK]S' MILITIAS NE$$ AN ASSUR$ LEAD]%IP4 ,?IS !Y A*IEV$ BY BL5D+ !IR [N P]SONNEL ) ?OSE 7ELECT$ BY ! RESPECTIVE CORPS & MILIT>Y UNITS7 :O %>$ !IR COMMON AIM3 0TO CAMPAIGN TOGE!R UND] A S+LE & LOYAL ACC\NTABLE LEAD]%IP04 ,=CE ( CIRCUM/ANCE DET]M9$ !IR CREATION4 ,LAT]1 AS !Y DEVELOP$ !MSELVES1 !Y DET]M9$ ?AT ! MILITIAS %\LD BE REPLAC$4 ,& A NEW MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 MOLD$ BY AN ANTI-MILIT>I/ POPULATION 9 ! MIDDLE ( A W> AGA9/ :AT HAD BE5 ITS [N >MY1 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ,SPA94'.<#c#h.>  
  

,HAV+ SECUR$ ITS MILIT>Y & SECURITY APP>ATUS1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD SL[LY BEGAN TO REASS]T ITS CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMIC SECTOR4 ,ON #a ,AUGU/1 ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ ANN\NC$ TO A PUBLIC RALLY ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,OLIMPIA ,!AT]1 ! FIR/ SU* ASSEMBLY S9CE ! EV5TS ( #ai ,JULY1 ?AT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T BO? ORGANIZATIONS HAD AGRE$ TO BECOME P>T ( A PROPOS$ ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS /ATEM5T BY ! ,REGIONAL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T WAS NOT A PROPOSAL TO BE DISCUSS$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES & EI!R RATIFI$ OR REJECT$1 IT WAS A FAIT ACCOMPLI4 

,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 =MALLY1 UND] A ,G5]ALIDAD DECREE ON #ac ,AUGU/4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E 9 A M9ORITY ( #e-TO-#a ON ! C\NCIL3 ! ,C,N,T HAD #c MEMB]S1 ,EUSEBIO ,C>BO1 ,JUAN ,P4 ,FABREGAS & ,COSME ,R(ES1 :ILE ! ,F,A,I WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,ANTONIO ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN4 ,! RI<T-W+ ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA1 ,ACCION ,CATALANA ,REPUBLICANA1 ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES1 ! ,P,S,O DE ,CATALONIA & ! ,P,\,M W]E ! O!R B\RGEOIS1 /ATI/ & ,M>XI/ P>TIES ) :OM ! AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP HAD >BITR>ILY AGRE$ TO %>E RESPONSIBILITY = ! 'NORMALIZATION' ( ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS SAME MEET+ ?AT ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 SPOKESP]SON = ! ,F,A,I1 MADE IT CLE> TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP 9T5D$ TO PURSUE A /RATEGY ( ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY AT ALMO/ ANY PRICE 

,AL?\< A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T = AT LEA/ A YE>1 ,MONTS5Y1 A ROMANTIC NOVELI/1 WAS A REC5T RECRUIT TO ! ,F,A,I4 ,FOLL[+ ! WORK]S' VICTORY1 %E WAS 9VIT$ TO JO9 ! ,NOSOTROS GR\P ON #ba ,JULY1 ! DAY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS =M$4 ,%E APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ALMO/ IMM$IATELY CO-OPT$ ON TO ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I4 

,AUGU/ #a ALSO SAW ! =MAL 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! POPUL> ORGANS SET UP = SAFEGU>D+ REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 ,!SE W]E N[ =MALLY MADE UP ( #g M5 FROM ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS 7#c#b#e FROM ! ,C,N,T1 ! RE/ PROPORTIONALLY DIVID$ AMONG ! ,ESQU]RA1 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,\,M7 & DIVID$ 9TO #aa GEOGRAPHIC BRAN*ES4 

,ANO!R SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ]OSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T TOOK PLACE A FEW DAYS LAT] ON ,AUGU/ #ae ) ! NEWS ( ! =MATION ( A ,COMMITTEE TO LIAISE BETWE5 ! ,F,A,I1 ,C,N,T1 ,P,S,U,C & ,U,G,T1 !REBY /R5G!N+ & 'GALVANIZ+' ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY BY3 SEEK+ \T 'SU* PO9TS ( AGREEM5T AS MAY EXI/ BETWE5 ?OSE BODIES1 SUBMITT+ !M = DISCUSSION & APPROVAL BY ALL1 SO ?AT PUBLIC GUIDEL9ES & EXHORTATIONS MAY BE ISSU$ 444'1 COMM5D+ TO ITS AFFILIAT$ & ORGANIZATIONS '! =MATION ON EV]Y WORK SITE ( FACTORY COMMITTEES ) PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION = ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T MEMB]S 444' & 'TO ES*EW VIOL5T ATTACKS & CRITICISMS'4 

,! SIGNATORY ( ?IS /ATEM5T ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ON BEHALF ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA1 =M$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 WAS ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 REPRES5T$ 'A POLITICAL ATTITUDE :I* CAN BE/ BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! EXTREME RI<T W+ ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ ! FI<T AGA9/ AN>*ISM AS ! *IEF AIM ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ,SPA9 -- TO HIS SURPRISE HE F\ND UNEXPECT$ ALLIES = HIS DISLIKE ( AN>*I/ POLICIES 9 ! ,COMMUNI/S4.<#c#i.> 

,REVOLUTION HAD BR\<T 9 ITS WAKE A MASSIVE 9FLUX 9TO ! WORK]S' P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OPPORTUNI/IC DETRITUS ( CAPITALISM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE BEGAN TO SEEK %ELT] 9 ! ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD OP5LY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO DEF5D+ B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S4 ,9 ,CATALONIA ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS ! ,U,G,T1 VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T 9 ! REGION UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #aicf :5 IT BECAME A FIEF ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :OSE C5TRAL COMMITTEE HAD REC5TLY PROCLAIM$ ITS ADVOCACY ( 'REVOLUTION>Y ORD] )\T 9FR+EM5T ( RESPECT = PRIVATE PROP]TY4' ,! POSITION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 HAD BE5 EXPRESS$ CLE>LY BY ,&RE ,M>TY1 A MEMB] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COM9T]N1 9 A /ATEM5T TO ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ P>TY PAP] ,L8,HUMANITE3  
  

',9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,SPA91 :]E FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS >E /ILL DEEPLY ROOT$1 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE HAVE AS !IR MO/ PRESS+ IMM$IATE TASK NOT ! C>RY+ ON ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BUT ! DEF5SE1 CONSOLIDATION & C>RY+ ?R\< ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,\R ,P>TY'S ONLY WAT*WORD AS PROPAG&A ?R\< \R PAP] ,MUNDO ,OBR]O1 ON #ai ,JULY1 WAS 0,LONG ,LIVE ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC04 ,?IS IS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,ONLY PEOPLE ( ILL-WILL CAN >GUE O!RWISE4'  
  

,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD] ,JOSE ,H]N&EZ & ,SANTIAGO ,C>RILLO1 LEAD] ( ! ,COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ Y\? 7,J,S,U7 HAD CONFIRM$ ?IS L9E ) ! UNEQUIVOCAL AFFIRMATION ?AT ! P>TY WAS 'NOT FI<T+ = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 

,BY *AMPION+ ! PRIVILEGES1 /ATUS & PROP]TY ( ! PR(ESSIONAL AS WELL AS ! URBAN & RURAL B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! RAPID ADVANCES ( ! AN>*I/-9SPIR$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP DRAMATICALLY )9 A MATT] ( MON?S4 ,PEIRATS E/IMATES ?AT 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S1 ! ,P,C,E HAD ATTRACT$ #h1 L&[N]S & #a#f1 MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,P,C,E HAD 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP T5FOLD TO >\ND A MILLION4.<#d.> 

,AL?\< IT HAD 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! DISCONT5T FELT BY ! B\RGEOISIE & PEASANT SMALLHOLD]S AT ! PROGRESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& & FACTORIES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE WAS ANO!R MORE P[]FUL REASON = ITS RAPID GR[? 9 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P,C,E BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f4 ,?AT REASON WAS ,/AL9'S DECISION TO PROVIDE MILIT>Y SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,IT MU/ BE /RESS$ FROM ! \TSET ?AT ?IS HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ANY ALTRUI/IC MOTIVES ( WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY -- A CONCEPT ,/AL9 HAD R5\NC$ PUBLICLY S9CE HIS 5TRY 9TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS 9 #a#i#c#d1 COMMITT+ HIMSELF 9/EAD TO SUPPORT+ LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 ,/AL9'S DECISION TO S5D >MS TO ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 WAS BAS$ /RICTLY ON ! DIPLOMATIC & /RATEGIC EXIG5CIES ( ,SOVIET =EIGN POLICY4 

,= ,/AL91 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS A PAWN 9 A DIPLOMATIC *ESS GAME BE+ PLAY$ \T BY ! ?REE GREAT ,EUROPEAN P[] BLOCS -- ! ,AXIS1 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 & ,RUSSIA4 ,/AL9 HOP$ ?AT ! SURROGATE W> BE+ F\<T 9 ,SPA9 W\LD PROVIDE HIM ) SUFFICI5T BREA?+ SPACE TO DIV]T OR M9IMIZE ! EFFECT ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ( ! 9EVITABLE WID] ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,HITL]'S EXPANSIONI/ POLICIES W\LD1 ,/AL9 BELIEV$1 DRAG ,G]MANY 9TO CONFLICT ) ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE LEAV+ ,RUSSIA AS AN ONLOOK]4 ,H[EV]1 ,SOVIET =EIGN POLICY AT ! TIME ALSO REQUIR$ ?AT ! BALANCE ( =CES 9 ,EUROPE %\LD NOT BE UPSET4 ,SOVIET SUPPORT = SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE W\LD AFFECT ,RUSSIA'S DELICATE MILIT>Y ALLIANCE ) ,FRANCE & ITS RELATION%IP ) ,GREAT ,BRITA94 

,H[EV]1 AS DISSID5T ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIAN ,F]N&O ,CLAUD9 PO9TS \T1 NEI!R C\LD IT REALI/ICALLY DODGE ITS DUTY 'TO %[ ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ) ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 >MS )\T RISK ( LOS+ ALL PRE/IGE 9 ! EYES ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT4' 

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