,*APT] #be 
,ADDRESS BY ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 #c ,JANU>Y #aicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,ADDRESS BY ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 #c ,JANU>Y #aicg 

  
  

0,COMRADES & FRI5DS3 

,I HAVE ACCEPT$ ! HONOR ( 9ITIAT+ ?IS S]IES ( TALKS ) ! PLEASURE ( ONE :O MU/ COMPLY ) A SELF IMPOS$ OBLIGATION1 = ANYONE :O HAS PLOTT$ ! POSITION ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM MU/ TODAY PLOT ALSO ! PRECISE POSITION TO :I* IT HAS BE5 BR\<T BY ! EV5TS ?R\< :I* WE >E LIV+4 

,WE AS AN>*I/S HAVE AM5D$ NO?+ ( ?AT :I* WAS CONSUB/ANTIAL ) \R V]Y SELVES4 ,?AT DECL>ATION NE$$ TO BE MADE4 ,WE >E AN>*I/S1 WE REMA9 SU* & WE PURSUE ! SAME IDEALS AS EV]4 ,EV5TS HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) :AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS & %ALL CONT9UE TO BE4 ,BUT A DI/9CTION HAS TO BE MADE BETWE5 ! IMMOBILE IDEAL & ! ET]NAL ASPIRATION4 ,AN IMMOBILE IDEAL1 A /AGNANT IDEAL :I* HAS NO FLEXIBILITY1 NO AGILITY & NO ABILITY TO REACT 7IT & ITS REPRES5TATIVES7 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,SU* AN IDEAL IS DOOM$ TO BE OV]TAK51 PU%$ ASIDE & REPLAC$ BY O!R IDEALS4 ,?IS IS :AT WE ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT4 ,)\T ! IDEAL'S CEAS+ TO BE ! SAME1 )\T ! AN>*I/ IDEAS HAV+ BE5 =C$ TO BEAT A RETREAT 9 ! FACE ( ! =MIDABLE EXP]I5CE ( ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION & ,SPANI% CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE HAVE MANAG$ TO ADAPT \RSELVES1 BE5 ABLE TO F9D \R NI*E1 & TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! PHYSICAL PRECEPT ) :I* ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL DEF9$ ! WORD AU?ORITY4 0,AU?ORITY IS SOME?+ FROM :I* WE KEEP SUBTRACT+ & ( :I* SOME REMNANT ALWAYS REMA9S & :I* WE MU/ AIM ALWAYS TO DIM9I%40 

,NOBODY C\LD HAVE =ESE5 ! EV5TS :I* CAME 9 ! WAKE ( #ai ,JULY3 WE1 H[EV]1 DID NOT LOSE \R GRASP ( ! SITUATION & WE W5T ON ACT+ JU/ AS WE HAD UP TO !N1 =1 S9CE ! ADV5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 NO ORGANIZATION HAD GIV5 SO MU* PRO( ( REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR AS HAD \RS4 ,A RE=MI/ SOCIALISM1 AN ALMO/ UNIV]SAL PREF]5CE = ACCOMMODATION HAD BE5 A BRAKE UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,\R /EADFA/NESS1 ! SPUR 7:AT WE MI<T T]M \R OBSESSION7 WAS NECESS>Y TO :ITTLE AWAY AT ! =CES :I* OPPOS$ ! ADVANCES ( ! PROLET>IAT2 IT ALSO SUCCESSFULLY %IFT$ RE=MI/ SOCIALISM AS SU* ON TO A REVOLUTION>Y FOOT+4 ,& SO WE COME TO ! >MY REVOLT RESI/$ BY ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE H]OIC RESI/ANCE %AP$ EV5TS & L$ TO A NEW DAWN4 ,A MASS UPHEAVAL CAME TO PASS 9 ,SPA9 & \R PEOPLE HURL$ !MSELVES 9TO A REVOLUTION ?AT HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION NOR ) O!R UPHEAVALS4 ,!RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO REVOLUTION HAD WE NOT PREP>$ ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS \R TRIUMPH & ! MO/ *]I%$ PRIZE ?AT WE AN>*I/S POSSESS4 

,)\T DI/ORT+ AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY1 WE HAVE MANAG$ TO ADAPT \RSELVES TO CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 9/ANCES :5 AN>*I/S ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD C\LD SC>CELY UND]/& ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/4 ,I 9T5D NO CRITICISM ( AN>*I/S4 ,ONE CANNOT C5SURE A MOVEM5T1 NOR A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE1 LIKE ! /ATI/ COMMUNI/S OR SOCIALI/S1 9SI/ UPON ! TOTAL REALIZATION ( \R IDEALS4 ,ONCE ?IS WAS AGRE$1 \R POSITION BOIL$ D[N TO ?IS3 EI!R WE REMA9 9 OPPOSITION1 9 AN OPPOSITION 9COMPREH5SIBLE 9 ?AT WE ALL HAD TO M>%AL \R EF=TS >\ND ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC 7B\RGEOIS1 BUT IT /OOD = LIB]ALISM AGA9/ FASCISM7 OR WE MAKE \R [N /& :]EV] CIRCUM/ANCES OBLIG$ US TO4 ,HAD ALL ! COMRADES FROM ,EUROPE1 ,AM]ICA & ELSE:]E1 :O CANNOT COMPREH5D :AT WE >E DO+ ) ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BE5 9 ,SPA9 WE W\LD HAVE SE5 H[ !Y W\LD HAVE ACT$ & !IR M5TAL RESPONSE TO ! EV5TS :I* HAD COME TO PASS1 ) FACTS SO V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT WE HAD IMAG9$4 ,! IDEALS >E ! SAME1 BUT SOMETIMES ONE HAS NO OPTION BUT TO AM5D EV5 ONE'S OP9ION ( ! FACTS :I* OCCURR$ 9 SU* A WAY O!R ?AN ! MANN] ANTICIPAT$4 ,NOBODY C\LD HAVE KN[N ?AT WE W\LD BE MAK+ ! REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME AS WAG+ A W>4 ,NOT A CIVIL W> LIKE ! CIVIL W>S ( ! LA/ C5TURY 9 :I* !RE WAS A P>ITY ( =CES1 BUT A MOD]N W> ) EV]Y ELEM5T REQUIR$ = ! /RUGGLE4 

,HAD WE PROCE$$ ON #ai ,JULY TO IMPLEM5T ! TOTALITY ( \R LIB]T>IAN IDEALS1 ! UP%OT W\LD HAVE BE5 CATA/ROPHIC1 JU/ AS IT W\LD HAVE BE5 HAD ! /ATI/ COMMUNI/S OR SOCIALI/S MADE ! ATTEMPT4 ,SU* AN ATTEMPT W\LD HAVE SMA%$ ! COMMON FRONT4 ,= ?IS REASON WE W]E ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE A NOTE ( DELIB]ATION 9TO \R ASPIRATIONS4 ,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE'S BATTLE AGA9/ FASCISM1 ITSELF A BOLD & GR&IOSE EF=T BY AN UN>M$ PEOPLE1 A PEOPLE ?AT NE$$ SEV]AL DAYS TO /IR ! CONSCI5CE ( O!R PEOPLES1 F\ND US ALONE 9 \R WILL TO BE FREE BE+S1 AS AGA9/ ! AU?ORIT>IAN P5*ANT ( 9T]NATIONAL FASCISM4 ,WE /& = A MOVEM5T OPPOS$ TO ! EV]-AGGRESSIVE IMP]IALISMS ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 ,& ALREADY ?IS CONTE/ IS SO GREAT ?AT VICTORY OV] FASCISM WAS WELL WOR? ! LAY+ D[N ( \R LIVES4 

,WE ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 COGNIZANT ( ! OV]:ELM+ NE$S1 IMPOS$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! MOM5T1 HAVE ESP\S$ A L9E ( CONDUCT DESIGN$ TO AVOID A REPETITION ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA :]E AN>*ISM1 = ALL ITS MI<T1 WAS \/$ FROM ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION BY A M9ORITY ORGANIZATION4 

,ON #ai ,JULY WE W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA91 AT LEA/ AS F> AS ,CATALONIA WAS CONC]N$1 & WE C\LD HAVE EMB>K$ UPON ! ADV5TURE ( :OLESALE CONQUE/ ( \R IDEALS4 ,WE DID NOT1 LE/ IT WRECK EV]Y?+4 ,BY \R ATTITUDE WE HAVE PREV5T$ ANYONE'S BE+ ABLE TO BRIDLE ! EFF]VESC5CE ( ! PEOPLE BY MEANS ( A DICTATOR%IP4 

,! ,C,N,T'S 5TRY 9TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & 9TO ! ,G5]ALIDAD ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA 5SUR$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS NOT \/$ FROM ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS A G5U9E UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT & ( ALL ANTIFASCI/ ELEM5TS SO AS TO ]ECT AN IMPREGNABLE BULW>K AGA9/ 9T]NATIONAL FASCISM :I* HAD TURN$ ! P59SULA 9TO ITS FIELD ( OP]ATIONS1 & H[ ! PEOPLE :I* >E BEAT+ ! FASCI/S >E MAK+ SOCIAL ADVANCES BY CALL+ 9TO EXI/5CE A NEW CONCEPT ( LIFE1 A NEW SOCIETY4 

,TELL ME IF :AT WE >E DO+ IS NOT GREAT4 ,:5 WE REFLECT UPON ! TIMES 9 :I* WE LIVE WE A/\ND \RSELVES4 ,& WE WILL ?9K ON H[ WE HAVE F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO OV]COME SU* HUGE OB/ACLES4 

,( ALL ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! PRES5T H\R1 ! PROBLEM ( ! W> IS ! MO/ /RAI<T=W>D1 9 ?AT WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO A*IEVE & TO MA9TA9 ! UNITY ( ALL WORK]S1 REPUBLICAN1 SOCIALI/1 COMMUNI/ & AN>*I/ :O KN[ ?AT FASCISM REPRES5TS /RANGULATION1 SOME?+ T\<] ?AN ! LATE DICTATOR%IP BECAUSE ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 9JECT$ ) ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN FASCISM4 

,HATR$ ( FASCISM & ! URGE TO DEFEAT IT B9DS US TOGE!R BUT N[ IMAG9E ! PICTURE ONCE ! W> IS OV]1 ) DIFF]5T IDEOLOGICAL =CES :I* WILL WRE/LE = DOM9ION OV] ONE ANO!R4 ,ONCE ! W> IS 5D$1 ! PROBLEM WILL CROP UP AGA9 9 ,SPA9 ) ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS AS FEATUR$ 9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,WE MU/ MAKE \R /& H]E & N[4 ,WE HAVE TO SPELL \T \R PO9TS ( VIEW SO ?AT ! O!R P>TIES MAY KN[ :AT IS :AT1 & WE MAY ALL1 9 A C&ID1 LOYAL WAY >RIVE AT ! UNITY NE$$ = ! FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE TO SEEK \T ! PLAT=M1 ! COMMON GR\ND ?AT 5ABLES US1 ) ! GREATE/ FRE$OM & M9IMUM S*EME ( ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5TS1 TO PRESS ON ALONG ! ROAD UPON :I* WE HAVE EMB>K$ UNTIL WE REA* \R GOAL4 

,ALREADY WE HAVE SPOK5 ( :AT WE WANT ONCE ! W> HAS 5D$4 ,:AT WE SAY TODAY WE HAD BE5 SAY+ BE=E ! W>4 ,& WE SAID ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ CONSUB/ANTIAL ) ! HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 & ) ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE AS MANIFE/$ 9 EA* MOM5T ]UPT+ CONSCI\SNESS1 SU* AS ! REVOLT BY ! COMUN]OS ( ,CA/ILE OR ( ! ,CATALAN SEGADORES1 :I* LONG AGO ASS]T$ \R PEOPLE'S /& AGA9/ C5TRALIZ+1 ALL-ABSORB+ AU?ORITY444 ?IS ASPIRATION1 A S\RCE ( WOND] TO O!R L&S1 />TL$ BY ! CLIMATE ( LIB]TY & DEMOCRACY BY :I* IT WAS 9=M$1 & :I* WAS ! ASS]TION ( \R [N 9DIVIDUALITY OV] ANY?+ ?AT MAY HAVE SPELL$ TYRANNY OR OPPRESSION4 

,WE ALL HAVE ! SAME RACIAL FEEL+ = LIB]TY AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 & AGA9/ HUMILIATION & = ?IS REASON ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP1 ?AT F>CE1 WAS UNABLE TO PREVAIL 9 ,SPA91 ANY MORE ?AN ,MOLA & ,FRANCO WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE !IRS PREVAIL1 = \R PEOPLE PREF]S DEA? OV] SLAV]Y4 

,\R CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION IS /RAI<T=W>DLY F$]ALI/4 ,( MYSELF 9 P>TICUL> IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ,I AM CLOS] TO ,PI Y ,M>GALL ?AN TO ,BAKUN94 ,I CAN /ATE ?AT ALL WE ,SPANI% AN>*I/S SEE EYE TO EYE ) ,PI Y ,M>GALL'S PHILOSOPHICAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL \TLOOK BECAUSE ,PI Y ,M>GALL WAS ABLE TO DISCOV] ! V]Y ESS5CE ( \R SPIRIT4 ,F$]ALISM IS ! GU>ANTEE ?AT ! \TCOME ( ! CONTE/ WILL BE PROLIFIC 9 T]MS ( MAT]IAL B5EFITS = ! WORK]S ( ! CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE1 MAK+ ,SPA9 :AT HI!RTO %E HAS NOT BE54 ,WE MU/ ALL BE F$]ALI/S4 ,DESPITE !IR C5TRALI/IC \TLOOK1 AN 9H]ITANCE FROM ! C5TRALI/IC M5TALITY ( ,M>X & ONE ?AT HAS TO BE REM$I$1 ! COMMUNI/S MU/ BE F$]ALI/S4 ,ALL REPUBLICANS >E F$]ALI/S & WE MU/ BE F$]ALI/S TOO 9 ACCEPT+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICS :I* WILL GIVE EA* REGION ! RI<T TO ORD] ITS [N AFFAIRS4 ,TO DATE1 ,SPA9 HAS BE5 A MON/R\S HEAD UPON A WIZ5$ BODY4 ,ALL ( ! C\NTRY'S WEAL? FL[S TO ,MADRID4 

,! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! C\NTRY IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY IF ! B\RGEOISIE RETA9 !IR P[]4 ,%\LD ANY MOVE BE MADE TO RE/ORE P[] TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT W\LD BE ! GREATE/ ( CATA/ROPHES4 ,! WORK]S WILL BRAVE SACRIFICE = ! SAKE ( REVOLUTION & WILL /EP UP PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT %\LD ?IS BE ASK$ ( !M = ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT WILL BE TO NO AVAIL & 9DE$ ! WORK]S WILL NOT C\NT5ANCE IT4 ,9 FI<T+ AGA9/ FASCISM1 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE IS SIMULTANE\SLY FI<T+ AGA9/ SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES1 AGA9/ ! S5ORITISMO ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< GREAT] SACRIFICES BE ASK$ ( IT = AFT] ! W> & = ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS IT HAS A GOOD FI<T+ MORALE1 & IT WILL /ICK TO ITS PO/ & WORK = ITS [N SAKE & = ITS *ILDR5'S1 BUT IT WILL NEV] DO IT SO ?AT SOMEONE MAY MAKE HIS =TUNE ALONE2 IT WILL WORK & IT WILL /RUGGLE ONLY = ITSELF & = ! FUTURE4 ,LET NO ONE LOSE SI<T ( ?IS FACT4 ,A CIVIL W> DOES NOT COME 9TO IT4 ,?IS IS ! PEOPLE'S W>1 ! W> ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! LORDL+1 ! S]VICEMAN1 ! P>ASITE4 

,! B\RGEOIS P>TIES HAVE FAIL$1 HAV+ BE5 UNABLE TO CONJURE UP A MORAL CONSCI\SNESS OR TO /& UP TO ! >MY REVOLT1 LEAV+ ! MILIT>Y AT LIB]TY TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( ! CURR5T S$ITI\S REVOLT :OSE FAILURE IS DUE TO ITS LACK ( A POPUL> BASE4 

,H5CE=?1 IF ! NEW ,SPA9 IS TO TAKE %APE1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EV]Y FACET ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! C\NTRY BE H&$ OV] TO ! WORK]S1 & ONCE F$]ALISM HAS BE5 9TRODUC$1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT ! WORK]S A*IEVE ECONOMIC UNITY ?R\< ! EFFECTIVE1 CONT9U\S & TRU/WOR?Y AMALGAMATION ( ! TWO UNION GR\P+S1 ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T4 

,SO L(TY A CONCEPT ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE LIB]TY DO WE HAVE ?AT WE DO NOT SEEK ! SUCCESS ( A PROLET>IAN ECONOMIC POLICY AT ! PRICE ( ! IMPOSITION ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,9 ,SPA91 ) ! ECONOMY 9 ! WORK]S' H&S !RE MU/ BE AN ACC5TUAT+ ( ! MORALITY ( SACRIFICE & ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY4 ,MORALITY MU/ 9DUCE US TO BRAVE EV]Y H>D%IP1 RATION+1 & LONG] %IFTS = ! SAKE ( RECON/RUCTION1 9TEGRITY & AU/]ITY & EV]Y ONE ( US MU/ FEEL ?AT HE IS A SOLDI] ( A GREAT CAUSE2 & ALL PRIVILEGE HAS TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY WILL HELP US TO SET ASIDE \R SELFI%NESS & P]SONAL AMBITION SO AS TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO ! TASKS :I* >E TO 5SURE ?AT ALL \R HOPES BECOME REALITY4 ,?IS WE WANT & WE YIELD TO NONE 9 5C\RAG+ IT 9 \RSELVES & O!RS4 

,:]EAS IT HAS NOT PROV$ POSSIBLE TO ]ADICATE AU?ORITY ABSOLUTELY 9 ,SPA91 ITS PR]OGATIVES >E BE+ :ITTL$ AWAY BY1 FIR/ ( ALL1 F$]ALISM & NEXT BY MAN'S BE+ 9/RUCT$ 9 H[ TO LIVE )\T ANYONE'S ORD]+ HIM TO P]=M HIS DUTIES1 9/ILL+ )9 HIM A FEEL+ ( LIB]TY )9 ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES :I* REMA9 ! QU9TESS5CE ( LIB]ALISM4 

,?IS ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT1 S*OOL$ 9 SU* PR9CIPLES & ) ITS P]SONALITY HON$ BY ! REALITIES IMPOS$ BY ! /RUGGLE IT CONDUCTS1 WILL BE ! ONE TO PO9T ! WAY ALONG :I* ALL ( ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD MU/ FOLL[ 9 ORD] TO W9 ! RI<T TO LIB]TY & WELL-BE+4'  
  

,RESUME PUBLI%$ 9 ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION1 QUOT$ 9 ,PEIRATS1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 ,*4 #b4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #be -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #be -- ,UPDAT$4 

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