,*APT] #b 
,! ,QUE/ION ( ,MONEY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,QUE/ION ( ,MONEY 

  

,ONE ( ! GREATE/ *ALL5GES = AN>*ISM MU/ BE TO REJECT ! PRODUCTION-BAS$ OBSESSION ( /ATE COMMUNISM & ! M>KET OBSESSION ( CAPITALISM1 & A*IEVE A PRODUC]-CONSUM] BALANCE4 ,MONEY & ME?ODS ( REPLAC+ IT W]E IMPORTANT & COMPLEX MATT]S TO BE DECID$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP !RE W]E TWO DI/9CT VIEWS ON ! MATT]4 ,! FIR/ -- ?AT ADOPT$ BY ,KROPOTK91 CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGES SY/EM1 ADVOCAT+ 9/EAD 'DIPP+ 9TO /OCKS'1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( RES\RCES & REPUDIATION ( ANY H9T ( PAY DIFF]5TIALS4  
  

',A SOCIETY HAV+ TAK5 POSSESSION ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL?1 HAV+ BOLDLY PROCLAIM$ ! RI<T ( ALL TO ?IS WEAL? -- :ATEV] %>E !Y MAY HAVE 9 PRODUC+ IT -- WILL BE COMPELL$ TO AB&ON ANY SY/EM ( WAGES1 :E!R 9 CURR5CY OR LABOR NOTES4'.<#a#b#g.>  
  

,! SECOND VIEW1 DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN ,PI]RE ,BESN>D WAS ?AT MONEY %\LD BE RETA9$ ALONG ) CONSUM] V\*]S1 9 ORD] TO ELIM9ATE SPECULATION ON LOANS1 SAV+S1 ETC4 ,HE ALSO PROPOS$ A NATIONAL WAGE SY/EM BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONAL /OCKS & BONDS &1 POSSIBLY1 TI$ TO GOLD4 ,?IS APPROA* WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S SU* AS ,JOSIAH ,W>R5 :O >GU$ ?AT ! PRICE ( GOODS & S]VICES %\LD BE RELAT$ TO ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION & DELIV]Y 9/EAD ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET PR9CIPLE ?AT '! PRICE ( A ?+ IS ?AT :AT IT WILL BR+'4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CES :I* ROCK$ ,SPA9 BETWE5 #aica & #aicc 9 ,SPA9 HAD HELP$ ,ISAAC ,PU5TE DEVELOP & CL>IFY ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 HIS IMPORTANT PAMPHLET ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,9 ,>AGON1 = EXAMPLE1 DUR+ ! ,DECEMB] #aicc 9SURRECTION1 ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM HAD BE5 DECL>$ & MONEY ABOLI%$4.<#a#b#h.> ,9 ! #aicd ,A/URIAN UPRIS+ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 SOCIALI/ & DISSID5T ,M>XI/ DOM9AT$ >EAS1 POPUL> WORK]S' COMMITTEES HAD SPONTANE\SLY 9TRODUC$ A V\*] SY/EM ACCEPTABLE TO TRAD]S SO ?AT PEOPLE C\LD ACQUIRE PROVISIONS4 

,! #aicd EXP]IM5TS HAD CONSID]ABLE RESONANCE 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME4 ,EV5 ! H>D-L9E ,M>XI/S ( ! ,B,O,C & ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,E7 5?US$ AB\T ! ,A/URIAN WORK]S' A*IEVEM5TS 9 MONET>Y MATT]S 9 SPITE ( ,M>X & ,/AL9'S POSITION ON WAGE DIFF]5TIALS4 ,?US1 ON ! AN>*I/ SIDE1 !RE WAS ,BESN>D'S VIEW ( PAY & MONEY DIVE/$ ( !IR SPECULATIVE & EXPLOITATIVE FEATURES & ! ,PU5TE VIEW :I* CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( ! MONEY SY/EM4 ,9 CONSID]+ ?IS QUE/ION AT ! ,MAY #aicf ,Z>AGOZA ,CONGRESS ! ,C,N,T HAD H$G$ 9 ITS MOTION ADOPT+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM BY COM+ UP ) ! AMBIGU\S =MULA BAS$ ON '! PRODUC]'S PASS BOOK' ISSU$ BY ! APPROPRIATE UNION4 ,! PRODUC]S' PASS BOOK ALL[$ ONE TO3  
  

0CONSUME1 9 ACCORDANCE EI!R ) RATION+ OR ) !IR NE$S1 ALL PRODUCTS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! LOCALITY2 TO POSSESS1 = ONE'S [N USE1 A SUITABLE HOME1 NECESS>Y FURNITURE1 A *ICK5 RUN 7ON ! \TSKIRTS71 OR AN ALLOTM5T1 OR A G>D51 %\LD ! COLLECTIVE SO DECIDE3 TO USE PUBLIC S]VICES3 TO TAKE P>T 9 ! VOT+ ON ! DECISIONS MADE 9 ONE'S FACTORY1 WORK%OP1 SECTION1 UNION & LOCAL F$]ATION40  
  

,! W> BR\<T DIFF]5T RESPONSES TO ! QUE/ION ( MONEY4 ,WE HAVE ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,C,N,T COLLECTIVES ?AT ABOLI%$ MONEY ) DRAMATIC SYMBOLISM 9 BONFIRES1 !N F\ND !Y HAD TO RE9TRODUCE IT 9 A EUPHEMI/IC GUISE LAT]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON & ,CATALONIA F\ND ?AT B>T] DEVELOP$ NATURALLY 9 TIMES ( CRISIS & ?AT CITY COLLECTIVES OR 5T]PRISES (T5 PREF]R$ PRODUCE TO WOR?LESS PAP] MONEY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT B>T] IS SIMPLY A NEGOTIATION OV] VALUE DEF9$ 9 PRODUCT T]MS1 & IS NOT IMMUNE TO 'M>KET =CES'4 ,& JU/ BECAUSE MONEY IS NOT 9VOLV$ ?AT DOES NOT TAKE AWAY ! POT5TIAL = EXPLOITATION OR PR(ITE]+4 ,B>T] BETWE5 NATIONS = EXAMPLE W\LD /OP BALANCE ( PAYM5T PROBLEMS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! MO/ VICI\S ,?AT*]ITE WAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A ?IRD WORLD C\NTRY NE$+ 5]GY IS APPALL+LY VULN]ABLE :5 TRY+ TO EX*ANGE ITS MAJOR EXPORT COMMODITY IF IT IS EI!R P]I%ABLE OR SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATIONS 9 DEM&4 ,?AT IS :Y /ATELESS SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES MU/ AIM FIR/ & =EMO/ = SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 & TRADE MU/ BE LIMIT$ TO AN EX*ANGE ( SURPLUS4 ,CA% CROP AGRICULTURE MU/ BE AB&ON$1 PROVID+ ( C\RSE ?AT A SUFFICI5TLY HI< LEVEL ( FOOD PRODUCTION IS MA9TA9$ = FE$+ ! CITIES4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY & UNC]TA9 P]IOD ?AT FOLL[$ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ! PUBLIC S]VICES FUNCTION$ NORMALLY AS DID ! BASIC FOOD PROVISION+ ( ! CITY4 ,!RE W]E NO GREAT DEM&S ON ! SY/EM3 EA* COLLECTIVE MADE AN 9V5TORY ( ITS RES\RCES & IDEAS AS TO :AT IT MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! PAY-SCALE WAS REORGANIZ$3 ! HI< SAL>IES ( DIRECTORS & MANAG]S W]E ABOLI%$1 ! WAGES ( SKILL$ TE*NICIANS SU* AS 5G9E]S & =EM5 REMA9$ /ABLE :ILE LABOR]S' WAGES 9CREAS$ QUITE SIZABLY4 ,ON #bd ,JULY1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD SUPPORT$ A MOVE = LESS WORK & MORE PAY BY DECREE+ ! #d-H\R WEEK & A FIFTE5 P] C5T 9CREASE 9 WAGE LEVELS4 ,?IS WAS OPPOS$ BY ! ,C,N,T :O CALL$ = GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY4 ,ANO!R TR5D WAS ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! /&>D WAGE 9 ! BELIEF ?AT PRICES W]E FIX$4 ,?IS PRESUPPOS$ ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO 9FLATION & NO BLACK M>KET1 AL?\< ONE SOON DEVELOP$ 9 ,CATALONIA AS IT DID ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 

,ATTITUDES T[>DS MONEY ALSO V>I$ 9 ! RURAL COLLECTIVES4 ,SOME VILLAGES ABOLI%$ MONEY OV]NI<T1 BURN+ IT SYMBOLICALLY 9 SOME 9/ANCES1 OPT+ = IMM$IATE ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,O!RS *OSE TO POOL RES\RCES & ISSUE LOCAL CURR5CY NOTES4 ,BUT ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! REVOLUTION DID NOT L5D !MSELVES TO ! SUDD5 COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! MONEY SY/EM1 & IT SOON RE-APPE>$ 9 O!R GUISES4 ,!Y DID1 H[EV]1 GO A LONG WAY T[>DS ABOLI%+ ! RULE ( MONEY4 ,FRANK ,M9TZ PROVIDES AN 9T]E/+ QUOTE FROM ! VILLAGE ( ,BUJALANCE 9 ,CORDOBA1 :I* UND]L9ES ?IS AD HOC APPROA* TO MONEY AS A MEANS ( EX*ANGE3  
  

',EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 DONE HAS BE5 DONE RI<T AWAY1 BY WAY ( AN EXP]IM5T4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS BONDS W]E ISSU$1 5TITL+ ONE TO :ATEV] ONE NE$$4 ,LAT] ?IS PAP] MONEY WAS 9TRODUC$ & N[ WE HAVE ADOPT$ ! PRODUC]S' C>D SY/EM4 ,TO DATE ?IS IS ! BE/ >RANGEM5T WE HAVE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4'.<#a#b#i.>  
  

,H[EV]1 AN IMPORTANT WEAKNESS ( ! RATION C>D SY/EM WAS ITS IMPLICIT 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( MALE SUP]IORITY4 ,9 A RATION-FREE SY/EM EQUALITY BETWE5 ! SEXES & 9DIVIDUALS IS A DE FACTO PH5OM5ON4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ! PRODUC]S' C>D & ! RET5TION ( WAGE DIFF]5TIALS BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE WORK]S MEANT ?AT WOM5 9 COLLECTIVES1 ON ! :OLE1 E>N$ SUB/ANTIALLY LESS ?AN M54 ,9 ! ,ITALIAN $ITION ( HIS BOOK ,LEVAL NOTES3  
  

'9 AB\T HALF ( ! F>M COLLECTIVES1 ! WAGE PAID TO !M 7WOM57 WAS LESS ?AN ?AT PAID TO M51 9 ! O!R HALF IT WAS AB\T ! SAME2 !SE DIFF]5CES CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( ! FACT ?AT ONLY R>ELY DID A Y\NG WOMAN LIVE ALONE4' .<#a#c.>  
  

,MOREOV]1 ! FAMILY WAGE SY/EM1 :]E WAGES W]E DET]M9$ BY ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S1 ) WAGES = 9DIVIDUALS ADJU/$ ACCORD+1 MADE ! SP\SE ( A WORK]1 USUALLY A WOMAN1 DEP5D5T4 

,ANO!R ELEM5T COMMON TO BO? SORTS ( COLLECTIVE WAS ! PROBLEM ( EX*ANGE & PROCUREM5T ( GOODS FROM \TSIDE ! COLLECTIVE4 ,9 ALL CASES EXAM9$ BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ ! BASIC RECKON+ WAS WORK$ \T 9 PESETAS & A DEAL WAS !N /RUCK EI!R 9 MONEY1 BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVE & AN 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ?R\< B>T]1 BETWE5 COLLECTIVE & COLLECTIVE1 :]EV] POSSIBLE4 ,! COLLECTIVES CONTRIBUT$ A PORTION ( !IR PRODUCE FREE ( *>GE &1 OCCASIONALLY1 LOOK$ AFT] REFUGEES & CONVALESC5TS4.<#a#c#a.> 

,! MAJORITY ( ! COLLECTIVES CONF9$ !MSELVES TO ISSU+ A LOCAL CURR5CY OR 9TRODUC+ A V\*] SY/EM4 ,?IS EFFECTIVELY COMPELL$ ! RI*1 ALBEIT 9DIRECTLY1 TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE OR GO UND]4 ,FRANK ,M9TZ BELIEVES ?AT ! RI* 9 ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES UND]W5T A RADICAL *ANGE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT ONLY :5 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T W]E WORK+ TOGE!R AS ONE2 O!RWISE ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD E/ABLI% A ,C,P DOM9AT$ ,U,G,T BRAN* & PROTECT ! RI* & ?OSE OPPOS$ TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4.<#a#c#b.> ,9 ! T[NS ! RI* W]E R>ELY 9T]F]$ )4 ,:5 A P>TICUL> SY/EM DID NOT WORK ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE SIMPLY REPLAC$ IT ) ANO!R SY/EM4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES1 = EXAMPLE1 DECID$ TO REPLACE ! LOCAL CURR5CY SY/EM1 9TRODUC$ %ORTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN1 ) A UNI=M RATION BOOK1 BUT !Y LEFT IT UP TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL COLLECTIVE TO /IPULATE ! QUANTITY ( ITEMS AVAILABLE TO EA* FAMILY4 ,:]E ! MONET>Y SY/EM REMA9$ 9 USE A 'UNIT>Y WAGE' WAS 9TRODUC$4 ,FAIL+ ?IS1 ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO R$UCE DIFF]5TIALS BETWE5 ! HI<E/ AID L[E/ PAID WORK]S BY 9TRODUC+ A NATIONAL NORM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ! UNITS :I* ADOPT$ ! COLLECTIVI/ PR9CIPLE ( DAY WAGES W]E MORE /ABLE ?AN ! FEW :I* OPT$ = IMM$IATE1 ALL \T ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM3  
  

',9 SOME VILLAGES :]E CURR5CY HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ & ! POPULATION HELP$ ITSELF FROM ! COMMON POOL1 PRODUC+ & CONSUM+ )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! COLLECTIVES1 ! DISADVANTAGES ( ?IS P>ALYZ+ SELF-SUFFICI5CY MADE !MSELVES FELT1 & 9DIVIDUALISM SOON RETURN$ TO ! =E1 CAUS+ ! BREAKUP ( ! COMMUNITY BY ! )DRAWAL ( MANY =M] SMALL F>M]S :O HAD JO9$ BUT DID NOT REALLY HAVE A COMMUNI/ WAY ( ?9K+4'.<#a#c#c.>  
  

,!SE W]E JU/ SOME ( ! COMPLEX QUE/IONS & PROBLEMS FAC+ ! COLLECTIVI/S :I* EXPLA9 :Y ! COLLECTIVES DID NOT GO ALL ! WAY & ABOLI% ! MONEY SY/EM4 ,ALSO1 MANY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVES W]E ,CA?OLICS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 COMMUNI/S1 OR SIMPLY NONPOLITICAL1 & DID NOT %>E ! AN>*I/ VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT REASON ( ALL WAS ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! (FICIAL ECONOMIC & ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,/ATE4.<#a#c#d.> 

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