,*APT] #af 
,BACKGR\ND ,BRIEFS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,BACKGR\ND ,BRIEFS 

  
,SUMM] #a#i#c#f3 ,:Y DID WE FAIL TO TAKE ,Z>AGOZA8 

  

,BY ,$U>DO ,PONS ,PRADES1 ,NUEVA ,HI/ORIA ,NO #b#f1 ,M>* #aigi 7,TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY 7 

,AS WE APPROA* ! #f? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! 9T]NATIONAL CIVIL W> 9 ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i71 MANY ( ! ESS5TIAL ASPECTS ( ! CONFLICT >E N[ CLE>LY DEF9$4 ,YET !RE IS /ILL A RA!R OBSCURE P]IOD1 ESS5TIALLY ! TIME OCCUPI$ BY ! 9ITIAL PHASE ( ! W>1 BETWE5 ,JULY & ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,IT HAD TWO TELL+ FEATURES3 ! REPUBLICANS' 9ABILITY TO CAPTURE EV5 ONE ( ! ?REE MAJOR CITIES ( ,>AGON & ! RES\ND+ FAILURE ( ,FRANCO'S PU% AGA9/ ,MADRID4 ,!SE SETBACKS W]E TO HAVE A SUB/ANTIAL IMPACT UPON ! PROLONG+ ( ! W> ON ,IB]IAN SOIL4 ,TODAY WE %ALL TRY TO UNRAVEL ! REASONS :Y ,Z>AGOZA WAS NOT CAPTUR$ EI!R 9 ,AUGU/ OR 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 :5 ON BO? OCCASIONS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = SUCCESSFUL CAPTURE W]E 9 PLACE4 

,! OV]ALL IMPRESSION ( ! ,SPANI% W>1 OR ITS BEG9N+S AT ANY RATE1 IS ?AT AMATEURISM PREVAIL$4 ,TO SOME EXT5T1 IT SEEMS REASONABLE ?AT ?IS %\LD HAVE BE5 SO ON ! REPUBLICAN SIDE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO?+ LOGICAL AB\T ITS OBTA9+ 9 REBEL RANKS1 NOT JU/ BECAUSE ( !IR PR(ESSIONALISM -- !Y W]E PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y M5 -- BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( :]E ! 9ITIATIVE = ! ORGANIZ+ ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT CAME FROM4 ,IT WAS A V5TURE ( 9CALCULABLE SOCIO-POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ?AT W\LD SPLIT ! C\NTRY 9TO TWO IRRECONCILABLE CAMPS & ITS *IEF IMPACT WAS TO MAKE ! ORD9>Y POPULACE ! PR9CIPAL CASUALTIES ( ! FI<T+1 DUR+ ! W> AS WELL AS AFT] IT HAD 5D$4 

 ,P]IOD ( HESITANCY 

  

,EV5 ?\< !RE WAS MORE ?AN 5\< 9TELLIG5CE AVAILABLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT A REVOLT WAS IMM95T1 ! FACT IS ?AT ! REPUBLICAN LEAD]%IP WAS CAU<T NAPP+ BY ! ]UPTION ( IT & BY ! RU?LESS REPRESSION ?AT WAS ITS IMM$IATE AFT]MA?4 ,ONLY 9 ,CATALONIA -- ) ITS HOME RULE GOV]NM5T1 ! PRES5CE ( SIZABLE NUMB]S ( >M$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & ! DET]M9$ 9T]V5TION ( A H&FUL ( S]VICEM5 COMMITT$ TO ! ,REPUBLIC 7,VIC5TE ,GU>N]1 ,F$]ICO ,ESC(ET & ,J ,M ,ESPANA1 9 P>TICUL>7 -- WAS !RE A PROMPT RESPONSE & FROM ! \TSET ! DECKS W]E CLE>$4 ,& EV5 ?\< ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T WAS SIDEL9$ BY ! ACTIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 /ATE & P>A-/ATE /RUCTURES SURVIV$ ! CRU%+ ( ?AT REVOLT PRETTY MU* 9TACT4 ,FE$+ ! PROSPECT ?AT1 ! REVOLT HAV+ BE5 SNUFF$ \T1 IT W\LD BE ! REVOLUTION'S TURN NEXT4 ,DESPITE ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 ! SOCIALIZATIONS & O!R SUPPOS$LY REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES & ! CREATION ( A NEW BR& ( ORGANISM UNMI/AKABLY HELL B5T ON A FRE% APPROA*1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO REMEMB] ,SA9T-,JU/'S DICTUM3 0,A REVOLUTION ?AT /OPS HALF WAY IS TANTAM\NT TO REVOLUTION>IES' DIGG+ !IR [N GRAVES40 ,SO1 AS ! COLUMNS ( MILITIANS FROM ,CATALONIA HEAD$ (F TO ,>AGON1 !Y W]E LEAV+ BEH9D !M A NUMB] ( CONDITIONS ?W>T+ ! H&IWORK ( ?OSE :OSE VIEW WAS ?AT ! W> WAS A MEANS RA!R ?AN AN 5D4 ,! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aicg W]E ALREADY 9 ! MAK+4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 ) ,COLONEL ,P]EZ ,F>RAS AS ITS MILIT>Y ADVIS]1 SET (F FROM ,B>CELONA ON #bc ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ) SOME?+ OV] TWO ?\S& M54 ,BR++ UP ! RE> ( ! C>AVAN ( LORRIES & BUSSES W]E ?REE LI<T >TILL]Y BATT]IES UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAJOR ,F]N&O ,CLAUD94 ,BUJ>ALOZ WAS OV]RUN ON #b ,AUGU/ & ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI SET UP HIS COMM& PO/ !RE4 ,LAT] ! COLUMN PU%$ ON T[>DS ! RIV] ,EBRO1 OCCUPY+ ,P9A & ,OS]A & COM+ TO )9 #b-#b#e KILOMET]S ( ,Z>AGOZA ITSELF4 ,EXCEPT = SOME M9OR SKIRMI%+ >\ND ,BUJ>ALOZ1 O!R PLACES W]E OV]RUN )\T A FI<T4 

,:I* LEAVES ! QUE/ION ( ! COLUMN'S 0/OPP+ %ORT0 ONCE IT HAD PASS$ ,BUJ>LOZ1 & UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY TWO MAJOR EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 (F]$ = ?IS3 #a7 ! COLUMN WAS /OPP$ BY ! ,EBRO RIV] & #b7 AN ORD] WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ,COMMITEE 9 ,B>CELONA TO ! EFFECT ?AT IT HALT ITS ADVANCE & WAIT = ! ,ORTIZ ,COLUMN 7S\? ( ! RIV] ,EBRO7 TO OV]RUN ,BEL*ITE & ,QU9TO4 ,WELL1 A SIMPLE GLANCE AT ! MAP WILL SUFFICE TO %[ ?AT ! ,EBRO RUNS P>ALLEL TO ! ,L]IDA-TO-,Z>AGOZA HI<WAY & ?AT !RE WAS NO OB/ACLE TO ACCESS 9TO ,Z>AGOZA EXCEPT = ! V]Y GATES ( ! CITY4 ,AL?\< WE %\LD PO9T \T ?AT 9 LATE ,OCTOB] ! ?REE BRIDGES SPANN+ ! RIV] 7! ,SANTIAGO1 DE ,PI$RA & ,EL ,PIL> BRIDGES71 LOCAT$ 9 ! NOR? ( ! CITY1 W]E /ILL 9TACT & UN-M9$4 ,SO AN EF=T TO AT LEA/ SEV] ! ,Z>AGOZA-,HUESCA HI<WAY WAS FEASIBLE & ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ( GREAT S]VICE TO ! COLUMNS :I* W]E PRESS+ ON T[>DS ,HUESCA1 UND] ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA'S COMM&1 COLUMNS BOGG$ D[N 9 T\< FI<T+ 9 ,SIETAMO4 ,AS = ! SECOND !ORY1 WE HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO F9D ANY TRACE ( ANY SU* ORD] EMANAT+ FROM ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE4 ,BUT1 EV5 IT DID EXI/1 IT C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 ISSU$ AFT] FUR!R 9TELLIG5CE HAD COME 9 FROM ! OP]ATIONAL ZONE TO PROMPT ?AT DECISION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,ORTIZ ,COLUMN WAS SOON /ALL$ \TSIDE ,BEL*ITE &1 TO ! NOR?1 REPUBLICAN =CES W]E SOON V]Y CLOSE TO ! T[N & 9 SI<T ( ITS ASYLUM & CEMET]Y4 ,) !IR LEFT FLANK PROTECT$ BY ! RIV] ,EBRO -- :I* ! 5EMY W\LD HAVE TO CROSS IF HE WANT$ TO H>RY ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN -- H[ COME REPUBLICAN =CES DID NOT !N PRESS ON ) !IR M>* ON ,Z>AGOZA8 

 ,FROM ,B>CELONA TO ,Z>AGOZA1 A WALK 9 ! P>K1 MILIT>ILY8 

  

,JUDG+ FROM ! EVID5CE FROM OLD MILITANTS & SOME PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S 7A HI<-RANK+ >TILL]Y COMM&] AMONG !M7 :O WITNESS$ ?+S AT FIR/ H&1 ! ACTUAL ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION IS ! 0BOMB+0 UND]GONE BY ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN AT ! H&S ( ?REE PLANES :OSE CREWS DROPP$ A NUMB] ( #e& #a-KILO TIM$ BOMBS ON IT4 ,! 9EXP]I5CE & 9DISCIPL9E ( ! EXP$ITION>Y =CE RESULT$ 9 WIDESPREAD PANIC4 ,ONE EYE-WITNESS TO ?IS -- ,C4,B4,V4 -- HAS ASSUR$ US3 0,!RE WAS NOBODY LEFT 9 ,BUJ>OLOZ SAVE ,DURRUTI & A HUNDR$ MILITANT DIE-H>DS :O TOOK SEV]AL DAYS TO R\ND UP ! SCATT]$ =CES40 ,AT >\ND ?IS TIME 7E>LY ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f71 ,DURRUTI REPORT$ ?AT 0,Z>AGOZA IS EFFECTIVELY 9 HIS GRASP & VICTORY IS C]TA9 & IMM95T0 & HE EXPLA9$ ?AT1 :ILE HE HAD YET TO ACTUALLY 5T] ! CITY1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE 0HE IS WAIT+ = ! COLUMNS OP]AT+ ON HIS FLANKS TO MOVE A LITTLE FUR!R UP40 ,! FACT IS ?AT !RE W]E TOO MANY FOLK 9 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN :O HAD NOT HAD ANY H&1 ACT OR P>T 9 ! CRU%+ ( ! REBELS 9 ,B>CELONA & :O REG>D$ ! CONQUE/ ( ,>AGON AS A MILIT>Y CAKEWALK4 ,! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION PROBABLY HELD LOTS ( TRI$ & TE/$ MILITANTS 9 ,B>CELONA1 :5 !IR PRES5CE ON ! FRONT MI<T HAVE BE5 PRICELESS4 

,! ,ORTIZ ,COLUMN1 ) 9FANTRY ,COLONEL ,F]N&O ,SALAV]A AS ITS MILIT>Y ADVIS]1 W\LD SET (F FROM ,B>CELONA ON #bd ,JULY1 ALSO BY ROAD1 ) SOME #b1 M51 A FAIR NUMB] ( :OM W]E EX-SOLDI]S & ,N,C,OS FROM ! #c#d? ,REGIM5T4 ,ITS FIR/ T>GET1 ,CASPE1 WAS CONTROLL$ BY A COMPANY ( ,CIVIL ,GU>D & AB\T #b ,>AGONESE ,FALANGI/S UND] ,CAPTA9 ,NEGRETE4 ,AFT] OV]COM+ ! 5EMY'S DOGG$ RESI/ANCE1 ! MILITIAM51 :O LO/ SOME #be ( !IR COMRADES1 OV]RAN ! T[N & PRESS$ ON 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,ALCANIZ1 :I* WAS CAPTUR$ AFT] SOME BRIEF FI<T+4 ,AT :I* PO9T ! COLUMN SPLIT UP3 ONE P>T HELD ! ,HIJ>-TO-,ESCATRON L9E & ! RE/ HEAD$ = ,BEL*ITE1 DIGG+ 9 \TSIDE ?AT T[N AFT] OCCUPY+ ,SA/AGO1 ,LA ,ZAIDA & ,AZAILA4 ,9 E>LY ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,ORTIZ UNIT WAS JO9$ BY A SMALL COLUMN1 ! ,C>OD-,F]R] ,COLUMN1 :I* HAD JU/ CAPTUR$ ,GOYA'S BIR?PLACE1 ,FU5DETODOS1 & DUG 9 \TSIDE ( ,VILLANUEVA DE ,HUELVA4 ,SATURN9O ,C>OD ,L]91 A NATIVE ( ,>AGON1 WAS A PROM95T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNION LEAD] 9 ,B>CELONA1 :ILE HIS 0MILIT>Y ADVIS]0 WAS ,CIVIL ,GU>D LIEUT5ANT ,JOSE ,F]R] ,BONET4 

 ,DREAM ,TIME 

  

,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 OBVI\S TO LABOR MILITANTS1 UNLESS !Y W]E WANT+ 9 T]MS ( REVOLUTION>Y REALISM1 ?AT FROM GOV]NM5T CIRCLES -- C5TRAL OR HOME RULE GOV]NM5T CIRCLES -- AID W\LD BE =?COM+ ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT 0! FLOODWAT]S RETREAT$40 ,IT WAS ! SAME /ORY NATIONALLY & 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S -- DEMOCRATS GOV]N+ BUT ) CAPITALISM CALL+ ! %OTS -- W\LD NOT HELP ,SPANI% REPUBLICANS1 BE+ ( ! VIEW ?AT !Y W]E DAMAG+ !IR 9T]E/S 9 ! P59SULA &1 ON LIKE GR\NDS1 ! C5TRAL & ,CATALAN GOV]NM5TS W\LD AB&ON ,>AGON TO ITS FATE ON ! BASIS ?AT REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5TS !RE W]E GO+ TOO F>4 ,ALL ( ?IS 7& MORE7 WAS PR$ICTABLE BECAUSE IT WAS 7& IS71 AS ! OLD SAY+ HAS IT 09 ! NATURE ( ?+S40 ,SO IT SEEMS R$UNDANT TO /ATE ?AT1 9 ORD] TO =GE HEAD 9 !IR TWOPRONG$ W>-PLUS-REVOLUTION>Y 5DEAVORS1 ,IB]IA'S REVOLUTION>IES -- & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 P>TICUL> -- %\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK+ ONLY TO !IR [N RES\RCES1 :I* W]E CONSID]ABLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRETY ( ! PEOPLE ( ,>AGON W]E ON !IR SIDE4 ,MAJOR ,VIC5TE ,GU>N]1 9 ONE ( HIS BOOKS1 BE>S ?IS \T3  
  

0,! 9TELLIG5CE ACQUIR$ BY ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN 7HE MEANS ! 9TELLIG5CE IT SUPPLI$ AFT] GA!R+ IT FROM ! M\?S ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS ESCAP+ FROM ,Z>AGOZA7 WAS V]Y USEFUL4 ,ON VIRTUALLY A NI<TLY BASIS1 WORK]S W]E LEAV+ ,Z>AGOZA & >M$ MILITIANS 5T]+ ! CITY :I* !Y KNEW WELL & ?US !Y REPORT$ BACK TO US ON ! MOBILIZATION ( ! CLASSES ( #aica ?R\< TO #a#i#c#e1 ! >RIVAL 9 ! ,>AGONESE CAPITAL FROM #be ,JULY ONW>DS ( BETWE5 #b1 & #b1#e REQUETES FROM ,NAV>RA UND] ! COMM& ( TRA9$ (FIC]S1 SOME ( :OM HAD BE5 TRA9$ 9 ,ITALY40.<#a#b#c.>  
  

,9 VIEW ( ! EASE ) :I* ,Z>AGOZA C\LD BE 5T]$ & LEFT & ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL 9TELLIG5CE RECEIV$ 7DESPITE ! H>% CRACKD[N ( ! FIR/ FEW DAYS1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I W]E REORGANIZ+71 ! NOTION ( ORGANIZ+ AN OP]ATION TO TAKE ! CITY ( ,Z>AGOZA FROM )9 & FROM )\T />T$ TO G]M9ATE 9 ! M9DS ( ! TOP RESPONSABLES 7COMM&]S7 ( ! LIB]T>IAN COLUMNS4 ,AS WELL AS ! OP]ATION'S BE+ M\NT$ )\T ANY NON-,C,N,T 9VOLVEM5T4 ,?US1 HAD ?AT OP]ATION BE5 A SUCCESS1 ! HOPE WAS ?AT !Y W\LD BE BETT] HE$$ BY GOV]NM5T CIRCLES 9 ,B>CELONA & ,MADRID4 ,BUT )9 ! ,C,N,T ITSELF1 ! PROLIF]ATION ( COMMITTEES L$ TO GREAT TIME-WA/+1 S9CE1 :AT ) ! MORE BATTLE-H>D5$1 %REWD & RELIABLE MILITANTS BE+ TI$ UP ) !SE1 IT SEEM$ !RE WAS NO WAY ( DISP5S+ ) ! 9PUT FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES = ,CATALONIA & = ,>AGON-,RIOJA-,NAV>RA1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 &1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,NOR1 ( C\RSE1 FROM A NUMB] ( COMRADES 7:OSE CONTRIBUTION MI<T PROVE CRUCIAL AT A GIV5 PO9T7 HOLD+ D[N PO/S 9 A RANGE ( ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T BODIES OR ON ! ,C5TRAL ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE4 ,AT ! TIME TOO1 !RE WAS A LOT ( 5?USIASM = LAUN*+ A GU]RILLA W> BEH9D ! 5EMY L9ES3 0,ONE DAY1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SPELL$ \T A S*EME = TAK+ TO ! ,&ALUSIAN SI]RAS ) SEV]AL ?\S&S ( COMRADES0 -- ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN REC\NTS4 0,& WE ASSOCIAT$ ?IS 9ITIATIVE ) \R WI% TO DRIVE 9TO ,NAV>RA4 ,EA* ( US W\LD TAKE *>GE ( AN EXP$ITION3 EXPOS+ \RSELVES & GAMBL+ \R V]Y LIVES4 

,! MATT] WAS PUT TO ! ,W> ,M9I/RY4 ,PRIETO WAS 5?US$ BY ! IDEA & AGREEABLE TO ITS BE+ IMPLEM5T$ IMM$IATELY4 ,WE SET AB\T TRA9+ ! M5 :O W\LD BE GO+ ) US 444 BUT ! ORD]S DO NOT ALWAYS COME FROM ! M5 9 *>GE4 ,ABOVE ,PRIETO1 ! M9I/] ( ,W>1 W]E ,RUSSIAN ADVIS]S & 9 !IR EYES WE MI<T POSE A DANG]4 ,& AFT] WE HAD ALREADY EMB>K$ UPON LOTS ( WORK T>GET+ ! ,FRANCOI/ ZONE1 ?R\< SKILLFUL & D>+ EMISS>IES1 ! ?+ WAS DROPP$40.<#a#b#d.> 

,!RE IS ANO!R QUE/ION FLOAT+ 9 ! AIR3 ,H[ COME ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I P]SONNEL DID NOT1 (F !IR [N BAT & AT !IR [N RISK & COME HELL OR HI< WAT] EXPLOIT !IR ABILITY TO MOBILIZE PEOPLE8 ,ESPECIALLY :5 REGIONS AS REVOLUTION>Y AS ,GALICIA1 ,EXTREMADURA & WE/]N ,&ALUSIA W]E N[ BEH9D ! 5EMY'S L9ES8 

,P>TICUL>LY S9CE ! 9DICATIONS >E ?AT !Y REFUS$ TO GIVE UP ON !IR AMBITI\S PLAN TO CAPTURE ,Z>AGOZA4 

 ,OP]ATION ',FREE ,COMMUNE'3 ,! ,TAK+ ( ,Z>AGOZA 

  

,!RE >E /ILL 5\< SURVIVORS >\ND = US TO BE ABLE TO \TL9E ! PREP>ATORY PHASES ( A MILIT>Y OP]ATION HAT*$ 9 ! M9DS & HE>TS ( A H&FUL ( PEACE-LOV]S :OM A FREAK ( ,HI/ORY HAD =C$ TO TURN 9TO M5 ( W>4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE TE/IMONIALS1 & ! ONE ?AT HAS 9SPIR$ ?IS >TICLE1 COMES FROM ,SATURN9O ,C>OD1 ! COMM&] (1 FIR/1 A COLUMN & !N1 AFT] MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS1 POLITICAL COMMISS> ) ! ,POPUL> ,>MY'S #a#a#h? ,MIX$ ,BRIGADE4 ,! COMM&] ( ! #a#a#h? WAS NONE O!R ?AN ,CRI/ORIANO ,CA/AN1 A ,Z>AGOZA PA9T] :O W\LD PROVE TO BE A REAL MILIT>Y G5IUS1 ! BRA9S BEH9D 0,OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE0 -- ! PRIM>Y OBJECT ( :I* WAS ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA3 HE WAS ! 0EXP]T CONSULTANT0 TO ! MAN AT ! TOP1 ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ4 ,! SAME ,ORTIZ W\LD GO ON TO COMM& ! #b#e? ,DIVISION & WAS1 AT ! TIME 9 QUE/ION1 9 *>GE ( ! ,S\?-,EBRO ,COLUMN4 ,ALL ?REE M5 W]E ( ! LIB]T>IAN P]SUASION4 0,! FACT IS ?AT \R COMRADE ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN0 -- ,C>OD /AT$ TO US4 0HAD L$ A DELEGATION ?AT TRAVEL$ TO ,MADRID TO SECURE AID FROM ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 COM+ AWAY ) NO?+ BUT PROMISES4 

,ALONG ) ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 WE PAID A VISIT TO ! PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 9 ! =M] ROYAL PALACE 9 ,MADRID4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ! DAYS ( PANIC FOLL[+ ! DISA/]S 9 ,TALAV]A 444 ,WE SET \T \R SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA & \R URG5T REQUIREM5TS & WE FILL$ HIM 9 ON \R TALKS ) ,GIRAL & ! WELCOME WE ?\<T ?AT \R OV]TURES HAD RECEIV$4 ,WE ASK$ ,AZANA TO 9T]V5E P]SONALLY LE/ ! PROMISES ?AT HAD BE5 MADE TO US COME TO NO?+4 ,AZANA TOLD US ?AT HE WAS VIRTUALLY A PRISON]1 ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION DID NOT ALL[ HIM ! SLI<TE/ 9T]V5TION & ?AT HIS ROLE WAS TO LET ! TALK+ BE DONE BY ?OSE :O W]E ! LAWFUL GOV]NM5T1 ) ! BACK+ ( ! P>TIES OR ! ,P>LIAM5T4 ,WE PRESS$ HIM TO CA% 9 ON ! PRE/IGE ?AT HE 5JOY$ )9 & \TSIDE ,SPA94 ,HIS SIL5CE & PASSIVITY1 HID+ BEH9D ! ,CON/ITUTION OR NOT1 WAS TANTAM\NT TO CRIM9ALITY GIV5 ! TIMES WE W]E GO+ ?R\< & HIS ATTITUDE ( FOLD+ HIS >MS 9 ! FACE ( TRAG$Y C\LD NEV] BE C\NT5ANC$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! CONV]SATION WE GOT ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! MAN HAD NO SYMPA?Y ) FASCISM1 BUT ?AT HE HAD EV5 LESS ) REVOLUTION & ) ! PEOPLE'S TAK+ A DIRECT H& 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 UNLESS !Y RESPECT$ ! B>RI]S PUT 9 PLACE BY ! REPUBLICAN MICRO-P>TIES ?AT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE ) ! ADV5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,) M5 LIKE ,AZANA >\ND1 FASCI/ PLOTT+ WAS 9EVITABLE & LOSS ( ! W> A =EGONE CONCLUSION40  
  

0,SO1 BE+ F$ UP ) PROMISES0 -- ,C>OD NOTES -- 0WE MADE READY TO %IFT = \RSELVES4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ MOVES WE MADE WAS TO SELECT RESPONSABLES 7COMM&]S7 CAPABLE ( %[+ 9ITIATIVE & ( KEEP+ MOM AB\T :AT WAS BE+ PLANN$40 ,ONE ( ! Y\NG LIB]T>IANS MU/]$ AT ! ,CAN> DE ,AZAILA CAMP -- ,5RIQUE ,CASANAS ,PI]A -- HAS TOLD US3 0,!RE WE LE>N$ H[ TO MOVE SIL5TLY & TO OP]ATE AT NI<T3 TO KEEP TALK TO A M9IMUM & NOT TO SMOKE1 TO SCATT] 9 ! EV5T ( DANG] & TO RE-GR\P4 ,WE KNEW NO?+ AS TO :]E \R PO/+ W\LD BE1 AL?\< WE IMAG9$ ?AT IT MI<T HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) ,Z>AGOZA & WE HADN'T ! SLI<TE/ CONTACT ) FOLK \TSIDE ! CAMP OV] ! F\R OR FIVE WEEKS WE W]E MU/]$ !RE40  
  

,FUR!R EVID5CE ( ! PRECAUTION>Y MEASURES TAK5 >\ND 0,OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE0 COMES 9 ! %APE ( ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROPAG&A SIDE ( ! OP]ATION W]E FLE%$ \T4 ,WE HAVE IT FROM ONE ( ! *IEF PROTAGONI/S1 ,MANUEL ,SALAS AKA ',SALICAS'1 :O WAS 9 *>GE ( ! LIB]T>IAN PUBLICATION ,CULTURA Y ,ACCION3 0,IT WAS ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ?\S&S ( LEAFLETS ( V>I\S SIZES1 COLORS & TEXTS W\LD BE PR9T$ UP -- PLUS PO/]S & P5NANTS4 ,WE HAD ALL ( ?IS READY TO GO AS & :5 WE W]E TOLD4 ,MO/ ( ! LEAFLETS W]E %IPP$ TO ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,AIR ,=CE0 9 ,S>95A1 :]E WE W]E ASSUR$ ( ! COOP]ATION ( ONE ( ! PILOTS ( ! PLANE ?AT FLEW DAILY TO ,B>CELONA4 ,! LEAFLETS W\LD BE DROPP$ FROM ?AT PLANE OV] ,Z>AGOZA4 ,& AT >\ND ?AT TIME ,I WAS WORK+ 9 A PR9T-%OP 9 ,ALCANIZ1 :]E WE C>RI$ \T WORK = ALL ! COLUMNS4 ,! FIRM HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$1 BUT ! [N] HAD /AY$ ON AS A 0TE*NICIAN04 ,SO1 TO PROVIDE AGA9/ ANY UNWITT+ SLIP ( ! TONGUE1 ,I DECID$ TO BANI% HIM FROM ! PR9T-%OP = ! DURATION ( ',OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE' & ! BE/ ?AT ,I C\LD COME UP WAS TO HAVE HIM >RE/$ BY ! MILITIAS WAT* AG5CY AS A SUSPECT & HELD 9 ,ALCANIZ JAIL UNTIL SU* TIME AS WE MI<T COMPLETE ! 'HU%-HU%' WORK4 ,IT WAS A L\SY ?+ TO DO1 ,I'LL GRANT Y\1 & LAT] ,I HAD TO MAKE MY APOLOGIES1 BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT EV]Y PRECAUTION WE TOOK WAS LITTLE 5\<4 ,A S+LE 9DISCRETION MI<T HAVE CO/ US HUNDR$S OR EV5 ?\S&S ( LIVES & ?W>T$ ! OP]ATION40 

 ,FIF? ,COLUMN ,JIGG]Y ,POK]Y 

  

,C>OD CAN RECALL ! NAMES ( ! COMRADES TO :OM ! FIVE C5TURIAS 7EA* MADE UP ( FIVE #b-MAN TEAMS7 DUE TO OP]ATE 9SIDE ,Z>AGOZA W]E 5TRU/$3 ,BATI/A ,ALBESA 7FROM ,VALD]ROBLES_/,T]UEL71 ,AGU/9 ,REMIRO 7FROM 

,EPILA_/,Z>AGOZA71 PLUS ,MEL5DO1 ,RAMON & ,LOGRONO1 ALL FROM ,Z>AGOZA4,! FIR/ TWO M5 9 P>TICUL> -- ,C>OD TELLS US ADMIR+LY -- W]E EXCEPTIONAL3  
  

8,DRESS$ AS A ,FALANGI/1 ,BATI/A MANAG$ TO GET AS F> AS ,SALAMANCA & ON ANO!R OCCASION1 9 A ,=EIGN ,LEGION UNI=M1 AS F> AS ,BURGOS4 ,HE & ,REMIRO ONE DAY BR\<T ME SEV]AL SNAP%OTS %[+ !M 9 ,FALANGI/ G>B ) SOME ',M>G>ITAS' FROM ! ,Z>AGOZA ,FALANGE4 ,?R\< CONNECTIONS HE HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 AS A SUPPOS$ ,FALANGE MEMB]1 ,BATI/A SUCCESSFULLY CONNECT$ ) A FIF? COLUMNI/ GR\P 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT US$ TO MEET 9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 ! !N HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,P>TIT ,SOCIALI/A ,UNIFICAT DE ,CATALUNYA 7,P,S,U,C7_/,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA4 ,I WAS ! ONE :O PASS$ ?IS 9=MATION ON TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV] :O =W>D$ IT TO COMRADE ,ESCORZA -- A COLLABORATOR ( POLICE *IEF ,]OLES -- :O OR*E/RAT$ ! RAID ?AT CAPTUR$1 AMONG O!RS1 ! ,FALANGI/ ,LUYS ,SANTAM>IA & A C\S9 ( HIS4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE >RE/$ HELD ,P,S,U,C P>TY C>DS4 ,MANY YE>S LAT]1 AT A GET-TOGE!R AT ! ',TRASCA*O'1 A SOIREE = ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ALONG ) ,CASASUS1 ,CALVO & ,SALICAS1 ,I HAD OCCASION TO M5TION ! 09CID5T0 TO ,SANTAM>IA :O WAS ALSO PRES5T ) ONE ( ! ,VILA ,SAN-,JUAN BRO!RS4 ,:AT ,I MEAN TO SAY IS1 WE HAD PEOPLE ( C\RAGE40  

 ,PLANN+ ,DAYS 

  

0,ALONG ) ,DURRUTI0 -- ,C>OD W5T ON -- 0& ) ,ORTIZ1 WE HAD A NUMB] ( MEET+S 9 ! WOOD5 HUT ?AT S]V$ AS HIS COMM& PO/ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,BUJ>ALOZ4 ,HE ALWAYS REFUS$ TO HAVE HIS >M TWI/$4 ,HE WAS BUSY BE+ ,Z>AGOZA'S 'LIB]ATOR' & EV5 ?\< HE GAVE ! GO-AHEAD AT ! ELEV5? H\R1 :5 IT CAME TO ! PREP>ATIONS = ! OP]ATION1 ,DURRUTI RES]V$ HIS F9AL ANSW] UNTIL HE C\LD SEE EV]Y DETAIL ( ! OP]ATION1 TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! MAJOR ROLE W\LD BE SET ASIDE = HIMSELF40 ,9 ! BOOK ALREADY CIT$1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN HAD PO9T$ \T TO ,DURRUTI 0?AT ! POSITION HE HAD HELD 7& :I* MADE IT 9CUMB5T UPON HIM TO M\NT A FRONTAL ATTACK IF HE WANT$ TO CLOSE ON ,Z>AGOZA7 WAS NOT AT ALL SUIT$ TO ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA & ?AT1 HAV+ BE5 ! FIR/ TO SET \T FROM ,B>CELONA1 HE WAS DOOM$ TO BE ! LA/ MAN 9TO ! S\<T AFT] CITY1 :]E SO MANY FRI5DS ( \RS HAD BE5 MASSACR$ & :OM HE HAD 9T5D$ TO AV5GE40 0,NOT ONLY ?AT01 ,C>OD ADDS1 0BUT ,DURRUTI HAD DREAMS ( CROSS+ ,NAV>RA & L9K+ UP ) ! ,BASQUE ,C\NTRY & !N GO+ ON TO LIB]ATE HIS [N HOME GR\ND1 ,LEON1 AFT] :I* HE WAS CONSID]+ SPLITT+ HIS COLUMN 9 TWO & PRESS+ ON 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,A/URIAS & ,GALICIA40 

,DURRUTI NEV] MISS$ AN OPPORTUNITY TO AIR HIS PLANS3 0,I'LL BE ! FIR/ 9TO ,Z>AGOZA & WILL PROCLAIM A FREE COMMUNE !RE4 ,WE WILL NOT K[T[ EI!R TO ,MADRID OR TO ,B>CELONA1 TO ,AZANA OR TO ,GIRAL1 TO ,COMPANYS OR TO ,CASANOVAS4 ,IF !Y WI%1 !Y CAN LIVE 9 PEACE ) US3 IF !Y DON'T1 WE %ALL SET UP %OP 9 ,MADRID 4401 ! LEAD] ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ COLUMN WAS TO TELL ! SPECIAL 5VOY FROM ,MOSC['S ,PRAVDA4 ,&1 ADDRESS+ ANO!R COLUMN COMM&] :O HAPP5$ TO BE PRES5T1 ! COMMUNI/ ,MANUEL ,TRUEBA1 HE *ALL5G$ HIM3 0,HELP IF Y\ WANT2 OR1 IF Y\ DON'T WANT TO1 DON'T HELP4 ,! ,Z>AGOZA OP]ATION IS M9E 9 MILIT>Y1 POLITICAL & POLITICO-MILIT>Y T]MS4 ,I AM ANSW]ABLE = IT4 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT WE >E AB\T TO %>E ,Z>AGOZA ) Y\ 9 RETURN = Y\R PROVID+ US ) A ?\S& M58 ,Z>AGOZA WILL HAVE EI!R LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM OR FASCISM4 ,HELP Y\RSELVES TO ! :OLE ( ,SPA91 BUT LEAVE ME 9 PEACE ) ,Z>AGOZA60 

 ,DAYS ( ,HOPE 

  

,DESPITE ! SY/EMATIC REPRESSION 5DUR$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN MEMB]%IP 9 ,Z>AGOZA -- ! SECOND L>GE/ ,C,N,T /RON<OLD 9 ! C\NTRY -- AT ! \TSET ( ! W>1 ! SURVIV+ MEMB]S ( ,SPA9'S PREMI] TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION HAD MANAG$ TO BUILD UP SOME HI<LY EFFECTIVE CL&E/9E GR\PS4 ,?ANKS TO !SE RELIABLE & REGUL> 9TELLIG5CE WAS AVAILABLE REG>D+ ! SITUATION 9 ! ,>AGONESE CAPITAL4 ,BESIDES1 ! LIB]T>IAN COLUMNS' RANKS HELD PL5TY ( ,Z>AGOZA-BORN FI<T]S :O KNEW ! CITY LIKE ! BACK ( !IR H&S4 ,ESPECIALLY ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS :]E !Y MI<T F9D %ELT] & AID4 ,ON ?IS BASIS1 ! OP]ATION'S ORGANIZ]S W]E PROMPT$ TO PROVIDE = A SYN*RONIZ$ ATTACK FROM )\T1 M\NT$ BY T5 C5TURIAS 7#a1 M57 PLUS AN UPRIS+ FROM )9 SPE>HEAD$ BY FIVE C5TURIAS UND] ! COMM& ( ,BATI/A1 ,REMIRO1 ,LOGRONO1 ,RAMON & ,MEL5DO1 :I* W]E TO /RIKE FROM ! ,EL ,>RABAL1 ,LAS ,DELICIAS1 ,BU5AVI/A1 ,TORR]O & ,SAN ,JOSE B>RIOS4 ,! SPECIFIC T>GETS W]E3 ! T[N HALL1 ! TELEPHONE ,H,Q1 ! TELEGRAPHS ,H,Q1 ! ,PALAFOX B>RACKS1 ! ,FALANGE B>RACKS 7AT ! ,FRONTON ,>AGONES71 ! 7,MADRID & ,UTRILLAS7 TRA9 /ATIONS1 ! MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 ! ,AV5IDA DE ,PALAFOX PETROLEUM DEPOT1 ! P[D] /ORE 79 ! ,GRAN ,VIA AT ! ,IGLESIA ,CASAS ,B>ATAS71 ! CIVIL GOV]NM5T1 ,RADIO ,Z>AGOZA 7OP]AT+ FROM ,EL ,COSO7 & ! ,HOTEL ,UNIV]SAL :]E HI< RANK+ 5EMY S]VICEM5 W]E 9 RESID5CE4 ,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 EA* ( !SE T>GETS !RE W]E P]SONNEL READY TO WORK 9 CONC]T ) ! ATTACK]S4 ,EA* ( ! 9N] CITY C5TURIAS WAS TO DETA* TWO TEAMS 

7I4E4 #b M5 9 TOTAL7 WELL EQUIPP$ ) H& GR5ADES1 TO TAKE UP /RATEGIC POSITIONS & ATTACK EV]Y SORT ( MILIT>Y VEHICLE1 (FICIAL C>S & ANY?+ ELSE !Y SUSPECT$ MI<T 9T]F]E ) ! SMOO? PROGRESS ( ! OP]ATION4 ,! PO9T WAS TO S[ AS MU* CONFUSION & UNC]TA9TY AS POSSIBLE ALONG ! ,Z>AGOZA'S MA9 >T]IES4 

,/AGE ONE WAS TO 9FILTRATE ! A=EM5TION$ WORK+ CLASS B>RIOS UND] COV] ( NI<T1 :]E !Y W\LD LIE L[ = A DAY UNTIL ,Z]O ,H\R :I* W\LD BE SET = ! FOLL[+ DUSK4 ,! PRIM>Y OBJECTIVES W]E3 ! ,MADRID1 ,T]UEL1 ,CA/ELLON & ,B>CELONA HI<WAYS W]E TO BE OCCUPI$ BY =W>D TEAMS FROM ! C5TURIAS ATTACK+ FROM ! S\? & !IR M>* W\LD BE C5T]$ ON ! ,FU5DETODOS-,JAUL9-,Z>AGOZA HI<WAY4 ,COMM& ( ! C5TURIAS \TSIDE ! CITY FELL TO ,C>OD :O SPOKE TO US ( ! P]MEABILITY ( ! SECTOR PICK$3  
  

0,DAYS E>LI]1 TO FEEL \T ! GR\ND1 WE MADE A FEW SALLIES \T T[>DS ,JAUL9 & ,VALMADRID & LOOT$ ! 5EMY :ILE HE SLEPT4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT WE CAPTUR$ TWO ( HIS >TILL]Y PIECES 9TACT4 ,CA/AN1 :O HAD E>N$ HIS SPURS AT ,ORTIZ'S SIDE OV] MANY NI<TS W\LD OV]RUN ,LA ,MUELA 7ON ! ,MADRID HI<WAY7 ) HIS TWO C5TURIAS BY WAY ( A BUILDUP TO ! OP]ATION SO AS TO BLOCK ANY POSSIBLE 5EMY RE9=CEM5TS FROM ! ,GUADALAJ>A DIRECTION & W\LD MONITOR ! ,Z>AGOZA-TO-,LOGRONO HI<WAY1 LE/ ANYONE H9D] 5EMY =CES' )DRAWAL FROM ! ,>AGONESE CAPITAL1 %\LD !Y DECIDE TO FALL BACK48  
  

,PRIDE ( PLACE 9 ! REVOLUTION>IES' LOGI/ICS 7:I* KICK$ (F ) ! MISSION 5TRU/$ TO ,MANUEL ,SALAS AKA ,SALICAS WAS ACCORD$ TO ! IMM$IATE COMM&E]+ ( BUILD+S & ! PUTT+ UP ( READY MADE PO/]S DE/9$ = ! ,C,N,T UNIONS1 ! ,LOCAL ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION & ! ,C,N,T'S REGIONAL COMMITTEE = ,>AGON1 ,RIOJA & ,NAV>RA1 AS WELL AS ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,A PROVISIONAL T[N C\NCIL HAD BE5 =M$1 *AIR$ BY ! VET]AN AN>*I/ MILITANT ,ANTONIO ,EJ>QUE ,P9A4 ,! LOCAL MILIT>Y COMM&]1 ) ,CA/AN AS HIS ADVIS]1 W\LD BE ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,IT HAD YET TO BE DET]M9$ :O W\LD TAKE UP ! PO/ ( CIVIL GOV]NOR1 A PO/ ! ,C,N,T WAS CONSID]+ (F]+ TO A MEMB] ( ,IZQUI]DA ,REPUBLICANA 7,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT74 ,) ,BATI/A & SOME ( HIS BE/ ALONG1 IT WAS = ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO OCCUPY ,RADIO ,Z>AGOZA & PROCLAIM ! LIB]ATION ( ! CITY TO ALL & SUNDRY4 

 ,D,U,R,R,U,T,I',S ,A,B,S,5,C,E1 ,A ,D,E,C,I,S,I,V,E ,F,A,C,T,O,R 

  

,ONCE ALL ( ! PREP>ATIONS W]E 9 PLACE & JU/ AS !Y W]E AB\T TO FIX ! DATE & H\R = 0,OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE01 ,C>OD1 AT HIS ,AZU>A COMM& PO/1 RECEIV$ A PHONE CALL FROM ,ORTIZ ANN\NC+ ?AT ! 0GR& \T+0 HAD BE5 PUT BACK4 

,IT TOOK SOME H\RS = ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO >RIVE AT ,S>95A AIRFIELD & ,C>OD WAS ONE ( ! P>TY !RE TO GREET HIM4 ,FRE% FRO ! PLANE & AFT] HE HAD BE5 TOLD ( ! DELAY1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BROKE \T CURS+ & SWE>+ & ?REW A REAL TANTRUM1 EA* CURSE MORE VIOL5T ?AT ! ONE BE=E IT1 AS HE MADE NO BONES AB\T HIS FEEL+S ( \TRAGE & AB\T HIS M9D'S BE+ MADE UP TO HEAD BACK TO ,B>CELONA IMM$IATELY 0TO DEM& AN EXPLANATION FROM !SE 9EPT FOLK :O GOV]N OV] US & TO SORT MORE ?AN ONE ( !M \T40 ,C>OD ADMITT$ TO US ?AT AT ! SI<T ( ?IS FIT ( FURY1 HE ?\<T ! NEWS ( ! PO/PONEM5T MU/ HAVE COME AS NEWS TO ! REC5TLY >RIV$ ,OLIV]4 ,N[1 A FEW DAYS LAT]1 HAV+ REASSESS$ :AT HE C\LD RECALL ( ?AT DIZZY+ CIVIL W> P]IOD1 ,C>OD HAD HIS SUSPICIONS ?AT MAYBE ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HAD BE5 9 ! KN[ & HAD TRAVEL$ UP TO ,S>95A TO DEFUZE ! UNRE/ AMONG ! FI<T+ M5 9 TIME4 ,!REBY U%]+ 9 A P]IOD ( WAIT+ ?AT W\LD NEV] COME TO AN 5D1 9 ?AT ! OP]ATION WAS NOT SO MU* PO/PON$ AS DROPP$ 0BY ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION40 ,! SUSPICION ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A 0LEAK0 WAS WIDELY HELD1 AS WAS ! RESULTANT SUSPICION ?AT ! PRESSURES ?AT HAD ?W>T$ ! OP]ATION HAD COME FROM MU* HI<] UP1 FROM QU>T]S \TSIDE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ & ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] >E /ILL ALIVE 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & MAY SOME DAY BE ABLE TO PRODUCE ! PIECES SEEM+LY MISS+ FROM ! JIGSAW MAK+ UP ! 0,OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE0 PUZZLE4 

,:5 ,I TACKL$ FRI5D ,C>OD AB\T :AT ! *ANCES HAD ACTUALLY BE5 ( CAPTUR+ ,Z>AGOZA1 ! OLD LABOR BRUIS] ANSW]$3 0,FIFTY-FIFTY1 PRETTY GOOD ODDS = ANY MILIT>Y COMM&]1 ESPECIALLY IF COMM& IS VE/$ 9 PEOPLE :O REG>D !MSELVES AS REVOLUTION>IES40 

,DAYS LAT]1 AT ! HEAD ( EI<T HUNDR$ M5 FROM HIS COLUMN1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI SET (F = ! ,MADRID FRONT :]E HE WAS TO P]I% 9 V]Y UNCLE> CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,& ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] W5T ON TO TAKE UP ONE ( ! F\R M9I/RIES -- ,JU/ICE 9 ?IS 9/ANCE -- (F]$ BY ! SOCIALI/ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ACCEPT$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 

,SO1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS WE COME BY FUR!R 9=MATION1 WE MI<T V]Y WELL CLOSE TODAY ) ! WORDS ONCE UTT]$ BY ! G5]AL2 SECRET>Y ( ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ,>AGON1 ,RIOJA & ,NAV>RA1 :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT 0,OP]ATION ,FREE ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 PO/PON$ UNTIL SU* TIME AS ,DURRUTI MI<T RETURN FROM ,MADRID1 BECAUSE ! MO/ IMPORTANT BATTLES 9 ,HI/ORY >E ALWAYS WON BY ! BIGGE/ G5]ALS & ?US1 ! BATTLE = ,Z>AGOZA NE$$ TO BE WON BY ! F9E/ G5]AL ! ,C,N,T POSSESS$1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI40 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #af -- ,UPDAT$4 

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