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,MILWAUKEE & ,BUFFALO >E ,DIFF]5T 

#aideaide 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSE ,PESOTTA 

,TEXT 3 

,ROSE ,PESOTTA 

,BREAD UPON ! ,WAT]S  

,*,A,P,T,] #ah 

,MILWAUKEE & ,BUFFALO >E ,DIFF]5T 

,S,O,M,E,:,],E ,9 ,! ,T,A,L,M,U,D !RE IS AN ANCI5T ,HEBREWSAY+3 
,! SOLDI]S FI<T1 ! K+S >E H]OES4 ,IT COMES TO M9D AS ,I REVIEW 
! RISE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LADIES' ,G>M5T ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 

,TO WRITE A TRULY COMPREH5SIVE HI/ORY ( ! ,I,L,G,W,U & GET AT ! REAL 
S\RCE ( \R ORGANIZATION'S PH5OM5AL /R5G?1 ! HI/ORIAN W\LD HAVE 
TO VISIT MANY AN ODD CORN] ( !SE ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 SE>* ( ORIG9AL 
DATA4 ,BEH9D ITS GR[? 9 ! FACE ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC VICISSITUDES 
!RE W\LD BE REVEAL$ A LEGION ( M5 & WOM5 UNH]ALD$ & UNSUNG1 
RANK-&-FILE PEOPLE ) NATURAL +5UITY1 /RONG WORK+-CLASS LOYALTY1 
READ9ESS TO SACRIFICE = AN IDEAL1 & ALL->\ND UNSELFI%NESS4 

,! TOP LEAD]%IP GETS PUBLIC RECOGNITION = ! SUCCESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 
BUT FEW \TSIDE ! UNION KN[ H[ MU* CR$IT IS DUE TO MEMB]S :OSE 
NAMES R>ELY IF EV] SEE ! LI<T ( PR9T4 

,M>?A ,H>T ( ,MILWAUKEE WAS SU* A MEMB]4444 

,E>LY 9 #aicd SOME COTTON DRESS WORK]S 9 ?AT CITY DECID$ ?AT !Y 
MU/ ORGANIZE ! LOCAL %OPS 9 !IR 9DU/RY = SELF-PROTECTION4 ,!Y 
W]E WORK+ LONG H\RS1 = LESS ?AN A LIV+ WAGE4 ,M>?A1 A GIRL ) 
NO KN[L$GE ( UNION TE*NIQUE1 MADE ! FIR/ CONTACTS ) POT5TIAL 
MEMB]S ( ! PROJECT$ UNION4 ,%E BEGAN AT ! PLANT ( ! ,RHEA ,MANUFACTUR+ 
,COMPANY1 ONE ( ! L>GE/ COTTON DRESS H\SES 9 ! ,MID-,WE/1 :I* 
NORMALLY EMPLOY$ FROM #a1 TO #a1#b WOM5 & GIRLS4 

,TO APPROA* !SE WORK]S WAS DIFFICULT BECAUSE ( !IR FE> ( BE+ 
DIS*>G$4 ,BUT ,M>?A1 :O CAME ( ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION>Y /OCK1 HAD DET]M9ATION 
& IMAG9ATION4 

,A NEW BR& ( PUDD+ ADV]TIS$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S GAVE H] A HAPPY 
9SPIRATION4 ,%E CLIPP$ \T ONE ( ! ADS1 PA/$ IT ON A PIECE ( C>DBO>D1 
& B\<T A C\PLE ( PACKAGES ( ! PUDD+1 BRI<T-COLOR$ & EYE-APPEAL+4 
,WALK+ 9TO ! ,RHEA FACTORY AT LUN*-TIME1 %E SPOKE TO AN ELD]LY WOMAN 
:O SAT EAT+ AT ONE ( ! MA*9ES4 

0,I HAVE A GIFT = Y\10 ,M>?A SAID4 0,I REPRES5T ! 
,MIRACLE ,CONFECTION ,COMPANY4 ,TO GET NEW CU/OM]S1 WE >E GIV+ AWAY FREE 
SAMPLES ( ?IS NEW & DELICI\S PUDD+4 ,:AT FLAVOR W\LD Y\ LIKE8 
,/RAWB]RY1 PEA*1 P9EAPPLE1 VANILLA1 *OCOLATE1 OR :AT8 ,LET ME HAVE 
Y\R NAME & ADDRESS & A PACKAGE WILL BE MAIL$ TO Y\40 

,WOM5 & GIRLS CR[D$ >\ND H]4 ,BE=E %E LEFT %E HAD MORE ?AN 
A HUNDR$ ADDRESSES4 ,ON SUCCE$+ DAYS %E GOT ! RE/1 & REPEAT$ 
! TRICK AT ! O!R FACTORIES4 ,!N A REQUE/ TO ! ,I,L,G,W,U BR\<T 9 
A SQUAD ( ORGANIZ]S1 HEAD$ BY ,ABRAHAM ,PLOTK91 ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S G5]AL 
ORGANIZ] 9 ,*ICAGO1 & AN 9T5SIVE $UCATIONAL CAMPAIGN WAS BEGUN4 
,ONE ( \R MO/ COMPET5T M51 ,PLOTK9 HAS A :OLESOME S5SE ( HUMOR & 
IS ELOQU5T BO? ) HIS P5 & ON ! PLAT=M4 

,EA* ( ! WORK]S WAS 9VIT$ BY LETT] TO ! UNION'S FIR/ ORGANIZATIONAL 
MEET+4 ,:5 !Y CAU<T SI<T ( ,M>?A ,H>T !IR FACES FIR/ REGI/]$ 
A/ONI%M5T1 !N AMUSEM5T4 

0,SO ?IS IS \R PUDD+80 ONE ( !M ASK$4 

0,YES10 ,M>?A ANSW]$1 0& ! MORE Y\ HAVE ( IT 
! BETT] Y\'LL LIKE IT40 

,UND] ,PLOTK9'S GUIDANCE1 A NEW LOCAL1 ,NO4 #a#h#h1 WAS *>T]$1 & )9 
A YE> IT HAD MORE ?AN #a1 MEMB]S1 ) ,M>?A AS SECRET>Y-TREASUR]4 

,AS A LABOR ORGANIZ] ,I HAVE LE>N$ ?AT ONE MU/ BE READY AT ALL TIMES 
TO GO ANY PLACE1 DAY OR NI<T1 9 BITT] COLD1 SN[1 RA91 OR SCOR*+ 
SUN4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( MY WORK1 ,I BECAME GE>$ TO PICK MYSELF UP AT A MOM5T'S 
NOTICE TO TAKE TRA9 OR PLANE1 OR DRIVE MY C>1 TO S]VE 9 AN EM]G5CY1 
& 9V>IABLY ,I GOT TO ! TR\BLE SC5E ON TIME4 

,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 AFT] SPE$+ SOME:]E TO SAVE A BAD SITUATION1 
ORGANIZ]S >E =GOTT51 :ILE ! LOCAL LEAD]%IP REAPS ! LAURELS4 
,BUT ,I HAVE USUALLY 5JOY$ P9*-HITT+ = FELL[ WORK]S 9 ! FIELD1 
& FELT ?AT ,I WAS DO+ IT = ! WELF>E ( ! GREAT] NUMB] 9VOLV$4 

,9 ,ECCLESIA/ES IS ! PROV]B3 0,CA/ ?Y BREAD UPON ! WAT]S3 
= ?\ %ALT F9D IT AFT] MANY DAYS40 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 ANO!R 
V]SION :I* ,I SEEM TO HAVE KN[N S9CE E>LY *ILDHOOD3 0,CA/ ?Y 
BREAD UPON ! WAT]S1 & AFT] MANY DAYS IT WILL RETURN TO !E A HUNDR$FOLD 
0 

,MY FA!R BELIEV$ 9 ?AT PR9CIPLE1 GAVE ( HIMSELF FREELY 9 S]VICE 
TO FRI5DS & /RANG]S ALIKE1 & F\ND 9NATE SATISFACTION 9 ! DO+4 
,MEMORY ( HIS ATTITUDE T[>D HUMANK9D WAS A SU/A9+ =CE = ME 9 
MY YE>S AFIELD4 ,& ! PROV]B JU/IFI$ ITSELF4 ,ORGANIZATION CAMPAIGNS 
& /RIKES 9 ONE CITY OR ANO!R TOOK GREAT TOLL ( N]V\S 5]GY1 & 
FREQU5TLY LEFT ME EMPTY & %AK5 ,YET REPL5I%M5T & REW>D CAME 9 
APPRECIATION %[N BY C\NTLESS FELL[-UNIONI/S1 & 9 A HO/ ( 5DUR+ 
FRI5D%IPS ACROSS ! L&1 & BEYOND ITS B\ND>IES4 

,ONE ( MY EM]G5CY ASSIGNM5TS WAS TO ,MILWAUKEE4 ,I WAS ASK$ BY \R 
PRESID5T TO GO !RE QUICKLY SOON AFT] MY RETURN ,EA/ FROM ,SEATTLE 9 
! FALL ( #a#i#h#e4 

,A %>P /RUGGLE 9VOLV+ ! ,RHEA PLANT HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ,WISCONS9 
CITY 9 ! PREVI\S ,SEPTEMB]4 ,AFT] A #b#d-DAY /RIKE1 ,LOCAL #ahh HAD WON 
AN AGREEM5T ) ?AT COMPANY1 9CLUD+ MO/ ( ! /&>D PROVISIONS 
& A SEV5-&-A-HALF P]C5T WAGE 9CREASE4 ,BUT ! MANAGEM5T HAD NOT 
?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO LIVE UP TO ?IS1 & CONT9U$ TO VIOLATE SEV]AL 
CLAUSES4 ,SO \R UNION SUBMITT$ DEM&S = AN ADDITIONAL #a P]C5T WAGE 
9CREASE1 & = >BITRATION ( #af SEP>ATE GRIEVANCES1 9 L9E ) ! 
AGREEM5T4 

,) >BITRATION SOON TO BEG91 ,SALVATORE ,N9FO1 JOVIAL1 GRAY-HAIR$ 
,9T]NATIONAL VISE-PRESID5T1 HAD SUDD5LY BECOME ILL1 & ,I WAS ASK$ 
TO TAKE OV] 9 HIS PLACE4 

,:5 ,I REA*$ ,MILWAUKEE1 ,M>?A ,H>T & ,KATE ,FADNESS1 ,RHEA %OP /EW>D1 
TOOK ME TO ,N9FO'S AP>TM5T4 ,HE WAS 9 B$ ) A ?REE DAYS' GR[? ( 
BE>D1 & LOOK$ HAGG>D4 ,I GUESS$ CORRECTLY1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS ILLNESS 
WAS NOT PHYSICAL2 HE SIMPLY WAS DI%E>T5$4 

,= WEEKS ,N9FO HAD SP5T MO/ ( HIS TIME AT ! ,RHEA PLANT TRY+ 
TO ADJU/ UNION COMPLA9TS4 ,! MANAGEM5T'S POLICY WAS TO HUMILIATE HIM 
AT EV]Y TURN4 ,REPEAT$LY HE WAS MADE TO WAIT 9 ! \T] (FICE1 LIKE 
A SOLICIT+ SALESMAN1 TO DEMON/RATE TO ! EMPLOYES ?AT A UNION REPRES5TATIVE 
WAS A NOBODY4 

0,IT'S IMPORTANT = Y\ TO %AVE10 ,I TOLD HIM4 0,I SAW 
,ABE ,PLOTK9 LA/ NI<T 9 ,*ICAGO1 & HE'S COM+ TO ! MEET+ ?IS 
AFT]NOON4 ,Y\'D BETT] COME1 TOO4444 ,I'LL GU>ANTEE TO BR+ Y\ BACK 
ALIVE40 

,BY #f P4M4 ,MILL]'S ,HALL WAS PACK$ ) DRESSMAK]S4 ,I /UDI$ !IR 
FACES_/! FACES ( H>D-WORK+ PEOPLE1 ,G]MAN1 ,POLI%1 ,ITAL IAN1 ,FR5*1 
& SOME ( ,SC&9AVIAN1 ,IRI% & ,5GLI% ANCE/RY4 ,!Y W]E UNFAIL+LY 
ATT5TIVE & AW>E1 ,I WAS SURE1 ( EV5TS ( SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE1 ! 
K9D ( FOLK ONE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 A CITY ) A ,SOCIALI/ MAYOR 
& A LONG WORK+-CLASS TRADITION4 ,UND] ,MAYOR ,DANIEL ,W4 ,HOAN1 ,MILWAUKEE'S 
WORK]S 5JOY$ ! PROTECTION ( ! ,BILL ( ,RI<TS4 ,POLICE W]E PROHIBIT$ 
FROM ACT+ AS /RIKEBREAK]S1 ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T FL\RI%$1 & 
MUNICIPAL M>KETS HELP$ KEEP D[N LIV+ CO/S4 ,BUT ! ADM9I/RATION 
LACK$ ! P[] TO MAKE G>M5T MANUFACTUR]S PAY ADEQUATE WAGES4 

,! MEET+ HAV+ BE5 OP5$ BY ! LOCAL PRESID5T1 A SLIM Y\NG 
GIRL ) AN OLIVE COMPLEXION BEGAN READ+ ! M9UTES4 ,I WAS /RUCK BY 
! QUALITY ( H] VOICE1 A DEEP AGREEABLE CONTRALTO4 ,:]E HAD ,I HE>D 
?OSE TONES BE=E8 ,I CLOS$ MY EYES & SE>*$ MY MEMORY4 ,! ANSW] 
CAME LIKE A FLA% ACROSS A MOVIE SCRE53 ,ELEANORA ,DUSE6 ,I HAD LI/5$ 
SPELL-B\ND TO ! ,ITALIAN DRAMATIC ACTRESS AT ! TIME ( H] ,AM]ICAN 
T\R 9 ! E>LY ,TW5TIES :I* 5D$ ABRUPTLY ) H] DEA?4 ,! GIRL'S 
VOICE S\ND$ ALMO/ LIKE H]S2 ,I MU/ TALK ) H] AFT] ! MEET+4 

,:ILE ,PLOTK9 WAS SPEAK+ ,N9FO 5T]$ ! HALL1 A SALVO ( APPLAUSE 
GREET+ HIM4 ,T\*$ ALMO/ TO TE>S BY ?IS W>M RECEPTION1 HE F\ND 
IT DIFFICULT TO EXPRESS HIS APPRECIATION4 ,! SYMPA!TIC ATTITUDE ( ! 
UNION MEMB]%IP MADE HIM WELL AGA94 

,! >BITRATION HE>+ WAS SET = ,SEPTEMB] #b#e1 ) ,DR4 ,>?UR ,RUB9 
( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO AS >BITRATOR4 ,I HAD MET HIM ON ! ,WE/ ,COA/ 
:5 HE WAS !RE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,CLOAK & ,SUIT ,CODE4 

,:ILE ,N9FO WAS BUSY PREP>+ A BRIEF ( ! UNION'S CASE1 WE TOOK 
/EPS TO RE9=CE ! ,RHEA WORK]S4 ,AT MY SUGGE/ION ,M>Y ,SORT9O1 ! 
GIRL :OSE VOICE SO IMPRESS$ ME1 WAS ADD$ TO \R (FICE FOCE4 ,M>Y & 
H] SI/] W]E SPECIAL MA*9E OP]ATORS 9 ! ,RHEA PLANT4 ,%E WAS WILL+ 
TO TAKE ! JOB1 BUT WE HAD TO RECKON ) H] FAMILY4 ,! MO!R1 A DEEPLY 
RELIGI\S ,ITALIAN1 FE>+ SOME?+ MI<T HAPP5 TO ,M>Y IF %E /AY$ 
\T LATE1 OBJECT$ VOCIF]\SLY4 ,WE GAVE H] A SOLEMN PROMISE ?AT ONLY 
ON MEET+ NI<TS W\LD %E NE$ TO /AY4 

,! $UCATIONAL DEP>TM5T1 DIRECT$ BY ,MOIREE ,COMP]E1 ANN\NC$ ITS 
FALL PROGRAM1 9CLUD+ ! PUBLICATION ( A MON?LY MIMEOGRAPH$ P]IODICAL1 
,! ,EMANCIPATOR1 :I* WAS ! SPECIAL CONC]N ( ,N9FO4 ,WE APPLI$ TO 
! ,W,P,A ,TRA9+ ,S*OOL 9 ,MADISON1 ( :I* ,TOM ,TIPPETT WAS HEAD1 = 
! S]VICES ( TEA*]S = ,I,L,G,W,U CLASSES 9 BO? ,MILWAUKEE & ,RAC9E4 
,! PLEA WAS GRANT$ & \R $UCATIONAL WORK 9 BO? CITIES PROCE$$ 
) VIM4 

,ON A VISIT TO ,RAC9E1 A CITY ( #f#h11 SOME #c MILES S\? ( ,MILWAUKEE1 
,I F\ND ?AT \R RA9WE> LOCAL NE$$ 5C\RAGEM5T & /IMULUS4 ,ITS 
MEET+S W]E CONDUCT$ 9 ! MANN] ( AN OLD FA%ION$ LODGE1 ! MEMB]S 
SITT+ SIL5T >\ND ! WALLS1 NOT P>TICIPAT+4 ,CALL$ UPON TO SPEAK1 
,I ASK$ !M TO COME =W>D & OCCUPY FRONT SEATS4 

0,Y\'RE NOT WALL FL[]S10 ,I TOLD !M4 0,I KN[ ?AT1 
BECAUSE ,I'VE HE>D A LOT AB\T ! SPL5DID C\RAGE & AGGRESSIV5ESS 
Y\ DISPLAY$ 9 Y\R VICTORI\S /RIKE AGA9/ ! ,*ICAGO ,RUBB] ,COMPANY40 

,I RECALL$ ! ADMIRATION & RESPECT ) :I* ,MORRIS ,BIALIS TOLD 
\R ,G,E,B AB\T ! WOM5 9 ?AT /RIKE1 :O LAY D[N ON A RAILROAD TRACK 
9 FRONT ( A FREI<T TRA9 AT ! FACTORY GATES & D>$ ! UNION 5G9E] 
TO RUN OV] !M4 

,! DRAMATIC REM9D] PLEAS$ !M & ADD$ W>M? TO ! GA!R+4 
,I HAD ! AUDI5CE JO9 ) ME 9 ! S++ ( SOME ( \R UNION SONGS 
& ! EV5+ 5D$ PLEASANTLY4 

,IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ! RECORD+ SECRET>Y W\LD SUPPLY MAT]IAL = 
,! ,EMANCIPATOR1 :I* W\LD DEVOTE A FULL PAGE TO ,RAC9E NEWS ,WE ALSO 
>RANG$ TO HAVE SOMEONE PRES5T AT !IR MEET+S1 TO HELP !M REVITALIZE 
!IR LOCAL ACTIVITIES4 

,) ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,! ,EMANCIPATOR JU/ (F ! MIMEOGRAPH1 /ILL 
WET ) 9K1 IT WAS TAK5 TO ! FACTORIES = DI/RIBUTION4 ,KATE ,FADNESS 
& ,I W5T TO ! ,RHEA PLANT AT NOON4 ,RA%MAN1 ! COMPANY'S PRODUCTION 
MANAG]1 ASK$ ,KATE = A COPY4 ,%E 9TRODUC$ ME TO HIM1 & ,I ASK$ :E!R 
HE HAD TIME TO TALK ) ME4 

,HE 9VIT$ ME 9TO HIS (FICE1 BUT IMM$IATELY W5T \T AGA94 ,AFT] 
WAIT+ T5 M9UTES ,I LEFT A NOTE SAY+ ?AT ,I C\LD BE REA*$ AT \R 
UNION (FICE1 & IF HE WAS 9T]E/$1 HE C\LD PHONE = AN APPO9TM5T4 
,HE NE$$ ?AT LESSON1 TELEPHON$ LAT]1 & !N WE TALK$ AT L5G?4 
,WE1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD NOT SETTLE ! LOCAL GRIEVANCES :I* W]E N[ 9 
! H&S ( ! >BITRATION BO>D1 BUT \R CONF]5CE SMOO!D \T SOME 
DIFF]5CES4 

,MR4 ,RA%MAN EXPLA9$ ?AT PRIOR TO ?IS HE HAD NEV] BE5 CONFRONT$ 
) A LABOR PROBLEM4 ,M>KET+1 /YLES1 & PRODUCTION COMPRIS$ HIS JOB4 
,EVID5TLY HE REALIZ$ ?AT ! UNION WAS !RE TO /AY1 & WAS BEG9N+ 
TO TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ! FACT ?AT ! LABOR PROBLEM ALSO WAS AN IMPORTANT 
FACTOR 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COTTON DRESSES1 & ,I G5TLY SUGGE/$ ?AT 
HE PAY A BIT MORE ATT5TION TO ! WELL-BE+ ( HIS WORK+ =CE4 

,DEP>T+ ,I SAID3 0,MR4 ,RA%MAN1 ,I W\LD ADVISE Y\ TO TAKE \R 
UNION S]I\SLY4 ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DOES40 

,:5 ,I VISIT$ ! ,RHEA FACTORY AGA91 ! NEWLY APPO9T$ EFFICI5CY 
5G9E] EXPLA9$ TO ME ! NEW 0PROGRESSIVE SY/EM0 TO :I* 
! EMPLOYES W]E BE+ SUBJECT$4 ,A BATT]Y ( EI<T MA*9ES WAS GIV5 
A TASK4 ,EI<T OP]ATORS AT ?OSE MA*9ES HAD TO TURN \T AT LEA/ #be DOZ5 
G>M5TS P] DAY_/#c COTTON DRESSES6 ,! PRICE RATES W]E BAS$ ON ! 
UNIT SY/EM1 & FIGUR$ \T AB\T #ad C5TS P] WORK] P] DOZ51 OR A 
LITTLE MORE ?AN A P5NY P] G>M5T4 

,! ME?OD WAS SIMPLE3 ,A BUNDLE ( CUT G>M5TS WAS GIV5 TO A GR\P 
( EI<T4 ,ONE WORK] SEAM$ TOGE!R ! %\LD]S1 PASS+ ! MAT]IAL 
TO ! NEXT1 :O MADE ! COLL>2 A ?IRD PUT 9 ! SLEEVES & SO ON 
UNTIL IT REA*$ ! EI<? OP]ATOR4 ,%E F9I%$ ! JOB1 BY BL9D-/IT*+ 
! BOTTOM ( ! G>M5T1 :I* !N W5T TO ! PRESS]1 9SPECTOR1 & 
%IPP+ DEP>TM5T4 ,! SPE$ ( EA* WORK] HAD TO BE GE>$ TO ! MA*9E 
& TO ! NEXT OP]ATION1 :I* WAS REGULAT$ BY ! 5G9E]'S /OP WAT*1 
& O!R GADGETS1 TO MAKE #c1#d TO #d1 REVOLUTIONS P] H\R1 :I* NETTL$ 
! WORK]S1 KEEP+ !M AT A CON/ANT HI< T5SION4 

,?AT SY/EM1 ! EFFICI5CY 5G9E] EXPLA9$ TO ME1 WAS 9 OP]ATION 
9 AB\T #c PLANTS1 & HAD PROV$ SATISFACTORY TO ! MANAGEM5TS4 

,HUMAN MOVEM5TS C\LD BE MADE TO CORRESPOND ) ! OP]ATIONS ( ! 
MA*9ES1 ) NO WA/E ( MA*9E CAPACITY1 SO AS TO PRODUCE ! EXACT 
AM\NT ( WORK REQUIR$ BY ! COMPANY4 

0,:AT AB\T RE/ & RELAXATION80 ,I 9QUIR$4 

0,OH YES1 A WORK] IS ALL[$ #c #e P]C5T ( RE/ 9 EA* EI<T 
H\RS4 ,DO Y\ KN[ :AT #ce P]C5T RE/ MEANS80 

,I CONFESS$ MY IGNORANCE1 SO HE EXPLA9$ ?AT IT AM\NT$ TO AB\T 
TWO & A HALF H\RS' RE/ P] DAY4 0,DOES ?AT MEAN10 ,I ASK$1 
) SEEM+ IGNORANCE1 0?AT AN OP]ATOR HAS #ae M9UTES ( RE/ EV]Y 
TWO H\RS1 TO WALK ?R\< ! FACTORY & GET A BREA? ( FRE% AIR80 

0,NO1 NO1 NOT ?AT10 ! EXP]T HA/5$ TO EXPLA94 0,?IRTY-FIVE 
P]C5T RE/ MEANS1 :5 A GIRL WANTS TO /RET* \T DUR+ WORK H\RS 
NE> H] MA*9E1 OR RELAX :5 %E GETS TIR$_/?AT IS CALCULAT$ AS RE/40 
,I WAS NOT SATISFI$ ) ?AT SY/EM4 ,AS A MA*9E OP]ATOR MYSELF1 ,I CONT5D$ 
IT WAS BETT] TO WORK & TAKE A RE/ :5 !RE WAS NE$ = IT4 ,MOREOV]1 
AS A HUMAN BE+1 ,I REFUS$ TO BE GE>$ TO A MA*9E LIKE A ROBOT2 = 
! B5EFIT ( ALL CONC]N$1 ,I FELT ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO MAKE IT EASI] 
= ! WORK]S TO PRODUCE MORE WAS TO DET]M9E ! CAUSES ( 9DU/RIAL 
FATIGUE & ELIM9ATE !M AT ! S\RCE1 GIVE ! EMPLOYES ! K9D ( 
WORK !Y LIK$ BE/ & PAY ADEQUATELY4 ,?IS W\LD GIVE ! WORK] AN 
9C5TIVE TO WORK ) 5?USIASM & PRODUCE MORE LIKE A HUMAN BE+ ?AN 
A BEA/ ( BURD54 

,AFT] A TWO-DAY HE>+ ! >BITRATION BO>D MADE C]TA9 CON/RUCTIVE 
RECOMM5DATIONS = BETT] RELATIONS BETWE5 ! UNION & ! COMPANY4 
,IT ALSO RECOMM5D$ TO ! COMPANY WAYS TO ELIM9ATE ANY MISUND]/&+ 
9 ! FUTURE BY HAV+ A UNION REPRES5TATIVE PRES5T :5 TIM+ = 
PIECE RATES TOOK PLACE1 & ADVIS$ IT TO REFRA9 FROM ANY ATTEMPTS TO 
=M A COMPANY UNION4 

,AT A F9AL D9N] 9 ,N9FO'S AP>TM5T WE SPOKE AB\T ! MANIFOLD DUTIES 
9 :I* AM \T-(-T[N UNION REPRES5TATIVE BECOMES 9VOLV$4 

,N9FO1 :O HAD BE5 MANAG] ( ! ,ITALIAN ,CLOAK ,LOCAL #d#h1 & A VISE 
PRESID5T ( ! ,I,L,G,W,U = MANY YE>S1 ADMITT$ TO ME ?AT HE NEV] HAD 
SU* HEADA*ES AS 9 ,MILWAUKEE1 BECAUSE 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 MO/ CASES COMPLA9TS 
W]E FIR/ H&L$ BY HIS BUS9ESS AG5TS2 :5 !Y FAIL$1 ,N9FO HIMSELF 
W\LD PHONE ! FIRM1 & IF ?AT1 TOO1 WAS UNAVAIL+ ! CASE W5T ?R\< 
! REGUL> *ANNELS4 

0,:AT >E ! 'REGUL> *ANNELS' 9 ,NEW ,YORK80 ,M>?A ,H>T 
WANT$ TO KN[4 

,! CASE W\LD BE REF]R$ TO ! G5]AL MANAG]1 :O W\LD 9V>IABLY 
PASS IT ON TO ! 9DU/RY'S IMP>TIAL *AIRMAN4 

,BUT \T ( T[N HE N[ LE>N$ ONE HAD TO BE ALL 9 ONE_/BUS9ESS AG5T1 
G5]AL MANAG]1 ORGANIZ]1 LAWY]1 PUBLIC RELATIONS DIRECTOR1 FAMILY CONSULTANT1 
HEAL? ADVIS]1 ) NO LIMIT TO ONE'S WORK+ H\RS OR PHYSICAL 5]GIES4 

0,9 ,NEW ,YORK IT IS ALL SO V]Y SIMPLE10 ,N9FO SI<$ NO/ALGICALLY 
0,BE=E ,I CAME H]E1 :5 ,I US$ TO READ SOME ( ! REPORTS 9 ,JU/ICE 
TELL+ AB\T CONDITIONS ! ORGANIZ]S F\ND 9 ! FIELD ,I ?\<T !Y 
W]E BALMY4 ,N[ ,I KN[40 

,AS WE W\ND UP ! LA/ PHASES ( ! >BITRATION 9 ,MILWAUKEE1 ,I GOT 
READY TO LEAVE = ! ,A ,F ( ,L CONV5TION 9 ,ATLANTIC ,CITY4 ,FROM !RE 
,I WAS TO GO TO ,BUFFALO1 :]E ! TIME WAS RIPE = AM AGGRESSIVE CAMPAIGN1 
ACCORD+ TO ,VISE-,PRESID5T ,ELIAS ,REISB]G1 DIRECTOR ( \R COTTON G>M5T 
& MISCELLANE\S DIVISION4 ,HE HAD LATELY SURVEY$ ?AT SC5E1 9T]VIEW+ 
SOME PROSPECTIVE ASSI/ANTS4 

,TO ME ,BUFFALO WAS KN[N PR9CIPALLY AS ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE'S *IEF OP5-%OP 
C5T]1 & AS ! ,AM]ICAN GATEWAY TO ?AT GLORI\S NATURAL WOND]1 ,NIAG>A 
,FALLS1 ROMANTIC LURE = HONEYMOON+ C\PLES4 

,UPON MY >RIVAL ,I F\ND ?AT ,REISB]G HAD PRACTICALLY PROMIS$ JOBS 
TO TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT NEI!R WAS WILL+ TO WORK ) ! O!R4 ,AT 
! ,Y,W,C,A ,9DU/RIAL ,DIVISION1 ,E?LYN ,*RI/5S5 & ,PATTY ,ELLIS GAVE ME 
! L[-D[N ON ORGANIZ+ PROBLEMS 9 ?AT CITY4 

,AW>E ( ! DRAWBACKS BUT UNDAUNT$1 & ) ! AID ( ,G]TRUDE ,/ANLEY1 
A FRI5DLY SOCIAL WORK]1 ,I SET UP AN (FICE ) ALL ! P>APH]NALIA 
& BEGAN ! USUAL ISSUANCE ( COLORFUL LIT]ATURE & A MAGAZ9E ,:AT 
,N[8 9 ,POLI% & ,5GLI%1 :I*1 9 ADDITION TO G5]AL NEWS AB\T ! 
9DU/RY1 C>RI$ A SPECIAL FEATURE1 ,! ,ADV5TURES ( ,/ELLA & ,HEL51 
A S]IES ( LIVELY TALKS BETWE5 TWO %OP WORK]S1 COMP>+ CONDITIONS 
9 UNION & NONUNION %OPS4 

,]NE/ ,BAUMAN1 :OM ,I 5GAG$ AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ,REISB]G1 CAME 9 
TO ASSI/ ME4 ,WE B\<T RADIO TIME1 BROADCA/+ ,FRIDAY EV5+S 9 BO? 
LANGUAGES4 ,BAUMAN TOOK OV] ! ,5GLI% 5D4 ,BRIEFLY WE W\LD COMM5T ON 
! WEEKLY LABOR NEWS1 ) UNION SONGS AT ! BEG9N+ & 5D ( ! 
PROGRAM4 ,\R ,POLI% LI/5]S BE+ ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICS1 WE QUOT$ ,POPE ,LEO 
,X,I,I,I'S 5CYCLICAL 9 FAVOR ( UNIONS4 

,PRES5TLY A Y\NG ,POLI% ORGANIZ] FROM ,*ICAGO WAS RECOMM5D$ = 
! JOB4 ,ATTRACTIVE & 5]GETIC1 ,M>IANNE ,ALFONS1 :O KNEW ! H>D%IPS 
( FACTORY TOIL FROM H] [N FAMILY'S EXP]I5CES1 AT ONCE TOOK OV] ! 
,POLI% PHASE ( ! WORK1 & BEGAN TO MAKE VISITS TO H] CORELIGIONI/S4 

,BUT AL?\< DUR+ !SE VISITS WE LE>N$ MU* AB\T !IR DIFFLCULTIES_/! 
=C$ KICK-BACK ( P>T ( ! PALTRY @s#a#c1 ! LEGAL M9IMUM WAGE 9 ! 
COTTON G>M5T %OPS2 PUN*+ ( ONE'S TIME C>D BY SOME O!R EMPLOYEE 
SO ?AT H\RS WORK$ W]E ONLY P>TLY REGI/]$1 ! WOM5 WE TALK$ ) 
HOP$ ?AT !IR BOSS OR =ELADY W\LD GET A LESSON1 0BUT ,I C\LDN'T 
AF=D TO GET MIX$ UP 9 IT0 4 4 4 0,I'D HATE TO GO BACK ON RELIEF40 
4 4 4 0,MY FAMILY DEP5DS UPON MY E>N+S40 4 4 4 0,?IS 
MI<T CO/ ME MY JOB40 

,!IR FE> WAS BAS$ ON :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO SOME ( !IR MORE \TSPOK5 
FRI5DS1 :O E>LY 9 #aicd TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A UNION 9 ! COTTON DRESS 
FACTORIES 9 ,BUFFALO4 ,!SE W]E GRADUALLY EAS$ \T ( !IR JOBS & 
NEV] AGA9 C\LD GET WORK 9 !IR TRADE4 ,?IS ?REAT HUNG OV] ! HEADS 
( Y\NG GIRLS :O HAD REC5TLY BEGUN TO E>N A LIV+1 & OV] MO!RS 
( L>GE FAMILIES1 :OSE E>N+S KEPT ! HOME POTS BOIL+4 

,YET AT TIMES ,I BECAME IMPATI5T ) O!RS AMONG ! ,BUFFALO DRESSMAK]S 
= :AT /RUCK ME AS COMPLAC5CY RA!R ?AN FE>4 ,ONE ,FRIDAY ,I 5C\NT]$ 
AN ODD MANIFE/ATION ( !IR ATTITUDE4 ,AFT] \R WEEKLY HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ 
9 FRONT ( ! ,B>MON ,BRO!RS FACTORY ,I BO>D$ A /REET C> ) A GR\P 
( WOM5 :O W]E READ+ ! LATE/ ISSUE ( ,:AT ,N[8 ) EVID5T RELI%4 
,SO ,I ASK$ :E!R !Y LIK$ IT4 

0,OH1 YES1 V]Y MU*40 ,!Y W\LDN'T WANT TO MISS AN 9/ALLM5T 
( ,! ,ADV5TURES ( ,/ELLA & ,HEL5 ,I ASK$ :E!R !Y LI/5$ TO 
\R BROADCA/4 ,!Y DID1 & !IR FA!RS 5JOY$ \R SUMM>Y ( LABOR 
NEWS1 :ILE !Y LIK$ ! SONGS4 

,!IR 5?USIASM HE>T5$ ME4 ,I FELT ?AT ,I HAD /RUCK A BONANZA 9 
! =M ( GOOD UNION MAT]IAL4 0,:5 >E Y\ COM+ TO \R (FICE 
TO SIGN UP ) ! UNION80 ,!Y LOOK$ AT ME 9 A/ONI%M5T4 ,( 
C\RSE1 !Y ADMITT$1 ?+S W]E BETT] ) \R UNION 9 T[N2 ! BOSS 
HAD /OPP$ *ISEL+ ON !IR PAY1 & ! =ELADY WAS MU* NIC] N[4 
,BUT IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO !M ?AT JU/ BECAUSE !Y 5JOY$ \R LIT]ATURE 
& LI/5$ TO \R RADIO PROGRAMS !Y \<T TO JO9 ! UNION4 ,!Y LI/5$ 
TO MANY RADIO PROGRAMS1 BUT NONE ( !M B\<T ,*ASE @& ,SANBORN C(FEE1 
NOR SMOK$ ,*E/]FIELD CIG>ETTES1 NOR US$ ,SWEE!>T SOAP1 OR ,PEPSOD5T 
TOO?PA/E1 ?\< SOME DID BUY ,JELLO BECAUSE IT 0TOOK NO TIME TO 
MAKE40 ,BUFFALO IS A NA/Y T[N 9 W9T]TIME1 ! RA9 & SN[ KEEP+ 
PEOPLE 9DOORS MU* ( ! TIME4 ,9 ?AT W9T] AT LEA/1 ! SN[ REMA9$ 
ON ! /REETS 9 DIRTY M\NDS UNTIL ! SPR+ ?AW4 

,IT WAS MEMORABLE1 TOO1 AS ! ONLY CITY :]E ,I EV] WITNESS$ C>D-PLAY+ 
5 MASSE4 ,P>TIES W]E /AG$ BY ,POLI% SOCIAL1 RELIGI\S1 FRAT]NAL1 & 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,EA* GR\P ( PLAY]S HELD A BRIDGE-TABLE SIZE SQU>E 
( C>D-BO>D ON !IR LAPS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! GAME ! W9N] REMA9$ 
SEAT$ & ! O!R ?REE MOV$ ON TO ! NEXT SQU>E4 ,PRIZES W]E GIV5 
TO ?OSE :O WON MO/ ( ! GAMES 9 TWO H\RS ( PLAY+4 ,5T]TA9M5T 
& DANC+ FOLL[$4 

,AFT] ATT5D+ SEV]AL SU* AFFAIRS1 ,I PUR*AS$ C>DBO>D SQU>ES 
& SOME DECKS ( C>DS1 & 9 A LEAFLET ANN\NC$ AN 0OP5 H\SE0 
C>D P>TY1 ) REFRE%M5TS S]V$ FREE TO COTTON DRESS WORK]S4 ,!N 
,I HAD ! GIRLS 9 ! (FICE TEA* ME RUMMY 9 A HURRY1 SO ,I W\LDN'T 
BE SITT+ IDLE :5 !Y PLAY$4 

,AB\T A DOZ5 ( !M RESPOND$1 ONE ( ?OSE A TALKATIVE WOMAN :O 
PROV$ TO BE A =ELADY'S /OOGE4 ,! =ELADY SAT 9 AN AUTOMOBILE ACROSS 
! /REET & OBS]V$ ?OSE :O 5T]$4 ,NEXT DAY %E ?REAT5$ !M 
) DIS*>GE IF !Y VISIT$ \R (FICE AGA94 

,MY WORK DAYS N[ W]E FILL$ ) /RA9 & DISC\RAGEM5T1 ALL ! 
%>P] AFT] ,I VISIT$ O!R LABOR UNIONS1 :]E ,I TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! 
HUSB&S ( G>M5T WORK]S TO 9DUCE !IR WIVES TO JO9 ! ,I,L,G,W,U4 

,ONE SU* MEET+ WAS HELD 9 A DIMLY LIT BASEM5T LODGE HALL4 ,AB\T 
?IRTY MEMB]S ( ! PA9T]'S LOCAL CAME 9 9DIVIDUALLY & TOOK SEATS 
>\ND ! WALLS1 :ILE ! SECRET>Y-TREASUR] SET HIMSELF UP 9 BUS9ESS 
AT AN OLD DESK COLLECT+ DUES4 

,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS A SLIM MIDDLE-AG$ MAN WALK$ ) DIGNITY TO ! 
*AIRMAN'S LITTLE TABLE & SAT D[N 9 ! TALL-BACK$ *AIR BEH9D IT4 
,!N HE /OOD UP4 ,FROM HIS BACK PANTS POCKET HE TOOK \T A SMALL ,AM]ICAN 
FLAG1 :I* HE SMOO!D \T ON ! TABLE1 FROM A SIDE POCKET A GAVEL1 FROM 
A VE/ POCKET ! PA9T]S' CON/ITUTION1 & DECL>$ ! MEET+ OP52 
ANO!R MEMB] W5T AB\T ! ROOM :ISP]+ 9 ! E> ( EA*1 PRESUMABLY 
! PASSWORD = ! NEXT MEET+4 

,!N ! 0,LADY ,G>M5T ,WORK]S0 ORGANIZ] WAS 9TRODUC$ TO 
SAY A FEW WORDS4 ,I HAD LITTLE DESIRE N[ TO SAY ANY?+1 9 VIEW ( ! 
DULL =MALITY1 BUT ,I \TL9$ BRIEFLY MY MISSION & RECEIV$ UNANIM\S1 
R++ APPLAUSE4 ,! PRESID5T ASSUR$ ME ?AT ! MEMB]S W\LD DO 0EV]Y?+ 
9 !IR P[]0 TO HELP US4 ,JUDG+ BY ! MEET+1 ,I LEFT CONV9C$ 
?AT !IR 0HELP0 W\LD BE ( NO VALUE TO US4 ,& IT NEV] WAS4 

,:ILE 9 ,BUFFALO ,REISB]G W\LD ASK ME TO MAKE TRIPS TO NE>BY T[NS 
:]E ,NEW ,YORK RUN-AWAY EMPLOY]S W]E TRY+ TO GET !MSELVES E/ABLI%$ 
)\T ! UNION4 ,9V>IABLY ,I W\LD HE> 9 !SE T[NS ! SAME SONG3 
! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE HAD BUILT A MILL & 9VIT$ 9DU/RY TO MOVE 91 
(F]+ FREE R5T1 NO TAXES1 & *EAP LABOR4 ,SOME DESIGN+ EMPLOY]1 
DODG+ UNION CONDITIONS1 W\LD AVAIL HIMSELF ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY4 ,)9 
NO TIME ! UNION W\LD FOLL[ 9 HIS FOOT/EPS & MAKE HIM SIGN A UNION 
CONTRACT4 ,=C$ TO PAY REGUL> WAGES1 ! EMPLOY] HAD NO REASON TO REMA9 
!RE1 F> FROM ! M>KET1 ) 9EXP]I5C$ LABOR & M\NT+ CO/S4 
,H5CE :5 ,I CAME TO ,HORNELL1 ,I F\ND A DRESS FACTORY LOCAT$ 9 A BUILD+ 
:I* ALT]NATELY HAD H\S$ A HOSI]Y MILL & A %IRT FACTORY1 BO? ( 
:I* HAD BE5 =C$ BACK TO !IR =M] PLACES4 

,SO TO MANY T[NSPEOPLE A UNION SPELL$ UNEMPLOYM5T1 & !Y NATURALLY 
RESI/$ UNIONIZATION4 ,AS TIME W5T ON ,I BECAME AW>E ?AT ) ! SNAIL'S 
PACE AT :I* ,I WAS MOV+ 9 ,BUFFALO H>DLY ANY TANGIBLE RESULTS C\LD 
BE EXPECT$4 ,CO9CID5TALLY ! ,AKRON RUBB] WORK]S' SIT-D[N KEPT ME 
BUSY = A :ILE4 ,BUT ?AT SPR+1 DUR+ A VISIT TO ,NEW ,YORK1 ,I URG$ 
,REISB]G TO RELIEVE ME ( MY DUTIES1 SAY+ ?AT AS ,I WAS NOT ( ! *AIR-W>M+ 
TYPE ,I HAD NO REASON TO /AY ON ANY LONG]4 ,HE AGRE$ ) ME4 

,LATE 9 ,APRIL1 ON ! EVE ( LEAV+ = ,=T ,WAYNE1 ,9DIANA1 TO ATT5D 
! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S' SECOND ANNUAL CONV5TION1 ,I LIQUIDAT$ ! 
,BUFFALO (FICE4 ,AS ANTICIPAT$1 ! OLD *ISEL+ WAS PROMPTLY RESUM$1 
& LAT] ! ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,RELATIONS ,BO>D ORD]$ ONE ( ! LOCAL COTTON 
DRESS MANUFACTUR]S TO PAY @s#b1 BACK WAGES TO SOME ( ITS EMPLOYES4 
,TO ?IS DAY1 ! ,I,L,G,W,U HAS NOT E/ABLI%$ A LOCAL 9 ,BUFFALO4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidd 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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