,BEYOND ,P[]_/,KN[L$GE 
,AN ,EXPLORATION ( P[]1 IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,LET ME BEG9 ) A BRIEF /ORY AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 

,OV] ! LA/ YE> MY MO!R HAD A S]IES ( /ROKES4 ,IT SOON BECAME OBVI\S ?AT %E W\LD EV5TUALLY BE 9CAPABLE ( LIV+ AT HOME )\T ASSI/ANCE2 S9CE H] 9SURANCE W\LD NOT COV] HOME C>E1 A S]IES ( SOCIAL WORK]S ADVIS$ US TO PUT 9 = ,M$ICAID4 ,TO QUALIFY = ,M$ICAID H[EV]1 ONE'S TOTAL WOR? CAN ONLY AM\NT TO SIX ?\S& DOLL>S4 ,WE >RANG$ TO TRANSF] H] SAV+S--?IS WAS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 TE*NICALLY A SCAM1 ?\< IT'S A PECULI> SORT ( SCAM S9CE ! GOV]NM5T EMPLOYS ?\S&S ( SOCIAL WORK]S :OSE MA9 WORK SEEMS TO BE TELL+ CITIZ5S H[ TO DO IT--BUT %ORTLY !REAFT]1 %E HAD ANO!R1 V]Y S]I\S /ROKE1 & F\ND H]SELF 9 A NURS+ HOME UND]GO+ LONG-T]M REHABILITATION4 ,:5 %E EM]G$ FROM !RE %E W\LD DEF9ITELY NE$ HOME C>E1 BUT !RE WAS A PROBLEM3 H] SOCIAL SECURITY *ECK WAS BE+ DEPOSIT$ DIRECTLY1 %E WAS B>ELY ABLE TO SIGN H] NAME1 SO UNLESS ,I ACQUIR$ P[] ( ATTORNEY OV] H] ACC\NT & WAS ?US ABLE TO PAY H] MON?LY R5T BILLS = H]1 ! MONEY W\LD IMM$IATELY BUILD UP & DISQUALIFY H]1 EV5 AFT] ,I FILL$ \T ! 5ORM\S RAFT ( ,M$ICAID DOCUM5TS ,I NE$$ TO FILE TO QUALIFY H] = P5D+ /ATUS4 

,I W5T TO H] BANK1 PICK$ UP ! REQUISITE =MS1 & BR\<T !M TO ! NURS+ HOME4 ,! DOCUM5TS NE$$ TO BE NOT>IZ$4 ,! NURSE ON ! FLOOR 9=M$ ME !RE WAS AN 9-H\SE NOT>Y1 BUT ,I NE$$ TO MAKE AN APPO9TM5T2 %E PICK$ UP ! PHONE & PUT ME ?R\< TO A DISEMBODI$ VOICE1 :O !N TRANSF]R$ ME TO ! NOT>Y4 ,! NOT>Y PROCE$$ TO 9=M ME ,I FIR/ HAD TO GET AU?ORIZATION FROM ! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK1 & HUNG UP4 ,SO ,I ACQUIR$ HIS NAME & ROOM NUMB] & DULY TOOK ! ELEVATOR D[N/AIRS1 APPE>$ AT HIS (FICE--ONLY TO DISCOV] HE WAS1 9 FACT1 ! DISEMBODI$ VOICE ON ! PHONE4 ,! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK PICK$ UP ! PHONE1 SAID 0,M>JORIE1 ?AT WAS ME1 Y\'RE DRIV+ ?IS MAN CRAZY ) ?IS NONS5SE & Y\'RE DRIV+ ME CRAZY TOO01 & PROCE$$ TO SECURE ME AN APPO9TM5T = E>LY ! NEXT WEEK4 

,! NEXT WEEK ! NOT>Y DULY APPE>$1 ACCOMPANI$ ME UP/AIRS1 MADE SURE ,I'D FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( ! =M 7AS HAD BE5 REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ TO ME71 & !N1 9 MY MO!R'S PRES5CE1 PROCE$$ TO FILL \T H] [N4 ,I WAS A LITTLE PUZZL$ ?AT %E DIDN'T ASK MY MO!R TO SIGN ANY?+1 ONLY ME1 BUT ,I FIGUR$ %E MU/ KN[ :AT %E WAS DO+4 

,! NEXT DAY ,I TOOK IT TO ! BANK1 :]E ! WOMAN AT ! DESK TOOK ONE LOOK1 ASK$ :Y MY MO!R HADN'T SIGN$ IT1 & %[$ IT TO H] MANAG]1 :O TOLD ME TO TAKE IT BACK & DO IT RI<T4 ,APP>5TLY ! NOT>Y HAD NO IDEA :AT %E WAS DO+4 ,SO ,I GOT NEW =MS1 FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( EA*1 & MADE A NEW APPO9TM5T4 ,ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ! NOT>Y DULY APPE>$1 & AFT] SOME AWKW>D REM>KS AB\T ! DIFFICULTIES CAUS$ BY EA* BANK HAV+ ITS [N1 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T P[] ( ATTORNEY =M1 WE PROCE$$ UP/AIRS4 ,I SIGN$1 MY MO!R SIGN$--) SOME DIFFICULTY--& ! NEXT DAY ,I RETURN$ TO ! BANK4 ,ANO!R WOMAN AT A DIFF]5T DESK EXAM9$ ! =MS & ASK$ :Y ,I HAD SIGN$ ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO WRITE MY NAME & PR9T$ MY NAME ON ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO SIGN4 

0,I DID8 ,WELL1 ,I JU/ DID EXACTLY :AT ! NOT>Y TOLD ME TO DO40 

0,BUT IT SAYS CLE>LY 'SIGNATURE' H]E40 

0,OH1 YES1 IT DOES1 DOESN'T IT8 ,I GUESS %E TOLD ME WRONG4 ,AGA94 ,WELL444 ALL ! 9=MATION IS /ILL !RE1 ISN'T IT8 ,IT'S JU/ ?OSE TWO BITS ?AT >E REV]S$4 ,SO IS IT REALLY A PROBLEM8 ,IT'S K9D ( PRESS+ & ,I'D REALLY RA!R NOT HAVE TO WAIT TO MAKE ANO!R APPO9TM5T40 

0,WELL1 NORMALLY WE DON'T EV5 ACCEPT !SE =MS )\T ALL ! SIGNATORIES BE+ H]E 9 P]SON40 

0,MY MO!R HAD A /ROKE4 ,%E'S B$RIDD54 ,?AT'S :Y ,I NE$ P[] ( ATTORNEY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE40 

,%E SAID %E'D *ECK ) ! MANAG]1 & AFT] T5 M9UTES RETURN$1 SAY+ ! BANK C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! =MS 9 !IR PRES5T /ATE1 & 9 ADDITION1 EV5 IF !Y W]E FILL$ \T CORRECTLY1 ,I W\LD /ILL NE$ A LETT] FROM MY MO!R'S DOCTOR C]TIFY+ ?AT %E WAS M5TALLY COMPET5T TO SIGN SU* A DOCUM5T4 ,I PO9T$ \T ?AT NO ONE HAD M5TION$ ANY SU* LETT] PREVI\SLY4 

0,:AT80 ASK$ ! MANAG]1 :O WAS LI/5+ 94 0,:O GAVE Y\ ?OSE =MS & DIDN'T TELL Y\ AB\T ! LETT]80 

,S9CE ! APP>5T CULPRIT WAS ACTUALLY ONE ( ! NIC] BANK EMPLOYES1 ,I *ANG$ ! SUBJECT1 NOT+ ?AT 9 ! BANKBOOK IT WAS PR9T$1 QUITE CLE>LY1 09 TRU/ = ,DAVID ,GRAEB]04 ,HE ( C\RSE REPLI$ ?AT W\LD ONLY MATT] IF %E WAS DEAD4 

,AS IT HAPP5$1 ! :OLE PROBLEM SOON BECAME ACADEMIC3 MY MO!R DID 9DE$ DIE A FEW WEEKS LAT]4 

,AT ! TIME1 ,I F\ND ?IS EXP]I5CE EXTREMELY DISCONC]T+4 ,HAV+ L$ AN EXI/5CE COMP>ATIVELY 9SULAT$ FROM ?IS SORT ( ?+1 ,I F\ND MYSELF CONT9UALLY ASK+ MY FRI5DS3 IS ?IS :AT ORD9>Y LIFE1 = MO/ PEOPLE1 IS REALLY LIKE8 ,MO/ W]E 9CL9$ TO SUSPECT IT WAS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! NOT>Y WAS UNUSUALLY 9COMPET5T4 ,/ILL1 ,I HAD TO SP5D OV] A MON? NOT LONG AFT] DEAL+ ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( SOME ANONYM\S CL]K 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DEP>TM5T ( ,MOTOR ,VEHICLES :O DECID$ MY GIV5 NAME WAS 

0,DAID01 NOT TO M5TION ! ,V]IZON CL]K :O SPELL$ MY SURNAME 0,GRUEB]04 

,BUREAUCRACIES PUBLIC & PRIVATE APPE>--= :ATEV] HI/ORICAL REASONS--TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GU>ANTEE ?AT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( ACTORS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO P]=M !IR TASKS AS EXPECT$4 ,IT ALSO EXEMPLIFIES :AT ,I HAVE COME TO ?9K ( ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( A UTOPIAN =M ( PRACTICE1 9 ?AT1 ON DISCOV]+ ?IS1 ?OSE MA9TA9+ ! SY/EM CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT ) ! SY/EM ITSELF BUT ) ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! HUMAN BE+S 9VOLV$4 

,AS AN 9TELLECTUAL1 PROBABLY ! MO/ DI/URB+ ?+ WAS H[ DEAL+ ) !SE =MS SOMEH[ R5D]$ ME /UPID TOO4 ,H[ C\LD ,I NOT HAVE NOTIC$ ?AT ,I WAS PR9T+ MY NAME ON ! L9E ?AT SAID 0SIGNATURE08 ,?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,I HAD BE5 9VE/+ A GREAT DEAL ( M5TAL & EMOTIONAL 5]GY 9 ! :OLE AFFAIR4 ,! PROBLEM1 ,I ?9K1 WAS ?AT MO/ ( ?IS 5]GY WAS GO+ 9TO A CONT9UAL ATTEMPT TO TRY TO UND]/& & 9FLU5CE :OEV]1 AT ANY MOM5T1 SEEM$ TO HAVE SOME K9D ( BUREAUCRATIC P[] OV] ME--:5 :AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS ! CORRECT 9T]PRETATION ( ONE OR TWO ,LAT9 WORDS1 & CORRECT P]=MANCE ( PURELY ME*ANICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,SP5D+ SO MU* ( MY TIME WORRY+ AB\T H[ NOT TO SEEM LIKE ,I WAS RUBB+ ! NOT>Y'S FACE 9 H] 9COMPET5CE1 OR IMAG9+ :AT MI<T MAKE ME SEEM SYMPA!TIC TO V>I\S BANK (FICIALS1 MADE ME LESS 9CL9$ TO NOTICE :5 !Y TOLD ME TO DO SOME?+ FOOLI%4 ,IT WAS AN OBVI\SLY MISPLAC$ /RATEGY1 S9CE 9S(> AS ANYONE HAD ! P[] TO B5D ! RULES !Y W]E USUALLY NOT ! PEOPLE ,I WAS TALK+ TO2 MOREOV]1 IF ,I DID 5C\NT] !M1 ,I WAS CON/ANTLY BE+ REM9D$ ?AT IF ,I DID COMPLA91 EV5 AB\T A PURELY /RUCTURAL ABSURDITY1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE RESULT W\LD BE TO GET SOME JUNIOR FUNCTION>Y 9 TR\BLE4 

,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 PROBABLY ! MO/ CURI\S ?+ = ME WAS H[ LITTLE TRACE ANY ( ?IS T5DS TO LEAVE 9 ! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE MADE SOME?+ ( A SPECIALTY \T ( DEAL+ ) ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ BIR?1 M>RIAGE1 DEA?1 & SIMIL> RITES ( PASSAGE4 ,WE >E P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) RITUAL GE/URES ?AT >E SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S3 :]E ! M]E ACT ( SAY+ OR DO+ SOME?+ MAKES IT SOCIALLY TRUE4 ,YET 9 MO/ EXI/+ SOCIETIES AT ?IS PO9T1 IT IS PRECISELY PAP]WORK1 NOT O!R =MS ( RITUAL1 ?AT IS SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S4 ,MY MO!R1 = EXAMPLE1 WI%$ TO BE CREMAT$ )\T C]EMONY2 MY MA9 MEMORY ( ! FUN]AL HOME ?\< WAS ( ! PLUMP1 GOOD-NATUR$ CL]K :O WALK$ ME ?R\< A #a#d-PAGE DOCUM5T HE HAD TO FILE 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A DEA? C]TIFICATE1 WRITT5 9 BALLPO9T ON C>BON PAP] SO IT CAME \T 9 TRIPLICATE4 0,H[ MANY H\RS A DAY DO Y\ SP5D FILL+ \T =MS LIKE ?AT80 ,I ASK$4 ,HE SI<$4 0,IT'S ALL ,I DO10 HOLD+ UP A H& B&AG$ FROM SOME K9D ( 9CIPI5T C>PAL TUNNEL SYNDROME4 ,)\T ?OSE =MS1 MY MO!R W\LD NOT BE1 LEGALLY--SOCIALLY--DEAD4 

,:Y1 !N1 >E !RE NOT VA/ E?NOGRAPHIC TOMES AB\T ,AM]ICAN OR ,BRITI% RITES ( PASSAGE1 ) LONG *APT]S AB\T =MS & PAP]WORK8 ,! OBVI\S ANSW] IS ?AT PAP]WORK IS BOR+4 ,!RE REALLY >5'T MANY 9T]E/+ ?+S ONE CAN SAY AB\T IT4 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY4 ,! 9T]PRETATIVE TOOLS WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL >E BE/ SUIT$ TO UNPACK COMPLEX WEBS ( MEAN+ OR SIGNIFICATION3 9TRICATE RITUAL SYMBOLISM1 SOCIAL DRAMAS1 POETIC =MS1 K9%IP NETWORKS444 ,:AT ALL !SE HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y T5D TO BE BO? 9F9ITELY RI*1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 OP5-5D$2 IF ONE'S 9T5TION WAS TO EXHAU/ EV]Y MEAN+1 MOTIVES1 OR ASSOCIATION PACK$ 9 TO A S+LE ,NCWALA RITUAL1 ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T1 WIT*CRAFT ACCUSATION1 OR FAMILY SAGA1 ONE C\LD POT5TIALLY GO ON =EV]3 ALL ! MORE ( SO IF ONE ALSO WI%$ TO TRACE ITS RELATIONS ) O!R ELEM5TS 9 ! L>G] SOCIAL OR SYMBOLIC FIELDS !Y 9V>IABLY OP5 UP4 ,=MS 9 CONTRA/ >E DESIGN$ TO BE MAXIMALLY SIMPLE & SELF-CONTA9$4 ,!RE JU/ ISN'T MU* !RE TO 9T]PRET4 ,LIT]ATURE1 ( C\RSE1 HAS ! SAME PROBLEM ) BUREAUCRACY4 ,AT BE/ IT CAN BECOME ! OBJECT ( SOME K9D ( BLEAK ,KAFKAESQUE COM$Y4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE1 IT'S PROBABLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,KAFKA HAS REMA9$ PRETTY MU* ! ONLY AU?OR TO HAVE MADE GREAT LIT]ATURE ( ANY SORT \T ( BUREAUCRACY3 !RE'S SO LITTLE !RE ?AT ONCE Y\'VE DONE IT1 !RE'S NO?+ LEFT = ANYONE TO ADD4 

,/ILL1 SOCIAL !ORY ABHORS A VACUUM4 ,NO:]E IS ?IS MORE OBVI\S ?AN 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON BUREAUCRACY ITSELF4 ,9S(> AS E?NOGRAPHIES ( BUREAUCRACY EXI/--! P>ADIGM H]E IS ,H]ZFELD'S 0,! ,SOCIAL ,PRODUCTION ( ,9DIFF]5CE0 7#a#i#i#b7--! 

0BUREAUCRACY AS IDIOCY0 P]SPECTIVE T5DS TO BE REPRES5T$ AT BE/ AS ! NAIVE FOLK MODEL :OSE EXI/5CE ANY SOPHI/ICAT$1 CULTURAL UND]/&+ ( ! PH5OM5ON MU/ />T BY BE+ ABLE TO EXPLA94 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY SU* WORKS NECESS>ILY D5Y ?AT IMM]SION 9 BUREAUCRATIC CODES & REGULATIONS DOES1 9 FACT1 REGUL>LY CAUSE PEOPLE TO ACT 9 WAYS ?AT 9 ANY O!R CONTEXT W\LD BE CONSID]$ IDIOTIC4 ,JU/ AB\T ANYONE IS AW>E FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ?AT !Y DO4 ,YET = PURPOSES ( CULTURAL ANALYSIS1 TRU? IS R>ELY CONSID]$ AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION4 ,AT BE/ ONE CAN EXPECT A 0YES1 BUT4440--) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 0BUT0 9TRODUCES EV]Y?+ ?AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT4 

,:5 WE PASS TO ! MORE R>IFI$ DOMA9S ( !ORY1 EV5 ?AT 0YES1 BUT0 USUALLY DISAPPE>S4 ,CONSID] ! HEGEMONIC ROLE1 9 ,U,S SOCIAL !ORY1 ( ,MAX ,WEB] 9 ! '#eS & '#fS1 & ( ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT EV] S9CE4 ,!IR POPUL>ITY1 NO D\BT1 HAD MU* TO DO ) ! EASE ) :I* EA* C\LD BE ADOPT$ AS A K9D ( ANTI-,M>X1 !IR !ORIES PUT =? 7USUALLY 9 CRUDELY SIMPLIFI$ =M7 TO >GUE ?AT P[] IS NOT SIMPLY OR PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BUT RA!R A P]VASIVE1 MULTIFACET$1 & UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( ANY SOCIAL LIFE4 ,I ALSO ?9K IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ?AT !SE SOMETIMES APPE> TO BE ! ONLY TWO 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY :O HONE/LY BELIEV$ ?AT BUREAUCRACIES WORK4 ,WEB] SAW BUREAUCRATIC =MS ( ORGANIZATION AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( RATIONALITY1 SO OBVI\SLY SUP]IOR TO ANY ALT]NATIVE ?AT !Y ?REAT5$ TO LOCK HUMANITY 9 A JOYLESS 0IRON CAGE01 B]EFT ( SPIRIT & *>ISMA4 ,F\CAULT WAS F> MORE SUBV]SIVE1 BUT 9 A WAY ?AT MADE BUREAUCRATIC P[] MORE EFFECTIVE1 NOT LESS4 

,BODIES1 SUBJECTS1 TRU? ITSELF1 ALL BECOME ! PRODUCTS ( ADM9I/RATIVE DISC\RSES2 ?R\< CONCEPTS LIKE GOV]NM5TALITY & BIOP[]1 /ATE BUREAUCRACIES 5D UP %AP+ ! T]MS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE 9 WAYS F> MORE 9TIMATE ?AN ANY?+ ,WEB] W\LD HAVE POSSIBLY IMAG9$4 

,IT'S H>D TO AVOID ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 9 EI!R CASE1 !IR POPUL>ITY [$ MU* TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY SY/EM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD HAD ITSELF BECOME 9CREAS+LY AN 9/ITUTION D$ICAT$ TO PRODUC+ FUNCTION>IES = AN IMP]IAL ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,! CURR5T ASC5DANCY ( ,F\CAULT SEEMS TRACE BACK TO '#fS RADICALS' REJECTION ( ,TALCOTT ,P>SON'S V]SION ( ,WEB] = PRECISELY ?IS REASON2 ! ULTIMATE RESULT H[EV] WAS A K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ) ! OPTIMI/IC SIDE ( ,WEB] RE9V5T$ 9 EV5 MORE SIMPLIFI$ =M = ! ACTUAL TRA9+ ( BUREAUCRATS UND] ! NAME ( 0RATIONAL *OICE !ORY01 :ILE ( ! PESSIMI/IC SIDE WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! ,F\CAULDIANS4 ,F\CAULT'S ASC5DANCY 9 TURN WAS PRECISELY )9 ?OSE FIELDS ( ACADEMIC 5DEAVOR ?AT BO? BECAME ! HAV5 = =M] RADICALS1 BUT ?AT W]E !MSELVES MO/ COMPLETELY DIVORC$ FROM ANY ACCESS TO POLITICAL P[]1 OR 9CREAS+LY1 EV5 TO REAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS--:I* GAVE ,F\CAULT'S EMPHASIS ON ! 0P[]_/KN[L$GE0 NEXUS1 ! ASS]TION ?AT =MS ( KN[L$GE >E ALWAYS ALSO =MS ( SOCIAL P[]1 9DE$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( SOCIAL P[]1 A P>TICUL> APPEAL4 

,NO D\BT ANY SU* HI/ORICAL >GUM5T IS A BIT C>ICATURI% & UNFAIR2 BUT ,I ?9K !RE IS A PR(\ND TRU? H]E4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT WE >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY1 :]E \R SKILLS AT 9T]PRETATION >E BE/ DEPLOY$4 ,WE ALSO HAVE AN 9CREAS+ T5D5CY TO ID5TIFY :AT'S 9T]E/+ & :AT'S IMPORTANT1 TO ASSUME PLACES ( D5SITY >E ALSO PLACES ( P[]4 ,! P[] ( BUREAUCRACY %[S JU/ H[ MU* ?IS IS (T5 NOT ! CASE4 

,?IS ESSAY IS NOT1 H[EV]1 PRIM>ILY AB\T BUREAUCRACY--OR EV5 AB\T ! REASONS = ITS NEGLECT 9 AN?ROPOLOGY & RELAT$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,IT IS REALLY AB\T VIOL5CE4 

,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE IS ?AT SITUATIONS CREAT$ BY VIOL5CE--P>TICUL>LY /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 BY :I* ,I MEAN =MS ( P]VASIVE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT >E ULTIMATELY BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M--9V>IABLY T5D TO CREATE ! K9DS ( WILLFUL BL9DNESS WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE ) BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES4 ,TO PUT IT CRUDELY3 IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES >E 9H]5TLY /UPID1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y T5D TO PRODUCE BEHAVIOR ?AT !Y !MSELVES DEF9E AS /UPID1 BUT RA!R1 ?AT >E 9V>IABLY WAYS ( MANAG+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS ?AT >E ALREADY /UPID BECAUSE !Y >E F\ND$ ON /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,I ?9K ?IS APPROA* ALL[S POT5TIAL 9SI<TS 9TO MATT]S ?AT >E1 9 FACT1 BO? 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT3 = 9/ANCE1 ! ACTUAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE =MS ( SIMPLIFICATION TYPICAL ( SOCIAL !ORY1 & ?OSE TYPICAL ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES4 

,I,I 

,WE >E NOT US$ TO ?9K+ ( NURS+ HOMES OR BANKS OR EV5 ,H,M,OS AS VIOL5T 9/ITUTIONS--EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ! MO/ AB/RACT & METAPHORICAL S5SE4 ,BUT ! VIOL5CE ,I'M REF]R+ TO H]E IS NOT EPI/EMIC4 ,IT'S QUITE CONCRETE4 ,ALL ( !SE >E 9/ITUTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES )9 A SY/EM ( PROP]TY RI<TS REGULAT$ & GU>ANTE$ BY GOV]NM5TS 9 A SY/EM ?AT ULTIMATELY RE/S ON ! ?REAT ( =CE4 0,=CE0 9 TURN IS JU/ A EUPHEMI/IC WAY TO REF] TO VIOL5CE4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS OBVI\S 5\<4 ,:AT'S ( E?NOGRAPHIC 9T]E/1 P]HAPS1 IS H[ R>ELY CITIZ5S 9 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES ACTUALLY ?9K AB\T ?IS FACT1 OR H[ 9/9CTIVELY WE TRY TO DISC\NT ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 = GRADUATE /UD5TS TO BE ABLE TO SP5D DAYS 9 ! /ACKS ( UNIV]SITY LIBR>IES POR+ OV] !ORETICAL TRACTS AB\T ! DECL9+ IMPORTANCE ( CO]CION AS A FACTOR 9 MOD]N LIFE1 )\T EV] REFLECT+ ON ?AT FACT ?AT1 HAD !Y 9SI/$ ON !IR RI<T TO 5T] ! /ACKS )\T %[+ A PROP]LY /AMP$ & VALIDAT$ ,I,D1 >M$ M5 W\LD HAVE BE5 SUMMON$ TO PHYSICALLY REMOVE !M4 ,IT'S ALMO/ AS ! MORE WE ALL[ ASPECTS ( \R EV]YDAY EXI/5CE TO FALL UND] ! PURVIEW ( BUREAUCRATIC REGULATIONS1 ! MORE EV]YONE CONC]N$ COLLUDES TO D[NPLAY ! FACT 7P]FECTLY OBVI\S TO ?OSE ACTUALLY RUNN+ ! SY/EM7 ?AT ALL ( IT ULTIMATELY DEP5DS ON ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 

,9 MANY ( ! RURAL COMMUNITIES ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E MO/ FAMILI> )1 :]E MOD]N ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUES >E EXPLICITLY SE5 AS ALI5 IMPOSITIONS1 MANY ( !SE CONNECTIONS >E MU* EASI] TO SEE4 ,9 ! P>T ( RURAL ,MADAGASC> :]E ,I DID MY FIELDWORK1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT GOV]NM5TS OP]ATE PRIM>ILY BY 9SPIR+ FE> WAS SE5 AS OBVI\S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY SIGNIFICANT GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! M9UTIAE ( DAILY LIFE 7VIA BUILD+ CODES1 OP5 CONTA9] LAWS1 ! M&ATORY 9SUR+ ( VEHICLES & SO ON71 IT BECAME ALL ! MORE APP>5T ?AT ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY WAS ! REGI/RATION ( TAXABLE PROP]TY4 ,ONE CURI\S RESULT WAS ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ! SORT ( 9=MATION ?AT WAS AVAILABLE FROM ! ,MALAGASY >*IVES = ! #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURIES = ! COMMUNITY ,I WAS /UDY+--PRECISE FIGURES AB\T ! SIZE ( EA* FAMILY & ITS HOLD+S 9 L& & CATTLE 7& 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD1 SLAVES7--?AT ,I WAS LEA/ ABLE TO ATTA9 = ! TIME ,I WAS !RE1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ?AT WAS PRECISELY :AT MO/ PEOPLE ASSUM$ AN \TSID] COM+ FROM ! CAPITAL W\LD BE LIKELY TO BE ASK+ AB\T1 & !RE=E1 :I* !Y W]E LEA/ 9CL9$ TO TELL !M4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ONE RESULT ( ! COLONIAL EXP]I5CE WAS ?AT :AT MI<T BE CALL$ RELATIONS ( COMM&--BASICALLY1 ANY ONGO+ RELATION%IP 9 :I* ONE ADULT R5D]S ANO!R AN EXT5SION ( HIS OR H] WILL--HAD BECOME ID5TIFI$ ) SLAV]Y1 & SLAV]Y1 ) ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! COMMUNITY ,I /UDI$1 SU* ASSOCIATIONS W]E MO/ LIKELY TO COME TO ! =E :5 PEOPLE W]E TALK+ AB\T ! GREAT SLAVE-HOLD+ FAMILIES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY :OSE *ILDR5 W5T ON TO BECOME ! CORE ( ! COLONIAL-]A ADM9I/RATION1 L>GELY 7IT WAS ALWAYS REM>K$7 BY D9T ( !IR DEVOTION TO $UCATION & SKILL ) PAP]WORK4 ,9 O!R CONTEXTS1 RELATIONS ( COMM&1 P>TICUL>LY 9 BUREAUCRATIC CONTEXTS1 W]E L+UI/ICALLY COD$3 !Y W]E FIRMLY ID5TIFI$ ) ,FR5*2 ,MALAGASY1 9 CONTRA/1 WAS SE5 AS ! LANGUAGE APPROPRIATE TO DELIB]ATION1 EXPLANATION1 & CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+4 ,M9OR FUNCTION>IES1 :5 !Y WI%$ TO IMPOSE >BITR>Y DICTATES1 W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SWIT* TO ,FR5*4 ,I P>TICUL>LY REMEMB] ONE OCCASION :5 AN (FICIAL :O HAD HAD MANY CONV]SATIONS ) ME 9 ,MALAGASY1 & HAD NO IDEA ,I EV5 UND]/OOD ,FR5*1 WAS FLU/]$ ONE DAY TO DISCOV] ME DROPP+ BY AT EXACTLY ! MOM5T EV]YONE HAD DECID$ TO GO HOME E>LY4 0,! (FICE IS CLOS$10 HE ANN\NC$1 9 ,FR5*1 0IF Y\ HAVE ANY BUS9ESS Y\ MU/ RETURN TOMORR[ AT #h,A,M40 ,:5 ,I PRET5D$ CONFUSION & CLAIM$1 9 ,MALAGASY1 NOT TO UND]/& ,FR5*1 HE PROV$ UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( REPEAT+ ! S5T5CE 9 ! V]NACUL>1 BUT JU/ KEPT REPEAT+ ! ,FR5* OV] & OV]4 ,O!RS LAT] CONFIRM$ :AT ,I SUSPECT$3 ?AT IF HE HAD SWIT*$ TO ,MALAGASY1 HE W\LD AT ! V]Y LEA/ HAVE HAD TO EXPLA9 :Y ! (FICE HAD CLOS$ AT SU* AN UNUSUAL TIME4 ,FR5* IS ACTUALLY REF]R$ TO 9 ,MALAGASY AS 0! LANGUAGE ( COMM&02 IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( CONTEXTS :]E EXPLANATIONS1 DELIB]ATION1 ULTIMATELY1 CONS5T1 WAS NOT REALLY REQUIR$1 S9CE !Y W]E ULTIMATELY PREMIS$ ON ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 

,9 ,MADAGASC>1 BUREAUCRATIC P[] WAS SOME:AT R$EEM$ 9 MO/ PEOPLE'S M9DS BY ITS TIE TO $UCATION4 ,COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS SUGGE/S !RE IS A DIRECT RELATION H[EV] BETWE5 ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM1 & ! LEVEL ( ABSURDITY IT IS SE5 TO PRODUCE4 ,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS DOCUM5T$ AT SOME L5G? ! REGIMES ( 0P[] )\T KN[L$GE0 TYPICAL ( COLONIAL ,S\? ,AFRICA 7#b#c71 :]E CO]CION & PAP]WORK L>GELY SUB/ITUT$ = ! NE$ = UND]/&+ ,AFRICAN SUBJECTS4 ,! ACTUAL 9/ALLATION ( AP>!ID BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#eS1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS H]ALD$ BY A NEW PASS SY/EM ?AT WAS DESIGN$ TO SIMPLIFY E>LI] RULES ?AT OBLIG$ ,AFRICAN WORK]S TO C>RY EXT5SIVE DOCUM5TATION ( LABOR CONTRACTS1 SUB/ITUT+ A S+LE ID5TITY BOOKLET1 M>K$ ) !IR 0NAMES1 LOCALE1 F+]PR9TS1 TAX /ATUS1 & !IR (FICIALLY PRESCRIB$ 'RI<TS' TO LIVE & WORK 9 ! T[NS & CITIES0 7#b#e3#h#d71 & NO?+ ELSE4 ,GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES APPRECIAT$ IT = /REAML9+ ADM9I/RATION1 POLICE = RELIEV+ !M ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( HAV+ TO ACTUALLY TALK TO ,AFRICAN WORK]S2 ! LATT] UNIV]SALLY REF]R$ TO AS ! 0DOMPAS01 OR 0/UPID PASS01 = PRECISELY ?AT REASON4 

,!RE >E TRACES ( ! L9K BETWE5 CO]CION & ABSURDITY EV5 9 ! WAY WE TALK AB\T BUREAUCRACY 9 ,5GLI%3 NOTE = EXAMPLE1 H[ MO/ ( ! COLLOQUIAL T]MS ?AT SPECIFICALLY REF] TO BUREAUCRATIC FOOLI%NESS1 ,S,N,A,F,U1 ,CAT*-#b#b & ! LIKE--D]IVE FROM MILIT>Y SLANG4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/S HAVE LONG OBS]V$ A 0NEGATIVE CORRELATION01 AS ,DAVID ,APT] PUT IT 7#a#i#f#e1 #a#i#g#a7 BETWE5 CO]CION & 9=MATION3 ?AT IS1 :ILE RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC REGIMES T5D TO BE AWA% 9 TOO MU* 9=MATION1 ! MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE A REGIME1 ! LESS REASON PEOPLE HAVE TO TELL IT ANY?+--:I* IS :Y SU* REGIMES >E =C$ TO RELY SO HEAVILY ON SPIES1 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES1 & SECRET POLICE4 

,I,I,I 

,VIOL5CE'S CAPACITY TO ALL[ >BITR>Y DECISIONS1 & ?US TO AVOID ! K9D ( DEBATE1 CL>IFICATION & R5EGOTIATION TYPICAL ( MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IS OBVI\SLY :AT ALL[S ITS VICTIMS TO SEE PROC$URES CREAT$ ON ! BASIS ( VIOL5CE AS /UPID OR UNREASONABLE4 ,ONE MI<T SAY1 ?OSE RELY+ ON ! FE> ( =CE >E NOT OBLIG$ TO 5GAGE 9 A LOT ( 9T]PRETATIVE LABOR1 & ?US1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 DO NOT4 

,?IS IS NOT AN ASPECT ( VIOL5CE ?AT HAS RECEIV$ MU* ATT5TION 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT ,! LATT] HAS T5D$ 9/EAD TO EMPHASIZE ! WAYS ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E MEAN+FUL & COMMUNICATIVE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS AN >EA :]E WE >E P>TICUL>LY PRONE TO FALL VICTIM TO ! CONFUSION ( 9T]PRETIVE DEP? & SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE3 ?AT IS1 TO ASSUME ?AT ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( VIOL5CE IS ALSO ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E NOT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ALSO ACTS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,CLE>LY !Y >E4 ,BUT ?IS IS TRUE ( ANY O!R =M ( HUMAN ACTION AS WELL4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT :AT IS REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T VIOL5CE IS ?AT IT IS P]HAPS ! ONLY =M ( HUMAN ACTION ?AT HOLDS \T EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ SOCIAL EFFECTS )\T BE+ COMMUNICATIVE4 ,TO BE MORE PRECISE3 VIOL5CE MAY WELL BE ! ONLY =M ( HUMAN ACTION BY :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE RELATIVELY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS ON ! ACTIONS ( A P]SON AB\T :OM Y\ UND]/& NO?+4 ,PRETTY MU* ANY O!R WAY ONE MI<T TRY TO 9FLU5CE ANO!R'S ACTIONS1 ONE AT LEA/ HAS TO HAVE SOME IDEA :O !Y ?9K !Y >E1 :O !Y ?9K Y\ >E1 :AT !Y MI<T WANT \T ( ! SITUATION1 !IR AV]SIONS & PROCLIVITIES1 & SO =?4 ,HIT !M OV] ! HEAD H>D 5\<1 ALL ( ?IS BECOMES IRRELEVANT4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! EFFECTS ONE CAN HAVE BY DISABL+ OR KILL+ SOMEONE >E V]Y LIMIT$1 BUT !Y >E REAL 5\<1 & CRITICALLY1 !Y >E PR$ICTABLE4 ,ANY ALT]NATIVE =M ( ACTION CANNOT1 )\T SOME SORT ( APPEAL TO %>$ MEAN+S OR UND]/&+S1 HAVE ANY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS AT ALL4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :ILE ATTEMPTS TO 9FLU5CE O!RS BY ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE DO REQUIRE SOME LEVEL ( %>$ UND]/&+S1 !SE CAN BE PRETTY M9IMAL4 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS--P>TICUL>LY ONGO+ ONES1 :E!R BETWE5 LONG/&+ FRI5DS OR LONG/&+ 5EMIES-->E EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$1 D5SE ) EXP]I5CE & MEAN+4 ,MA9TA9+ !M REQUIRES A CON/ANT & (T5 SUBTLE WORK ( 9T]PRETATION1 ( 5DLESSLY IMAG9+ O!RS' PO9TS ( VIEW4 

,?REAT5+ O!RS ) PHYSICAL H>M ALL[S ! POSSIBILITY ( CUTT+ ?R\< ALL ?IS4 ,IT MAKES POSSIBLE RELATIONS ( A F> MORE S*EMATIC K9D 7I4E41 'CROSS ?IS L9E & ,I WILL %OOT Y\'74 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE :Y VIOL5CE IS SO (T5 ! PREF]R$ WEAPON ( ! /UPID3 9DE$1 ONE MI<T SAY IT IS ONE ( ! TRAG$IES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE ?AT ?IS IS ! ONE =M ( /UPIDITY TO :I* IT IS MO/ DIFFICULT TO COME UP ) AN 9TELLIG5T RESPONSE4 

,I DO NE$ TO 9TRODUCE ONE CRUCIAL QUALIFICATION H]E4 ,IF TWO P>TIES 5GAG$ 9 A CONTE/ ( VIOL5CE--SAY1 G5]ALS COMM&+ OPPOS+ >MIES--!Y HAVE GOOD REASON TO TRY TO GET 9SIDE EA* O!R'S HEADS4 ,IT IS REALLY ONLY :5 ONE SIDE HAS AN OV]:ELM+ ADVANTAGE 9 !IR CAPACITY TO CAUSE PHYSICAL H>M ?AT !Y NO LONG] NE$ TO DO SO4 ,BUT ?IS HAS V]Y PR(\ND EFFECTS1 BECAUSE IT MEANS ?AT ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC EFFECT ( VIOL5CE--ITS ABILITY TO OBVIATE ! NE$ = 9T]PRETIVE LABOR--BECOMES MO/ SALI5T :5 ! VIOL5CE ITSELF IS LEA/ VISIBLE1 9 FACT1 :]E ACTS ( SPECTACUL> PHYSICAL VIOL5CE >E LEA/ LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,!SE >E SITUATIONS ( :AT ,I'VE REF]R$ TO AS /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SY/EMATIC 9EQUALITIES BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( =CE CAN BE TREAT$ AS =MS ( VIOL5CE 9 !MSELVES4 ,= ?IS REASON1 SITUATIONS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE 9V>IABLY PRODUCE EXTREME LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION4 

,!SE EFFECTS >E (T5 MO/ VISIBLE :5 ! /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY TAKE ! MO/ DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ =MS4 ,A CON/ANT /APLE ( #a#i#eS ,AM]ICAN SITUATION COM$IES1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS JOKES AB\T ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ WOM54 ,! JOKES 7ALWAYS ( C\RSE TOLD BY M57 ALWAYS REPRES5T$ WOM5'S LOGIC AS FUNDAM5TALLY ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,ONE NEV] HAD ! IMPRESSION ! WOM5 9 QUE/ION HAD ANY TR\BLE UND]/&+ M54 ,! REASONS >E OBVI\S3 WOM5 HAD NO *OICE BUT TO UND]/& M52 ?IS WAS ! HEYDAY ( A C]TA9 IMAGE ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 & WOM5 ) NO ACCESS TO !IR [N 9COME OR RES\RCES HAD LITTLE *OICE BUT TO SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & 5]GY UND]/&+ :AT !IR M5FOLK ?\<T WAS GO+ ON4 

,PATRI>*AL FAMILIES ( ?IS SORT >E1 AS G5]ATIONS ( FEM9I/S HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 MO/ C]TA9LY =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE2 !IR NORMS >E 9DE$ SANCTION$ BY ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M 9 5DLESS SUBTLE & NOT-SO-SUBTLE WAYS4 ,& ?IS K9D ( RHETORIC AB\T ! MY/]IES ( WOMANK9D APPE>S TO BE A P]5NIAL FEATURE ( !M4 ,G5]ATIONS ( WOM5 NOVELI/S--,VIRG9IA ,WOOLF COMES MO/ IMM$IATELY TO M9D--HAVE ALSO DOCUM5T$ ! O!R SIDE ( SU* >RANGEM5TS3 ! CON/ANT EF=TS WOM5 5D UP HAV+ TO EXP5D 9 MANAG+1 MA9TA9+1 & ADJU/+ ! EGOS ( OBLIVI\S & SELF-IMPORTANT M51 9VOLV+ AN CONT9UAL WORK ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION OR :AT ,I'VE CALL$ 9T]PRETIVE LABOR4 ,?IS C>RIES OV] ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,WOM5 >E ALWAYS EXPECT$ TO IMAG9E :AT ?+S LOOK LIKE FROM A MALE PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M5 >E ALMO/ NEV] EXPECT$ TO RECIPROCATE4 ,SO DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ IS ?IS PATT]N ( BEHAVIOR ?AT MANY M5 REACT TO ! SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y MI<T DO O!RWISE AS IF IT W]E AN ACT ( VIOL5CE 9 ITSELF4 ,A POPUL> EX]CISE AMONG ,HI< ,S*OOL CREATIVE WRIT+ TEA*]S 9 ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE1 IS TO ASK /UD5TS TO IMAG9+ !Y HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$1 = A DAY1 9TO SOMEONE ( ! OPPOSITE SEX1 & DESCRIBE :AT ?AT DAY MI<T BE LIKE4 ,! RESULTS1 APP>5TLY1 >E UNCANNILY UNI=M4 ,! GIRLS ALL WRITE LONG & DETAIL$ ESSAYS ?AT CLE>LY %[ !Y HAVE SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME ?9K+ AB\T ! SUBJECT4 ,HALF ( ! BOYS USUALLY REFUSE TO WRITE ! ESSAY 5TIRELY4 ,?OSE :O DO MAKE IT CLE> !Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ CONCEPTION :AT BE+ A TE5AGE GIRL MI<T BE LIKE1 & DEEPLY RES5T HAV+ TO ?9K AB\T IT4 

,!RE >E TWO CRITICAL ELEM5TS H]E ?AT1 :ILE L9K$1 %\LD PROBABLY BE =MALLY DI/+UI%$4 ,! FIR/ IS ! PROCESS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION AS A =M ( KN[L$GE1 ! FACT ?AT )9 RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION1 IT IS G5]ALLY ! SUBORD9ATES :O >E EFFECTIVELY RELEGAT$ ! WORK ( UND]/&+ H[ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 QUE/ION REALLY WORK4 ,ANYONE :O HAS EV] WORK$ 9 A RE/AURANT KIT*51 = EXAMPLE1 KN[S ?AT IF SOME?+ GOES T]RIBLY WRONG & AN ANGRY BOSS APPE>S TO SIZE ?+S UP1 HE IS UNLIKELY TO C>RY \T A DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION1 OR EV51 TO PAY S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! WORK]S ALL SCRAMBL+ TO EXPLA9 !IR V]SION ( :AT HAPP5$4 ,HE IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO TELL !M ALL TO %UT UP & >BITR>ILY IMPOSE A /ORY ?AT ALL[S 9/ANT JUDGM5T3 I4E41 0Y\'RE ! NEW GUY1 Y\ MESS$ UP--IF Y\ DO IT AGA91 Y\'RE FIR$40 ,IT'S ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE ! P[] TO HIRE & FIRE :O >E LEFT ) ! WORK ( FIGUR+ \T :AT ACTUALLY DID GO WRONG SO AS TO MAKE SURE IT DOESN'T HAPP5 AGA94 ,! SAME ?+ USUALLY HAPP5S ) ONGO+ RELATIONS3 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT S]VANTS T5D TO KN[ A GREAT DEAL AB\T !IR EMPLOY]S' FAMILIES1 BUT ! OPPOSITE ALMO/ NEV] OCCURS4 ,! SECOND ELEM5T IS ?AT ( SYMPA!TIC ID5TIFICATION4 ,9T]E/+LY1 IT WAS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 9 HIS ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS 7,X,X,X71 :O FIR/ OBS]V$ ! PH5OM5ON WE N[ REF] TO AS 0COMPASSION FATIGUE04 ,HUMAN BE+S1 HE PROPOS$1 >E NORMALLY 9CL9$ NOT ONLY TO IMAG9ATIVELY ID5TIFY ) !IR FELL[S1 BUT AS A RESULT1 TO SPONTANE\SLY FEEL ONE ANO!R'S JOYS & SORR[S4 ,! POOR1 H[EV]1 >E SO CONSI/5TLY MIS]ABLE ?AT O!RWISE SYMPA!TIC OBS]V]S FACE A TACIT *OICE BETWE5 BE+ 5TIRELY OV]:ELM$1 OR SIMPLY BLOTT+ \T !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT :ILE ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM ( A SOCIAL LADD] SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME IMAG9+ ! P]SPECTIVES (1 & ACTUALLY C>+ AB\T1 ?OSE ON ! TOP1 IT ALMO/ NEV] HAPP5S ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,:E!R ONE IS DEAL+ ) MA/]S & S]VANTS1 M5 & WOM51 EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES1 RI* & POOR1 /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITY--:AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE--9V>IABLY CREATES HI<LY LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,S9CE ,I ?9K ,SMI? WAS RI<T TO OBS]VE ?AT IMAG9ATION T5DS TO BR+ ) IT SYMPA?Y3 ! RESULT IS ?AT VICTIMS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE T5D TO C>E AB\T ITS B5EFICI>IES F> MORE ?AN ?OSE B5EFICI>IES C>E AB\T !M4 ,?IS MI<T WELL BE1 AFT] ! VIOL5CE ITSELF1 ! S+LE MO/ P[]FUL =CE PRES]V+ SU* RELATIONS4 

,I,V 

,ALL ?IS ,I ?9K HAS SOME 9T]E/+ !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,N[1 9 CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACIES1 ! LEGITIMATE ADM9I/RATION ( VIOL5CE IS TURN$ OV] TO :AT IS EUPHEMI/ICALLY REF]R$ TO AS 0LAW 5=CEM5T0--P>TICUL>LY1 TO POLICE (FIC]S1 :OSE REAL ROLE1 AS POLICE SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE REPEAT$LY DEMON/RAT$1 HAS MU* LESS TO DO ) 5=C+ CRIM9AL LAW ?AN ) ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( PHYSICAL =CE TO AID 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS4 ,POLICE >E1 ESS5TIALLY1 BUREAUCRATS ) WEAPONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y HAVE1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 OV] ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S OR SO BECOME ! ALMO/ OBSESSIVE OBJECTS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION 9 POPUL> CULTURE4 ,IT HAS COME TO ! PO9T ?AT IT'S NOT AT ALL UNUSUAL = A CITIZ5 9 A CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACY TO SP5D SEV]AL H\RS A DAY READ+ BOOKS1 WAT*+ MOVIES1 OR VIEW+ ,T,V %[S ?AT 9VITE !M TO LOOK AT ! WORLD FROM A POLICE PO9T ( VIEW1 & TO VIC>I\SLY P>TICIPATE 9 !IR EXPLOITS4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ALL ?IS ?R[S AN ODD WR9KLE 9 ,WEB]'S DIRE PROPHECIES AB\T ! IRON CAGE3 AS IT TURNS \T1 FACELESS BUREAUCRACIES DO SEEM 9CL9$ TO ?R[ UP *>ISMATIC H]OES ( A SORT1 9 ! =M ( AN 5DLESS ASSORTM5T ( MY?IC DETECTIVES1 SPIES1 & POLICE (FIC]S--ALL1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 FIGURES :OSE JOB IS TO OP]ATE PRECISELY :]E ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES = ORD]+ 9=MATION 5C\NT]1 & APPEAL TO1 G5U9E PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 

,EV5 MORE /RIK+1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 >E ! IMPLICATIONS = ! /ATUS ( !ORY ITSELF4 

,BUREAUCRATIC KN[L$GE IS ALL AB\T S*EMATIZATION4 ,9 PRACTICE1 BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URE 9V>IABLY MEANS IGNOR+ ALL ! SUBTLETIES ( REAL SOCIAL EXI/5CE & R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO PRECONCEIV$ ME*ANICAL OR /ATI/ICAL =MULAS4 ,:E!R IT'S A MATT] ( =MS1 RULES1 /ATI/ICS1 OR QUE/IONNAIRES1 IT IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( SIMPLIFICATION4 

,USUALLY IT'S NOT SO DIFF]5T ?AN ! BOSS :O WALKS 9TO ! KIT*5 TO MAKE >BITR>Y SNAP DECISIONS AS TO :AT W5T WRONG3 9 EI!R CASE IT IS A MATT] ( APPLY+ V]Y SIMPLE PREEXI/+ TEMPLATES TO COMPLEX & (T5 AMBIGU\S SITUATIONS4 ,! RESULT (T5 LEAVES ?OSE =C$ TO DEAL ) BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) PEOPLE :O HAVE = SOME >BITR>Y REASON DECID$ TO PUT ON A SET ( GLASSES ?AT ONLY ALL[S !M TO SEE ONLY #b.0 ( :AT'S 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,ADMITT$LY1 SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> HAPP5S 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,AN E?NOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION1 EV5 A V]Y GOOD ONE1 CAPTURES AT BE/ #b.0 ( :AT'S HAPP5+ 9 ANY P>TICUL> ,NU] FEUD OR ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T4 ,A !ORETICAL WORK WILL NORMALLY FOCUS ON ONLY A T9Y P>T ( ?AT1 PLUCK+ P]HAPS ONE OR TWO /R&S \T ( AN 5DLESSLY COMPLEX TISSUE ( HUMAN CIRCUM/ANCE1 & US+ IT AS ! BASIS ON :I* TO MAKE G5]ALIZATIONS3 SAY1 AB\T ! NATURE ( SOCIAL CONFLICT OR AB\T ! NATURE ( P]=MANCE4 ,I AM C]TA9LY NOT TRY+ TO SAY !RE'S ANY?+ WRONG 9 ?IS K9D ( !ORETICAL R$UCTION 7,I'M >GUABLY DO+ IT RI<T N[74 

,ACTUALLY1 ,I SUSPECT SOME SU* PROCESS IS NECESS>Y IF ONE WI%ES TO SAY SOME?+ DRAMATICALLY NEW AB\T ! WORLD4 

,CONSID] ! ROLE ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS1 SO FAM\SLY 5DORS$ BY ,$MUND ,LEA* 9 ! FIR/ ,MAL9[SKI ,MEMORIAL ,LECTURE ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY AGO 7#a#i#e#i74 ,N[ADAYS /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS CONSID]$ DEF9ITIVELY PASSE2 ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' !ORETICAL CORPUS1 VAGUELY RIDICUL\S4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS UN=TUNATE4 ,! GREAT M]IT ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS ?AT IT PROVIDES AN WELL-NI< FOOLPRO( TE*NIQUE = DO+ :AT ANY GOOD !ORY %\LD DO3 SIMPLIFY+ & S*EMATIZ+ COMPLEX MAT]IAL 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BE ABLE TO SAY SOME?+ UNEXPECT$4 ,?IS IS 9CID5TALLY H[ ,I ACTUALLY CAME UP ) ! PO9T AB\T ,WEB] JU/ ABOVE3 

,I PREF] TO SEE SOMEONE LIKE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS AS A H]OIC FIGURE1 A MAN ) ! %E] 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE TO PURSUE HIS MODEL AS F> AS IT W\LD GO1 NO MATT] H[ OBVI\SLY ABSURD ! RESULTS C\LD SOMETIMES BE--OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 H[ MU* VIOL5CE HE ?US DID TO REALITY4 

,AS LONG AS ONE REMA9S )9 ! DOMA9 ( !ORY1 !N1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT SIMPLIFICATION CAN BE A =M ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! PROBLEMS >ISE :5 ! VIOL5CE IS NO LONG] METAPHORICAL4 ,H]E LET ME TURN FROM IMAG9>Y COPS TO REAL ONES4 ,A =M] ,L,A,P,D (FIC] TURN$ SOCIOLOGI/ 7,COOP] #a#i#i#a7 OBS]V$ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ?OSE BEAT5 BY POLICE TURN \T NOT TO BE GUILTY ( ANY CRIME4 0,COPS DON'T BEAT UP BURGL>S01 HE OBS]V$4 ,! REASON1 HE EXPLA9$1 IS SIMPLE3 ! ONE ?+ MO/ GU>ANTE$ TO EVOKE A VIOL5T REACTION FROM POLICE IS TO *ALL5GE !IR RI<T TO 0DEF9E ! SITUATION40 ,IF :AT ,I'VE BE5 SAY+ IS TRUE ?IS IS JU/ :AT WE'D EXPECT4 ,! POLICE TRUN*EON IS PRECISELY ! PO9T :]E ! /ATE'S BUREAUCRATIC IMP]ATIVE = IMPOS+ SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE S*EMA1 & ITS MONOPOLY ( CO]CIVE =CE1 COME TOGE!R4 ,IT ONLY MAKES S5SE !N ?AT BUREAUCRATIC VIOL5CE %\LD CONSI/ FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ATTACKS ON ?OSE :O 9SI/ ON ALT]NATIVE S*EMATA OR 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IF ONE ACCEPTS ,PIAGET'S FAM\S DEF9ITION ( MATURE 9TELLIG5CE AS ! ABILITY TO COORD9ATE BETWE5 MULTIPLE P]SPECTIVES 7OR POSSIBLE P]SPECTIVES7 ONE CAN SEE1 H]E1 PRECISELY H[ BUREAUCRATIC P[]1 AT ! MOM5T IT TURNS TO VIOL5CE1 BECOMES LIT]ALLY A =M ( 9FANTILE /UPIDITY4 

,IF ,I HAD MORE TIME ,I W\LD SUGGE/ :Y ,I FEEL ?IS APPROA* C\LD SUGGE/ NEW WAYS TO CONSID] OLD PROBLEMS4 ,FROM A ,M>XIAN P]SPECTIVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE MI<T NOTE ?AT MY NOTION ( 09T]PRETIVE LABOR0 ?AT KEEPS SOCIAL LIFE RUNN+ SMOO?LY IMPLIES A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 7! PRODUCTION ( P]SONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS7 :]E ! IMAG9ATIVE LABOR IS RELEGAT$ TO ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM1 & A DOMA9 ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION :]E ! IMAG9ATIVE ASPECTS ( WORK >E RELEGAT$ TO ?OSE ON ! TOP4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ?\<1 /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY PRODUCE LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,I W\LD ALSO PROPOSE ?AT :AT WE >E US$ TO CALL+ 0ALI5ATION0 IS L>GELY ! SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( LIV+ 9SIDE SU* LOPSID$ /RUCTURES4 ,?IS 9 TURN HAS IMPLICATIONS = ANY LIB]ATORY POLITICS4 ,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 ?\<1 LET ME JU/ DRAW ATT5TION TO SOME ( ! IMPLICATIONS = AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,ONE IS ?AT MANY ( ! 9T]PRETIVE TE*NIQUES WE EMPLOY HAVE1 HI/ORICALLY1 S]V$ AS WEAPONS ( ! WEAK F> MORE (T5 ?AN AS 9/RUM5TS ( P[]4 ,R5ATO ,ROSALDO 7#a#i#h#f7 MADE A FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT :5 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 ANNOY$ ?AT NO ONE W\LD SPEAK TO HIM1 5D$ UP GAZ+ AT A ,NU] CAMP ( ,MUOT ,DIT 0FROM ! DOOR ( HIS T5T01 HE R5D]$ IT EQUIVAL5T TO A ,F\CAULDIAN PANOPTICON4 ,! LOGIC SEEMS TO BE ?AT ANY KN[L$GE GA!R$ UND] UNEQUAL CONDITIONS S]VES A DISCIPL9>Y FUNCTION4 ,TO ME1 ?IS IS ABSURD4 ,! PANOPTICON WAS A PRISON4 ,PRISON]S 5DUR$ ! GAZE1 & 9T]NALIZ$ ITS DICTATES1 BECAUSE IF !Y TRI$ TO ESCAPE1 OR RESI/1 !Y C\LD BE KILL$4 ,ABS5T ! APP>ATUS ( CO]CION1 SU* AN OBS]V] IS R$UC$ TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( A NEI<BORHOOD GOSSIP1 DEPRIV$ EV5 ( ! SANCTION ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,UND]LY+ ! ANALOGY1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ?IS SORT IS AN 9H]5T P>T ( ANY IMP]IAL PROJECT4 ,EV5 ! BRIEFE/ EXAM9ATION ( ! HI/ORICAL RECORD ?\< MAKES CLE> ?AT EMPIRES T5D TO HAVE LITTLE OR NO 9T]E/ 9 DOCUM5T+ E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL4 ,!Y T5D TO BE 9T]E/$ 9/EAD 9 QUE/IONS ( LAW & ADM9I/RATION4 ,= 9=MATION ON EXOTIC M>RIAGE CU/OMS OR MORTU>Y RITUAL1 ONE ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HAS TO FALL BACK ON TRAVEL]S ACC\NTS--ON ! LIKES ( ,H]ODOTUS1 ,IBN ,BATTUTA1 OR ,ZHANG ,QIAN--?AT IS1 ON DESCRIPTIONS ( ?OSE L&S :I* FELL \TSIDE ! JURISDICTION ( :ATEV] /ATE ! TRAVEL] BELONG$ TO4 

,HI/ORICAL RESE>* REVEALS ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ,MUOT ,DIT W]E1 9 FACT1 L>GELY =M] FOLL[S ( A PROPHET NAM$ ,GWEK :O HAD BE5 VICTIMS ( ,R,A,F BOMB+ & =C$ DISPLACEM5T ! YE> BE=E 7,JOHNSON #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#b1 #a#i#i#d71 ! :OLE AFFAIR BE+ OCCASION$ BY FAIRLY TYPICAL BUREAUCRATIC FOOLI%NESS 7BASIC MISUND]/&+S AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] 9 ,NU] SOCIETY1 ATTEMPTS TO SEP>ATE ,NU] & ,D9KA POPULATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 5TANGL$ = G5]ATIONS74 ,:5 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS !RE !Y W]E /ILL SUBJECT TO PUNITIVE RAIDS FROM ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS ASK$ TO GO TO ,NU]L& BASICALLY AS A SPY1 AT FIR/ REFUS$1 !N F9ALLY AGRE$1 HE LAT] SAID BECAUSE HE 

0FELT SORRY = !M04 ,HE APPE>S TO HAVE C>EFULLY AVOID$ GA!R+ ! SPECIFIC 9=MATION ! AU?ORITIES REALLY WANT$1 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 DO+ HIS BE/ TO USE HIS MORE G5]AL 9SI<TS 9TO ! WORK+S ( ,NU] SOCIETY TO DISC\RAGE SOME ( !IR MORE IDIOTIC ABUSES1 AS HE PUT IT1 TO 0HUMANIZE0 ! AU?ORITIES 7,JOHNSON #a#i#h#b3#b#d#e74 ,AS AN E?NOGRAPH]1 !N1 HE 5D$ UP DO+ SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE TRADITIONAL WOM5'S WORK3 KEEP+ ! SY/EM FROM DISA/] BY TACTFUL 9T]V5TIONS MEANT TO PROTECT ! OBLIVI\S & SELF-IMPORTANT M5 9 *>GE FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR [N BL9DNESS4 

,W\LD IT HAVE BE5 BETT] TO HAVE KEPT ONE'S H&S CLEAN8 ,!SE /RIKE ME AS QUE/IONS ( P]SONAL CONSCI5CE4 ,I SUSPECT ! GREAT] MORAL DANG]S LIE ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LEVEL4 ,! QUE/ION = ME IS :E!R \R !ORETICAL WORK IS ULTIMATELY DIRECT$ AT UNDO+1 DISMANTL+1 SOME ( ! EFFECTS ( !SE LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATION1 OR :E!R--AS CAN SO EASILY HAPP5 :5 EV5 \R BE/ IDEAS COME TO BE BACK$ UP BY BUREAUCRATICALLY ADM9I/]$ VIOL5CE--WE 5D UP RE9=C+ !M4 

,I'D LIKE TO ?ANK ,DAVID ,APT]1 ,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE1 ,KRYZ/9A ,FEV]V>Y1 ,&REJ ,GRUBACIC1 ,MAT!W ,HULL1 ,LAUR5 ,LEVE1 ,*RI/9A ,MOON1 ,/U>T ,ROCKEFELL]1 ,M>9A ,SITR91 ,/EVE ,CUPID ,!ODORE1 & ,HYLTON ,:ITE = ADVICE & SUGGE/IONS & 5C\RAGEM5T ON ?IS PROJECT4 ,! ESSAY IS D$ICAT$ TO MY MO!R1 9 HONOR ( H] MORAL POLITICAL COMMITM5T1 IRREV]5CE1 & COMMON S5SE4 

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