,BASIC ,KROPOTK9 
,KROPOTK9 & ! ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ! ?\<T & POLITICS ( ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S ( #a YE>S AGO -- ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,=,E,W,O,R,D -- BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,9 ! PREFACE TO H] BOOK ON ,KROPOTK9 7,KROPOTK9 & ! ,RISE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*ISM7 ,C>OL9E ,CAHM WRITES ?AT 0444! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ IDEAS :I* HAVE T5D$ TO DOM9ATE ITS ?9K+ & ACTIVITY >E ONLY JU/ BEG9N+ TO RECEIVE ! ATT5TION !Y DES]VE04 ,?IS WAS WRITT5 9 #aihi & ONLY 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S HAS A SL[ PROCESS />T$ ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO RECTIFY ?IS SITUATION1 = EXAMPLE ! PUBLICATION ( TWO NEW & IMPORTANT BOOKS ON ,BAKUN94 
  
,AS ,BRIAN SAYS1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS NOT ! ORIG9ATOR ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 & HE NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE4 ,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM DEVELOP$ AMONG ! WORK]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & APPE>S TO HAVE SPONTANE\SLY EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 SEV]AL PLACES AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& ,DUM>!RAY1 ! EXIL$ WORK] FROM ,LYONS1 :O WAS FAMILI> ) ! IDEAS ( ,CABET & HIS V]SION ( COMMUNISM1 SEEMS FIR/ TO HAVE EXPRESS$ !SE IDEAS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,ITALY1 ,COVELLI1 :O HAD BECOME FAMILI> ) ! IDEAS ( V>I\S ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S1 WAS TOGE!R ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 9CLUD+ ,MALATE/A1 TO EXPRESS ! IDEAS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL ,KROPOTK9 :O WAS TO POPUL>IZE AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & TO BE 9/RUM5TAL 9 ITS WID] CIRCULATION 9 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S MOVEM5T & BEYOND 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 

,BRIAN IS ADDRESS+ HIMSELF 9 ?IS PAMPHLET TO ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS ON AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?\<1 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS V]Y MU* UND] ! SWAY ( ! CONCEPT ( SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS1 PREVAL5T AMONG ?9K]S 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,MALATE/A WAS TO ADDRESS HIMSELF TO ! NOTION ( 0SCI5TIFIC AN>*ISM0 AS EXPRESS$ BY ,KROPOTK94 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ?IS CONCEPT WAS NEI!R SCI5CE NOR AN>*ISM4 ,ME*ANICAL CONCEPTS ( ! UNIV]SE C\LD NOT BE EQUAT$ ) HUMAN ASPIRATIONS & ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM4 ,9 ADDITION ,MALATE/A REJECT$ ,KROPOTK9'S VIEWS ON H>MONY 9 NATURE1 :I* HE SAW AS TOO OPTIMI/IC4 ,?IS 9 ITS TURN W\LD CREATE TOO MU* OPTIMISM AB\T ! 9EVITABILITY ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,RA!R = ,MALATE/A1 IT WAS NOT ! EMPHASIS ON H>MONY 9 NATURE BUT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DI%>MONY 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 IT WAS ,KROPOTK9'S L9K+ ( SCI5CE & AN>*ISM1 ) ALL ( ITS FAULTS1 :I* WON AN AUDI5CE ?R\<\T SOCIETY & 5ABL$ AN>*I/ COMMUNISM TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS AS WELL AS 9 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 

,KROPOTK9'S VIEWS ON ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,5EMIES ( AN>*ISM HAVE TRI$ TO DRAW ! LESSON ?AT ?IS FAILURE TO TAKE AN 9T]NATIONALI/ POSITION & TO 9/EAD SIDE ) ! ,ALLIES MU/ HAVE SOMEH[ SPRUNG FROM HIS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 & H5CE ?IS BODY ( IDEAS MU/ BE FLAW$4 ,:5 ONE CONSID]S ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S TOOK AN 9T]NATIONALI/ POSITION !N ?IS !ORY IS %[N TO HOLD NO WAT]4 ,RA!R IT WAS P]HAPS ,KROPOTK9'S BL9K]$ VIEWS ON ,FRANCE AS ! LEAD+ C\NTRY ( RADICAL ?\<T & REVOLUTION1 :I* MU/ BE DEF5D$ AT ALL CO/S1 ) FALSE COMP>ISONS ) ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :I* MAY HAVE SWAY$ ,KROPOTK9 TO ADOPT ?IS MI/AK5 POSITION1 A POSITION DISA/R\S = BO? HIS REPUTATION & = ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 

,LET'S LEAVE ! LA/ WORD TO ,MALATE/A3 0,9 ANY CASE AN>*I/S WILL ALWAYS F9D 9 HIS WRIT+S A TREASURY ( F]TILE IDEAS04 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,AN IMPORTANT & TAL5T$ GEOGRAPH]1 AN EXPLOR] 9 HIS E>LY Y\?1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ SEM9AL FIGURES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE HAS 9DE$ BE5 DESCRIB$ AS A UNIQUE COMB9ATION ( ! PROPHET & ! SCI5TI/4 ,AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 MADE MANY IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCI5CE1 P>TICUL>LY HIS !ORY ( 0MUTUAL AID0 :I* EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( COOP]ATION & SYMBIOSIS 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ?R\<\T HIS LIFE HE WAS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/1 DEVOT+ TIME & 5]GY TO ! AN>*I/ CAUSE4 ,BY HIS EXEMPL>Y LIFE & BY G5]AT+ A 0TREASURY ( F]TILE IDEAS01 AS HIS FRI5D ,]RICO ,MALATE/A PUT IT1 ,KROPOTK9 UND\BTABLY /IRR$ ! IMAG9ATION ( HIS G5]ATION4 ,HE WAS 9DE$ A PIONE] ECOLOGICAL ?9K]1 & HIS ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS WAS ONE ( ! GREAT PROPHETIC WORKS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,KROPOTK9 HAS G5]ALLY BE5 IGNOR$ BY ACADEMIC S*OL>S1 :O SEEM TO PREF] OBSCURANTI/ MUS+S ( SU* REACTION>Y PHILOSOPH]S AS ,HEIDEGG]1 BUT ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS CONT9UE TO F9D RESONANCE 9 MANY CONTEMPOR>Y CURR5TS ( ?\<T - 9 ! URBAN ECOLOGY ( ,LEWIS ,MUM=D & ,PAUL ,GOODMAN2 ! BIOREGIONAL VISION ( ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE2 ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*92 ! PLEA = 9T]M$IATE TE*NOLOGY & ORGANIC F>M+ BY ! LIKES ( ,E4,F4,S*UMA*] & ,W5DELL ,B]RY2 & 9 ,TAKI ,FOTOP\LOS'S PROJECT ( 9CLUSIVE DEMOCRACY1 TO NAME BUT A FEW4 ,EV5 PO//RUCTURALI/ PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT & ,GILLES ,DELEUZE SEEM TO HAVE APPROPRIAT$ MANY ( ! IDEAS ( ,KROPOTK9 7& O!R AN>*I/S7 - ) V]Y LITTLE ACKN[L$GM5T6 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,KROPOTK9'S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 CAPITALISM1 REPRES5TATION & ! VANGU>D P>TY 7,M>XISM74 

,A FRI5D & CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ,GEORGE ,B]N>D ,%AW1 ,$W>D ,C>P5T] & ! R$\BTABLE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN - :O DESCRIB$ ,KROPOTK9 AS 0MY GREAT TEA*]0 - ,KROPOTK9 MADE 5DUR+ & SUB/ANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 AS WELL AS TO AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,?IS PAMPHLET EXPLORES BUT ONE ASPECT ( ,KROPOTK9'S 9TELLECTUAL LEGACY1 & \TL9ES ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS ON AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 
  

,! ,H,I,/,O,R,Y ,( ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M 

,KROPOTK9 MAKES TWO ESS5TIAL PO9TS AB\T AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL TRADITION4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ANYONE :O SIDES ) ! OPPRESS$1 :O CRITIQUES ! PRES5T /ATUS QUO1 OR (F]S SUGGE/IONS = A MORE VIABLE FUTURE - ONE 9 :I* LIB]Y1 EQUALITY & ! WELLBE+ ( ALL W\LD HAVE REAL1 CONCRETE EXPRESSION - IS MORE ?AN LIKELY TO BE DISMISS$ BY ?OSE 9 P[] 7OR !IR IDEOLOGUES7 AS UTOPIAN1 UNPRACTICAL OR MISGUID$ 7,A,Y,E #h#e74 ,SECONDLY1 ,KROPOTK9 EMPHASIZES ?AT ANA*ISM IS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 & ?US WAS BORN AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 & HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ! UNIV]SITIES OR 9TELLECTUALS P] SE 7,K,R,P #a#d#f74 

,= ,KROPOTK91 =MS ( AN>*ISM W]E 9H]5T 9 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF1 & HAD CO-EXI/$ ) O!R SOCIAL T5D5CIES1 ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,HE !RE=E SUGGE/$ ?AT AT ALL TIMES TWO T5D5CIES W]E CO-PRES5T1 & CONT9UALLY 9 CONFLICT2 

0 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! MASSES W]E DEVELOP+ 9 ! =M ( CU/OMS A NUMB] ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E NECESS>Y TO MAKE SOCIAL LIFE POSSIBLE AT ALL - TO 9SURE PEACE AMONG M51 TO SETTLE ANY DISPUTES ?AT MAY >ISE1 & TO HELP ONE ANO!R 9 EV]Y?+ REQUIR+ COOP]ATIVE EF=T 0 7,K,R,P #a#d#f74 

,?IS WAS NOT A CONTEXT DEVOID ( P[]2 IT WAS RA!R ONE ( A DIFFUSE SOCIAL P[]1 AN 9/ITUT+ 0GR\ND P[]01 AS ,CA/ORIADIS DESCRIBES IT1 ?AT WAS REFLECT$ 9 V>I\S 9/ITUTIONS - ! CLAN 9 TRIBAL SOCIETY1 VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 ! GUILDS 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE4 ,BUT AT ALL TIMES TOO !RE W]E EXPLICIT =MS ( P[]1 REPRES5T$ BY A M9ORITY - ! 0SORC]]S1 PROPHETS1 PRIE/S & HEADS ( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 :O 5DEAVOR$ TO E/ABLI% & TO /R5G!N !IR AU?ORITY OV] ! PEOPLE0 7,K,R,P #g#a74 ,9 A S5SE1 !R=E1 AN>*ISM & 0GOV]NM5TALISM0 HAVE CO-EXI/$ ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY4 

,AN>*ISM IS SE5 BY ,KROPOTK9 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! FIR/ SOCIAL T5D5CY1 ?AT IS 

0( ! CREATIVE1 CON/ITUTIVE P[] ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES :O AIM$ AT DEVELOP+ 9/ITUTIONS ( COMMON LAW 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ! 'P[]-SEEK+ M9ORITY'0 7,K,R,P #a#d#g74 

,LIKE CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S1 ,KROPOTK9 IMPLIES ?AT AN>*ISM C\LD BE LOOK$ AT 9 TWO WAYS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT CAN BE SE5S AS A K9D ( 0RIV]01 AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL 7#a#i#i#b7 DESCRIBES IT 9 HIS EXCELL5T HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 ,IT CAN ?US BE SE5 AS A 0LIB]T>IAN IMPULSE0 OR AS AN 0AN>*I/ S5SIBILITY0 ?AT HAS EXI/$ ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY2 AN IMPULSE ?AT HAS EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 V>I\S WAYS -  9 ! WRIT+S ( ,LAO ,TZU & ! ,TAOI/S1 9 CLASSICAL ,GREEK ?\<T 7ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ,Z5O ( ,CITIUM71 9 ! MUTUALITY ( K9-BAS$ SOCIETIES1 9 ! E?OS ( V>I\S RELIGI\S SECTS1 9 SU* AGR>IAN MOVEM5TS AS ! ,DIGG]S 9 ,5GL& & ! E>LY ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ,MEXICO1 9 ! COLLECTIVES ?AT SPRANG UP DUR+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>1 & - CURR5TLY - 9 ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ECOLOGY & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES SEEM TO HAVE EXPRESS$ !MSELVES 9 ALL RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS1 EV5 9 ,ISLAM4 ,ONE ,ISLAMIC SECT1 ! ,NAJADATM1 BELIEV$ ?AT 0P[] BELONGS ONLY TO ,GOD04 ,!Y !RE=E FELT ?AT !Y DID NOT REALLY NE$ AN ,IMAM OR ,CALIPH1 BUT C\LD ORGANIZE !MSELVES MUTUALLY TO 5SURE JU/ICE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*ISM MAY BE AS A HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T & POLITICAL !ORY ?AT HAD ITS BEG9N+S AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,WILLIAN ,GODW91 :O WROTE ! CLASSIC AN>*I/ TEXT ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#i#g#c71 AS WELL AS 9 ! ACTIONS ( ! SANS-CULOTTES & ! 5RAGES DUR+ ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 & BY RADICALS LIKE ,?OMAS ,SP5CE & ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE 9 ,BRITA94 ,AS AS SOCIAL MOVEM5T AN>*ISM DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & 9 ITS CLASSICAL =M1 REPRES5T$ BY ,BAKUN91 ,GOLDMAN1 ,RECLUS & ,MALATE/A1 AS WELL AS BY ,KROPOTK91 IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 BUT ITS SOCIALISM WAS LIB]T>IAN NOT ,M>XI/4 ,! T5D5CY ( WRIT]S TO CREATE A DI*OTOMY BETWE5 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM IS1 ,I ?9K1 BO? CONCEPTUALLY & HI/ORICALLY MISLEAD+4 

,KROPOTK9 SEEMS TO HAVE ACKN[L$G$ !SE TWO WAYS ( LOOK+ AT AN>*ISM4 ,9 HIS FAM\S >TICLE ON AN>*ISM = ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA 7#a#i#a71 ,KROPOTK9 DEF9$ AN>*ISM AS3 

0,A PR9CIPLE OR !ORY ( LIFE & CONDUCT UND] :I* SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T - H>MONY 9 SU* A SOCIETY BE+ OBTA9$1 NOT BY SUBMISSION TO LAW1 OR BY OB$I5CE TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BUT BY FREE AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! V>I\S GR\PS1 T]RITORIAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 FREELY CON/ITUT$ = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION AS ALSO = ! SATISFACTION ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( A CIVILIZ$ BE+0 7,K,R,P #b#h#i74 

,SOCIETY IS ?US 5VISAG$ AS AN 9T]WOV5 NETWORK ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( GR\PS & ASSOCIATIONS AT V>I\S LEVELS ( F$]ATION 7LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 9T]NATIONAL7 ORGANIZ$ = A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T PURPOSES & FUNCTIONS4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE GIVES ANO!R SUCC9CT DEF9ITION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

0,! AN>*I/S CONCEIVE A SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( ITS MEMB]S >E REGULAT$1 NOT BY LAWS1 NOR BY AU?ORITIES1 :E!R SELF-IMPOS$ OR ELECT$1 BUT BY MUTUAL AGREEM5TS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ?AT SOCIETY & BY A SUM ( SOCIAL CU/OMS & HABITS - NOT PETRIFI$ BY LAW1 R\T9E OR SUP]/ITION1 BUT CONT9UALLY DEVELOP+ & CONT9UALLY RE-ADJU/$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! EV]-GR[+ REQUIREM5TS ( A FREE LIFE /IMULAT$ BY ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 9V5TION1 & ! /EADY GR[? ( HI<] IDEALS0 7,K,R,P #a#e#g74 

7,KROPOTK9 ADMITT$ ?AT NO SOCIETY HAD EV] EXI/$ :I* FULLY EXPRESS$ !SE PR9CIPLES74 

,SOCIAL LIFE = ,KROPOTK9 WAS NOT !RE=E SOME?+ IMMUTABLE2 !RE C\LD BE 0NO CRY/ALLIZATION & IMMOBILITY1 BUT A CONT9UAL EVOLUTION - SU* AS WE SEE 9 NATURE04 ,MOREOV]1 ! ADV5T ( SU* A SOCIETY W\LD1 ,KROPOTK9 BELIEV$1 ALL[ = ! FULL DEVELEOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 0FREE PLAY = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 = ! FULL DEELOPM5T ( HIS 9DIVIDUAL GIFTS - = HIS 9DIVIDUALIZATION0 7,K,R,P #a#e#g74 

,AN>*ISM WAS SE5 BY ,KROPOTK9 AS HAV+ A D\BLE ORIG93 AS ! 

0,CON/RUCTIVE1 CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE1 BY :I* ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( COMMUNAL LIFE W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ! PA/01 & AS A =M ( PROTE/ AGA9/ EXT]NAL =CES1 OR A A MODE ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY :E!R CO]CIVE OR IDEOLOGICAL 7,K,R,P #a#d#i74 

,FROM  ! REMOTE/ ANTIQUITY HUMANS !RE=E HAVE NOT ONLY CREAT$ AN>*O-COMMUNI/ =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 BUT HAVE EXPRESS$ :AT ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIBES AS ! 0NO-GOV]NM5T T5D5CY0 :I* HAS OPPOS$ ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IC =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! CLAN1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! GUILD1 ! FREE M$IEVAL CITY1 W]E ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 ,KROPOTK9 >GUES1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE RESI/$ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( BRIG&S1 CONQU]ORS1 & O!R P[]-SEEK+ M9ORITIES 7,K,R,P #b#h#g74 

,KROPOTK9 WAS ALWAYS TO EMPHASIZE ! DUALITY ( HUMAN NATURE1 ?AT HUMANS W]E 9/R9SICALLY BO? EGOI/IC & SOCIAL1 ALWAYS /RIV+ TO MA9TA9 ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR [N BE+ :ILE ALSO MOTIVAT$ BY SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,BO? ,LAO ,TZU & ,Z5O >E ?US SE5 BY ,KROPOTK9 AS EXPRESS+ AN>*I/ T5D5CIES1 AS DID ! MANY RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS :I* EM]G$ ?R\<\T ANTIQUITY & ! M$IEVAL P]IOD1 TO *ALL5GE /ATE & ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF1 AS A MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN GOV]NM5T1 CONTA9$ MANY ELEM5TS1 ,KROPOTK9 CONT5DS1 :I* W]E 0ES5TIALLY AN>*I/IC0 7,K,R,P #a#d#i74 ,LIKEWISE ) ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T4 ,DRAW+ ON ! SUPPORT ( ! PEASANTRY1 IT 9ITIAT$ ! ,PROTE/ANT RE=M MOVEM5T1 UNTIL IT WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! RE=M]S UND] ,M>T9 ,LU!R'S LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT )9 ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T !RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE ELEM5T ( AN>*ISM4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E ALSO EXPRESS$ BY ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S1 ,R\SSEAU & ,DID]OT 9 P>TICUL>1 & SU* IDEAS1 ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 F\ND !IR [N EXPRESSION LAT] 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! 9DEP5D5T 0SECTIONS0 9 ,P>IS1 & ( MANY 0COMMUNES0 ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,BUT = ,KROPOTK9 IT WAS ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f7 9 HIS ,9QUIRY CONC]N+1 ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#c7 :O FIR/ /AT$ 9 DEF9ITE =M ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM1 EV5 ?\< HE DID NOT GIVE ?AT NAME TO HIS [N PHILOSOPHY4 ,GODW9 ADVOCAT$ ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ALONG ) ITS LAWS & C\RTS1 BELIEV+ ?AT REAL JU/ICE C\LD ONLY BE ATTA9$ ?R\< FREE & 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AS REG>DS TO PROP]TY1 ,GODW9 WAS OP5LY A COMMUNI/1 /AT+ ?AT EV]Y P]SON HAD ! RI<T 0TO EV]Y SUB/ANCE CAPABLE ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! B5EFIT ( A HUMAN BE+04 ,BUT ,GODW91 ,KROPOTK9 OBS]V$1 HAD NOT ! C\RAGE ( HIS [N CONVICTIONS1 & WAS LAT] TO MITIGATE HIS COMMUNI/ VIEWS 9 ! SECOND $ITION ( ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#f74 ,GODW9 WAS ESS5TIALLY AN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ - SOCIETY1 HE DECL>$ 0IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS0 - & A UTILIT>IAN1 & HIS VISION ( A FREE & EQUAL SOCIETY IS ULTIMATELY BAS$ ON ! ,GREEK NOTION ( 9DIVIDUAL SELF-DEVELOPM5T ) ITS EMPHASIS 9 REASON & AUTONOMY4 

,! P]SON :O FIR/ DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/ 7,AN->*Y3 NO GOV]NM5T1 CONTR>Y TO AU?ORITY7 WAS ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e74 ,AS A CRITIC ( ! SOCIETY ( HIS DAY - BO? CAPITALISM & ! /ATE - ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T ?AT HE WAS BO? GREAT & 9SPIR+4 ,AS = HIS CON/RUCTIVE SUGGE/IONS REG>D+ AN ALT]NATIVE FUTURE SOCIETY1 !SE ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T UNPRACTICAL OR PROBLEMATIC - EV5 ?\< HE DESCRIB$ ,PR\DHON AS 0UND\BTABLY ONE ( ! GREA/E/ WRIT]S :O HAVE EV] DEALT ) ECONOMIC QUE/IONS0 7,A,Y,E #i#g74 ,BE+ HO/ILE TO BO? COMMUNISM & /ATE SOCIALISM1 ,PR\DHON DEVELOP$ A SY/EM ( MUTUALISM :I* 9 ESS5CE RETA9$ ! NOTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & FOLL[+ ! IDEAS ( ,ROB]T ,[51 ADVOCAT$ A SY/EM ( LABOR *ECKS1 :I* REPRES5T$ ! H\RS ( LABOR REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE A GIV5 COMMODITY4 ,! EX*ANGE ( S]VICES & GOODS W\LD BE ?US ON ! BASIS ( EQUILVAL5CE1 FACILITAT$ BY A S*EME ( MUTUAL EX*ANGE & MUTUAL BANK+4 ,KROPOTK9 CONSID]$ ,PR\DHON'S S*EME AS SOME?+ ( A COMPROMISE ) ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM1 ITS 9DIVIDUALISM 9COMPATIBLE ) ! COMMON [N]%IP ( L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 ITS MUTUALISM SIMPLY REPLICAT+ ! WAGES SY/EM ) ALL ITS PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,BUT HAV+ EXP]I5C$ ! REACTION TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & HAV+ LIV$ ?R\< ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ,PR\DHON HAD SE5 ) HIS [N EYES1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 ! CRIMES P]PETRAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 & ! PROBLEMATIC NATURE ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,?IS L$ ,PR\DHON IS SU* WORKS AS ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 7#a#h#e#a7 TO ADVOCATE A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T & TO USE ! T]M AN>*Y TO DESCRIBE IT4 

,B,A,K,U,N,9 ,& ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 & 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ?AT AN>*ISM CAME TO BE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ITS MOD]N =M4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS =MALLY 9AUGURAT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #ahfd 9 ,LONDON - ?\< ITS /RUCTURE & CON/ITUTION W]E NOT =MALLY ADOPT$ UNTIL ! FIR/ CONGRESS CONV5$ 9 ,G5EVA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#f#f4 ,IT BEGAN PRIM>ILY1 AS ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE NOTES1 AS A 0TRADE UNION AFFAIR01 ?\< TRADE UNIONS W]E /ILL ILLEGAL 9 ,FRANCE4 ,MO/ ( ! ,FR5* P>TICIPANTS ( ! #ahfd PROCE$+S W]E NOT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S BUT >TISANS1 & ESS5TIALLY FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON'S K9D ( SOCIALISM4 ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIBES !M AS 0ALL MUTUALI/S0 7,K,R,P #b#i#d74 ,H5CE ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL BEGAN AS A JO9T AFFAIR BETWE5 ,BRITI% & ,FR5* ,TRADE UNIONI/S1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( A NUMB] ( EXILES FROM O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,*IEF AMONG !SE WAS ,K>L ,M>X 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#c7 :O QUICKLY BECAME ONE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT & ACTIVE LEAD]S4 ,! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 WAS !RE=E NOT ! CREATION ( ,M>X1 NOR WAS IT SPECIFICALLY ,M>XI/ AT ITS 9CEPTION4 

,:AT EM]G$ 9 BO? ! ,9T]NATIONAL & 9 ! ,P>IS COMMUNE W]E TWO V]Y DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALISM & ! REVOLUTION4 ,ONE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,BLANQUI/S & ! ,M>XI/S1 FOLL[$ ?AT ( ! ,JACOB9 TRADITION 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ADVOCAT$ A REVOLUTION ?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 0SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC0 - ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,! O!R CONCEPTION SUGGE/$ A FREE F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES1 & WAS ADVOCAT$ BY WORK]S MA9LY FROM ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :O CAME TO BE DESCRIB$ AS AN>*I/S4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 L$ BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS & SOME ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/ REFUGEES - :OM ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIBES AS 0ALL PURE ,JACOB9I/S0 7,K,R,P #a#f#e7 - EV5TUALLY US$ ITS POSITION TO MAKE A C\P D'ETAT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ?IS L$ TO ! FAM\S 0SPLIT0 9 ! MOVEM5T BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S4 ,IT WAS 9 ! P]SONALITY ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f7 ?AT ! AN>*I/ T5D5CY )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL 0F\ND A P[]FUL1 GIFT$ & 9SPIR$ EXPON5T04 ,& AS ,KROPOTK9 WRITES1 ,BAKUN9 SOON BECAME ! LEAD+ SPIRIT AMONG ?OSE WORK]S FROM ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,SWITZ]L& 7,K,R,P #b#i#d74 

,BAKUN9 HAD BECOME A MEMB] ( ! ,G5EVA SECTION AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,JULY #a#h#f#h1 = MANY ( HIS ASSOCIATES W]E ALREADY MEMEB]S - & ,KROPOTK9 WAS TO JO9 ! ,ASSOCIATION F\R YE>S LAT] ON HIS VISIT TO ,SWITZ]L&4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 CAME TO A HEAD AT ! %AM CONF]5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HELD 9 ,LONDON 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#g#a4 ,?IS CONF]5CE AFFIRM$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 7UND] ,M>X71 DECL>$ ! NECESSITY ( WORK]S 9 EA* C\NTRY TO =M !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY1 & DISP>AG$ AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL H]ESY4 ,! ,SWISS GR\PS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ALMO/ ALL FOLL[]S ( ,BAKUN9 & ?US HO/ILE TO ,M>X1 IMM$IATELY ORGANIZ$ !IR [N CONF]5CE AT ! ,SONVILI] 9 ! ,JURA4 ,IT TOOK PLACE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#a1 & PRODUC$ ! 0,SONVILI] ,CIRCUL>0 :I* CRITIQU$ ! IDEA (  ! 0CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS04 ,! SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL CRY/ALLIZ$ >\ND ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 BUT IT WAS MU* MORE ?AN A /RUGGLE ( P]SONALITIES4 ,=1 AS ,KROPOTK9 BIOGRAPH]S WRITE1 

0,IT WAS ALSO A CLA% ( TWO :OLLY DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 TWO MUTUALLY ALI5 PHILOSOPHIES ( LIFE0 7,W,A #a#a#a74 

,!SE W]E1 RESPECTIVELY3 ! /ATE SOCIALISM ( ! ,M>XI/S :I* PUT AN EMPHASIS ON AU?ORITY1 & ACKN[L$G$ ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T - 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 - TO SECURE ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNISM2 & ,BAKUN9'S AN>*ISM1 :I* ADVOCAT$ ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A F$]AL SOCIETY BAS$ ON FREE COMMUNES & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS4 

,AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 NEV] ACTUALLY MET ,BAKUN9 P]SONALLY1 HE SAW ,BAKUN9 AS A KEY FIGURE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N AN>*ISM4 ,9 C\NT]+ ! EF=TS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,M>XI/S TO TURN ! 5TIRE LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO AN 0ELECTIVE P>LIAM5T>Y & POLITICAL MOVEM5T01 ,BAKUN9 & HIS ASSOCIATES W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 ! F\ND+ ( AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 WRITES1 IT WAS \T ( ?IS 0REBELLION0 ?AT MOD]N AN>*ISM SUBSEQU5TLY DEVELOP$ 7,K,R,P #a#e74 

,KROPOTK9 ?US FELT ?AT IT WAS ,BAKUN91 9 A S]IES ( P[]FUL PAMPHLETS & LETT]S1 :O FIR/ E/ABLI%$ ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES ( MOD]N AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,BAKUN9'S ADVOCACY ( ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS IMPLI$ ! REPUDIATION NOT ONLY ( 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 BUT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE & ALL =MS ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4 

0,ALL LEGISLATION MADE )9 ! /ATE1 EV5 :5 IT ISSUES FROM ! SO-CALL$ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 HAS TO BE REPUDIAT$ BECAUSE IT ALWAYS HAS BE5 MADE ) REG>D TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVIL$G$ CLASSES0 7,K,R,P #a#f#e74 

,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 WAS AT HE>T A COMMUNI/1 HE DESBRIB$ HIMSELF AS A 0COLLECTIVI/0 AN>*I/ TO EXPRESS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 :I* ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION >E [N$ 9 COMMON - COLLECTIVELY - BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 ?R\< EI!R LABOR ASSOCIATIONS OR FREE COMMUNES4 ,! =M ( DI/RIBUTION1 :E!R BY LABOR *ECKS OR NOT1 WAS TO BE LEFT TO ! COLLECTIVES !MSELVES4 ,! AN>*I/S )9 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT 9ITIALLY REF] TO !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S BUT RA!R AS 0F$]ALI/S0 OR AS 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN0 SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,P>IS COMMUNE1 GR\PS ( WORK]S BY DEGREES ADOPT$ ! LABEL ( !IR ,M>XI/ OPPON5TS1 & CAME TO DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S04 ,AMONG ! WORK]S ( ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,SWITZ]L& !RE ?US EM]G$ :AT ,KROPOTK9 REF]$ TO AS ! 0MA9 CURR5T0 ( AN>*ISM - AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 :I* VIEW$ AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM AS NECESS>ILY COMPLEM5T>Y & MUTUALLY SUPPORT+4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 

0,! GREAT BULK ( AN>*I/ WORK+M5 PREF] ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ IDEAS :I* GRADUALLY EVOLV$ \T ( ! AN>*I/ COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION40 7,K,R,P #b#i#g74 

,AMONG ! BETT] KN[N EXPON5TS ( ?IS T5D5CY W]E ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,SEBA/IAN ,FAURE1 ,EMILE ,P\GET & ,JOHANN ,MO/ - &1 ( C\RSE1 ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF1 :O SP5T A LIFETIME LUCIDLY \TL9+1 DEF5D+ & PROMOT+ ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ T5D5CY4 

,O,!,R ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,C,U,R,R,5,T,S 

,BESIDES AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 ,KROPOTK9 RECOGNIZ$ & DESCRIB$ ?REE O!R CURR5TS )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS IT DEVELOP$ T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES - 9DIVIDUALI/1 ,*RI/IAN & LIT]>Y AN>*ISM4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE1 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO BRAN*ES1 ! MUTUALI/S & ! 0PURE0 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,! MUTUALI/S 9CLUD$1 BESIDES ! MANY FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON1 ! DISIPLES ( ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON 9 ,BRITA9 & A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,PR\DHON1 ,JOSIAH ,W>R5 7#a#g#i#h-#a#h#g#d74 ,HAV+ ORIG9ALLY BE5 A MEMB] ( ,ROB]T ,[5'S SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY 0,NEW ,H>MONY0 :I* WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahbe ON ! BANKS ( ! ,WABA% RIV] 9 ,9DIANA1 ,W>R5 TURN$ AGA9/ COMMUNISM1 HAV+ FELT ?AT ! FAILURE ( ! ,NEW ,H>MONY ,COMMUNITY WAS DUE TO ITS COLLECTIVISM & TO ITS SUPPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,W>R5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,C9C9NATI A 0/ORE0 9 :I* GOODS W]E EX*ANG$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( TIME-VALUE & LABOR *ECKS4 ,SU* 0EQUITY-/ORES01 ,KROPOTK9 NOTIC$1 W]E /ILL 9 EXI/5CE 9 ! #a#h#fS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ESS5CE1 ,W>R5'S RADICAL ?\<T WAS AN AMALGAMATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 FE> ( ! /ATE & ECONOMIC MUTUALISM4 

,! IDEAS ( BO? ,PR\DHON & ,W>R51 ,KROPOTK9 WRITES1 HAD AN IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 0CREAT+ QUITE A S*OOL04 ,( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS S*OOL ( ECONOMIC ?\<T - 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM OR MUTUALISM - W]E ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 ,EZRA ,HEYWOOD & ,LYS&] ,SPOON]4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ITS MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVE WAS ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] 7#a#h#e#d-#a#i#c#i7 :O HAD BE5 A CLOSE FRI5D ( ,W>R54 ,AT ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE ,TUCK] HAD TRANSLAT$ ,PR\DHON'S FAM\S ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY 7#a#h#d7 & 9 #ahha HAD F\ND$ ! RADICAL NEWSPAP] ,LIB]TY4 ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIBES ,TUCK]'S 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM AS A 0COMB9ATION ( 7! CONCEPTIONS71 ( ,PR\DHON ) ?OSE ( ,H]B]T ,SP5C]0 7,K,R,P #b#i#f74  ,= ,TUCK]1 0,AN>*ISM MEANS ABSOLUTE LIB]TY1 NO?+ MORE1 NO?+ LESS04 ,?IS MEANT LIB]TY 9 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS 0! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL LIB]TIES04 ,LIKE ,PR\DHON1 HE WAS VEHEM5TLY ANTI-COMMUNI/ & DESCRIB$ ,PR\DHON AS 0P]HAPS ! MO/ VIG\R\S HAT] ( COMMUNISM ?AT EV] LIV$ ON ?IS PLANET04 ,PR\DHON1 ( C\RSE1 HAD EQUAT$ COMMUNISM ) /ATE SOCIALISM & AU?ORIT>IAN RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES1 & ?US CAME TO DECL>E ?AT 0COMMUNISM IS OPPRESSION & SLAV]Y01 A MODE ( ORGANIZATION ?AT D5I$ ! LIB]TY & SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & EQUALITY4 ,TUCK] !RE=E CAME TO >GUE ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ BUT A REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/4 ,TUCK] HAD ! IDEA ?AT ! COMMUNI/ AN>*I/S W\LD =CE A COMMUNAL PROP]TY SY/EM ON EV]YONE & W]E ?US NOT AN>*I/S4 ,KROPOTK91 H[EV]1 ALWAYS /RESS$ ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & NEV] D5I$ ! RI<T ( ANY P]SON TO CULTIVATE !IR [N PLOT ( L&4 

,KROPOTK9 (F]$ MANY CRITICISMS ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM 7MUTUALISM7 ( ,PR\DHON4 ,W>R5 & ,TUCK] - 9 ITS /RESS ON EGOISM & ! RI<T ( 9DIVIDUALS TO OPPRESS O!RS IF !Y HAVE ! P[] TO DO SO1 9 ITS AFFIRMATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 PETTY COMMODITY PRODUCTION & ! WAGE SY/EM 7! M>KET ECONOMY71 & 9 JU/IFY+ ! USE ( VIOL5CE TO 5=CE AGREEM5TS & DEF5D PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,KROPOTK9 ACKN[L$G$ & APPLAUD$ ,TUCK]'S ADMIRABLE CRITICISMS ( CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES & ! /ATE & ( /ATE SOCIALISM1 AS WELL AS HIS 0VIGOR\S DEF5SE ( ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL01 BUT 9 DEF5D+ ! RI<T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ,TUCK]1 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE1 OP5S UP ! WAY 0= RECON/ITUT+ UND] ! HEAD+ ( 'DEF5SE' ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE0 7,K,R,P #a#g#c-#g#d74 ,?US ,KROPOTK9 CONCLUDES ?AT ! POSITION ( ! MUTUALI/S IS 0! SAME AS ?AT ( ,SP5C]1 & ( ALL ! SO CALL$ ',MAN*E/] ,S*OOL' ( ECONOMI/S1 :O ALSO BEGAN BY A SEV]E CRITICISM ( ! /ATE & 5D 9 ITS FULL RECOGNITION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! PROP]TY MONOPOLIES1 ( :I* ! /ATE IS ! NECESS>Y /RON<OLD0 7,K,R,P #a#f#b74 

,! DEBATE BETWE5 ! DEF5D]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 7& ! SO-CALL$ M>KET SOCIALI/S7 & AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S /ILL REV]B]ATES 9 MANY CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ J\RNALS4 

,WRIT+ >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ,KROPOTK9 SUGGE/$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR\DHONI/S F\ND LITTLE SUPPORT OR SYMPA?Y AMONG WORK+ PEOPLE1 I4E4 ?OSE :O POSSESS$ NO PROP]TY4 

0,?OSE :O PR(ESS IT - !Y >E *IEFLY '9TELLECTUALS' - SOON REALIZE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALIZATION !Y SO HI<LY PRAISE IS NOT ATTA9ABLE BY 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS1 & EI!R AB&ON ! RANKS ( AN>*I/S1 & >E DRIV5 9TO ! LIB]AL 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 OR !Y RETIRE 9TO A SORT ( ,EPICUREAN A-MORALISM1 OR SUP]-MAN !ORY1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,/IRN] & ,NIETZS*E0 7,K,R,P #b#i#g74 

,!SE LA/ TWO WRIT]S REPRES5T A SECOND =M ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM1 :I* ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIBES AS 0PURE 9DIVIDUALISM04 ,! FULLE/ EXPRESSION ( ?IS 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM WAS TO BE F\ND1 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE1 9 ! REM>KABLE WORKS ( ,MAX ,/IRN] 7#a#h#f-#a#h#e#f71 :OSE BOOK ,! ,EGO & ITS ,[N 7#a#h#d#e7 WAS BR\<T 9TO PROM95CE BY ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY4 ,/IRN] WAS A LEFT-,HEGELIAN METAPHYSICIAN BUT PROPOS$ A /RID5T PHILOSOPHY ( EGOISM ?AT REPUDIAT$ ALL 0AB/RACTIONS0 - FRE$OM1 GOD1 TRU?1 HUMANITY - 9 ITS AFFIRMATION ( ! UNIQUE EGO1 ! CORPOREAL SELF4 ,ALONG ) ,NIETZS*E1 ,/IRN] HAS BE5 SE5 AS A PRECURSOR ( EXI/5TIALISM4 ,AL?\< 7UNLIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS7 ,KROPOTK9 ACKN[L$G$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ,/IRN]1 & ALSO ! BEAUTIFUL POETIC WRIT+S ( ,NIETZS*E1 HE WAS NEV] SYMPA!TIC TO HIS /RID5T EGOISM4 ,AFFIRM+ ,/IRN]'S REVOLT AGA9/ ! /ATE & ALL =MS ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 

0,REASON+ ON ,HEGELIAN METAPHYSICAL L9ES1 ,/IRN] PREA*ES ! REHABILITATION ( ! ',I' & ! SUPREMACY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 & HE COMES 9 ?IS WAY TO ADVOCATE COMPLETE 'AMORALISM' 7NO MORALITY7 & AN 'ASSOCIATION ( EGOI/S'0 7,K,R,P #a#f#a74 

,BUT ,KROPOTK9 GOES ON3 0H[ METAPHYSICAL & REMOTE FROM REAL LIFE IS ?IS 'SELF-ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'2 H[ IT RUNS AGA9/ ! FEEL+S ( EQUALITY ( MO/ ( US2 & H[ IT BR+S ! W\LD-BE '9DIVIDUALI/S' DANG]\SLY NE> TO ?OSE :O IMAG9E !MSLEVES TO REPRES5T A SUP]I\R BRE$0 7,K,R,P #a#g#b74 

,HE PO9TS \T TOO ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ATTA9 ANY AU!NTIC OR MEAN+FUL DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY 9 CONDITIONS ( OPPRESSION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,9SPITE ( ITS USEFULNESS AS A CRITIQUE1 & ITS IMPORTANCE 9 ITS ADVOCACY ( ( ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! P]SON 7EGO71 = ,KROPOTK91 9DIVIDUALI/1 0LIFE-/YLE0 AN>*ISM WAS A LIMIT$ EXPRESSION ( AN>*ISM & ONE ?AT MO/LY APPEAL$ TO >TI/IC & LIT]>Y FIGURES 7,K,R,P #b#i#c74 

,A SECOND CURR5T ( AN>*ISM \TL9$ BY ,KROPOTK9 WAS 9 FACT ?AT :I* F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 LIT]>Y & >TI/IC CIRCLES4 ,KROPOTK9 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT NOT ONLY HAD ! BE/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ AN>*ISM ITSELF1 BUT HUNDR$S ( MOD]N AU?ORS W]E EXPRESS+1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 AN>*I/ IDEAS AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,HE M5TIONS ,IBS51 ,:ITMAN1 ,?OREAU1 ,M>C ,GUYAU1 ,SP5C]1 ,H]Z51 ,NIETSZ*E1 & ,$W>D ,C>P5T] 7,K,R,P #b#i#i74 

,! ?IRD CURR5T ( AN>*ISM DESCRIB$ BY ,KROPOTK9 WAS ?AT ( ,*RI/IAN AN>*ISM1 REPRES5T$ BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 AL?\< ,TOL/OY NEV] DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/4 ,DRAW+ ON ! TEA*+S ( ! ,*RI/IAN GOSPELS & FOLL[+ ! DICTATES ( REASON1 ,TOL/OY1 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE1 US$ ALL ! P[]S ( HIS IMAG9ATION & RI* TAL5TS TO MAKE P[]FUL CRITICISMS ( ! *UR*1 /ATE P[]1 & ALL ! PRES5T PROP]TY LAWS4 ,ROBB]S1 ,TOL/OY HELD1 W]E F> LESS DANG]\S ?AN A WELL-ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,HOLD+ FIRM TO ! TEA*+S ( ,*RI/1 ,TOL/OY COMB9$ ,*RI/IANITY1 AN>*ISM & PACIFISM2 ?IS L$ TO IMPORTANT CRITICISMS ( PATRIOTISM & MILIT>ISM AS WELL AS TO ,TOL/OY BE+ H]ALD$ AS AN APO/LE ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE1 A POLITICAL /RATEGY LATE ADOPT$ BY ,G&HI1 :O ALWAYS ACKN[L$G$ HIS DEBT TO ,TOL/OY4 ,KROPOTK9 CONCLUD$ ?AT ,TOL/OY'S RELIGI\S >GUM5TS >E SO WELL COMB9$ ) >GUM5TS D]IV$ FROM A DISPASSIONATE SCRUT9Y  ( PRES5T EVILS 0?AT ! AN>*I/ PORTIONS ( HIS WORKS APPEAL TO ! RELIGI\S & NON-RELIGI\S READ] ALIKE0 7,K,R,P #b#i#i74 

,AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 SYMPA!TICALLY DEALS ) ALL =MS ( AN>*ISM - HIS WORK IS S+UL>LY FREE ( ! ABUSIVE EPI!TS & RANCOR ?AT M>S MU* CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ WRIT+ - ,KROPOTK9 MAKES CLE> HIS [N ALLEGIANCE TO AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,?IS =M ( AN>*ISM WAS ADVOCAT$ = ! FIR/ TIME AT ! ,JURA CONGRESS 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h1 & AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & WAS LAT] TO BECOME ITS *IEF EXPON5T & ADVOCATE1 HE WAS NOT ITS ORIG9ATOR4 ,! L9KAGE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM SEEMS TO HAVE EVOLV$ SPONTANE\SLY & 9DEP5DANTLY AMONG ! MANY 0COLLECTIVI/0 FOLL[]S ( ,BAKUN9 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,PEOPLE IMPORTANT 9 ! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 BESIDES ,KROPOTK91 9CLUDE ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE & ,]RICO ,MALATE/A4 

,9 HIS ADVOCACY ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ,KROPOTK9 CAME1 LIKE O!R AN>*I/ MEMB]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO DRAW A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 HIS [N CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM & ?AT ( ! ,M>XI/S4 ,KROPOTK9 CRITIQU$ ! 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 & ! 0WORK]S' /ATE0 ( ! ,M>XI/S & ?R\<\T HIS LIFE HE MADE /RID5T CRITICISMS ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,HE WAS ALWAYS HO/ILE TO ! IDEA ?AT = ! SAKE ( ! FUTURE1 P]SONAL LIB]TY C\LD BE SACRIFIC$ ON ! 0ALT> ( ! /ATE0 7,K,R,P #a#c71 & FELT ?AT ! PLANS ( ! /ATE SOCIALI/S W]E NOT ONLY IMPRACTICAL - AS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO =SEE EV]Y?+ - BUT ?AT /ATE SOCIALISM W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO A P>TY DICTATOR%IP 7,K,R,P #g#f74 ,ON ?IS ISSUE HE & ,BAKUN9 W]E 9 CLOSE AGREEM5T1 & ) REG>D TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 SOME:AT PRESCI5T1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 9 FACT1 REFUS$ TO DESCRIBE ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME AS 0COMMUNI/0 CONSID]+ IT A =M ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM04 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 %E WROTE1 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY ATTEMPT TO APPLY COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES 9 ANY %APE OR =M4 ,KROPOTK9 ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT /ATE SOCIALISM1 BY GIV+ ! /ATE CONTROL & MANAGEM5T OV] ! MA9 S\RCES ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 BESIDES ! P[]S ?AT ! /ATE ALREADY POSSESSES1 W\LD 9EVITABLY CREATE A 0NEW TYRANNY EV5 MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ! OLD ONE04 ,HE !RE=E CONCLUD$ ?AT ?TE /ATE ORGANIZATION 0HAV+ BE5 ! =CE TO :I* ! M9ORITIES RESORT$ = E/ABLI%+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR P[] OV] ! MASSES1 CANNOT BE A =CE :I* WILL S]VE TO DE/ORY !SE PRIVEL$GES0 7,K,R,P #a#g-#g#a74 ,/ATE SOCIALISM W\LD LEAD TO /ATE CAPITALISM & TO NEW 9/RUM5TS ( TYRANNY1 & 0W\LD ONLY 9CREASE ! P[]S ( BUREAUCRACY & CAPITALISM0 7,K,R,P #b#h#f74 

,:5 ,KROPOTK9 RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag HIS WOR/ FE>S W]E CONFIRM$4 ,9 A LETT] TO ! ,DANI% >T CRITIC ,GEORG ,BR&ES1 ,KROPOTK9 DREW AN AN?OLOGY BETWE5 ! SITUATION AS IT !N EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA 7#a#i#a#h7 & ! ,JACOB9 REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE FROM ,SEPTEMB] #agib TO ,JULY #a#g#i#d4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE WROTE1 >E 0/RIV+ TO 9TRODUCE ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! L&1 9DU/RY & COMM]CE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ME?OD BY :I* !Y SEEK TO E/ABLI% A COMMUNISM LIKE ,BABEUF'S 9 A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE MAKES A SUCCESS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE P>ALYZES ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! PEOPLE0 7,S,W #c#b74 

,9 A MESSAGE TO ! WORKS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 7,APRIL #a#i#a#i7 ,KROPOTK9 REIT]AT$ ! SAME VIEWS1 9 ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ! EF=T TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA UND] A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY DICTATOR%IP HAD BE5 AN ABJECT FAILURE3 

0,?IS EF=T WAS MADE 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! EXTREMELY C5TRALIZ$ & ,JACOB9 5DEAVOR ( ,BABEUF4 ,I [E IT TO Y\ TO SAY FRANKLY ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO MY VIEW1 ?IS EF=T TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC ON ! BASIS ( A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE COMMUNISM UND] ! IRON LAW ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP IS B\ND TO 5D 9 FAILURE4 ,WE LE>N 9 ,RUSSIA H[ COMMUNISM CANNOT BE 9TRODUC$0 7,K,R,P #b#e#d74 

,BUT ?\< CRITICAL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,KROPOTK9 PROTE/$ ) ALL HIS /R5G? AGA9/ ANY TYPE ( >M$ 9T]V5TION 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! ,ALLIES1 FE>+ ?IS W\LD ONLY LEAD TO REACTION1 & 0W\LD BR+ US BACK TO A *AUV9I/IC MON>*Y0 7,S,W #c#b#a74 

,KROPOTK91 LIKE O!R AN>*I/S1 SUPPORT$ ! REVOLUTION1 BUT NOT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 REPUDIAT+ ALL =MS ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,TO ! 5D ( HIS LIFE ,KROPOTK9 WAS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ - AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/4 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

,BALDW91 ,ROG] 7,$7 7#a#i#a#g7 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV] 
7,K,R,P7 

,CAHM1 ,C>OL9E 7#a#i#h#i7 ,KROPOTK9 & ! ,RISE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*ISM #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 

,KROPOTK91 ,PET] 7#a#i#g7 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION 7,$ ,M4,A4 
,MILL]7 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASS3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS 7,S,W7 

7#a#i#h#h7 ,ACT ,= ,Y\RSELVES ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 7,A,Y,E7 

,M>%ALL1 ,PET] 7#a#i#i#b7 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE,LONDON3 ,H>P] ,COLL9S 

,MILL]1 ,M>T9 7#a#i#g#f7 ,KROPOTK9 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS 

,MORRIS1 ,BRIAN 7#b#d7 ,KROPOTK93 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,COMMUNITY ,AMH]/3 ,HUMANITY ,BOOKS 

7#b#g7 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,GEOGRAPH]3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,LIFE ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,M9EHEAD3 ,G5GE ,PRESS 

,PUR*ASE1 ,GRAHAM 7#a#i#i#f7 ,EVOLUTION & ,REVOLUTION3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,LIFE & 
,?\<T ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,PET]%AM1 ,N,S,W3 ,JURA ,BOOKS 

,WOODCOCK1 ,G4 & ,I4 ,AVAKUMOVIC 7#a#i#e7 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,PR9CE ,NEW ,YORK3 ,S*OCK5 
,BOOKS 7,W,A7 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,BASIC ,KROPOTK9 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,BASIC ,KROPOTK9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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