,BASIC ,BAKUN9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS $ITION IS D$ICAT$ TO ,COL9 ,P>K]1 ONE ( ! F\ND+ MEMB]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7LAT] %ORT5$ TO ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 :O DRAFT$ ! FIR/ $ITION & HAS PROVID$ 9VALUABLE 9SI<T 9TO EA* REVISION1 HELP+ TO KEEP ! REVOLUTION>Y FLAME ALIVE4  

  

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,?IS PAMPHLET WILL EXAM9E ! AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,DESPITE HAV+ (T5 BE5 REVIL$1 DI/ORT$ OR IGNOR$ S9CE1 !SE IDEAS W]E A HUGE 9FLU5CE UPON ! #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,ON READ+ ?IS PAMPHLET1 WE HOPE ?AT IT WILL BECOME APP>5T ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAS A LOT TO (F] US TODAY1 ?AT HIS IDEAS MAKE UP A COH]5T & WELL->GU$ BODY ( ?\<T1 & %[ ?AT !RE IS GOOD REASON = HIM TO BE DESCRIB$ AS ! GR&FA!R ( MOD]N AN>*ISM4 

,BAKUN9 HELD SOME VIEWS ?AT >E RI<TFULLY REJECT$ 9 ! MOD]N AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 SU* AS ! LEFT-W+ ,SLAVIC NATIONALISM ( HIS Y\? & ! ANTI-,SEMITISM HE C>RI$ ?R\< HIS :OLE LIFE1 BUT WE CAN SIMULTANE\SLY CRITICIZE ?OSE NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( HIS *>ACT] :IL/ /ILL DRAW+ UPON ?OSE IDEAS :I* DO /& UP TO SCRUT9Y4 

,GLOSS>Y 

  

,! FOLL[+ T]MS WILL BE US$ 9 ?IS PAMPHLET3 

,ABSOLUTISM 

 ,A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T :]E P[] IS HELD BY ONE P]SON OR A V]Y SELECT GR\P ( PEOPLE4 

,AN>*ISM 

 ,AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM BAS$ UPON REMOV+ OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE /RUCTURES 9 SOCIETY 7SU* AS CAPITALISM & ! /ATE71 & BUILD+ A SOCIETY :]E EV]YONE HAS AN EQUAL 9PUT 9TO DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIFE4 

,AU?ORIT>IANISM 

 ,A =M ( GOV]NM5T :]E OB$I5CE TO A =MAL AU?ORITY IS REQUIR$ & A HI]>*Y IS MA9TA9$4 

,B\RGEOIS 

 ,ALSO KN[N AS ! RUL+ CLASS OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,?OSE :O [N ! L&1 H\S+ & WORK PLACES & HAVE !IR NE$S MET ?R\< ! WORK ( O!RS4 

,CAPITALISM 

 ,AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM BAS$ >\ND EXPLOIT+ ?OSE =C$ TO SELL !IR LABOR1 9 :I* A C\NTRY'S TRADE & 9DU/RY >E CONTROLL$ BY PRIVATE [N]S = PR(IT4 

,CLASS 

 ,A SET ( PEOPLE GIV5 A %>$ TITLE BAS$ ON SOME?+ !Y HOLD 9 COMMON4 

,COMMUNISM 

 ,AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM BAS$ >\ND COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7SU* AS FACTORIES1 FIELDS & WORK%OPS71 :]E GOODS >E MADE AVAILABLE BAS$ UPON NE$ & 5SUR+ ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL4 

,CONS5SUS 

 ,HAV+ G5]AL AGREEM5T FROM EV]YONE 9VOLV$ 9 A DECISION4 

,DET]M9ISM 

 ,A SET ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ?AT SAY ! = EV]Y EV5T1 9CLUD+ HUMAN ACTIONS1 !RE EXI/ CONDITIONS ?AT C\LD CAUSE NO O!R EV5T4 ,?IS POSITION >GUES ?AT EV]Y?+ HAPP5S DUE TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT CAME BE=E 7ALSO KN[N AS CAUSE & EFFECT71 & ?AT !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 NO O!R \TCOME POSSIBLE4 

,EGALIT>IAN 

 ,A P]SON :O BELIEVES 9 ! EQUALITY ( ALL PEOPLE4 

,EMANCIPATION _/ ,LIB]ATION 

 ,GA9+ ! MAXIMUM POSSIBLE FRE$OM TO MADE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC *OICES = Y\RSELF1 & ) ?IS BE+ AVAILABLE TO EV]YBODY4 

,HI]>*ICAL 

 ,! NATURE ( HI]>*Y4 ,A SY/EM 9 :I* MEMB]S ( AN ORGANIZATION OR SOCIETY >E RANK$ ACCORD+ TO RELATIVE /ATUS OR AU?ORITY4 

,IDEALISM 

 ,A SET ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ?AT SAY ?AT REALITY AS WE KN[ IT EXI/S SOLELY 9 \R M9DS1 & IT IS !SE ?\<TS ?AT CREATE *ANGE >\ND US4 ,SOMEONE FOLL[+ ?IS S*OOL ( ?\<T IS CALL$ AN IDEALI/4 

,LIB]T>IAN 

 ,ONE :O ADVOCATES MAXIMIZ+ 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & M9IMIZ+ ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 

,MAT]IALISM 

 ,A SET ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ?AT SAY ?AT PHYSICAL ?\<T & ACTION CREATES *ANGES >\ND US4 ,SOMEONE FOLL[+ ?IS S*OOL ( ?\<T IS CALL$ A MAT]IALI/4 

,M>X1 ,K>L 

 ,K>L ,M>X 7#e ,MAY #ahah - #ad ,M>* #a#h#h#c7 WAS A ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]1 ECONOMI/1 SOCIOLOGI/1 HI/ORIAN1 J\RNALI/1 & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/4 ,M>X'S WORK 9 ECONOMICS LAID ! BASIS = ! CURR5T UND]/&+ ( LABOR & ITS RELATION TO CAPITAL1 & HAS 9FLU5C$ MU* ( SUBSEQU5T ECONOMIC ?\<T4 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X1 :ILE 9 BROAD AGREEM5T AB\T ! WAY CAPITALISM FUNCTIONS1 5D$ UP AS FIGUREHEADS ( A DISAGREEM5T OV] H[ TO OPPOSE CAPITALISM4 

,MUTUAL ,AID 

 ,ACT+ 9 COOP]ATION ) ANO!R GR\P4 

,PRAXIS 

 ,! CYCLE ( US+ Y\R IDEAS & SKILLS TO PLAN PRACTICAL ACTIONS1 !N HAV+ ! \TCOME FROM ?OSE ACTIONS US$ TO REF9E & IMPROVE Y\R IDEAS & SKILLS4 ,?IS 9 TURN 9=MS FUTURE ACTIONS1 :I* !N IMPROVE ! NEXT WAVE ( IDEAS1 & SO ON4 

,SOCIALISM 

 ,AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM BAS$ >\ND ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( \R PLACES ( WORK & COOP]ATIVE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,SIMIL> TO COMMUNISM1 H[EV] NOT ALWAYS 9 AGREEM5T ON H[ SOCIETY %\LD BE MANAG$ OR H[ PRODUCE %\LD GET DI/RIBUT$4 

,SOLID>ITY 

 ,UNITY OR AGREEM5T ( FEEL+ OR ACTION1 ESPECIALLY AMONG 9DIVIDUALS ) A COMMON 9T]E/2 MUTUAL SUPPORT )9 A GR\P4 

,/ATE1 ,! 

 ,! COLLECT$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CREATE & 5=CE LAWS CREAT$ BY A SMALL M9ORITY ( PEOPLE )9 A GIV5 T]RITORY4 ,?R\< LAWS ! /ATE CLAIMS ?AT ONLY IT HAS ! RI<T TO GRANT ! USE ( VIOL5CE4 ,! /ATE USES ! LAW TO JU/IFY & PROTECT A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,CLASS 

  

,BAKUN9 SAW REVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( ! OV]?R[ ( ONE OPPRESS+ CLASS BY ANO!R OPPRESS$ CLASS & ! DE/RUCTION ( POLITICAL P[] AS EXPRESS$ AS ! /ATE & SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO MA9 CLASSES :I* >E FUNDAM5TALLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,! OPPRESS$ CLASS1 HE V>I\SLY DESCRIB$ AS COMMON]S1 ! PEOPLE1 ! MASSES OR ! WORK]S1 MAKES UP A GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,UND] USUAL CONDITIONS IT IS NOT CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS A CLASS1 ?\< IT HAS AN 9/9CT = REVOLT & :IL/ UNORGANIZ$1 IS FULL ( VITALITY4 ,! NUM]ICALLY MU* SMALL] OPPRESS+ CLASS H[EV] IS CONSCI\S ( ITS ROLE & MA9TA9S ITS ASC5DANCY BY ACT+ 9 A PURPOSEFUL1 CONC]T$ & UNIT$ MANN]4 

,! BASIC DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES1 ,BAKUN9 MA9TA9$1 RE/S UPON ! [N]%IP & CONTROL ( PROP]TY1 :I* IS DISPROPORTIONATELY 9 ! H&S ( ! M9ORITY CLASS ( CAPITALI/S4 ,! MASSES1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAVE LITTLE TO CALL !IR [N BEYOND !IR ABILITY TO WORK4 

,HE CORRECTLY ID5TIFIES ?AT WEAL? IS G5]AT$ BY WORK+ PEOPLE BUT ?AT WE >E D5I$ ! FRUITS ( \R LABOR4  
  

0,S9CE LABOR1 :I* IS ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 IS COLLECTIVE1 W\LDN'T IT SEEM LOGICAL ?AT ! 5JOYM5T ( ?IS WEAL? %\LD ALSO BE COLLECTIVE80 .<#a.>  
  

,BAKUN9 WAS A/UTE 5\< TO UND]/& ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO MA9 CLASSES >E NOT ALWAYS CLE> CUT4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO DRAW A H>D L9E BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES1 ?\< AS 9 MO/ ?+S1 ! DIFF]5CES >E MO/ APP>5T AT ! EXTREMES4 ,BETWE5 !SE EXTREMES ( WEAL? & P[] !RE IS A HI]>*Y ( SOCIAL /RATA :I* CAN BE ASSESS$ ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y EXPLOIT EA* O!R OR >E EXPLOIT$ !MSELVES4 ,! FUR!R AWAY A GIV5 GR\P IS FROM ! WORK]S1 ! MORE LIKELY IT IS TO BE P>T ( ! EXPLOIT+ CATEGORY & ! LESS IT SUFF]S FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,BETWE5 ! TWO MAJOR CLASSES !RE IS A MIDDLE CLASS OR MIDDLE CLASSES :O >E BO? EXPLOIT+ & EXPLOIT$1 DEP5D+ ON !IR POSITION ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X'S IDEAS AB\T ! URBAN PROLET>IAT BE+ ! PRIM>Y REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 SOCIETY1 ,BAKUN9 9/EAD CONSID]$ BO? URBAN & RURAL WORK]S TOGE!R AS ! MASSES :O >E ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ & :O =M1 9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW1 ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y CLASS :I* ALONE CAN SWEEP AWAY ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! FACT ( EXPLOITATION & ITS RESULTANT POV]TY >E 9 !MSELVES NO GU>ANTEE ( REVOLUTION4 ,EXTREME POV]TY IS1 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T1 LIKELY TO LEAD TO RESIGNATION IF ! PEOPLE CAN SEE NO POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,P]HAPS1 IF DRIV5 TO GREAT DEP?S ( DESPAIR1 ! POOR WILL RISE UP 9 REVOLT4 ,REVOLTS H[EV] T5D TO BE LOCAL & !RE=E1 EASY TO PUT D[N4 ,9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW1 ?REE CONDITIONS >E NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E3  

,%E] HATR$ = ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! MASSES F9D !MSELVES  

,! BELIEF ?AT *ANGE IS A POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE  

,A CLE> VISION ( ! SOCIETY ?AT HAS TO BE MADE TO BR+ AB\T HUMAN EMANCIPATION  
  

,)\T !SE ?REE FACTORS BE+ PRES5T1 PLUS A UNIT$ & EFFICI5T SELF-ORGANIZATION1 NO LIB]ATION CAN POSSIBLY COME FROM A REVOLUTION4 

,BAKUN9 HAD NO D\BTS ?AT REVOLUTION MU/ NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE DE/RUCTION TO CREATE ! BASIS ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT1 QUITE SIMPLY1 REVOLUTION MEANS NO?+ LESS ?AN W>1 ?AT IS ! PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION ( PEOPLE & PROP]TY4 ,SPONTANE\S REVOLUTIONS 9VOLVE1 (T51 ! VA/ DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY4 ,BAKUN9 NOT$ ?AT :5 CIRCUM/ANCES DEM&$ IT1 ! WORK]S W\LD DE/ROY EV5 !IR [N H\SES1 :I* MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 DO NOT BELONG TO !M4 ,! NEGATIVE1 DE/RUCTIVE URGE IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 HE >GU$1 TO SWEEP AWAY ! PA/4 ,DE/RUCTION IS CLOSELY L9K$ ) CON/RUCTION S9CE ! 0MORE VIVIDLY ! FUTURE IS VISUALIZ$1 ! MORE P[]FUL IS ! =CE ( DE/RUCTION40 .<#b.> 

,GIV5 ! CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL? & P[] 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,BAKUN9 CONSID]$ ECONOMIC QUE/IONS TO BE ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL ?AT ,BAKUN9 GAVE GREAT SIGNIFICANCE TO /RIKES BY WORK]S4 ,/RIKES1 HE BELIEV$1 HAVE A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,!Y >E NECESS>Y AS CATALY/S TO WR5* ! WORK]S AWAY FROM !IR READY ACCEPTANCE ( CAPITALISM2 !Y JOLT !M \T ( !IR CONDITION ( RESIGNATION4 ,/RIKES1 AS A =M ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL W>F>E1 REQUIRE UNITY TO SUCCE$1 ?US WELD+ ! WORK]S TOGE!R4 ,DUR+ /RIKES1 !RE IS A POL>IZATION BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & WORK]S4 ,?IS MAKES ! LATT] MORE RECEPTIVE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & DE/ROYS ! URGE TO COMPROMISE & SEEK DEALS4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT AS ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL 9CREASES1 SO WILL ! 9T5SITY & NUMB] ( /RIKES4 ,! ULTIMATE /RIKE IS ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE1 9 :I* CLASS CONSCI\S WORK]S >E 9FUS$ ) AN>*I/ IDEAS WILL LEAD1 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T1 TO ! F9AL EXPLOSION :I* WILL BR+ AB\T AN>*I/ SOCIETY4  
  

0,/RIKES AWAK51 9 ! MASSES ( PEOPLE1 ALL ! SOCIALI/-REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS ?AT RESIDE DEEP 9 ! HE>T ( EV]Y WORK] 444 .<&.> :5 ?OSE 9/9CTS1 /IRR$ BY ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 >E AWAK5$ 9 ! MASSES ( WORK]S1 :O >E >IS+ FROM !IR [N SLUMB]1 !N ! PROPAGATION ( ! SOCIALI/-REVOLUTION>Y IDEA BECOMES QUITE EASY40 .<#c.>  
  

,BAKUN9'S IDEAS >E REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE1 BE+ CONC]N$ ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & SOCIAL_/POLITICAL DOM9ATION & !IR REPLACEM5T BY A SY/EM ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* IS BAS$ UPON SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID4 ,BAKUN9 (F]$ A CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM 79 :I* AU?ORITY & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY W5T H& 9 H&71 & /ATE SOCIALISM 7:I* IS ONE SID$ 9 ITS CONC5TRATION ON ECONOMIC FACTORS :IL/ GROSSLY UND]E/IMAT+ ! DANG]S ( SOCIAL AU?ORITY74 

,/ATE 

  

,BAKUN9 BAS$ HIS CONSI/5T & UNIFI$ !ORY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS UPON ?REE CONNECT$ PO9TS1 NAMELY3  

,HUMAN BE+S >E NATURALLY SOCIAL 7& !RE=E !Y DESIRE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY7  

,HUMAN BE+S >E MORE OR LESS EQUAL  

,HUMAN BE+S WANT TO BE FREE  
  

,HIS AN>*ISM IS CONSEQU5TLY CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ A SOCIETY ( FRE$OM )9 ! CONTEXT ( AN EGALIT>IAN SY/EM ( MUTUAL 9T]ACTION4 ,! PROBLEM ) EXI/+ SOCIETIES1 HE >GU$1 IS ?AT !Y >E DOM9AT$ BY /ATES ?AT >E NECESS>ILY VIOL5T1 ANTI-SOCIAL1 & >TIFICIAL CON/RUCTS :I* D5Y ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMANITY4 

,:IL/ !RE >E1 9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW1 MANY OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES )9 CAPITALISM1 AP>T FROM ! /ATE 7E4G4 ! OPPRESSION ( WOM51 WAGE SLAV]Y71 IT IS ! /ATE :I* NURTURES1 MA9TA9S & PROTECTS ! OPPRESSIVE SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,! /ATE IS DEF9$ AS AN ANTI-SOCIAL MA*9E :I* CONTROLS SOCIETY = ! B5EFIT ( AN OPPRESS+ CLASS OR ELITE4 ,IT IS ESS5TIALLY AN 9/ITUTION BAS$ UPON VIOL5CE & IS CONC]N$ ) ITS MA9T5ANCE ( 9EQUALITY ?R\< POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,9 ADDITION ! /ATE RELIES UPON A P]MAN5T BUREAUCRACY TO HELP C>RY \T ITS AIMS4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC ELEM5T1 9CID5TALLY1 IS NOT SIMPLY A TOOL :I* IT PROMOTES4 ,ALL /ATES1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$1 HAVE 9T]NAL T5D5CIES T[>D SELF-P]PETUATION1 :E!R !Y BE CAPITALI/ OR SOCIALI/ & >E ?US TO BE OPPOS$ AS OB/ACLES TO HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,IT MI<T BE OBJECT$ ?AT /ATES >E NOT PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) POLITICAL REPRESSION & VIOL5CE & ?AT LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC /ATES1 9 P>TICUL>1 >E MU* 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT SU* ASPECTS >E ONLY A DISGUISE1 & ?AT :5 ?REAT5$1 ALL /ATES REVEAL !IR ESS5TIALLY VIOL5T NATURES4 

,& DEVELOPM5TS )9 ,BRITA9 OV] ! LA/ C\PLE ( DECADES T5DS TO SUB/ANTIATE ANO!R FEATURE ( ! /ATE :I* ,BAKUN9 DREW ATT5TION TO - ! T5D5CY T[>DS AU?ORIT>IANISM & ABSOLUTISM4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT !RE W]E /RONG PRESSURES 9 ALL /ATES TO MOVE T[>DS MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP BUT ?AT ! RATE ( SU* DEVELOPM5T WILL V>Y ACCORD+ TO FACTORS SU* AS DEMOGRAPHY1 CULTURE & POLITICS4 

,F9ALLY1 ,BAKUN9 NOT$ ?AT /ATES T5D T[>D W>F>E AGA9/ O!R /ATES4 ,S9CE !RE IS NO 9T]NATIONALLY ACCEPT$ MORAL CODE BETWE5 /ATES1 !N RIVALRIES BETWE5 !M WILL BE EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( MILIT>Y CONFLICT4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS3  
  

0,SO LONG AS ,/ATES EXI/ !RE WILL BE NO PEACE4 ,!RE WILL ONLY BE MORE OR LESS PROLONG$ RESPITES - >MI/ICES CONCLUD$ BY ! P]PETUALLY BELLIG]5T /ATES - BUT AS SOON AS A /ATE FEELS SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO DE/ROY ?IS EQUILIBRIUM TO ITS ADVANTAGE1 IT WILL NEV] FAIL TO DO SO40 .<#d.>  
  

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X'S IDEAS AB\T ! /ATE1 ,BAKUN9 MA9TA9$ ?AT ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T W]E UNJU/ & ?AT TRUE DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT SIMPLY BE 9/ILL$ BY DEGREES OR BY PUTT+ ! RI<T PEOPLE 9 *>GE1 BUT REQUIR$ A TOTAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 

,RELIGION 

  

,GOD AS AN IDEA WAS DEEPLY REPULSIVE TO ,BAKUN9 & FLEW 9 ! FACE ( REASON & RATIONAL ?\<T4 ,HE SAW ! IDEA ( ,GOD AS A HUMAN CREATION1 AN ABSOLUTE AB/RACTION )\T REALITY1 CONT5T & DET]M9ATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS IT IS ABSOLUTE NO?+NESS4 ,GOD & RELIGION >E BO? HUMAN FANTASIES1 A DI/ORTION ( LIFE ON E>?4 ,! BELIEF 9 ,GOD DE/ROYS HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 LIB]TY1 COOP]ATION & COMMUNITY4 ,HUMAN LOVE BECOMES TRANSF]R$ TO ! NONS5SE ( LOVE = SOME?+ :I* DOES NOT EXI/ & 9TO RELIGI\S *>ITY4 ,= ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & RELIGION W]E ! 5EMIES ( ALL OPPRESS$ CLASSES & 9DE$ !IR ROLE WAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION 9 CONC]T ) ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! ACCEPTANCE ( ! IDEA ( ,GOD WAS = ,BAKUN9 ! D5IAL ( HUMANITY1 FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT IF ,GOD IS TRU?1 JU/ICE & 9F9ITE LIFE !N HUMANITY MU/ BE 0FALSEHOOD1 GROSS 9JU/ICE & DEA?04.<#e.> ,BAKUN9 FUR!R >GUES ?AT BY ACCEPT+ ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD HUMANITY BECOMES 5SLAV$1 & ?AT BECAUSE HUMANITY IS CAPABLE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 IT FOLL[S ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS ,GOD4 

,RELIGIONS = ,BAKUN9 >E ! RESULT ( HUMAN FANTASY 9 :I* HEAV5 IS A MIRAGE4 ,ONCE 9/ALL$1 ,GOD NATURALLY BECOMES ! MA/] TO :OM PEOPLE B[ D[N4 ,( C\RSE1 ,BAKUN9 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/ & ?AT RELIGION IS A HUMAN =M ( ORGANIZ+ & CONTROLL+ ! MASSES4 ,HE PROPOS$ ?AT :OEV] TAKES IT UPON !MSELVES TO BECOME PROPHET1 REVEAL] OR PRIE/ 7,GOD'S REPRES5TATIVE ON E>?7 BECOMES ! TEA*] & LEAD]4 ,FROM ?AT ROLE RELIGI\S LEAD]S 5D UP 0COMM&+1 DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ OV] E>?LY EXI/5CE04.<#e.> ,SO1 SLAVES ( ,GOD BECOME SLAVES ( ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE 9S(> AS ! LATT] IS GIV5 ! BLESS+ ( ORGANIZ$ RELIGION4 ,! ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS ( ! WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 HAVE ALWAYS ALLI$ !MSELVES ) DOM9ATION & EV5 P]SECUT$ RELIGIONS DISCIPL9E !IR FOLL[]S1 LAY+ ! GR\ND = A NEW TYRANNY4 ,ALL RELIGIONS1 BUT AGA9 ESPECIALLY ,*RI/IANITY1 W]E 9 ! WORDS ( ,BAKUN9 0F\ND$ ON BLOOD04.<#e.> ,H[ MANY 9NOC5T VICTIMS HAVE BE5 TORTUR$ & MURD]$ 9 ! NAME ( ! RELIGION ( LOVE & =GIV5ESS8 ,H[ MANY CL]ICS1 EV5 TODAY1 ASKS ,BAKUN91 SUPPORT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T8 

,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ?AT ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/1 & ?AT ?IS IS GOOD 5\< REASON = OPPOS+ RELIGION4 ,H[EV] HE ALSO /ATES ?AT RELIGIONS MU/ BE COMBAT$ BECAUSE !Y CREATE AN 9TELLECTUAL SLAV]Y :I*1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! /ATE1 RESULTS 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL SLAV]Y4 ,RELIGIONS DEMORALIZE & CORRUPT PEOPLE4 ,!Y DE/ROY REASON & 0FILL PEOPLE'S M9DS ) ABSURDITIES04.<#e.> ,RELIGION IS AN ANCI5T =M ( IDEOLOGY :I*1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! /ATE1 CAN BE R$UC$ TO A SIMPLE /ATEM5T -- ',WE FOOL Y\1 WE RULE Y\4' .<#f.> 

,B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY 

  

,POLITICAL COMM5TATORS & ! M$IA >E CON/ANTLY S++ ! PRAISES ( ! SY/EM ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY 9 :I* EV]Y FEW YE>S OR SO ! ELECTORATE IS ASK$ TO PUT A CROSS ON A PIECE ( PAP] TO DET]M9E :O WILL CONTROL !M4 ,?IS SY/EM WORKS WELL 9S(> AS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS F\ND A WAY ( GA9+ LEGITIMACY ?R\< ! ILLUSION ?AT SOMEH[ ! VOT]S >E 9 *>GE ( RUNN+ ! SY/EM4 ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S ON ! ISSUE ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY W]E MADE AT ! TIME :5 IT B>ELY EXI/$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,YET HE C\LD SEE ON ! BASIS ( A C\PLE ( EXAMPLES 7! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SWITZ]L&7 ?AT ! WID5+ ( ! FRAN*ISE DOES LITTLE TO IMPROVE ! LOT ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION4 ,TRUE1 AS ,BAKUN9 NOT$1 POLITICIANS >E PREP>$ TO ISSUE ALL SORTS ( PROMISES1 BUT !SE ALL DISAPPE> ! DAY AFT] ! ELECTION4 ,! WORK]S CONT9UE TO GO TO WORK & ! B\RGEOISIE TAKES UP ONCE AGA9 ! PROBLEMS ( BUS9ESS & POLITICAL 9TRIGUE4 

,TODAY1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! PR$OM9ANT POLITICAL SY/EM IS ?AT ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM IS PAT5TLY UNFAIR 9 ITS DI/RIBUTION ( P>LIAM5T>Y SEATS1 9S(> AS SOME P>TIES ) SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT GET NEGLIGIBLE REPRES5TATION4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 :]E /RICT PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION APPLIES1 ! ,BAKUN9I/ CRITIQUE REMA9S SCA?+ - ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM REQUIRES ?AT ONLY A T9Y SECTION ( ! POPULATION CONC]N ITSELF DIRECTLY ) LEGISLATION & GOV]N+4 

,BAKUN9'S OBJECTIONS TO REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY BASICALLY RE/ ON ! FACT ?AT IT IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! 9EQUALITY ( P[] :I* EXI/S 9 SOCIETY4 ,DESPITE CON/ITUTIONS GU>ANTEE+ ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5S & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 ! REALITY IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS 9 P]MAN5T CONTROL4 ,SO LONG AS ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION HAS TO SELL ITS LABOR P[] 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 !RE CANNOT BE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,SO LONG AS PEOPLE >E ECONOMICALLY EXPLOIT$ BY CAPITALISM & !RE >E GROSS 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL?1 !RE CANNOT BE REAL DEMOCRACY4 

,BUT AS ,BAKUN9 MADE CLE>1 IF BY SOME QUIRK A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T W]E ELECT$1 9 REAL T]MS ?+S W\LD NOT IMPROVE MU*4 ,:5 PEOPLE GA9 P[] & PLACE !MSELVES 'ABOVE' SOCIETY1 HE >GU$1 !IR WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD *ANGES4 ,FROM !IR EXALT$ POSITION ( HI< (FICE ! P]SPECTIVE ON LIFE BECOMES DI/ORT$ & SEEMS V]Y DIFF]5T TO ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM4 ,! HI/ORY ( SOCIALI/ REPRES5TATION 9 P>LIAM5T IS PRIM>ILY ?AT ( R5EG+ ON PROMISES & BECOM+ ABSORB$ 9TO ! MANN]S1 MORALITY & ATTITUDES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/S ?AT SU* BACKSLID+ FROM SOCIALI/ IDEAS IS NOT DUE TO TREA*]Y1 BUT BECAUSE P>TICIPATION 9 P>LIAM5T MAKES REPRES5TATIVES SEE ! WORLD ?R\< A DI/ORT$ MIRROR4 ,A WORK]S P>LIAM5T1 5GAG$ 9 ! TASKS ( GOV]N+ W\LD1 SAID ,BAKUN9 9 HIS #ahg WORK ,ON ,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T & ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE1 5D UP A *AMB] ( 0DET]M9$ >I/OCRATS1 BOLD OR TIMID WOR%IP]S ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :O WILL ALSO BECOME EXPLOIT]S & OPPRESSORS40  
  

0,B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM IS A SORT ( HYBRID1 LOCAT$ BETWE5 TWO IRRECONCILABLE WORLDS1 ! B\RGEOIS WORLD & ! WORK]S' WORLD .<444.> ,IT CORRUPTS ! PROLET>IAT D\BLY3 FIR/1 BY ADULT]AT+ & DI/ORT+ ITS PR9CIPLE & PROGRAM2 SECOND1 BY IMPREGNAT+ IT ) IMPOSSIBLE HOPES ACCOMPANI$ BY A RIDICUL\S FAI? 9 ! B\RGEOISIE'S APPROA*+ CONV]SION1 !REBY TRY+ TO DRAW IT 9TO B\RGEOIS POLITICS & TO MAKE IT AN 9/RUM5T !RE(40.<#a.>  
  

,! PO9T ?AT ,BAKUN9 MAKES TIME & TIME AGA9 9 HIS WRIT+S IS ?AT NO ONE CAN GOV]N = ! PEOPLE 9 !IR 9T]E/S4 ,ONLY P]SONAL & DIRECT CONTROL OV] \R LIVES WILL 5SURE ?AT JU/ICE & FRE$OM WILL PREVAIL4 ,TO ABDICATE DIRECT CONTROL IS TO D5Y FRE$OM4 ,TO GRANT POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY TO O!RS1 :E!R UND] ! MANTLE ( DEMOCRACY1 REPUBLICANISM1 ! PEOPLE'S /ATE1 OR :ATEV]1 IS TO GIVE O!RS CONTROL & !RE=E DOM9ATION OV] \R LIVES4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 MADE CLE>1 ECONOMIC FACTS >E MU* /RONG] ?AN POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,SO LONG AS !RE IS ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION !RE WILL BE POLITICAL DOM9ATION BY ! RI* OV] ! POOR4 

,IT MI<T BE ?\<T ?AT ! REF]5DUM1 9 :I* PEOPLE DIRECTLY MAKE LAWS1 W\LD BE AN ADVANCE UPON ! IDEA ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,FIR/LY1 ! PEOPLE >E NOT 9 A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS ON ! BASIS ( FULL KN[L$GE ( ALL ! ISSUES 9VOLV$4 ,ALSO1 LAWS MAY BE A COMPLEX1 AB/RACT1 & SPECIALIZ$ NATURE & ?AT 9 ORD] TO VOTE = !M 9 A S]I\S WAY1 ! PEOPLE NE$ TO BE FULLY $UCAT$ & HAVE AVAILABLE ! TIME & FACILITIES TO REFLECT UPON & DISCUSS ! IMPLICATIONS 9VOLV$4 ,! REALITY ( REF]5DA IS ?AT !Y >E US$ BY FULL-TIME POLITICIANS TO GA9 LEGITIMACY = ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS ISSUES4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ,SWITZ]L&1 :I* HAS US$ ! REF]5DUM FREQU5TLY1 REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,) REF]5DA1 ! PEOPLE >E GUID$ BY POLITICIANS1 :O SET ! T]MS ( ! DEBATE4 ,?US DESPITE POPUL> 9PUT1 ! PEOPLE /ILL REMA9 UND] B\RGEOIS CONTROL4 

,F9ALLY1 ON ! :OLE CONCEPT ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE3 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS S9CE ! /ATE IS ESS5TIALLY AB\T =CE1 AU?ORITY & DOM9ATION & IS NECESS>ILY BAS$ UPON AN 9EQUALITY ( WEAL? & P[]4 ,DEMOCRACY1 9 ! S5SE ( SELF-RULE = ALL1 MEANS ?AT NO ONE IS RUL$4 ,IF NO ONE RULES1 !RE CAN BE NO /ATE4 ,IF !RE IS A /ATE1 !RE CAN BE NO SELF-RULE4 

,M>X 

  

,BAKUN9'S OPPOSITION TO ,M>X 9VOLVES SEV]AL SEP>ATE BUT RELAT$ CRITICISMS4 ,?\< HE ?\<T ,M>X WAS A S9C]E REVOLUTION>Y1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ,M>X'S POLITICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION W\LD NECESS>ILY LEAD TO ! REPLACEM5T ( ONE REPRESSION 7CAPITALI/7 BY ANO!R 7/ATE SOCIALI/74 

,BAKUN9 HIMSELF PROVID$ ! FIR/ TRANSLATION ( BO? ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & SECTIONS ( ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,COVELLI1 HIMSELF CLOSE TO ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS1 PRODUC$ ! FIR/ DISCUSSION ON ,CAPITAL 9 ,ITALIAN1 :IL/ YET ANO!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 AGA9 ON ,BAKUN9'S WAVEL5G?1 PRODUC$ AN ABRIDGM5T ( ,CAPITAL ?AT WAS CONSID]$ BY ,M>X AS ! BE/ YET WRITT54 ,IT WAS !N $IT$1 9TRODUC$ & ANNOTAT$ 9 ,FR5* BY ,BAKUN9'S CLOSE/ ASSOCIATE ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME4 

,AS ! ,REPONSE DE ,QUELQUES ,9T]NATIONAUX 7#a#h#g#b7 NOT$1 MANY ( ! ,JURA ,9T]NATIONALI/S 7COMRADES TO ,BAKUN97 HAD READ ,CAPITAL3  
  

0,!Y HAVE READ IT1 & ALL ! SAME !Y HAVE NOT BECOME ,M>XI/S2 ?AT MU/ APPE> V]Y S+UL> TO !SE NAIVE TYPES4 ,H[ MANY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 >E ,M>XI/S )\T EV] HAV+ OP5$ ! BOOK ( ,M>X40  
  

,BAKUN9 ALWAYS HAD PR(\ND RESPECT = ,M>X'S ECONOMIC WORK1 9 P>TICUL> ,CAPITAL1 & EV5 DUR+ ! HEI<T ( ! CAMPAIGN ( HATR$ & SL&] WAG$ AGA9/ HIM BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S1 MA9TA9$ ?IS FAVORABLE VIEW ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC ANALYZES4 

,H[EV] ,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE ! ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM 9 ,M>X'S ?\<T4 ,PUT 9 ANO!R WAY1 ,BAKUN9 WAS AGA9/ ! IDEA ?AT ALL ! /RUCTURES ( A SOCIETY - ITS LAWS1 MORALITY1 SCI5CE1 RELIGION1 ETC4 - W]E 0BUT ! NECESS>Y AFT] EFFECTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC FACTS04.<#g.> ,RA!R ?AN !SE ?+S BE+ PRIM>ILY DET]M9$ BY ECONOMIC FACTORS 7I4E4 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION71 ,BAKUN9 ALL[$ MU* MORE = ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( HUMAN BE+S 9 ! REALIZATION ( !IR DE/9Y4 ,BAKUN9 WAS V]Y MU* A MAT]IALI/1 & HE CRITICIZ$ ,PR\DHON = HIS IDEALISM 7:I* C\LD FLY 9 ! FACE ( ! REALITY ( A SITUATION74 ,H[EV] HIS MAT]IALISM & HIS UND]/&+ ( H[ SOCIETY WAS /RUCTUR$ & FUNCTION$ WAS NOT A ME*ANI/IC CONCEPT & GAVE ROOM = ! ACTIONS ( DET]M9$ 9DIVIDUALS & M9ORITIES4  
  

0,! ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE ! SYN!SIS ( ! UND]/&+ ( ! 0ME*ANICS ( ! UNIV]SE0 - ! ME*ANICS ( SOCIETY - & 0! EFFECTIV5ESS ( FREE WILL0 - CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,!RE LIES ! F\NDATION ( ,BAKUN9'S !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION40 .<#h.>  
  

,MORE FUNDAM5TAL WAS ,BAKUN9'S OPPOSITION TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEA ( DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* WAS1 9 EFFECT1 A TRANSITIONAL /ATE ON ! WAY TO /ATELESS COMMUNISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 HAD WRITT5 ( ! NE$ = LABOR >MIES UND] /ATE SUP]VISION1 ! BACKW>DNESS ( ! RURAL WORK]S1 ! NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ & DIRECT$ ECONOMY1 & = WIDESPREAD NATIONALIZATION4 ,LAT]1 ,M>X ALSO MADE CLE> ?AT A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T C\LD COME 9TO BE+ ?R\< UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE4 ,BAKUN9 QUE/ION$ EA* ( !SE PROPOSITIONS4 

,! /ATE1 :ATEV] ITS BASIS1 :E!R IT BE PROLET>IAN OR B\RGEOIS1 9EVITABLY CONTA9S SEV]AL OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES4 ,/ATES >E BAS$ UPON CO]CION & DOM9ATION4 ,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ ?AT ?IS DOM9ATION W\LD V]Y SOON CEASE TO BE ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ITS 5EMIES BUT W\LD BECOME A /ATE OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS W\LD >ISE1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$1 BECAUSE ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A :OLE CLASS1 NUMB]+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 GOV]N+ ON ITS [N BEHALF4 ,NECESS>ILY1 ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE TO WIELD P[] BY PROXY BY 5TRU/+ ! TASKS ( GOV]NM5T TO A SMALL GR\P ( POLITICIANS4 

,ONCE ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T WAS TAK5 \T ( ! H&S ( ! MASSES1 A NEW CLASS ( EXP]TS1 SCI5TI/S & PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS W\LD >ISE4 ,?IS NEW ELITE W\LD BE F> MORE SECURE 9 ITS DOM9ATION OV] ! WORK]S BY MEANS ( ! MY/IFICATION & LEGITIMACY GRANT$ BY ! CLAIM TO ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) SCI5TIFIC LAWS 7A MAJOR CLAIM BY ,M>XI/S74 ,FUR!RMORE1 GIV5 ?AT ! NEW /ATE C\LD MASQU]ADE AS ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE'S WILL1 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ( POLITICAL P[] GIVES RISE TO A NEW GR\P ( GOV]NORS ) ! SAME SELF-SEEK+ 9T]E/S & ! SAME COV]-UPS ( ITS DUBI\S DEAL+S4 

,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ ?AT ANO!R PROBLEM POS$ BY ! /ATE SY/EM WAS ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T W\LD FUR!R /R5G!N ! PROCESS ( DOM9ATION4 ,! /ATE AS [N]1 ORGANIZ]1 DIRECTOR1 F9ANCI]1 & DI/RIBUTOR ( LABOR & ECONOMY W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE TO ACT 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN MANN] 9 ITS OP]ATIONS4 ,AS CAN BE SE5 9 SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ /ATES SU* AS ,RUSSIA & ,CUBA1 A COMM& ECONOMY MU/ ACT ) DECISIONS FL[+ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM2 IT CANNOT MEET ! COMPLEX & V>I\S NE$S ( 9DIVIDUALS &1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 IS A HOPELESS1 9EFFICI5T GIANT4 ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT C5TRALISM1 FROM :ATEV] QU>T]1 WAS A MOVE T[>D ! F9AL1 /ATE L$ SOLUTION ( REVOLUTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN93  
  

0,! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE MU/ NOT1 AS AT PRES5T1 BE DIRECT$ FROM ! SUMMIT TO ! BASE - ! C5T] TO ! CIRCUMF]5CE - IMPOS+ UNITY ?R\< =C$ C5TRALIZATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MU/ BE REORGANIZ$ TO ISSUE FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMIT - FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T] - ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( FREE ASSOCIATION & F$]ATION40 .<#h.>  
  

,?IS MEANS ?AT 9 PRACTICAL T]MS ?AT RA!R ?AN BE+ DIRECT$ BY A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD 9VOLVE 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ORGANIZ+ ON A F$]ATIVE BASIS4 ,FACTORY C\NCILS1 COMMUNITY GR\PS1 & O!R GR\PS W\LD =M HORIZONTAL NETWORKS ?R\< VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION TO DIRECT WID] ACTION ?AT 9VOLV$ MORE ?AN JU/ !IR GR\P4 

,BAKUN9'S PR$ICTIONS HAVE BE5 BORNE \T BY REALITY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ P[] 9 #a#i#a#g1 TALK$ 9CESSANTLY ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP & SOVIET P[]1 YET 9EVITABLY1 ) OR )\T WANT+ TO1 CREAT$ A VA/ BUREAUCRATIC POLICE /ATE4 ,MANY /ATE SOCIALI/S & P>TY COMMUNI/S CLAIM ?IS IS D[N TO ! /ATE BE+ SUBJECT TO NON-IDEAL CONDITIONS1 H[EV] ! ME?ODS !Y SUGGE/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO !SE \TCOMES4 

,UNIONS 

  

,MO/ ( ! LEFT 9 ,BRITA9 VIEW ! PRES5T /RUCTURES ( TRADE UNIONS 9 A POSITIVE LI<T4 ,?IS IS TRUE = MEMB]S ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 BO? LEFT & RI<T1 & MANY ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!SE BODIES WI% TO CAPTURE OR RETA9 CONTROL ( ! UNIONS1 PRETTY MU* AS !Y /&1 9 ORD] TO USE !M = !IR [N PURPOSES4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE >E FREQU5TLY BITT] CONFLICTS & MANEUV]+S = CONTROL )9 ! UNIONS4 

,BAKUN9 LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ APPROA* TO UNION ORGANIZATION & RECOGNIZ$ ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( NON-AN>*I/ UNIONS TO DECAY 9TO P]SONAL FIEFDOMS & BUREAUCRACY OV] A C5TURY AGO4 ,>GU+ 9 ! CONTEXT ( UNION ORGANIZATION ( ! P]IOD )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 HE GAVE EXAMPLES ( H[ UNIONS CAN BE /OL5 FROM ! MEMB]%IP :OSE WILL !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BE AN EXPRESSION (4 ,HE ID5TIFI$ SEV]AL 9T]RELAT$ FEATURES :I* LEAD TO ! USURPATION ( P[] BY UNION LEAD]S4 

,FIR/LY1 HE 9DICAT$ A PSY*OLOGICAL FACTOR :I* PLAYS A KEY P>T4 ,HONE/1 H>D-WORK+1 9TELLIG5T & WELL-MEAN+ MILITANTS W9 ?R\< H>D WORK ! RESPECT & ADMIRATION ( !IR FELL[ MEMB]S & >E ELECT$ TO UNION (FICE4 ,!Y DISPLAY SELF-SACRIFICE1 9ITIATIVE & ABILITY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ONCE 9 POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP1 !SE PEOPLE SOON IMAG9E !MSELVES TO BE 9DISP5SABLE & !IR FOCUS ( ATT5TION C5T]S MORE & MORE ON ! MA*9ATIONS )9 ! V>I\S UNION COMMITTEES4 

,! ONE TIME MILITANT ?US BECOMES REMOV$ FROM ! EV]YDAY PROBLEMS ( ! RANK & FILE MEMB]S & ASSUMES ! SELF-DELUSION :I* AFFLICTS ALL LEAD]S1 NAMELY A S5SE ( SUP]IORITY4 

,GIV5 ! EXI/5CE ( UNION BUREAUCRACIES & SECRET DEBAT+ *AMB]S 9 :I* LEAD]S DECIDE UNION ACTIONS & POLICIES1 RUL+ ELITE >ISES )9 ! UNION /RUCTURES1 NO MATT] H[ DEMOCRATIC ?OSE /RUCTURES MAY =MALLY BE4 ,) ! GR[+ AU?ORITY ( ! UNION COMMITTEES ETC41 ! WORK]S BECOME 9DIFF]5T TO UNION AFFAIRS ) ! EXCEPTION1 ,BAKUN9 ASS]TS1 ( ISSUES :I* DIRECTLY AFFECT !M E4G4 DUES PAYM5T1 /RIKES1 & SO ON4 ,UNIONS HAVE ALWAYS HAD GREAT PROBLEMS 9 GETT+ SUBSCRIPTIONS FROM ALI5AT$ MEMB]%IPS4 ,A SOLUTION :I* HAS BE5 F\ND 9 ! '*ECK (F' SY/EM BY :I* UNIONS & EMPLOY]S COLLABORATE TO REMOVE ! REQUIR$ SUM AT S\RCE I4E4 FROM ! PAY PACKET4 ,:]E WORK]S DO NOT DIRECTLY CONTROL !IR UNION1 AS ,BAKUN9 ?\<T !Y %\LD1 & DELEGATE AU?ORITY TO COMMITTEES & FULL-TIME AG5TS1 SEV]AL ?+S HAPP54 ,FIR/LY1 SO LONG AS UNION SUBSCRIPTIONS >E NOT TOO HI<1 & BACK DUES >E NOT PRESS$ TOO H>D =1 ! SUB/ITUT+ BODIES CAN ACT ) VIRTUAL IMPUNITY4 ,?IS IS GOOD = ! COMMITTEES BUT BR+S ALMO/ TO AN 5D ! DEMOCRATIC LIFE ( ! UNION4 ,P[] GRAVITATES 9CREAS+LY TO ! COMMITTEES & !SE BODIES1 LIKE ALL GOV]NM5TS1 SUB/ITUTE !IR WILL = ?AT ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,?IS 9 TURN ALL[S EXPRESSION = P]SONAL 9TRIGUES1 VANITY1 AMBITION & SELF-9T]E/4 ,MANY 9TRA-UNION BATTLES1 :I* >E O/5SIBLY F\<T ON IDEOLOGICAL GR\NDS1 >E 9 FACT M]ELY /RUGGLES = CONTROL BY AMBITI\S SELF-SEEK]S :O HAVE *OS5 ! UNION = !IR C>E] /RUCTURE4 ,?IS C>E]ISM OCCASIONALLY SURFACES 9 BATTLES BETWE5 RIVAL LEFTI/S1 = EXAMPLE :]E NO POLITICAL REASONS = CONFLICT EXI/4 ,9 ! PA/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY (F]$ A UNION C>E] R\TE )9 C]TA9 UNIONS & SU* CONFLICTS CON/ANTLY >OSE1 A R\TE /ILL US$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY & V>I\S SOCIALI/ P>TIES TODAY4 

,)9 ! V>I\S UNION COMMITTEES1 :I* >E >RANG$ ON A HI]>*ICAL BASIS 7MIRROR+ CAPITALISM71 ONE OR TWO 9DIVIDUALS COME TO DOM9ATE ON ! BASIS ( SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE OR AGGRESSIV5ESS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! UNIONS BECOME DOM9AT$ BY BOSSES :O HOLD GREAT P[] 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 DESPITE ! SAFEGU>DS ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES & CON/ITUTIONS4 ,OV] ! LA/ FEW DECADES1 MANY SU* UNION BOSSES HAVE BECOME NATIONAL FIGURES1 ESPECIALLY 9 P]IODS ( ,LABOR GOV]NM5T4 ,BAKUN9 WAS AW>E ?AT SU* UNION DEG5]ATION WAS 9EVITABLE BUT ONLY >ISES 9 ! ABS5CE ( RANK & FILE CONTROL1 LACK ( OPPOSITION TO UNDEMOCRATIC TR5DS & ! ACCESSION TO UNION P[] TO ?OSE :O ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE CORRUPT$4 ,?OSE 9DIVIDUALS :O G5U9ELY WI% TO SAFEGU>D !IR P]SONAL 9TEGRITY %\LD1 ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 NOT /AY 9 (FICE TOO LONG & %\LD 5C\RAGE /RONG RANK & FILE OPPOSITION4 ,UNION MILITANTS HAVE A DUTY TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS4 

,P]SONAL 9TEGRITY1 H[EV]1 IS AN 9SUFFICI5T SAFEGU>D - O!R 9/ITUTIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS MU/ ALSO BE BR\<T 9TO PLAY4 ,!SE 9CLUDE REGUL> REPORT+ TO ! PROPOSALS MADE BY ! (FICIALS & H[ !Y VOT$1 9 O!R WORDS FREQU5T & DIRECT ACC\NTABILITY4 ,SECONDLY1 SU* UNION DELEGATES MU/ DRAW !IR M&ATES FROM ! MEMB]%IP BE+ SUBJECT TO RANK & FILE 9/RUCTIONS4 ,?IRDLY1 ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/S ! 9/ANT RECALL ( UNSATISFACTORY DELEGATES4 ,F9ALLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 HE URG$ ! CALL+ ( MASS MEET+S BY ORD9>Y MEMB]S & O!R EXPRESSIONS ( GRASSROOTS ACTIVITY TO CIRCUMV5T ?OSE LEAD]S :O ACT$ 9 UNDEMOCRATIC WAYS4 ,MASS MEET+S 9SPIRE PASSIVE MEMB]S TO ACTION1 CREAT+ A CAM>AD]IE :I* W\LD T5D TO REPUDIATE ! SO-CALL$ LEAD]S4 

,BAKUN9 BAS$ HIS ANALYSIS ON UNIONS ( ! P]IOD4 ,AS SU*1 HIS CRITIQUE ( ! UNIONS WAS P]CEPTIVE & ACUTE2 9 P>TICUL> HIS USUAL P]CEPTIONS ( ! ALI5AT+ NATURE ( P[] AS ) ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( UNION (FICIALS4 ,BAKUN9'S ?\<T ON ! QUE/ION ( WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS & H[ !Y %\LD BE /RUCTUR$ LAID ! F\NDATIONS = ! BIR? ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E4 

,H[EV]1 9 ! TWO C5TURIES AFT] HIS BIR?1 ! 9TEGRATION ( ! UNIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS ADVANC$ AT A RAPID PACE4 ,UNION LEAD]%IPS (T5 DIRECTLY SABOTAGE WORK]S /RUGGLES4 ,RANK & FILE ORGANIZATION )9 ! TRADE UNION & ATTEMPTS TO 'DEMOCRATIZE' ! TRADE UNIONS >E NO ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ WORK]S %\LD ORGANIZE4 ,SUCCESSFUL /RUGGLES N[ >E 9CREAS+LY ( ! WILDCAT K9D1 \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! UNION LEAD]%IPS1 & (T5 ORGANIZ$ \TSIDE ! UNIONS4 ,:]E UNIONS HAVE DECL>$ /RIKES !MSELVES1 !Y HAVE EI!R BE5 =C$ TO DO SO BECAUSE ( ! ANG] & DISCONT5T ( ! MEMB]%IP OR >E TAK+ SYMBOLIC ACTIONS ) LITTLE *ANCE ( VICTORY ?AT WILL QUELL ! MILITANCY ( ?OSE 9 ! WORKPLACE4 

,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS HAVE (T5 BE5 5GAG$ 9 %>P FI<TS ) ! EMPLOY]S & ! ,/ATE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS ALWAYS A DYNAMIC ( BE+ =C$ TO M$IATE 9 /RUGGLES ?AT HAS L$ TO S]I\S DIVISIONS )9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9SIDE SPECIFIC C\NTRIES & ON A WORLDWIDE LEVEL4 ,BAKUN9 WAS ACUTELY AW>E ( ! DANG]\S NATURE ( (FICIALDOM & H[ ORD9>Y WORK]S1 BY TAK+ (FICIAL POSITIONS1 C\LD BECOME ALI5AT$ FROM !IR FELL[S4 ,HE WAS LESS AW>E ( ! M$IAT+ ROLE ( ! UNIONS !MSELVES 9 ! FI<T TO SECURE BETT] PAY & CONDITIONS1 & ! T5D5CY TO BECOME CONTROLL]S ( ! WORK=CE1 ( LABOR1 !MSELVES4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION 

  

,ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ 9 ! NECESSITY ( COLLECTIVE ACTION TO A*IEVE AN>*Y4 ,AFT] HIS DEA? !RE WAS A /RONG T5D5CY )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T T[>DS ! AB&ONM5T ( ORGANIZATION 9 FAVOR ( SMALL GR\P & 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITY4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( T]ROR 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY ,FRANCE1 ISOLAT$ AN>*ISM FROM ! WID] WORK+ CLASSES4 

,BAKUN91 BE+ CONSI/5T ) O!R ASPECTS ( HIS ?\<T1 SAW ORGANIZATION NOT 9 T]MS ( A C5TRALIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ >MY 7?\< HE ?\<T SELF-DISCIPL9E WAS VITAL71 BUT AS ! RESULT ( DEC5TRALIZ$ F$]ALISM 9 :I* REVOLUTION>IES C\LD *ANNEL !IR 5]GIES ?R\< MUTUAL AGREEM5T )9 A COLLECTIVE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 TO HAVE A COORD9AT$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = A NUMB] ( REASONS4 ,IF AN>*I/S ACT$ ALONE1 )\T DIRECTION1 !Y W\LD 9EVITABLY 5D UP MOV+ 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS & W\LD1 AS A RESULT1 T5D TO NEUTRALIZE EA* O!R4 ,ORGANIZATION IS NOT NECESS>Y = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT IS NECESS>Y TO MAXIMIZE /R5G? ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASSES1 9 ! FACE ( ! GREAT RES\RCES COMM&$ BY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,BAKUN9 PLAC$ A /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9T]NATIONALISM1 >GU+ ! IMPORTANCE ( NOT ONLY ! F$]ATION ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS )9 A S+LE C\NTRY BUT ALSO ACROSS NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,?IS UND]P9N$ HIS WORK 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7ALSO KN[ AS ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL74 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,SLAVIC NATIONALISM ( HIS E>LI] YE>S1 ,BAKUN9 LAT] PUBLICLY SPOKE AGA9/ NATIONALISM4 ,9 A SPEE* 9 #ahfg HE CALL$ = A REJECTION ( 0! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY40 .<#i.> 

,H[EV]1 FROM ,BAKUN9'S /&PO9T1 IT WAS ! SPONTANE\S REVOLT AGA9/ AU?ORITY BY ! PEOPLE :I* IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,! NATURE ( PURELY SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S IS ?AT !Y >E UNEV5 & V>Y 9 9T5SITY FROM TIME TO TIME & PLACE TO PLACE4 ,! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT ATTEMPT TO TAKE OV] & LEAD ! UPRIS+ BUT HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( CL>IFY+ GOALS1 PUTT+ =W>D REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A1 & WORK+ \T IDEAS 9 CORRESPOND5CE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS ( ! MASSES4 ,TO GO BEYOND ?IS W\LD UND]M9E ! :OLE SELF-LIB]ATORY PURPOSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ELITE OV]?R[+ ! GOV]NM5T HAS NO PLACE 9 ,BAKUN9'S ?\<T4 

,BAKUN9 !N1 SAW REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION 9 T]MS ( (F]+ ASSI/ANCE TO ! REVOLUTION1 NOT AS A SUB/ITUTE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 & ALONGSIDE ! VIOL5T REPRESSION BY ! /ATE AT ! TIME1 ?AT WE %\LD 9T]PRET ,BAKUN9'S CALL = A 0SECRET ORGANIZATION0 .<#a#a.> ( ?AT VANGU>D4 ,! VANGU>D1 IT %\LD BE SAID1 HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?AT ( ! ,L59I/ MODEL :I* SEEKS ACTUAL1 DIRECT LEAD]%IP OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BAKUN9 WAS /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO SU* APPROA*ES & /AT$3  
  

0NO MEMB]444 IS P]MITT$1 EV5 9 ! MID/ ( FULL REVOLUTION1 TO TAKE PUBLIC (FICE ( ANY K9D1 NOR IS ! 7REVOLUTION>Y7 ORGANIZATION P]MITT$ TO DO SO444 IT WILL AT ALL TIMES BE ON ! AL]T1 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = AU?ORITIES1 GOV]NM5TS & /ATES TO BE E/ABLI%$0 .<#a.>  
  

,! VANGU>D WAS1 H[EV]1 TO 9FLU5CE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ON AN 9=MAL BASIS1 RELY+ ON ! TAL5TS ( ITS MEMB]S TO A*IEVE RESULTS4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT IT WAS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( AU?ORITY1 NOT NATURAL 9EQUALITIES ?AT POS$ A ?REAT TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! VANGU>D W\LD ACT AS A CATALY/ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES' [N REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY & WAS EXPECT$ TO FULLY IMM]SE ITSELF 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,BAKUN9'S VANGU>D !N1 WAS CONC]N$ ) $UCATION & PROPAG&A1 & UNLIKE ! ,L59I/ VANGU>D P>TY1 WAS NOT TO BE A BODY SEP>ATE FROM ! CLASS1 BUT AN ACTIVE AG5T )9 IT4 

,9 RESPONSE TO CLAIMS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL FOM5T+ REVOLUTION1 ,BAKUN9 RESPOND$3  
  

0,?IS1 V]Y SIMPLY1 IS TO MI/AKE ! EFFECT = ! CAUSE3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS NOT CREAT$ ! W> BETWE5 ! EXPLOIT] & ! EXPLOIT$2 RA!R1 ! REQUIREM5TS ( ?AT W> HAVE CREAT$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL40 .<#a#a.>  
  

,! O!R MAJOR TASK PROPOS$ BY ,BAKUN9 = ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION WAS ?AT IT W\LD ACT AS ! WAT*DOG = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!N1 AS N[1 AU?ORIT>IAN GR\P+S POS$ AS LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION & SUPPLI$ !IR [N MEMB]S AS GOV]NM5TS 9 WAIT+4 ,! AN>*I/ VANGU>D HAS TO EXPOSE SU* MOVEM5TS 9 ORD] ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD NOT REPLACE ONE REPRES5TATIVE /ATE BY AN ALLEG$LY REVOLUTION>Y ONE4 ,A SO-CALL$ WORK]S' GOV]NM5T1 OR DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 W\LD TRY TO OPPOSE WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION1 ?US3  
  

0,!Y APPEAL = ORD]1 = TRU/ 91 = SUBMISSION TO ?OSE :O1 9 ! C\RSE & ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION1 SEIZ$ & LEGALIZ$ !IR [N DICTATORIAL P[]S2 ?IS IS H[ SU* POLITICAL REVOLUTION>IES RECON/ITUTE ! /ATE4 ,WE ON ! O!R H&1 MU/ AWAK5 & FOM5T ALL ! DYNAMIC PASSIONS ( ! PEOPLE40 .<#a#b.>  

,AN>*Y 

  

,?R\<\T ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISMS ( CAPITALISM & /ATE SOCIALISM HE CON/ANTLY >GUES = FRE$OM4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !N1 TO F9D ?AT 9 HIS SKET*ES ( FUTURE AN>*I/ SOCIETY ! PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM TAKES PREC$5CE4 ,HE \TL9$ A NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURES AS ESS5TIAL TO PROMOTE ! MAXIMUM POSSIBLE 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE FRE$OM4 ,! SOCIETIES 5VISION$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S PROGRAMS >E NOT UTOPIAN1 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ DETAIL$ FICTIONAL COMMUNITIES ?AT >E FREE ( TR\BLES1 BUT RA!R SUGGE/ ! BASIC M9IMUM SKELETAL /RUCTURES :I* W\LD GU>ANTEE FRE$OM4 ,! *>ACT] ( FUTURE AN>*I/ SOCIETIES WILL V>Y1 SAID ,BAKUN9 DEP5D+ ON A :OLE RANGE ( HI/ORICAL1 CULTURAL1 ECONOMIC & GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS4 

,! BASIC PROBLEM WAS TO LAY D[N ! M9IMUM NECESS>Y CONDITIONS :I* W\LD BR+ AB\T A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON JU/ICE & SOCIAL WELF>E = ALL & W\LD ALSO G5]ATE FRE$OM4 ,! NEGATIVE DE/RUCTIVE FEATURES ( ! PROGRAMS >E ALL CONC]N$ ) ! ABOLITION ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS :I* LEAD TO DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ! E/ABLI%$ *UR*1 ! JUDICI>Y1 /ATE BANKS & BUREAUCRACY1 ! >M$ =CES & ! POLICE >E ALL TO BE SWEPT AWAY4 ,ALSO1 ALL RANKS1 PRIVILEGES1 CLASSES & ! MON>*Y >E TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,! POSITIVE1 CON/RUCTIVE FEATURES ( ! NEW SOCIETY ALL 9T]L9K TO PROMOTE FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,= A SOCIETY TO BE FREE1 ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO SIMPLY IMPOSE EQUALITY4 ,FRE$OM CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ & MA9TA9$ ?R\< ! FULL P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIETY ( A HI<LY $UCAT$ & HEAL?Y POPULATION1 FREE FROM SOCIAL & ECONOMIC WORRIES4 ,SU* AN 5LI<T5$ POPULATION CAN !N BE TRULY FREE & ABLE TO ACT RATIONALLY ON ! BASIS ( A POPUL>LY CONTROLL$ SCI5CE & A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$4 

,BAKUN9 ADVOCAT$ COMPLETE FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T1 OP9ION1 & MORALITY :]E PEOPLE W\LD NOT BE ACC\NTABLE TO ANYONE = !IR BELIEFS & ACTS 9 SO MU* AS !Y DID NOT 9HIBIT ?OSE SAME FRE$OMS 9 ANO!R4 ,FRE$OM1 HE BELIEV$1 MU/ BE DEF5D$ BY FRE$OM3  
  

0.<,= TO.> ADVOCATE ! RE/RICTION ( FRE$OM ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT IS BE+ DEF5D$ IS A DANG]\S DELUSION40 .<#a#c.>  
  

,A TRULY FREE & 5LI<T5$ SOCIETY1 ,BAKUN9 SAID1 W\LD ADEQUATELY PRES]VE LIB]TY NOT ?R\< BUREAUCRATIC LAWS CREAT$ & UPHELD BY A M9ORITY1 BUT W\LD UPHOLD ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE CONS5SUS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITY :ILE /ILL RESPECT+ ! CONTR>Y OP9IONS ?AT EXI/ )9 !SE COMMUNITIES4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,BAKUN9 DID NOT ?9K ?AT A SOCIETY HAS ! RI<T TO PROTECT ITSELF4 ,HE FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT FRE$OM WAS TO BE F\ND )9 SOCIETY1 NOT ?R\< ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,?OSE PEOPLE :O ACT$ 9 WAYS ?AT LESS5 FRE$OM = O!RS HAVE NO PLACE2 !SE 9CLUDE ALL P>ASITES ?AT LIVE (F ! LABOR ( O!RS4 ,WORK1 ! CONTRIBUTION ( ONE'S LABOR = ! CREATION ( WEAL?1 =MS ! BASIS ( POLITICAL RI<TS 9 ! PROPOS$ AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,?OSE :O LIVE BY EXPLOIT+ O!RS DO NOT DES]VE POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,O!RS1 :O /EAL1 VIOLATE VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5TS )9 & BY SOCIETY1 9FLICT BODILY H>M1 & ! SU*1 CAN EXPECT TO BE PUNI%$ BY ! LAWS :I* HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY ?AT SOCIETY4 ,! CONDEMN$ CRIM9AL1 ON ! O!R H&1 CAN ESCAPE PUNI%M5T BY SOCIETY BY REMOV+ HIMSELF_/H]SELF FROM SOCIETY & ! B5EFITS IT CONF]S4 ,SOCIETY CAN ALSO EXPEL ! CRIM9AL IF IT SO WI%ES4 ,BASICALLY ,BAKUN9 SET GREAT /ORE ON ! P[] ( 5LI<T5$ PUBLIC OP9ION TO M9IMIZE ANTISOCIAL ACTIVITY4 

,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ ! EQUALIZATION ( WEAL?1 ?\< NATURAL 9EQUALITIES :I* >E REFLECT$ 9 DIFF]5T LEVELS ( SKILL1 5]GY & ?RIFT1 %\LD HE >GU$ BE TOL]AT$4 ,! PURPOSE ( EQUALITY IS TO ALL[ 9DIVIDUALS TO F9D FULL EXPRESSION ( !IR HUMANITY )9 SOCIETY4 ,BAKUN9 WAS /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO ! IDEA ( HIR$ LABOR :I* IF 9TRODUC$ 9TO AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 W\LD LEAD TO ! RE9TRODUCTION ( 9EQUALITY & WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,HE PROPOS$ 9/EAD COLLECTIVE EF=T BECAUSE IT W\LD1 HE ?\<T1 T5D TO BE MORE EFFICI5T4 ,H[EV]1 SO LONG AS 9DIVIDUALS DID NOT EMPLOY O!RS1 HE HAD NO OBJECTION TO !M WORK+ ALONE4 

,?R\< ! CREATION ( ASSOCIATIONS ( LABOR :I* C\LD COORD9ATE WORK]'S ACTIVITIES1 ,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ ! SETT+ UP ( AN 9DU/RIAL ASSEMBLY 9 ORD] TO H>MONIZE PRODUCTION ) ! DEM& = PRODUCTS4 ,SU* AN ASSEMBLY W\LD BE NECESS>Y 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! M>KET4 ,SUPPLI$ ) /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION FROM ! V>I\S VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W\LD BE F$]AT$1 PRODUCTION C\LD BE SPECIALIZ$ ON AN 9T]NATIONAL BASIS SO ?AT ?OSE C\NTRIES ) 9 BUILT ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES W\LD PRODUCE MO/ EFFICI5TLY = ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,!N1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 WA/E1 ECONOMIC CRISIS & /AGNATION 0WILL NO LONG] PLAGUE MANK9D2 ! EMANCIPATION ( HUMAN LABOR WILL REG5]ATE ! WORLD40 .<#a#c.> 

,TURN+ TO ! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 ,BAKUN9 /RESS$ ?AT SOCIETY %\LD BE BUILT 9 SU* A WAY AS TO A*IEVE ORD] ?R\< ! REALIZATION ( FRE$OM ON ! BASIS ( ! F$]ATION ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ALL SU* POLITICAL BODIES P[] IS TO FL[ 0FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMIT - FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T]04.<#a#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 SU* ORGANIZATIONS %\LD BE ! EXPRESSIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL & GR\P OP9IONS1 NOT DIRECT+ C5T]S :I* CONTROL PEOPLE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( F$]ALISM1 ,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ A MULTI-TI] SY/EM ( RESPONSIBILITY = DECISION MAK+ :I* W\LD BE B9D+ ON ALL P>TICIPANTS1 SO LONG AS !Y SUPPORT$ ! SY/EM4 ,?OSE 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS OR POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* MADE UP ! TOTAL /RUCTURE W\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO SEC$E4 ,EA* P>TICIPAT+ UNIT W\LD HAVE AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 TO ASSOCIATE ) ! L>G] BODIES1 OR NOT4 ,/>T+ AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/$ AS ! BASIC POLITICAL UNIT1 ! COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S COMMUNE4 ,! COMMUNE W\LD ELECT ALL ( ITS FUNCTION>IES1 LAW MAK]S1 JUDGES1 & ADM9I/RATORS ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY4 

,! COMMUNE W\LD DECIDE ITS [N AFFAIRS BUT1 IF VOLUNT>ILY F$]AT$ TO ! NEXT TI] ( ADM9I/RATION1 ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY1 ITS CON/ITUTION MU/ CON=M TO ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! PROV9CE MU/ BE ACCEPT$ BY ! P>TICIPAT+ COMMUNES4 ,! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY W\LD DEF9E ! RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 COMMUNES & PASS LAWS AFFECT+ ! PROV9CE AS A :OLE4 

,FUR!R LEVELS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION W\LD BE ! NATIONAL BODY1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! 9T]NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,AS REG>DS 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 ,BAKUN9 PROPOS$ ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO P]MAN5T >M$ =CES1 PREF]R+ 9/EAD1 ! CREATION ( LOCAL CITIZ5S' DEF5SE MILITIAS4 

,?US1 FROM ROOT TO BRAN*1 ,BAKUN9'S \TL9E = AN>*Y IS BAS$ UPON ! FREE F$]ATION ( P>TICIPANTS 9 ORD] TO MAXIMIZE 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE WELL-BE+4 

,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM WAS NOT TO DO ) SELFI%NESS OR ISOLATIONISM1 AS SOME USE ! T]M4 ,9/EAD1 HIS IDEA ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY WAS DEEPLY SOCIALLY EMB$D$ & HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT WE >E SOCIAL BE+S :OSE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY IS B\ND UP ) COLLECTIVE LIB]TY4 

,BAKUN9'S ,RELEVANCE ,TODAY 

  

,?R\<\T MO/ ( ?IS PAMPHLET ,BAKUN9 HAS BE5 ALL[$ TO SPEAK = HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS F9AL SECTION IT MI<T BE VALUABLE TO MAKE AN ASSESSM5T ( ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS & ACTIONS4 ,) ! DOM9ANCE ( ,M>XISM 9 ! WORLD LABOR & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 IT BECAME ! NORM TO DISMISS ,BAKUN9 AS MUDDLE-HEAD$ OR IRRELEVANT4 ,H[EV]1 DUR+ HIS LIFETIME HE WAS A MAJOR FIGURE :O GA9$ MU* S]I\S SUPPORT4 ,M>X WAS SO PRESSUR$ BY ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S ?AT HE HAD TO DE/ROY ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL BY DISPAT*+ IT TO ,NEW ,YORK4 ,9 ORD] ?AT IT %\LD NOT SUCCUMB TO AN>*ISM1 ,M>X KILL$ IT (F ?R\< A BUREAUCRATIC MANEUV]4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & ! TURN+ ( ,*9A & ,CUBA T[>DS ! M>KET & ! EV] 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S CORRUPTION ( ITS BUREAUCRATIC ELITE1 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM HAVE NEW POSSIBILITIES4 ,IF AU?ORIT>IAN1 /ATE SOCIALISM HAS PROV$ TO BE 9TR9SICALLY FLAW$1 !N LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ IDEAS ONCE AGA9 (F] A CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVE4 

,! 5DUR+ QUALITIES ( ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUCCESSORS >E MANY1 BUT S]I\S COMMITM5T TO ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE MU/ RANK HI<4 ,BAKUN9 WAS MU* MORE ( A DO] ?AN A WRIT]1 HE ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ACTUAL 9SURRECTIONS1 MU* TO ! TREPIDATION ( ,EUROPEAN HEADS ( /ATE4 ,?IS MILITANT TRADITION WAS CONT9U$ BY ,MALATE/A1 ,MAKHNO1 ,DURRUTI1 & MANY O!R ANONYM\S MILITANTS4 ,?OSE SO-CALL$ AN>*I/S :O ADOPT A GRADUALI/ APPROA* >E AN 9SULT TO AN>*ISM4 ,EI!R WE >E REVOLUTION>IES OR WE DEG5]ATE 9TO GIV+ 9EFFECTIVE LIP-S]VICE ?AT ONLY PRES]VES ! /ATUS QUO4 

,BAKUN9 =ECA/ ! DANG]S ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,HIS PR$ICTIONS ( A MILIT>IZ$1 5SLAV$ SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY A ,M>XI/ RUL+ CLASS CAME TO PASS 9 A WAY ?AT EV5 ,BAKUN9 C\LD NOT HAVE FULLY 5VISAG$4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ,/AL9 \T/RIPP$ EV5 ! ,CZ>S 9 !IR >ROGANCE & BRUTALITY4 ,AFT] DECADES ( RE=MI/ SOCIALISM :I* HAVE FREQU5TLY =M$ GOV]NM5TS1 ,BAKUN9'S EVALUATIONS HAVE BE5 PROV$ CORRECT4 ,9 ,BRITA9 WE HAVE ! ULTIMATE 9SULT TO WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ! =M ( ',SOCIALI/ ,LORDS'4 ,= S]VICES TO CAPITALISM1 ,LABOR ,M,P'S >E ULTIMATELY GRANT$ PROMOTION TO ! >I/OCRACY4 

,BAKUN9 F\<T = A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON JU/ICE1 EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,UNLIKE POLITICAL LEAD]S ( ! LEFT HE HAD GREAT FAI? 9 ! SPONTANE\S1 CREATIVE & REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,HIS BELIEFS & ACTIONS REFLECT ?IS APPROA*4 

,REVOLUTION>IES CAN LE>N MU* ( VALUE FROM HIS F$]ALISM1 HIS MILITANCY & HIS CONTEMPT = ! /ATE1 :I* 9 ! TW5TY FIR/ C5TURY HAS ASSUM$ GIGANTIC & DANG]\S PROPORTIONS4 ,BAKUN9 HAS MU* TO TEA* US1 BUT WE TOO MU/ DEVELOP \R IDEAS 9 ! FACE ( NEW *ALL5GES & OPPORTUNITIES4 ,WE MU/ RETA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CORE ( HIS ?\<T YET MOVE =W>D4 

,) ?IS 9 M9D1 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION IS CON/ANTLY LOOK+ TO DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ PRAXIS F\ND$ ON ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS1 BUT GO+ MU* FUR!R TO SUIT ! DEM&S ( PRES5T-DAY CAPITALISM4 

,WE WELCOME ! *ALL5GE6 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

  

,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F4  

 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN91 $4 ,G4,P4 ,MAXIM(F4  

 ,! ,BASIC ,BAKUN9 -- ,WRIT+S #a#h#f#i-#a#h#g#a1 $4 ,ROB]T ,M4 ,CUTL]4  

 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 -- ,FROM ,\T ( ! ,DU/B91 $4 ,ROB]T ,M4 ,CUTL]4  

 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91  

 ,RI*>D ,B4 ,SALTMAN4  

 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,BASIS ( ,HIS ,AN>*ISM1 ,PAUL ,MC,LAU<L94 ,AVAILABLE AT3 LIBCOM4ORG 

 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS4  

 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,CREATIVE ,PASSION1 ,M>K ,LEI]4 

,$ITORS ,NOTE3 ,! COLLECTIONS BY ,DOLG(F & ,MAXIM(F >E A BIT ( A MIX$ BAG1 ) ! N[ \T ( PR9T ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S BY ,>?UR ,LEHN+ (F]+ A BETT] SELECTION ( HIS WORK4 ,SALTMAN'S1 ,MC,LAU<L9'S & ,MORRIS'S WORK GO A LONG WAY T[>DS REHABILITAT+ ! LIFE & ?\<T ( ,BAKUN9 AFT] SO MANY WORKS SAVAG+ HIM AS A CONFUS$ & CL[NI% FIGURE4 ,LEI]'S BIOGRAPHY IS AN EASY READ & IS A GOOD ANTIDOTE TO ! HAT*ET JOB ( A BIOGRAPHY WRITT5 BY ,E4,H4 ,C>R4 

,BAKUN9'S WORKS CURR5TLY AVAILABLE3 

  

,GOD & ! ,/ATE  

,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE 7$4 ,K4,J4 ,K5AFICK7  

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE  

,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y 7$4 ,M>%ALL ,%ATZ & HEAVY GO+7  

,! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ( ,BAKUN9 9 ,5GLI% 7=?COM+2 $4 ,%AWN ,P4 ,WILBUR7  
  

.<#a.> ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 -- ,FROM ,\T ( ! ,DU/B91 $4 ,ROB]T ,M4 ,CUTL]4 

.<#a.> ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 -- ,FROM ,\T ( ! ,DU/B91 $4 ,ROB]T ,M4 ,CUTL]4 

.<#b.> ,9TRODUCTION TO ,SELECT$ ,WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 ,>?UR ,LEHN+4 

.<#c.> ,VSESVETNYI ,REVOLIUTSIONNYI ,SOIUZ ,SOTSIAL'NOI DEMOKRATII .<,WORLD ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY.>1 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 9 ,>*IVES ,BAKUN91 #h VOLS4 9 #i BY #aihd 7,LEID53 ,E4,J4 ,BRILL1 #a#i#f#a-71 QUOT$ 9 ,\T ( ! ,DU/B94 

.<#d.> ,! ,IMMORALITY ( ! ,/ATE 9 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN91 ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F4 

.<#e.> ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#e.> ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#e.> ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#e.> ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#f.> ,! ,PYRAMID ( ,CAPITALI/ ,SY/EM1 C>TOON1 #a#i#a#a4 

.<#g.> ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#h.> ,PUTT+ ,! ,RECORD ,/RAI<T ON ,BAKUN91 ,ALLIANCE ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE ET ,AN>*O- ,SYNDICALI/E 3 WWW4AN>KISMO4NET 

.<#h.> ,PUTT+ ,! ,RECORD ,/RAI<T ON ,BAKUN91 ,ALLIANCE ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE ET ,AN>*O- ,SYNDICALI/E 3 WWW4AN>KISMO4NET 

.<#i.> ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y1 ,M4 ,BAKUN94 

.<#a.> ,LETT] TO ,NE*AEV1 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 #bND ,JUNE #a#h#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#i1 QUOT$ 9 ,! ,BASIC ,BAKUN91 P4#a#e4 

.<#a#a.> ,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#i1 QUOT$ 9 ,! ,BASIC ,BAKUN91 P4#a#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,LETT] TO ,ALB]T ,RI*>D1 #a#h#g1 QUOT$ BY ,DOLG(F4 

.<#a#c.> ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM1 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#f4 

.<#a#c.> ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM1 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#f4 

.<#a#c.> ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM1 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#f4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#b#a-#a-#a#c FROM AF$4ORG4UK47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,BASIC ,BAKUN9 -- ,ADD$4 

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