,P>T #e ,EPILOGUE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,A4,G4 ,S*W>Z ,TEXT 3 ,P>T #e -- ,EPILOGUE 0,! WORK+ CLASS IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+40 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,LETT] TO ,S*WEITZ] 7,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #a#h#f#e7 ,! ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S ,( #aicf ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 :AT WAS LACK+ WAS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,)\T !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] SEV5TY YE>S ( ANTI-/ATE PREA*+1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 )\T UND]/&+ ! REAL NATURE ( P[] & ! /ATE1 HAD COME TO A HI/ORICAL CROSSROADS :]E IT HAD TO DECIDE :E!R TO ADVANCE BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ROAD1 OR COLLABORATE ) ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7& ! ,REPUBLIC7 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,! AMBIGU\S OPTION ( 0GO+ = BROKE0 PROPOS$ BY ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS CONCEIV$ AS A C\P D'ETAT1 9 :I* ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S W\LD IMPOSE AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP0 ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO !IR IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,! HI< LEVEL LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 LEFT BEH9D BY ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 FELT DIZZY BE=E !IR 9CAPACITY TO MANAGE ! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION4 ,& !Y *OSE TO COLLABORATE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION AS IT EXI/$ 9 ,JULY1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY P[] ?AT WAS FRAGM5T$ 9TO HUNDR$S ( COMMITTEES1 WAS ?ROTTL$ BY ?AT 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION KN[N AS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 ,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES4 ,NO WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 NEI!R ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 NOR ! ,P,\,M1 PROPOS$ 9 ,JULY ! REVOLUTION>Y ROAD ( RE9=C+1 9T5SIFY+1 EXT5D+1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT1 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA & 9 MANY MUNICIPALITIES ( ,CATALONIA1 ALREADY EX]CIS$ ALL P[]4 ,& ! COMMITTEES BY !MSELVES W]E NOT ABLE TO DO SO1 EI!R1 BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO RESOLUTELY CONFRONT !IR [N LEAD]S & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ONLY TWO MON?S ?IS ,C,C,M,A1 ) A PR$OM9ANT REPRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 SUCCESSFULLY WEAK5$ ! MULTITUDE ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES :I* HAD >IS5 EV]Y:]E1 & RECON/RUCT$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I RE9=C$ BY ACCEPT+ V>I\S (FICIAL POSITIONS1 FIR/ 9 ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 & !N A MON? LAT] 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! FIR/ DECREES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 RE9=C$ ) AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 ORD]$ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS &1 NATURALLY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES ?AT NONE!LESS RESI/$ !IR EFFECTIVE =C$ DISAPPE>ANCE = SEV]AL MORE MON?S4 ,MAY #aicg WAS !RE=E ! NECESS>Y >M$ DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT REQUIR$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO F9I% (F ! LEA/ TRACE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT HAD >IS5 9 ,JULY #aicf W]E 9COMPLETE & IMP]FECT 9/ITUTIONS1 9CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ !MSELVES 9TO AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,!Y DIFF]$ FROM WORK]S C\NCILS 7:I* HAD >IS5 AS 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[] 9 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA7 9 ! FOLL[+ RESPECTS3 #a4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY MASS ASSEMBLIES ( RANK & FILE WORK]S & !RE=E 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES & ! P>TIES2 #b4 ,!Y W]E NOT UNIT>Y 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & W]E FUR!RMORE 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CREATE SUP]IOR 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD C5TRALIZE ! P[] ( ! WORK]S4 ,AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai TWO *OICES W]E POSSIBLE3 ! REVOLUTION>Y OPTION CONSI/$ 9 RE9=C+1 9T5SIFY+1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES AS 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]1 ,T,R,A,N,S,=,M,+ ,!,M ,9,T,O ,W,O,R,K,],S ,C,\,N,C,I,L,S2 ! POPUL> FRONT OR RE=MI/ OPTION CONSI/$ 9 ! 9TEGRATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE & !RE=E 9 ! WEAK5+1 ISOLATION & F9AL DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 DESPITE ITS WORK+ CLASS APPE>ANCES1 WAS BAS$ ON ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS PURPOSE WAS TO ABSORB ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS & /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO GRADUALLY NEUTRALIZE !M UNTIL1 ONCE ! B\RGEOIS FRACTION ( ! GOV]NM5T FELT /RONG 5\<1 !Y C\LD BE OP5LY CRU%$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 W]E NOT 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E NOT YET SU* 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E NOT C\NCILS & !RE=E PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 & ( CREAT+ SUP]IOR 9/ITUTIONS CAPABLE ( C5TRALIZ+1 UNIFY+ & CREAT+ A WORK+ CLASS P[] ?AT W\LD CONFRONT ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! IRREPLACEABLE & NECESS>Y MISSION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D OR P>TY W\LD HAVE BE5 PRECISELY TO IMPEL ! TRANS=MATION ( ! COMMITTEES 9TO WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I FAIL$ AS REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>DS1 & ! COMMITTEES W]E 9CAPABLE ( BECOM+ 7BY !IR [N EF=TS7 C\NCILS4 ,?IS WAS ! PR9CIPAL LIMITATION & DET]M9+ CAUSE ( ! RAPID DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 :I* MADE POSSIBLE ! SUDD5 RECOV]Y ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E MAKE ! DI/9CTION1 AS ,JOSEP ,REBULL DID 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g1.<#a#f#f.> ) PRECISION1 RIGOR & CL>ITY1 BETWE5 COMMITTEES1.<#a#f#g.> WORK]S C\NCILS & TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y W]E DI/9CT WORK+ CLASS 9/ITUTIONS ) DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS4 ,! TRADE UNIONS1 DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 ?AT IS1 TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT !Y C\LD NOT BE1 NOR C\LD !Y FULFILL1 FUNCTIONS ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION OR 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! ,C\NCILS >E PRECISELY ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[] ?AT1 DUE TO !IR DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 9 ASSEMBLIES1 >E 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES & ! P>TIES4 ,! /R5G!N+ ( ! C\NCILS MEANS ?AT !Y WILL ASSUME LEAD]%IP FUNCTIONS 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 ACCEL]AT+ ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!Y >E !RE=E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & !IR DEF5SE IS IRRECONCILABLE ) ! P>TIES ?AT P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SEIZURE ( P[] IS BAS$ ON ! >M$ /RUGGLE & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* IS REPLAC$ ) A GOV]NM5T ( ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS4 ,! FUNCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D IS NOT TO BE A SUB/ITUTE = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ONLY P]TA9 TO ! CLASS ITSELF3 SEIZ+ P[]1 EX]CISE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY & ! MILITIAS1 CONDUCT ( ! W>1 C5TRALIZATION ( WORK]S P[] & CLASS UNITY1 ETC4 ,! FUNCTION ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 IS NECESS>ILY ?AT ( IMPELL+ ! CREATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]1 SO ?AT !Y CAN EX]CISE !IR FUNCTIONS ( WORK]S P[]1 & ?US E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & !RE=E )\T ANY POLITICAL COLLABORATION ( ANY K9D ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9SURRECTIONS1 REBELLIONS & REVOLUTIONS ,IF WE DEF9E REVOLUTION1 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 AS ! VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE = ! F9AL GOAL 7:E!R IT IS A*IEV$ OR NOT7 ( ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]1 C>RI$ \T BY POLITICAL =CES ?AT >E OPPOS$1 NOT ONLY TO ! CURR5T REGIME1 BUT TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS ! ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE APP>ATUS1 WE >E DIFF]5TIAT+ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION FROM ! POPUL> REVOLUTIONS & ! LATT] FROM O!R POLITICAL =MS ( *ANG+ ! GOV]NM5T1 SU* AS C\PS D'ETAT1 FASCI/ & ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTIONS 7AS 9 ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES71 SOCIAL REVOLTS1 RIOTS & PROTE/S1 ! FALL ( TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES 7! FASCI/ REGIMES DUR+ ! =TIES1 OR ! ,/AL9I/ ONES AT ! 5D ( ! EIS ( 9DEP5D5CE 7ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES7 & CIVIL W>S4 ,9SURRECTIONS1 REVOLTS OR REVOLUTIONS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS VIOL5T1 BUT ?IS VIOL5CE BY ITSELF LACKS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,ALL ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! PA/ %[ US ?AT1 AL?\< !Y W]E VIOL5T1 ?IS VIOL5CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 OV]COME BY ! SUBSEQU5T C\NT]REVOLUTION1 :I* HAS MASSACR$1 IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ ITS 5EMIES ON A MASS SCALE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! FIY VICTORY3 ! HATR$ & C>NAGE BORN FROM ! FE> ( ! [N+ CLASSES ( ! PROLET>IAN ?REAT4 ,IF ! REVOLUTION RESIDES 9 ! REVOLUTION>IES1 !N !Y MU/ BE EXT]M9AT$ 9 ORD] TO C>RY ON ) ! PEACEFUL EXPLOITATION ( ! 0GOOD CITIZ5S04 ,IF ! SPIRIT ( V5GEANCE HAS PLAY$ A C]TA9 ROLE 9 WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTIONS1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 PAID BACK ) 9T]E/ BY ! REACTION4 ,WE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! ,KUOM9TANG 9 #aibf OR ,FRANCOI/ ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#i-#a#i#g#e74 ,WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTIONS HAVE = !IR P>T BE5 LESS BLOODY & F]OCI\S ?AN ! ANTI-FEUDAL PEASANT REVOLTS1 BECAUSE ! LATT] W]E ! PRODUCT ( DESP]ATION4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY1 OR MURD]S1 :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 SOME 9SURRECTIONS HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 ! SPONTANE\S RESULT ( BACKW>DNESS & DESP]ATION ON ! P>T ( A LUMP5 SECTOR ?AT CANNOT ESCAPE FROM ITS POV]TY1 OR ABOLI% OPPRESSION4 ,REBELLIONS1 REVOLTS OR 9SURRECTIONS1 NO MATT] H[ VIOL5T OR SOCIALLY RADICAL !Y MAY BE1 CANNOT BE DEF9$ AS REVOLUTION>Y IF !Y >E LIMIT$ TO ATTACK+ ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATORS ( CAPITALISM1 & LEAVE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM /&+4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E ALWAYS /RUGGLES = /ATE P[] & LEAD TO ! ATTEMPT 7:E!R OR NOT IT IS SUCCESSFUL7 TO SEIZE /ATE P[] BY A GR\P1 A COALITION OR A CLASS4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,!RE=E1 9 ORD] TO UND]/& JU/ :AT A REVOLUTION OR AN 9SURRECTION IS1 H[ IT DEVELOPS & :AT IT SEEKS1 WE NE$ TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 & ESPECIALLY ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,:AT IS ! /ATE8 ,IT IS NOT ! /ATE1 OR POLITICAL P[]1 ?AT CREATES ! CLASSES2 IT IS ! EXI/5CE ( A SOCIETY ?AT IS DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES ?AT CREATES ! /ATE1 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ALL ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,WE C\LD F9D A ?\S& DIFF]5T DEF9ITIONS ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y CAN BASICALLY BE R$UC$ TO JU/ TWO1 H[EV]4 ,ONE1 :I* IS V]Y BROAD1 & ?AT IMPROP]LY SPEAKS ( ! /ATE AS ALREADY EXI/+ 9 ! FIR/ CIVILIZATIONS1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES1 ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 & !N ,GREECE & ,ROME1 WE %ALL NOT USE1 AS IT IS 9ADEQUATE = ! /UDY ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,?IS DEF9ITION1 9 ANY EV5T1 REQUIRES ?AT ! /ATE BE DEF9$ ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION3 ! SLAVE /ATE1 ! FEUDAL /ATE1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! O!R DEF9ITION1 :I* IS MORE SPECIFIC1 IS ! ONE ?AT UTILIZES ! CURR5T CONCEPT ( ! /ATE1 OR ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 OR ! MOD]N /ATE1 AS AN ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGN P[] OR AS ! SOLE P[] 9 EA* C\NTRY1 :I* IS ! ONE WE %ALL USE4 ,:AT IS ! CAPITALI/ /ATE8 ,! MOD]N1 OR CAPITALI/1 /ATE1 IS A REC5T HI/ORICAL =M ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* >OSE AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO 9 A H&FUL ( C\NTRIES1 ) ! 5D ( FEUDALISM & ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE PRESUPPOS$ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! FEUDAL =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS !RE=E QUITE REC5T & >ISES ) ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ! =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS PROP] = CAPITALISM4 ,9 FEUDAL SOCIETY SOV]EIGNTY WAS UND]/OOD AS A HI]>*ICAL RELATION ?AT M$IAT$ A PLURALITY ( P[]S4 ,! P[] ( ! ,K+ WAS BAS$ ON ! LOYALTY ( ! O!R SEIGNIORIAL P[]S & !SE ROYAL P[]S W]E FUR!RMORE ALI5ABLE1 ?AT IS1 !Y C\LD BE SOLD OR GRANT$ TO ! NOBILITY3 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 ! RECRUITM5T ( ! >MY1 ! COLLECTION ( TAXES1 ! BI%OPRICS1 ETC41 C\LD BE SOLD TO ! HID$ 9 A COMPLEX NETWORK ( FAVORS & PRIVILEGES4 ,SOV]EIGNTY RESID$ 9 A PLURALITY ( P[]S1 :I* C\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ONE ANO!R OR COMPETE AMONG !MSELVES4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! /ATE TRANS=MS SOV]EIGNTY 9TO A MONOPOLY3 ! /ATE IS ! SOLE POLITICAL P[] 9 A C\NTRY4 ,! 7MOD]N OR CAPITALI/7 /ATE POSSESSES ! MONOPOLY ( POLITICAL P[]1 & AS A RESULT ALSO LAYS CLAIM TO ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE4 ,ANY *ALL5GE TO ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE IS CONSID]$ TO BE A CRIME & AN ATTACK ON CAPITALI/ LAW & ORD]1 & IS !RE=E P]SECUT$1 PUNI%$ & ANNIHILAT$4 ,9 FEUDAL SOCIETY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E BAS$ ON P]SONAL DEP5D5CE & PRIVILEGES4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS CAN ONLY EXI/ BETWE5 JURIDICALLY FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS JURIDICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY 7NOT FRE$OM & EQUALITY ) REG>D TO PROP]TY7 IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! =MATION & EXI/5CE ( A PROLET>IAT ?AT PROVIDES ! *EAP LABOR = ! NEW MANUFACTUR]S4 ,! WORK] MU/ BE FREE1 & HE ALSO MU/ BE FREE ( ALL PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO BE AVAILABLE & PREP>$ TO R5T HIMSELF = A WAGE TO ! [N] ( ! FACTORY1 A BUS9ESS OR TO ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,HE MU/ BE FREE & LACK+ ANY BOND TO ! L& ?AT HE F>MS1 ANY RES]VES = SURVIVAL1 & ANY PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO BE DRIV5 BY HUNG]1 PAUP]IZATION & MIS]Y TO ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATIONS :]E HE CAN SELL ! ONLY COMMODITY ?AT HE POSSESSES3 HIS /R5G? & HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 ?AT IS1 HIS LABOR P[] & ABILITY TO WORK4 ,!SE NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 P>TICUL> TO CAPITALISM1 CORRESPOND ) A NEW POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 UNLIKE ! FEUDAL ORGANIZATION3 A /ATE ?AT MONOPOLIZES ALL POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,9 CAPITALISM ALL 9DIVIDUALS >E !ORETICALLY 7JURIDICALLY7 FREE & EQUAL & NO ONE IS ANY LONG] SUBJECT TO ANY K9D ( POLITICAL DEP5D5CE ON ! OLD =M ( FEUDAL LORDS OR ! NEW [N] ( ! FACTORY4 ,ALL POLITICAL RELATIONS >E MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! /ATE4 ,9 PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ALSO RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION4 ,! SLAVE WAS ! PROP]TY ( HIS MA/]1 ! S]F WAS B\ND TO ! L& ?AT HE WORK$ OR HE WAS DIRECTLY B\ND TO A LORD4 ,?IS DEP5D5CE HAS DISAPPE>$ 9 CAPITALISM4 ,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS !RE=E ! PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 7CURR5T7 /ATE IS ! SPECIFIC =M ( ORGANIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,!RE IS A RADICAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC1 ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL SPH]ES4 ,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE MONOPOLIZES P[]1 VIOL5CE & ! POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS4 ,9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION CAPITAL IS NOT JU/ MONEY1 OR FACTORIES1 OR MA*9ES2 CAPITAL IS ALSO1 & ABOVE ALL1 A SOCIAL RELATION ( PRODUCTION1 & PRECISELY ?AT SOCIAL RELATION ( PRODUCTION ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 PROLET>IANS1 SELL]S ( !IR LABOR P[] = A WAGE1 & ! CAPITALI/S1 BUY]S ( ! COMMODITY KN[N AS 0LABOR P[]04 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE HAS ONLY REC5TLY EM]G$1 AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 & IT WILL DISAPPE> ALONG ) ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE IS ?US NOT ET]NAL2 IT HAS A V]Y REC5T ORIG9 & WILL ALSO COME TO AN 5D4 ,! POLITICAL !ORY ( ! MOD]N /ATE WAS BORN 9 ,5GL& 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ANTICIPAT+ OR JU/IFY+ ?AT HI/ORICAL PROCESS KN[N AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) ,HOBBES 7& ,LOCKE74 ,HOBBES IS NOT JU/ ! FIR/ !ORETICIAN1 FROM ! *RONOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT HIS WORKS ALREADY EXPRESS ! PRES5T-DAY PROBLEMATIC ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE4 ,FROM ,PLATO TO ,MA*IAVELLI1 PRE-/ATE POLITICAL !ORY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DEF9ITION ( POLITICAL P[] & ! COMMUNITY AS SOME?+ ,N,A,T,U,R,A,L1 & BY ITS ID5TIFICATION ( ! CIVIL COMMUNITY ) ! POLITICAL COMMUNITY4 ,AFT] ,HOBBES1 /ATE POLITICAL !ORY IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE AS AN ,>,T,I,F,I,C,I,A,L 5TITY1 ITS SEP>ATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( CIVIL COMMUNITY 7CIVIL SOCIETY7 & POLITICAL COMMUNITY 7! /ATE7 & BY ITS ADDRESS+ ! QUE/ION ( ! REPRODUCTION ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE >ISES FROM A CONTRADICTION1 :I* WAS ITS ORIG9 & ITS REASON = EXI/5CE1 BETWE5 ! !ORETICAL DEF5SE ( ! COMMON OR G5]AL GOOD1 & ! PRACTICAL DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( A M9ORITY4 ,! MANIFE/ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ILLUSION ( DEF5D+ ! G5]AL 9T]E/ & ! REAL DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,! REASON = EXI/5CE ( ! 7CURR5T7 /ATE IS NO?+ BUT TO GU>ANTEE ! REPRODUCTION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE1 H[EV]1 REIFI$ 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 IS ! MASK ( SOCIETY1 CONVEY+ ! APPE>ANCE ( AN EXT]NAL =CE ?AT IS MOTIVAT$ BY A HI<] RATIONALITY ?AT EMBODIES A 0JU/0 ORD] = :I* IT P]=MS ! ROLE ( A NEUTRAL >BIT]4 ,?IS FETI%IZATION ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE ,A,L,L,[,S ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO APPE> TO BE M]E ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 RA!R ?AN RELATIONS BAS$ ON CO]CION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT ALSO ,V,E,I,L,S ! OPPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ! M>KET1 WORK] & EMPLOY] HAVE ! APPE>ANCE ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 :O 5GAGE 9 A 0PURELY0 ECONOMIC EX*ANGE3 ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR P[] 9 EX*ANGE = A WAGE4 ,9 ?IS FREE1 0EXCLUSIVELY0 ECONOMIC EX*ANGE1 ALL CO]CION HAS BE5 OBSCUR$1 & ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE HAS NOT 9T]V5$ AT ALL3 IT IS NOT !RE1 IT HAS 7APP>5TLY7 DISAPPE>$4 ,! NECESS>Y SPLIT BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & ! PRIVATE IS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE ONLY ?US CAN !Y ,A,P,P,E,> TO BE FREE AGREEM5TS BETWE5 JURIDICALLY FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS1 9 :I* VIOL5CE1 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE1 HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /AGE4 ,ALL ( ?IS LEADS TO A ,C,O,N,T,R,A,D,I,C,T,I,O,N BETWE5 ! /ATE ,A,S ,F,E,T,I,%1 :I* MU/ CONCEAL ITS MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE1 P]MAN5TLY EX]CIS$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY CAPITAL1 & ! /ATE ,A,S ,! ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,] ,( ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,C,O,N,S,5,S,U,S & LEGALITY1 :I* CONDUCTS FREE ELECTIONS1 TOL]ATES DEMOCRATIC RIE /ATE04 ,! CO]CIVE COMPON5T ( ! /ATE1 L9K$ TO CLASS RULE1 IS ! ,F,U,N,D,A,M,5,T,A,L ,E,S,S,5,C,E ( ! /ATE1 :I* BECOMES TRANSP>5T :5 SOCIAL CONS5SUS & /ATE LEGITIMACY >E SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( SUBJECT+ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! EXPLOITATION ( CAPITAL4 ,PROLET>IAN REVOLTS & 9SURRECTIONS ALWAYS REVEAL ! CLASS NATURE ( ! /ATE & ITS ESS5TIAL REPRESSIVE FUNCTION4 ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE >ISES FROM ?IS CONTRADICTORY RELATION BETWE5 ITS REPRESSIVE ESS5CE & ITS APP>5T FUNCTION AS AN >BIT]4 ,IT ATTEMPTS TO CONCEAL ITS REPRESSIVE ROLE1 FULFILL$ AS A GU>ANTEE ( ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS BY WAY ( ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT SEEKS TO APPE> TO BE ! ORGANIZ] ( ! CONS5SUS ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* 9 TURN LEGITIMIZES ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE AS A NEUTRAL >BIT]4 ,BY ?IS MEANS ! /ATE ALSO RE9=CES ITS IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY & OBTA9S A MORE COMPLETE & DISGUIS$ DOM9ATION OV] CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE >E ! /&+ >MY & ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! TASKS ( ! >MY >E DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORIAL FRONTI]S AGA9/ O!R /ATES1 IMP]IALI/ CONQUE/S1 TO EXT5D M>KETS & OBTA9 CONTROL OV] RAW MAT]IALS1 & ABOVE ALL TO S]VE AS ! ULTIMATE SAFEGU>D ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] AGA9/ WORK+ CLASS SUBV]SION4 ,! TASK ( ! BUREAUCRACY IS TO ADM9I/] ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE DELEGATES TO ! /ATE3 $UCATION1 POLICE1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 PRISONS1 MAIL1 RAILROADS1 HIY FUNCTIONS = ! NORMAL OP]ATIONS ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 :]E !Y >E DETRIM5TAL TO ! LATT]1 !Y >E PRIVATIZ$1 AS HAS REC5TLY BE5 TAK+ PLACE ) REG>D TO JAILS1 POLICE & ! >MY 9 SOME C\NTRIES4 ,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS ! ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ( ! POLITICAL RULE OV]1 & ! P]MAN5T CO]CION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY CAPITAL4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE IS !RE=E NOT A MA*9E OR A TOOL ?AT CAN BE US$ = OPPOSITE PURPOSES3 YE/]DAY TO EXPLOIT ! PROLET>IAT1 TOMORR[ TO EMANCIPATE ! PROLET>IAT & SUPPRESS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS NOT A MA*9E ?AT CAN BE CONQU]$1 NOR CAN IT BE MANIPULAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! :IMS ( ! MA*9E OP]ATOR4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT CONQU] ! /ATE1 BECAUSE ! /ATE IS ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITAL3 IT MU/ DE/ROY ! /ATE4 ,IF A VICTORI\S 9SURRECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT LIMITS ITSELF TO CONQU]+ ! /ATE1 & !N RE9=C+ & REBUILD+ IT1 !N WE CAN SPEAK ( A C\P D'ETAT OR A REVOLUTION1 OR EV5 ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7AS 9 ,OCTOB] #aiag 9 ,RUSSIA71 BUT 9 ANY EV5T IT IS A REVOLUTION ?AT HAS LEFT /&+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A RAPID & P[]FUL C\NT]REVOLUTION1 :I* WILL SOON LEAD TO ANO!R =M ( MANAG+ CAPITALISM1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,/AL9ISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ DE/ROY ! /ATE BECAUSE ! /ATE IS ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( WAGE LABOR4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE IS A CONDITION S9E QUA NON ( ! BEG9N+ ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE CANNOT REALLY BE DE/ROY$1 H[EV]1 UNLESS ! PROLET>IAT IMM$IATELY DE/ROYS ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL PRECONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( WAGE LABOR & ! LAW ( VALUE ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,:AT REPLACES ! /ATE8 ,:AT REPLACES ! /ATE8 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S 9 COMMUNISM4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIES OR ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT DET]M9ES ! POSSIBILITY = COMMUNISM IS A HI< DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! EXT5SION ( WAGE LABOR & ! PROLET>IAN CONDITION4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS CANNOT BE POS$ \TSIDE ( ?OSE :O >E BE+ ORGANIZ$ & ! PROBLEMS ?AT CROP UP AT ANY P>TICUL> MOM5T4 ,!RE >E NO RULES1 OR MAGIC =MULAS1 OR GU>ANTEES AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4.<#a#f#h.> ,BUREAUCRATS T5D TO BE EXP]TS AT ORGANIZATION1 \TSIDE ( SOCIETY4 ,! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT PO9TS TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS1 ! ,G]MAN 0RAT]0 & ! ,SPANI% ,COMMITTEES1 ?AT IS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 WORK]S C\NCILS1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y =M ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE >E !RE=E NOT SPEAK+ ( ONE OR ANO!R P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( COMMITTEE OR C\NCIL1 BUT ( ! C\NCILI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! C\NCILS DO NOT REPRES5T ! WORK]S1 !Y >E ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT4 ,! C\NCIL IS A CLASS 9/ITUTION & AN 9/ITUTION = /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NOT A POLITICAL BODY1 IT IS ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 NEW RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & !RE=E IT IS NOT DEMOCRATIC1 NOR IS IT DICTATORIAL1 IT IS BEYOND POLITICS1 & AVOIDS ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & ! PRIVATE ?AT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM4 ,SOVIETS1 RAT] & COMMITTEES FAIL$ 9 ! PA/1 BUT !Y EXI/$1 DEMON/RAT+ ! CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT = DIRECT+ & MANAG+ FACTORIES1 CITIES & C\NTRIES2 BUT ALSO %[+ !IR LIMITS & !IR LIMITATIONS1 :I* WE MU/ UND]/& & CORRECT4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS APPE>$ :5EV] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ROSE UP AGA9/ CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM4 ,!Y W]E ! WORK+ CLASS RESPONSE TO ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 RA!R ?AN ! RESULT ( A RADICALIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,! C\NCILI/ IDEOLOGY CONTEMPLATES ! C\NCILS AS A GOAL & NOT JU/ AS A MOM5T ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM4 ,! C\NCILI/S REPLACE ! 0P>TY0 CONCEPT ( ! ,L59I/S ) ! 0C\NCIL0 CONCEPT4 ,BO? IDEOLOGIES >E /]ILE4 ,! C\NCILS WILL ONLY BE :AT ! PROLET>IAT MAKES !M 9 ! /RUGGLE TO DE/ROY ! /ATE & CON/RUCT COMMUNISM4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,P>T #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/