,P>T #d 
,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg & ITS PROGRAM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,A4,G4 ,S*W>Z 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #d -- ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg & ITS PROGRAM 

0,! FUNCTION ( HI/ORY W\LD !RE=E BE %[+ ?AT ! LAWS DECEIVE1 ?AT ! K+S PLAY A P>T1 ?AT P[] DELUDES & ?AT HI/ORIANS LIE40 

,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,! ,G5EALOGY ( ,RACISM 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN :O W]E OPPOS$ TO MILIT>IZATION1 & AN>*I/S :O W]E CRITICAL ( ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T 9TO ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI RESID$ 9 ITS 9T5TION1 :I* >OSE 9 #aicg )9 ! RANKS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ITSELF1 TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD PUT & 5D TO ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES & COLLABORATIONISM ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE2 SO ?AT ! ,C,N,T W\LD DEF5D & 9T5SIFY ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 9/EAD ( GRADUALLY SURR5D]+ !M TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,GR\P NEV] ACTUALLY PROPOS$1 H[EV]1 TO BECOME1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g1 AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD V>I\S ,M9I/]S 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC & 9 ?AT ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! ,F,R,I,5,D,S ,( ,D,U,R,R,U,T,I ,G,R,\,P ,F,R,O,M ,I,T,S ,F,\,N,D,+ ,T,O ,! ,M,A,Y ,E,V,5,T,S 

,9 ,OCTOB] #aicf ! DECREE MILIT>IZ+ ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS PROVOK$ MAJOR DISCONT5T AMONG ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT4.<#a#b#d.> ,AFT] LONG & PASSIONATE DISCUSSIONS1 9 ,M>* #aicg SEV]AL HUNDR$ VOLUNTE] MILITIAM51 /ATION$ 9 ! ,GELSA SECTOR1 DECID$ TO AB&ON ! FRONT & RETURN TO ! RE>GU>D4.<#a#b#e.> ,AN AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! RELIEF ( ! MILITIAM5 OPPOS$ TO MILIT>IZATION W\LD BE S5T )9 FIFTE5 DAYS4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! FRONT1 TAK+ !IR WEAPONS ) !M4 

,ONCE !Y >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 TOGE!R ) O!R AN>*I/S 7DEF5D]S ( ! CONT9UITY & 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION1 & OPPOS$ TO CONF$]AL COLLABORATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T71 ! MILITIAM5 FROM ,GELSA DECID$ TO =M AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS SEP>ATE FROM ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 AN ORGANIZATION :OSE MISSION W\LD BE TO *ANNEL ! ACRATIC MOVEM5T 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PA?4 ,! ,GR\P WAS =MALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( 9CUBATION ?AT LA/$ SEV]AL MON?S1 BEG9N+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,! DIRECTIVE ,COMMITTEE *OSE ! NAME ( 0,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI01 A NAME ?AT WAS 9 P>T TE/IMONY TO ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S W]E =M] MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 BUT1 AS ,BALIUS A/UTELY PO9T$ \T1 IT WAS NOT *OS5 AS A REF]5CE ( ANY K9D TO ,DURRUTI'S VIEWS1 BUT RA!R AS A RESULT ( ! POPUL> CULT ?AT HAD GR[N UP >\ND HIS MEMORY4.<#a#b#f.> 

,! C5TRAL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,GR\P WAS LOCAT$ ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 AT ! CORN] ( ,HOSPITAL ,/REET4 ,! GR\P EXP]I5C$ A RAPID & NOTABLE 9CREASE 9 ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,JU/ BE=E ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,GR\P HAD DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 F\R & FIVE ?\S& MEMB]%IP C>DS4 ,9 ORD] TO QUALIFY = MEMB]%IP1 ONE HAD TO BE A ,C,N,T MILITANT4 ,! ,GR\P'S GR[? WAS ! RESULT ( ! DISCONT5T ( A WIDE SECTOR ( ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ) ! ,C,N,T'S BETRAYAL ( ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,ANO!R FACTOR 9 ITS FAVOR WAS ! /RUGGLE ?AT WAS UND]WAY AGA9/ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 :I* WAS BE+ EFFECT$ BY MEANS ( BUDGET>Y DECREES PREP>$ BY ,T>RADELLAS AT ,S',AG>O1 & BY MEANS ( :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT S\<T TO CONTROL & DIRECT ! OP]ATIONS ( ALL ! ,CATALONIAN 5T]PRISES1 SUBJECT+ !M TO A RIGID /ATE ECONOMIC PLAN4.<#a#b#g.> ,! ,CATALAN ECONOMY WAS 9 FACT BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A K9D ( COLLECTIVI/ 7OR TRADE UNION7 CAPITALISM ( /ATE PLANN+1 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT EX]CIS$ F9ANCIAL CONTROL OV] EA* & EV]Y ONE ( ! 5T]PRISES1 & POSSESS$ ! ADDITIONAL P[] ( APPO9T+ AN ,9SPECTOR FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :O ACT$ ON BEHALF ( ! GOV]NM5T & DIRECT$ ! 5T]PRISE4 ,FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAD ATT5D$ NUM]\S ASSEMBLIES 9 ! FACTORIES1 :I* W]E (T5 M5AC$ BY L>GE CONT+5TS ( POLICE JU/ \TSIDE ! MEET+ HALLS1 :]E ! QUE/ION ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 SOCIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION.<#a#b#h.> WAS POS$ ) GREAT] OR LESS] CL>ITY & EFFECTIV5ESS1 TOGE!R ) ! EXTREMELY S]I\S PROBLEM PRES5T$ BY ! DECL9E 9 PUR*AS+ P[] ( WAGES & ! DIFFICULTIES 9 OBTA9+ FOOD & MEET+ O!R BASIC NE$S4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION IMPLI$ ?AT ! [N]%IP ( ! SMALL & M$IUM-SIZ$ 5T]PRISES & WORK%OPS HAD PASS$ FROM !IR =M] [N]S TO ! WORK]S 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 DISCONNECT$ FROM & UNSUPPORTIVE ( ! WAGE WORK]S 9 O!R1 LESS PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES1 OR 5T]PRISES ?AT FAC$ GREAT] DIFFICULTIES4 ,?IS IS !RE=E A =M ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP1 ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 AL?\< SUBJECT TO ! IRON GRIP ( /ATE CONTROL1 S9CE ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY WAS PLANN$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* NOT ONLY EX]CIS$ F9ANCIAL CONTROL & !RE=E ! P[] TO />VE \T 9SUBORD9ATE 5T]PRISES1 BUT ALSO HELD EFFECTIVE MANAG]IAL P[]S DUE TO ! ,9SPECTOR1 :O 9 FACT BECAME ! DIRECTOR & NEW BOSS1 APPO9T$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 REALITY1 COLLECTIVIZATION HAD !RE=E BECOME A K9D ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM1 UND] TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T1 ) /ATE PLANN+ & DIRECTION4 ,SOCIALIZATION1 H[EV]1 MEANS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS OR ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO REORGANIZE & RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION 9 AN 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 DIRECT$ & PLANN$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* GA9S >E SUPPOS$ TO ACCRUE TO ! B5EFIT ( ALL ( SOCIETY1 & NOT JU/ ! WORK]S ( EA* 5T]PRISE4.<#a#b#i.> ,! TOTALITY ( ALL !SE ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY1 RA!R ?AN ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 %\LD !RE=E BE RESPONSIBLE = ! DIRECTION & PLANN+ ( ! ECONOMY 9 ALL ( ,CATALUNA4 ,BESIDES AN IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IT C]TA9LY WAS1 IT WAS ABOVE ALL A /RUGGLE = ! M]E SURVIVAL ( ! WORK]-MANAG$ 9DU/RIES1 = IF ,COMPANYS & ,COMOR]A HAD ! P[] TO TAX ! 5T]PRISES & E/ABLI% ! /&>DS = !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AS WELL AS PREV5T ACCESS TO CR$IT OR RAW MAT]IALS1 !Y HAD 9 !IR H&S ! REAL CONTROL ( ANY 5T]PRISE1 BY WAY ( ! ,9SPECTOR !Y IMPOS$1 & ) ! G5]ALIZATION ( ?IS SITUATION A K9D ( /ATE CAPITALISM WAS E/ABLI%$1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,?IS /RUGGLE WAS IDEOLOGICALLY CONCRETIZ$ 9 ! SLOGAN DISSEM9AT$ BY ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 9 ,APRIL & ,MAY ( #a#i#c#g1 0,ALL P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 ,RECALL ?AT ! ,MAY ,DAYS W]E PROVOK$ PRECISELY BY ! REFUSAL ( ! WORK]S TO ACCEPT AN ,9SPECTOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT AT ! ,TELEPHONE ,COMPANY4 

,! ,GR\P 5GAG$ 9 FR5ZI$ ACTIVITY4 ,FROM ITS =MAL CON/ITUTION ON ,M>* #a#g1 UP UNTIL ,MAY #c1 ! ,GR\P ORGANIZ$ V>I\S PUBLIC MEET+S 7AT ! ,TEATRO ,POLIORAMA ON ,APRIL #ah & AT ! ,TEATRO ,GOYA ON ,MAY #b71 DI/RIBUT$ V>I\S MANIFE/OES & PAMPHLETS1 DISRUPT$ ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y'S SPEE* AT ! RALLY AT ! ,MONUM5TAL ON ,APRIL #a#a1 & PLA/]$ ! WALLS ( ,B>CELONA ) PO/]S EXPLA9+ !IR PROGRAM4 ,TWO ( ?IS PROGRAM'S PO9TS >E P>TICUL>LY NOTEWOR?Y3 

,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & COMBATANTS1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS WORK+ CLASS P[]1 :I* !Y CALL$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 

,!Y ALSO CALL$ = ! TRADE UNIONS TO ASSUME FULL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DIRECTION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:5 !Y SPOKE ( TRADE UNIONS !Y W]E REF]R+ TO ! CONF$]AL TRADE UNIONS1 EXCLUD+ ! ,/AL9IZ$ ,U,G,T4 ,9 FACT1 SOME ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P HAD AB&ON$ !IR POSITIONS AS ,U,G,T MILITANTS 9 ORD] TO JO9 ! ,C,N,T1 & !RE=E TO BECOME ELIGIBLE = MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 

,9 REALITY1 AL?\< ! WORK+ CLASS ORIG9S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P MADE ALL ( !M ELIGIBLE TO BE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 MO/ ( !M W]E MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I1 :I* IS :Y IT C\LD V]Y WELL BE SAID ?AT ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS A GR\P ( AN>*I/S :O1 FROM ACRATIC DOCTR9AL PURISM1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE !Y REFLECT$ ! ONGO+ /RUGGLE = ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! 5T]PRISES & AGA9/ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS1 OPPOS$ ! COLLABORATIONI/ & /ATI/ POLICY ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ! ,F,A,I ITSELF4 

,!Y W]E A DOM9ANT =CE 9 ! FOOD SUPPLY TRADE UNION1 ) BRAN*ES ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA1 AS WELL AS 9 ! M9+ DI/RICTS ( ,SALL5T1 ,SURIA1 ,FIGOLS & ,C>DONA1 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT4 ,!Y ALSO HAD 9FLU5CE 9 O!R TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* !Y W]E A M9ORITY FACTION4 ,SOME ( ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,!Y NEV] =M$ A FRACTION OR A SUB-GR\P )9 ! ,PATROL ,CONTROLS1 H[EV]1 OR EV] ATTEMPT$ TO 9FILTRATE ! ,PATROLS4 

,WE CANNOT *>ACT]IZE ! ,GR\P AS AN AFF9ITY GR\P1 OR EV5 AS A CONSCI\S & ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D ?AT WAS ME?ODICALLY C>RY+ \T A PLAN TO PRES5T ITSELF AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,F,A,I4 ,IT WAS1 BO? FROM ! NUM]ICAL AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 MU* MORE ?AN A MORE OR LESS 9=MALLY CON/ITUT$ AFF9ITY GR\P 7:I* W\LD USUALLY HAVE A MAXIMUM ( BETWE5 TWELVE & TW5TY MEMB]S7 =M$ ON ! BASIS ( C]TA9 %>$ IDEOLOGICAL VIEWS & COMMON DISCONT5T4 ,& AL?\< IT W\LD BE EV5 LESS CORRECT TO VIEW IT AS JU/ ANO!R BRAN* ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 7,M,L71 SU* AS ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 IT C\LD BE COMP>$ TO ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES ( ?AT TIME3 AN ORGANIZATION ) ITS [N GOALS1 NOT COMPLETELY DEM>CAT$ BY ANY ( ! ?REE GREAT ORGANIZ$ BRAN*ES ( ! ,M,L4 ,IT WAS A L>GE ORGANIZATION ( MILITANTS 7FIVE ?\S& MEMB]S BE=E ,MAY7 ?AT 9/9CTIVELY FELT ! IMP]ATIVE NE$ TO CONFRONT ! PUSILLANIM\S POLICIES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! CON/ANTLY ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ITS MO/ \T/&+ SPOKESP]SONS W]E ,JAIME ,BALIUS & ,PABLO ,RUIZ4 ,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,APRIL #a#h1 ! ,GR\P HELD A PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ! ,TEATRO ,POLIORAMA1 :]E !Y 9T5D$ TO PUBLICIZE !IR EXI/5CE & PRES5T !IR PROGRAM4 ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ 7! DELEGATE ( ! ,GELSA ,GR\P ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN71 ,FRANCISCO ,PELLIC] 7FROM ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION7 & ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O 7A MEMB] ( ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN7 SPOKE AT ?IS MEET+4 ,! EV5T WAS A MAJOR SUCCESS & ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ BY ! SPEAK]S W]E L\DLY APPLAUD$ BY ! CR[D4 ,ON ! FIR/ ,SUNDAY 9 ,MAY 7! #bND71 ! ,GR\P HELD ANO!R 9=MATIONAL RALLY 9 ! ,TEATRO ,GOYA1 :I* FILL$ ! !AT] TO OV]FL[+ & PROVOK$ GREAT 5?USIASM 9 ! AUDI5CE4 ,A DOCUM5T>Y FILM 5TITL$1 0,JULY ,N9ETE5?0 WAS %[N1 9 :I* ! MO/ EMOTIONAL 9CID5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf W]E DEPICT$4 ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS & ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O SPOKE AT ?IS MEET+4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! MEET+ ! AUDI5CE WAS W>N$ ?AT AN ATTACK BY ! REACTION>IES AGA9/ ! WORK]S WAS IMM95T4 ,! SUP]IOR ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T IMM$IATELY ATTEMPT$ TO DISCR$IT ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :OM !Y SL&]$ AS ,M>XI/S4 

,! PROGRAM SET =? BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 PRIOR TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS EMPHASIS ON ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! CRITIQUE ( ALL ! P>TIES & !IR /ATE COLLABORATIONISM1 AS WELL AS A /RICT RETURN TO ACRATIC DOCTR9AL PURITY4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI EXPLA9$ !IR PROGRAM 9 ! PO/] ) :I* !Y COV]$ ! WALLS ( ,B>CELONA AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL #a#i#c#g4 ,!SE PO/]S N[ ADVOCAT$1 BE=E ! 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE1 ! NE$ TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALONIA ) A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,! PO/]S READ AS FOLL[S3 

0,FROM ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,TO ! WORK+ CLASS3 

,! IMM$IATE CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA =M$ ( WORK]S FROM ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE & COMBATANTS4 

,! FAMILY WAGE4 ,RATION+ C>D4 ,DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY & CONTROL OV] DI/RIBUTION BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,LIQUIDATION ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 

,ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD] BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,FIRM OPPOSITION TO ANY >MI/ICE4 

,A PROLET>IAN JU/ICE SY/EM4 

,ABOLITION ( PRISON] EX*ANGES4 

,ATT5TION1 WORK]S3 \R GR\P IS OPPOS$ TO ! ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! DECREES ON PUBLIC ORD]1 SPONSOR$ BY ,AIGUADE1 WILL NOT BE IMPLEM5T$4 ,WE DEM& ?AT ,M>OTO & ! O!R IMPRISON$ COMRADES BE RELEAS$4 

,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,AGA9/ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA40 

,! PO/] ( ,APRIL #aicg =E%AD[$ & EXPLA9$ ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ALONG ) MANY ( ! O!R !MES & CONC]NS ADDRESS$ BY ,BALIUS 9 ! >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,LA ,NO*E & ,IDEAS 7ON REVOLUTION>Y JU/ICE1 PRISON] EX*ANGES1 ! NE$ = ! RE>GU>D TO LIVE = ! W>1 ETC474 ,& ?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! ,GR\P ADVOCAT$ ! NECESSITY ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,?IS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS DEF9$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ALL ! WORK]S1 PEASANTS & MILITIAM5 :O HAD F\<T 9 ! /REETS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf 7& ?IS EXCLUD$ ! ,P,S,U,C1 F\ND$ ON ,JULY #b#c1 & ! ,],C74 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T1 H[EV]1 WAS ! COMB9$ EXPRESSION ( ! ?REE CONCLUD+ SLOGANS4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT BY A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA APPE>S ALONGSIDE ! SLOGAN ( 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS0 & 0,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 

,! POLITICAL PROGRAM EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS TEXT1 :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ IMM$IATELY BE=E ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WAS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ ADVANC$ & LUCID ( ALL ! PROGRAMS ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN GR\PS ( ! TIME1 & MADE ! ,GR\P ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT AT ?IS CRITICAL & DECISIVE MOM5T4 ,& ?AT IS JU/ H[ ! ,GR\P WAS VIEW$ AT ! TIME BY ! ,P,\,M & ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA94 

,! ,M,A,Y ,E,V,5,T,S.<#a#c.> 

,!RE WAS NO DEMON/RATION 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,MAY ,DAY1 :I* FELL ON A ,SATURDAY4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT HAD DECL>$ ! DAY A WORK+ DAY1 = 9CREAS+ W> PRODUCTION1 AL?\< ! REAL REASON WAS FE> ( A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS1 DUE TO ! GR[+ T5SION 9 V>I\S T[NS & DI/RICTS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,ON ?AT SAME ,SATURDAY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT MET TO DELIB]ATE ON ! DI/URB+ SITUATION ( PUBLIC ORD] 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL EXPRESS$ ITS APPROVAL ( ! EFFICACY DISPLAY$ DUR+ ! LA/ FEW WEEKS BY ! ,M9I/RIES ( ,9T]IOR & ,DEF5SE1 TO :OM IT AGRE$ TO GRANT A VOTE ( CONFID5CE TO RESOLVE ?OSE QUE/IONS CONC]N+ PUBLIC ORD] ?AT /ILL NE$$ TO BE ADDRESS$4 

,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ON ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #c1 WAS CONV5I5TLY ABS5T DUE TO A TRIP TO ,B5IC>LO = A MEET+ ) ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :I* ALL[$ HIM TO DISAV[ RESPONSIBILITY = ! FIR/ 9CID5TS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! POLITICAL DECISION ( ,COMPANYS1 ) HIS ABSOLUTE REFUSAL TO DISMISS ,>TEMI ,AGUADE & ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 AS ! ,C,N,T DEM&$ E>LI] ?AT SAME DAY1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TRIP-WIRES ?AT L$ TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ! FOLL[+ DAYS4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY1 A L>GE CONT+5T ( M9]S FROM ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT M9+ BAS9 W]E PRES5T 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O W]E 9T]E/$ 9 ! AGREEM5TS ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO MAKE CONC]N+ ! EXPORT ( POTA%1.<#a#c#a.> & :O SUBSEQU5TLY TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! B>RICADES4 

,ON ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g1 AT >\ND #b3#d#e P4M41 ?REE TRUCKS C>RY+ HEAVILY >M$ ASSAULT GU>DS PULL$ UP 9 FRONT ( ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA4 ,!Y W]E COMM&$ BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 A MILITANT ( ! ,U,G,T & A D$ICAT$ ,/AL9I/1 :O WAS ! PUBLICLY APPO9T$ *IEF ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]4 ,! BUILD+ CONTA9+ ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T S9CE ,JULY #a#i4 ,! QUE/IONS ( ! SURVEILLANCE ( TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS1 CONTROL OV] ! BORD]S1 & ! CONTROL PATROLS W]E ! BONES ( CONT5TION ?AT HAD PROVOK$ V>I\S 9CID5TS S9CE ,JANU>Y PITT+ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AGA9/ ! CONF$]AL MASSES4 ,IT WAS AN 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! REPUBLICAN /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* CLAIM$ ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] ALL ! RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT 0P]TA9$0 TO IT1 & ! DEF5SE ( ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY #ai ON ! P>T ( ! C5ETI/AS4 ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+4 ,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS ON ! L[] FLOORS1 TAK5 BY SURPRISE1 ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$2 ON ! UPP] FLOORS1 H[EV]1 S]I\S RESI/ANCE WAS ORGANIZ$1 ?ANKS TO A /RATEGICALLY PLAC$ MA*9E GUN4 ,! NEWS SPREAD QUICKLY4 ,B>RICADES W]E IMM$IATELY ]ECT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( A SPONTANE\S REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS1 BECAUSE ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE =CES & ! B>RICADES W]E ! FRUIT ( ! 9ITIATIVE TAK5 BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* RAPIDLY 5C\NT]$ SUPPORT ?ANKS TO ! EXI/5CE ( AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( G5]ALIZ$ DISCONT5T1 ! 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC H>D%IPS OCCASION$ BY ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 LONG QUEUES & RATION+1 AS WELL AS ! T5SION AMONG ! RANK & FILE BASE ( ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS BETWE5 COLLABORATIONI/S & REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! /REET BATTLES W]E 9ITIAT$ & C>RI$ \T BY ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES 7& ONLY P>TIALLY & SECOND>ILY BY SOME ELEM5TS ( ! CONTROL PATROLS74 ,! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO DIRECTIVE FROM ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E ACT+ AS ,M9I/]S 9 ,VAL5CIA1 OR FROM ANY O!R ORGANIZATION1 TO MOBILIZE & BUILD B>RICADES ?R\<\T ! CITY1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !SE ACTIONS W]E PURELY SPONTANE\S1 BUT RA!R ?AT !Y W]E ! RESULT ( ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES4.<#a#c#b.> ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA HAD SPOK5 AT ! ASSEMBLY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f1 ADVOCAT+ A ?IRD WAY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S HALF-HE>T$ ADVOCACY ( ! 0GO = BROKE0 /RATEGY & ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY POSITION ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 9 FAVOR ( LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ESCORZA ADVOCAT$ ! USE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS A TOOL TO SOCIALIZE ! ECONOMY1 & ?AT IT !N BE DISPOS$ ( :5 IT CEASES TO BE USEFUL TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,ESCORZA WAS ! HI<E/ RANK+ (FICIAL ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD S9CE ,JULY #aicf BE5 EXECUT+ ALL K9DS ( REPRESSIVE TASKS1 AS WELL AS ESPIONAGE & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,!SE ,S]VICES HAD PRES]V$ !IR [N SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T ( BO? ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS WELL AS1 DUR+ ITS BRIEF EXI/5CE1 ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,IT WAS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I71 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT EX]CIS$ A COORD9AT+ ROLE = ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] & ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS3 ,JOSE ,AS5S1 ,DIONISIO ,]OLES1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 0,PORTELA01 ETC4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 ! 0CONSELL]0 7,M9I/]7 ( ,HEAL? UND] ! SECOND ,T>RADELLAS GOV]NM5T1.<#a#c#c.> & ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 W]E ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS :O NEGOTIAT$ ) ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS 7! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT7 TO RESOLVE ! S]I\S GOV]NM5T CRISIS ( E>LY ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 DUE TO ! RESIGNATION ( ! 0CONSELL]0 ( ,DEF5SE1 ! C5ETI/A ,ISGLEAS4.<#a#c#d.> ,COMPANYS DECID$ TO AB&ON ! TACTIC EMPLOY$ BY ,T>RADELLAS1 :O C\LD NOT IMAG9E A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT WAS NOT A GOV]NM5T ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 & 9 :I* ! ,C,N,T DID NOT P>TICIPATE1 9 ORD] TO ADOPT ! TACTIC ADVOCAT$ BY ,COMOR]A1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ?AT CONSI/$ 9 US+ =CE TO IMPOSE A 0/RONG0 GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT W\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A ,C,N,T 9CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ITS [N MILITANTS1 :OM HE REF]R$ TO AS 0UNCONTROLLABLES01 9 L9E4 ,COMPANYS WAS DET]M9$ TO BREAK ) A AN 9CREAS+LY MORE PROBLEMATIC POLICY ( COMPROMISES ) ! ,C,N,T & ?\<T ?AT ! TIME HAD COME1 ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,SOVIETS1 TO IMPOSE BY =CE ! AU?ORITY & ! DECREES ( A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT1 AS ! FACTS HAD DEMON/RAT$1 WAS NOT EV5 /RONG 5\< TO REFRA9 FROM MAK+ DEALS ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! FRUITLESS DISCUSSIONS HELD BY ,COMPANYS ) ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A1.<#a#c#e.> :I* FAIL$ TO >RIVE AT ANY K9D ( POLITICAL SOLUTION 9 TWO MON?S ( TALKS1 & DESPITE ! EPHEM]AL NEW GOV]NM5T ( ,APRIL #a#f1.<#a#c#f.> L$ DIRECTLY TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 :5 ,COMPANYS1 )\T CONF]R+ ) ,T>RADELLAS 7NOT TO M5TION ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A7 ISSU$ ! ORD] TO ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 0CONSELL]0 ( ! ,9T]IOR1 TO OCCUPY ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+1 :I* WAS !N EXECUT$ BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1.<#a#c#g.> ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 AT APPROXIMATELY #b3#d#e P4M4 ON ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE ORD] WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( A 0SPONTANE\S CLASS 9/9CT04 ,! ORD] TO SEIZE ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+ WAS ! BRUTAL RESPONSE TO ! ,C,N,T DEM&S.<#a#c#h.> & AN EXPRESSION ( CONTEMPT = ! NEGOTIATIONS.<#a#c#i.> C>RI$ \T DUR+ ! MON? ( ,APRIL BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 REPRES5T+ ! ,C,N,T1 DIRECTLY ) ,COMPANYS1 :O HAD EXPRESSLY EXCLUD$ ,T>RADELLAS4 ,ESCORZA.<#a#d.> HAD ! MOTIVE & ! ABILITY TO RESPOND IMM$IATELY TO ! PROVOCATION /AG$ BY ,COMPANYS FROM HIS POSITION 9 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 AN AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ?AT COORD9AT$ ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! ,C,N,T MEMB]S :O HELD POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY 9 ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,?IS WAS MO/ LIKELY ! TRIGG] ( ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 & CREAT$ A FAVORABLE T]RA9 = ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,!Y W]E ABLE TO IMM$IATELY ADAPT TO :AT WAS REQUIR$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S W]E FI<T+ ) >MS 9 H&1 ! ,GR\P ATTEMPT$ TO LEAD !M & GIVE !M A REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4 ,ITS LIMITATIONS SOON BECAME APP>5T1 H[EV]4 ,IT CRITICIZ$ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OM IT CALL$ TRAITORS1 9 ITS ,MANIFE/O ( ,MAY #h1 BUT IT WAS UNABLE TO C\NT]ACT ! ,C,N,T'S DIRECTIVES TO AB&ON ! B>RICADES4 ,NOR DID IT PROPOSE TO ACT \TSIDE ( ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION & ITS DIRECTIVES1 :I* IMM$IATELY S\<T TO /OP ! 9SURRECTION ?AT WAS />T$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :5 ! GREAT ONES1 SU* AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 TRI$ TO PUT \T ! FIRE4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS 9CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ ITS PROPOSAL TO =M A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,ITS MEMB]S KNEW ?AT ITS CRITIQUES ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP W]E NOT 5\< TO DISPLACE IT FROM ITS RUL+ POSITION 9 ! ,C,N,T ORGANIZATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S W]E MO/LY Y\NG & 9EXP]I5C$ & LACK$ PRE/IGE AMONG ! CONF$]AL MASSES4 ,ITS IDEAS HAD NOT DEEPLY P]MEAT$ ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS4 

,:ILE ! ,GR\P WAS FL\ND]+ 9 ?IS SITUATION ( IMPOT5CE IT RECEIV$ A NOTE FROM ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 REQUE/+ ?AT AN AU?ORIZ$ DEPUTATION ( ! ,GR\P MEET ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS MEET+ WAS ATT5D$ BY ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,ELEUT]IO ,ROIG & ,M>T94 ,AT #g3 P4M4 ON ,MAY #d1 !Y MET ) ,GORK91 ,N9 & ,&RADE AT ! ,PR9CIPAL ,PALACE ON ! ,RAMBLAS4 ,TOGE!R !Y ASSESS$ ! SITUATION1 & REA*$ ! UNANIM\S CONCLUSION ?AT1 GIV5 ! OPPOSITION ( ! LEAD]%IP CIRCLES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! MOVEM5T WAS CONDEMN$ TO FAILURE4.<#a#d#a.> ,!Y AGRE$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO C>RY \T AN ORD]LY RETREAT ( ! COMBATANTS & ?AT ! LATT] %\LD KEEP !IR WEAPONS4 ,?AT ! )DRAWAL %\LD BE C>RI$ \T BE=E ! POSITIONS HAVE TO BE AB&ON$ AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIONS ( ! 5EMY =CES4 ,?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 GU>ANTEES ?AT ! COMBATANTS AT ! B>RICADES W\LD NOT BE T>GETS ( REPRESSION4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ! NEXT DAY1 ! HI<E/-LEVEL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S & (FICIALS AGA9 SPOKE ON ! RADIO1 CALL+ = AN 5D TO ! FI<T+4 ,& N[ ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS AT ! B>RICADES NO LONG] MOCK$ ! 0FIREM50 ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 OR ! KISSES ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV] GAVE ! ASSAULT GU>DS4 

,ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,MAY #e1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DI/RIBUT$ ! WELL-KN[N LEAFLET AT ! B>RICADES ?AT MADE !M FAM\S1 :OSE TEXT READS AS FOLL[S3 

0,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' ,GR\P4 

,W,O,R,K,],S6 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,%OOT ?OSE RESPONSIBLE4 ,DIS>M ALL >M$ GOV]NM5T =CES4 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! POLITICAL ,P>TIES ?AT HAVE ATTACK$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE %ALL NOT SURR5D] ! /REETS4 ,! REVOLUTION ABOVE ALL ELSE4 ,WE SALUTE \R COMRADES ( ! ,P,\,M :O HAVE FRAT]NIZ$ ) US 9 ! /REETS4 ,L,O,N,G ,L,I,V,E ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N6 ,D,[,N ,) ,! ,C,\,N,T,],R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N60 

,?IS LEAFLET WAS PR9T$ DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,MAY #e? BY WORK]S =C$ TO DO SO AT GUNPO9T1 9 A PR9T %OP 9 ! ,B>RIO ,*9O4 ,! IMPROVIZATION & LACK ( 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! ,GR\P W]E EVID5T4 ,! TEXT WAS DRAFT$ AFT] ! MEET+ ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ( ! ,P,\,M1 HELD AT #g3 P4M4 ON ! PREVI\S DAY1 :5 ! ,GR\P & ! ,P,\,M HAD ALREADY AGRE$ ON A POSITION ( DEF5SIVE RETREAT1 )\T AB&ON+ ANY WEAPONS1 & ) ! DEM& ?AT GU>ANTEES BE SECUR$ AGA9/ REPRESSION4 ,! LEAFLET1 APPROV$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ISSUE NUMB] #bce 7,MAY #f7 ( ,LA ,BATALLA1 WAS NOT BACK$ UP BY A PLAN ( ACTION1 & WAS NO?+ BUT A DECL>ATION ( 9T5TIONS & AN APPEAL TO ! SPONTANEITY ( ! CONF$]AL MASSES TO P]SEV]E 9 !IR ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ADVANCES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,9 REALITY1 EV]Y?+ DEP5D$ ON ! DECISION ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,IT WAS ABSURD & ILLOGICAL TO ?9K ?AT ! CONF$]AL MASSES1 DESPITE !IR 9ITIAL RETIC5CE1 & DESPITE !IR CRITICISMS1 W\LD NOT FOLL[ ! LEAD]S ( ,JULY #a#i4 ,ONLY IF ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T WAS SUPPLANT$ BY ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE1 AL?\< EV5 !N IT W\LD BE V]Y DIFFICULT1 = ! MASSES TO FOLL[ ! DIRECTIVES & ! ACTION PLAN ( A NEW LEAD]%IP4 ,NEI!R ! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 NOR ! ,P,\,M ATTEMPT$ TO DISLODGE ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 NOR HAD EI!R PREP>$ ANY K9D ( PLAN ( ACTION4 ,BO?1 9 PRACTICE1 5C\RAG$ A TAILI/ POLICY ) RESPECT TO ! DECISIONS ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL ( ,JOSEP ,REBULL.<#a#d#b.> TO SEIZE ! ,G5]ALITAT & ANY BUILD+S ?AT MI<T /ILL PUT UP ANY RESI/ANCE 9 ! CITY C5T]1 >GU+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A MILIT>Y QUE/ION1 BUT A POLITICAL ONE4 ,! CONFRONTATIONS W]E RE/RICT$ TO ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 

,ON ,MAY #e !RE WAS A MEET+ BETWE5 ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,B>CELONA ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 :I* ! ,P,\,MI/AS *>ACT]IZ$ AS A FAILURE1 BECAUSE3 

0,!Y .<! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI.> DID NOT WANT TO DIRECTLY 9T]V5E )9 ! CONF$]AL /RUCTURE TO REPLACE ! LEAD]%IP1 !Y ONLY WANT$ TO HAVE AN 9FLU5CE ON ! MOVEM5T )\T ASSUM+ ANY O!R K9D ( RESPONSIBILITY40 

,9 ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #e1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PROPOS$ A JO9T ,P,\,M-,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACTION4 ,AS AN IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE1 TO LEAD ! REVOLUTION1 !Y ADVOCAT$ ! =MATION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,B,U,T ,?,I,S ,C,\,L,D ,N,E,V,] ,B,E ,C,>,R,I,$ ,\,T ,9 ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,E4 ,!Y W]E PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ]S4 ,! PROPOSAL = JO9T ,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,P,\,M ACTION DID NOT GO BEYOND A SALUTE TO ! MILITANTS ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 :O W]E FI<T+ %\LD] TO %\LD] ) !M AT ! B>RICADES4 ,?IS PROPOSAL NEV] PROCE$$ FROM ! TEXT ( ! LEAFLET TO A CONCRETE PACT4 ,!Y DID PRACTICALLY NO?+ TO UNSEAT ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP & DEPRIVE IT ( CONTROL OV] ! CONF$]AL MASSES1 :O HAD REPEAT$LY IGNOR$ ! ,C,N,T'S ORD]S TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE 9 ! /REETS4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE FI<T]S ON ! B>RICADES & COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ ! ,PLAZA ,MACIA 7N[ ! ,PLAZA ,REAL71 ) ALL ! SIDE /REETS BLOCK$ BY B>RICADES1 & ! 5TIRE L5G? ( ,HOSPITAL ,/REET4 ,AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET1 UND] AN 5ORM\S PORTRAIT ( ,DURRUTI DRAP$ OV] ! FACADE ( ! BUILD+ :]E ! ,GR\P HAD ITS HEADQU>T]S1 A B>RICADE WAS BUILT :]E !Y E/ABLI%$ !IR C5T] ( OP]ATIONS4 ,!IR ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] ,HOSPITAL ,/REET CONNECT$ ) ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE 7! C5TRAL B>RACKS ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES7 AT ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS.<#a#d#c.> ON ! ,RONDA ,SAN ,PABLO1 & FROM !RE ) ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 SECUR$ BY =TY MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,COLUMN1 :O1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,DURRUTI/A ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO HAD 0DROPP$ 9 ON ,B>CELONA0 = PURPOSES ( 0OBS]VATION & 9TELLIG5CE01 AFT] BO? ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,COLUMN AS WELL AS ! ,L59 ,COLUMN1 COMM&$ BY ,ROVIRA1 HAD RETURN$ TO ! FRONT AFT] YIELD+ TO PRESSURE EX]T$ BY ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,MOL9A1 ?AT IS1 BY ! C5ETI/AS :O W]E GIV+ ORD]S FROM ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ,ISGLEAS4 

,! ,P,\,M TOTALLY DOM9AT$ ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO ) SEV]AL B>RICADES ?AT DEF5D$ AN EXT5SIVE P]IMET] >\ND ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE 79 ! ,PR9CIPAL ,PALACE7 & ! ,HOTEL ,FALCON1 :I* HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A =TRESS4 

,! BLOODIE/ & MO/ DECISIVE BATTLES TOOK PLACE ON ,MAY #d? & #e?4 ,! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS W]E UND] ,C,N,T-,F,A,I CONTROL FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,9 ! HE>T ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 = EXAMPLE1 B>RICADES W]E ]ECT$ SY/EMATICALLY TO CONTROL ! 9COM+ & \TGO+ TRAFFIC ON ! ,MAT>O HI<WAY1 YET ALL WAS QUIET 9 ?IS >EA1 & 9 ?OSE NEI<BORHOODS :]E FI<T+ WAS NECESS>Y ! BATTLES W]E RAPIDLY DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,SANTS1 :]E ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE1 9/ALL$ 9 ! ,HOTEL ,OLIMPIC ON ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 ATTACK$ ! NEI<BOR+ B>RACKS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D 7:I* H\S$ #f M57 AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 & !N1 AS A PREV5TIVE MEASURE1 ATTACK$ ! B>RACKS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 7! =M] ,CIVIL ,GU>D7 AT ,CAS>RAMONA.<#a#d#d.> 7N[ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ,CAIXA-,=UM71 HELD BY A SQUAD ( #h M51 S9CE ! RE/ ( ! G>RISON1 :I* HAD A TOTAL ( #d ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 HAD DEP>T$ ) ORD]S TO SEIZE ! RADIO /ATION ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS4 ,AS SOON AS !Y REA*$ ! VIC9ITY ( ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS !Y W]E DEFEAT$ & TOOK FLI<T4 ,9 ,PUEBLO ,SECO1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE FIR$ >TILL]Y SALVOS AT ! ,C9E ,AM]ICA 7,NO4 #aba ,P>ALELO71 :]E AB\T SIXTY ( !SE ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS HAD S\<T REFUGE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( !IR ATTEMPT TO GET BACK TO !IR B>RACKS4 

,! BLOODIE/ BATTLE WAS F\<T 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 & (T5 9VOLV$ CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 ADJAC5T B>RICADES ]ECT$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 ,C,N,T1 ,P,S,U,C1 ,],C & ! ,G5]ALITAT1 TO DEF5D !IR RESPECTIVE HEADQU>T]S & LOCAL (FICES4 

,! ,PLAZA DE ,SANT ,JAUME1 :]E ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT & ! (FICES ( ! ,CITY ,GOV]NM5T W]E LOCAT$1 WAS DEF5D$ BY B>RICADES MANN$ BY ! MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,P,\,M ]ECT$ A B>RICADE AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,FIVELL] ,/REET 7N[ ,F]RAN_/,F]N&O71 FROM :I* !Y FIR$ ON ! B>RICADE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,P,S,U,C BUILT A B>RICADE AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LLIBRET]IA ,/REET & ! ,PLAZA DEL ,ANGEL 7AT ?AT TIME1 ,DO/OIEVSKI71 RI<T 9 FRONT ( ! BUILD+ CONTA9+ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,U,G,T F$]ATION ( WAT]1 GAS & ELECTRIC P[] TRADE UNIONS1 LOCAT$ ON ! ,VIA ,LAYETANA 7!N KN[N AS ,DURRUTI74 ,! RESULT+ ABILITY TO OP5 FIRE FROM TWO SIDES AT ONCE ALL[$ !M TO DOM9ATE ?IS SECTOR ( ! ,VIA ,DURRUTI1 & ALSO BLOCKAD$ ! GATES ( ,NO4 #b1 ,PLAZA DEL ,ANGEL1 :]E ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I RESID$1 :O W]E KIDNAPP$ & MURD]$ BY A ,U,G,T PATROL4 ,!RE W]E ALSO BATTLES ON ,VIA ,DURRUTI BETWE5 ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] & ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* WAS DEF5D$ BY TANKS4 ,! COMBAT 9 ! ,PO/ ,(FICE BUILD+ WAS F\<T FLOOR BY FLOOR4 

,ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA GUNFIRE WAS EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ! ,CASAL ,C>LOS ,M>X ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! NE>BY LOCAL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION2 !RE WAS ALSO A BATTLE AT ! ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 BETWE5 ! B>RICADE ]ECT$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,P,\,M HEADQU>T]S1 ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 & ! B>RICADE ( ! NE>BY ,ASSAULT ,GU>D B>RACKS4 ,ALSO ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 ! ,G]MAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAD BUILT ANO!R B>RICADE 9 FRONT ( ! =M] ,G]MAN CONSULATE1 PROTECT$ BY A MA*9E GUN ?AT RAK$ ! 5TIRE ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 

,ON ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 BETWE5 ,BALMES & ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 !RE WAS A BATTLE ?AT PITT$ ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & SPECIAL TROOPS ( ! ,E/AT ,CATALA1 :O HAD OCCUPI$ ! CAFE ,ORO DEL ,RH9 & ]ECT$ A B>RICADE ON ! ,RAMBLA DE ,CATALUNA1 AGA9/ ! C5ETI/AS ( ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION & ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS2 MEAN:ILE1 FROM ! ,HOTEL ,COLON1 :I* %>$ A C\RTY>D ) ! BUILD+ H\S+ ! ,C,N,T'S ,GRAPHIC ,>TS ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E PREP>+ TO ASSAULT ! HOTEL1 %OTS W]E FIR$ ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+4 ,ON ! UPP] P>T ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 5DANG]$ BY GUNFIRE FROM A PLATOON ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS :O HAD CON/RUCT$ A =TIFI$ POSITION 9 ! ADJAC5T ,CAFE ,MOKA1 WAS DEF5D$ FROM ! A/RONOMICAL OBS]VATORIES ( ! ,POLIORAMA1.<#a#d#e.> A BUILD+ LOCAT$ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 FROM :I* GUNFIRE WAS DIRECT$ AT ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,CAFE ,MOKA4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A FI]CE BATTLE AT ! ,P>QUE DE LA ,CIUDADELA1 >\ND ! ,P>LIAM5T BUILD+1 ,AZANA'S RESID5CE 7! PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC71 ! ,M]CADO DEL ,BORN & AT ! ,E/ACION DE ,FRANCIA1 :I* WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! C5ETI/AS1 BUT :I* WAS F9ALLY CAPTUR$ BY ! TROOPS FROM ! NE>BY ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION4 ,!RE W]E ALSO BATTLES BETWE5 ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,B>RACKS 7,P,S,U,C7 & ! NE>BY ,ESP>TACO ,B>RACKS 7,C,N,T71 =M]LY KN[N AS ! ,DOCKS ,B>RACKS4 

,! PATROLS ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS SE>*$ & DIS>M$.<#a#d#f.> 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS FROM O!R FACTIONS ON ! /REETS ( ,5SAN*E4 ,NUM]\S 9CID5TS1 BRAWLS & >M$ CLA%ES W]E TAK+ PLACE EV]Y:]E1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ! TRIANGLE =M$ BY ! ,HOTEL ,COLON 7! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,P,S,U,C71 ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 ON ! ,VIA ,DURRUTI4 ,?IS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BA/ION 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 COMPOS$ ( N>R[ & TWI/+ ALLEYS1 EASILY BLOCK$ BY SMALL B>RICADES1 & /ILL DISPUT$1 %\LD HAVE YIELD$ TO ! RESOLUTE ASSAULT ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S1 AS ,JOSEP ,REBULL 9SI/5TLY DEMON/RAT$ TO ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M ) A MAP ( ,B>CELONA4 ,BUT ! RADIO BROADCA/S ( ! SPEE*ES ( ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S & O!R DIGNIT>IES HAD A P[]FUL DEMOBILIZ+ EFFECT4 ,AL?\< AT FIR/ SOME PEOPLE ACTUALLY FIR$ !IR GUNS AT !IR RADIOS :5 !Y HE>D ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAY ?AT HE HAD TO KISS ! DEAD POLICE1.<#a#d#g.> BECAUSE !Y W]E ANTIFASCI/ BRO!RS1 ! DEMORALIZ+ EFFECT ( SU* BROADCA/S ON ! B>RICADES SOON BECAME APP>5T1.<#a#d#h.> :I* WITNESS$ A SL[ BUT /EADY DES]TION BY ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ IMM$IATELY OBEY$ !IR SUP]IORS1 ) ! EXCUSE ?AT IT WAS 0OBVI\S0 ?AT ! 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 ! 0SPONTANE\S0 RESPONSE TO ! PROVOCATION IMPLI$ BY ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ AT ! ORD] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,AT ! ,G5]ALITAT ! TOP E*ELON LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 0PROTECT$0 BY ! >TILL]Y ( ,MONTJUIC ?AT W]E AIM$ AT ! ,PALACIO1.<#a#d#i.> ! ,/AL9I/S & ! ,CATALANI/ B\RGEOISIE DID ! ONLY ?+ !Y C\LD DO3 !Y =M$ ANO!R GOV]NM5T1 ! SAME GOV]NM5T ) DIFF]5T NAMES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P,\,M MET ) ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO APPEAL = CAUTION6 ,AMONG ! B>RICADES V>I\S ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION >OSE1 BUT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 =M+ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4.<#a#e.> 

,BALIUS1 ! MO/ \T/&+ !ORETICIAN ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 CRIPPL$ DUE TO PROGRESSIVE 5CEPHALITIS1 & SPA/IC HEMIPLEGIA ?AT AFFECT$ ! LEFT SIDE ( HIS BODY1 :I* MADE HIM UNABLE TO MOVE HIS LEFT LEG & CAUS$ /IFFNESS & TREMBL+ 9 HIS LEFT >M1 LEAN+ ON HIS CRUT*ES1 READ A PROCLAMATION FROM ! B>RICADE ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS_/,HOSPITAL 9 :I* HE CALL$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 ) ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y IMAGE ?AT CAPTUR$ ! MOM5T1 AS BEAUTIFUL AS IT WAS UNAVAIL+4 

,DI/RIBUT+ LEAFLETS AT ! B>RICADES WAS NOT EASY1 & WAS (T5 MET ) SUSPICION ON ! P>T ( MANY MILITANTS1 & EV5 ) PHYSICAL =CE4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ,MAY #e1 ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/S ,C>L9I & ,QUESADA.<#a#e#a.> HELD AN 9=MAL MEET+ ) ,BALIUS1 )\T ANY O!R PURPOSES OR P]SPECTIVES ?AN TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE ON ! B>RICADES4 ,JAUME ,BALIUS ALSO MET ) ,JOSEP ,REBULL1.<#a#e#b.> ! SECRET>Y ( CELL #gb ( ! ,P,\,M1 :I*1 DUE TO ! SMALL NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( BO? ORGANIZATIONS1 HAD NO PRACTICAL RESULT4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI REJECT$ ,JOSEP ,REBULL'S PROPOSAL TO ISSUE A JO9T ,MANIFE/O4 

,ON ,?URSDAY1 ,MAY #f1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T1 AS A DEMON/RATION ( !IR S9C]E DESIRE TO BR+ PEACE TO ! CITY1 EVACUAT$ ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+1 :]E ! CONFLICT BEGAN1 :I* WAS IMM$IATELY OCCUPI$ BY ! =CES ( ! POLICE1 :O GU>ANTE$ ?AT ! ,U,G,T MILITANTS W\LD BE ABLE TO KEEP !IR JOBS1 9 ORD] TO RESUME TELEPHONE S]VICE4 ,FAC$ ) ! PROTE/S ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 ! ,G5]ALITAT RESPOND$ ?AT 0IT WAS A FAIT ACCOMPLI01 & ! CONF$]AL LEAD]S *OSE NOT TO PUBLICIZE ?IS NEW B\RGEOIS 0BETRAYAL01 9 ORD] NOT TO FUEL ! FIRES ( DISCONT5T4 ,! V]NACUL> T]M = ?IS WAS ?AT !Y W]E ACT+ AS FIREM51 ?AT IS1 PUTT+ \T FIRES &_/OR CONFLICTS4 ,! AB&ONM5T ( ! B>RICADES BY ! C5ETI/AS WAS N[ G5]ALIZ$4 ,LITTLE GUNFIRE WAS HE>D4 

,:5 ! NEWS WAS REPORT$ ?AT A CONT+5T ( TROOPS WAS ON ITS WAY FROM ,VAL5CIA TO PACIFY ,B>CELONA1 ,BALIUS PROPOS$ ! =MATION ( A CONF$]AL COLUMN ?AT %\LD DEP>T FROM ,B>CELONA & 9T]CEPT !M4 ,ONCE ?IS COLUMN WAS =M$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 IT W\LD BE JO9$ BY O!R FI<T]S ALONG ! ROAD1 & IT W\LD ALSO HAVE ! SUPPORT ( NOT A FEW MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,>AGON ,FRONT3 IT C\LD GO ALL ! WAY TO ,VAL5CIA & !N ASSAULT HEAV54446 ,COMMISSIONS W]E =M$ TO CONSULT ) ! MILITANTS 9 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! /REETS1 BUT ! PROPOSAL F\ND NO E*O :ATSOEV]4 ,IT WAS ABSOLUTELY UNREALI/IC4 

,ON ,FRIDAY1 ,MAY #g1 />T+ AT #g3 P4M41 ! TROOPS FROM ,VAL5CIA M>*$ D[N ! ,DIAGONAL & ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] ONLY ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P,S,U,C W]E /ILL /&+1 :I* IT WANT$ TO PRES]VE AS MONUM5TS COMMEMORAT+ ITS VICTORY4 

,ON ,SATURDAY1 ,MAY #h1 ORD] ONCE AGA9 REIGN$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! CORPSES ( ,CAMILO ,B]N]I1 ,ALFR$O ,M>T9EZ1 & MANY O!R P]SONS :O HAD BE5 TORTUR$ & EXECUT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 BEGAN TO TURN UP4 ,! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I DEM&$ ! EXPULSION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 AL?\< NO TRADE UNION ASSEMBLY W\LD RATIFY ?IS DECISION4 

,! CONF$]AL MASSES1 DISORI5T$ BY ! APPEALS ( !IR LEAD]S--! SAME ONES !Y HAD ON ,JULY #a#i6--F9ALLY *OSE TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT AT FIR/ !Y HAD LAU<$ AT ! APPEALS FROM ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP = CALM & TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE SO AS TO PRES]VE ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 

,! ,MANIFE/O DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #h BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 9 :I* ! ,GR\P PRES5T$ !IR EVALUATION ( ! RESULTS ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WAS PR9T$ AT ! PR9T+ PRESS ( ,LA ,BATALLA4 ,! ,GR\P1 D5\NC$ BY ! ,C,N,T AS AN ORGANIZATION ( PROVOCATEURS1 HAD NO PUBLI%+ FACILITIES ( ITS [N4 ,A MILITIAMAN ( ! ,P,\,M1 ,P>ADELL1 A LEAD] ( ! RETAIL WORK]S TRADE UNION1 :5 HE F\ND \T ?AT ! ,GR\P NE$$ ACCESS TO A PRESS1 TOLD ,JOSEP ,REBULL1 ! $ITOR 9 *IEF ( ! ,P,\,M NEWSPAP]1 & ! LATT]1 FULFILL+ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DUTY ( REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY1 )\T CONSULT+ ANY SUP]IOR RANKS ( ! P>TY1 (F]$ TO PR9T ! ,MANIFE/O = ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 

,9 ?IS ,MANIFE/O ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P RELAT$ ! SEIZURE ( ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ TO PREVI\S PROVOCATIONS4 ,!Y ID5TIFI$ ! PROVOCATEURS ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS AS ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA1 ! ,P,S,U,C1 & ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PROCLAIM$ ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ,JULY #aicf 7& NOT JU/ ITS NATURE AS OPPOSITION TO ! FASCI/ UPRIS+7 & ( ,MAY #aicg 7!Y W\LD NOT BE CONT5T ) JU/ ANO!R *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T73 

0,\R ,GR\P1 :I* HAS BE5 9 ! /REETS1 ON ! B>RICADES1 DEF5D+ ! CONQUE/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ADVOCATES ! COMPLETE VICTORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,WE CANNOT ACCEPT ! FICTION1 & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y REALITY1 ( ! =MATION ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ) ! SAME P>TIES1 BUT ) DIFF]5T REPRES5TATIVES40 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ! BACK ROOM DEALS ?AT ! ,GR\P QUALIFI$ AS DECEITS1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI (F]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 ALREADY SET =? 9 ! LEAFLET ISSU$ ON ,MAY #e3 

0,\R ,GR\P DEM&S ! IMM$IATE =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 ! %OOT+ ( ?OSE :O >E RESPONSIBLE1 ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! >M$ =CES1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT HAVE ATTACK$ ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DID NOT HESITATE TO CLAIM ?AT ! WORK]S WON ! BATTLE ON ! MILIT>Y FIELD1 & !RE=E ?AT !Y HAD TO PUT AN 5D ONCE & = ALL TO A ,G5]ALITAT ?AT MEANT NO?+4 ,! ,GR\P ACCUS$ ! LEAD]S & SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 :O HAD P>ALYZ$ A VICTORI\S WORK]S 9SURRECTION1 ( 0BETRAYAL03 0,! ,G5]ALITAT REPRES5TS NO?+4 ,ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE RE9=CES ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK]S WON ! BATTLE4 ,IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T HAVE ACT$ ) SU* TIMIDITY ?AT !Y W\LD ORD] A 'CEASE-FIRE' & ?AT !Y W\LD EV5 ORD] A RETURN TO WORK :5 WE W]E ON ! V]GE ( TOTAL VICTORY4 ,!Y DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! REAL S\RCE ( ! AGGRESSION1 !Y DID NOT PAY ATT5TION TO ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ FEW DAYS4 ,SU* CONDUCT MU/ BE DEF9$ AS A BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION1 CONDUCT ?AT NO ONE1 = ANY REASON1 MU/ EV]Y COMMIT OR SPONSOR4 ,& WE CANNOT EV5 F9D ! WORDS TO DESCRIBE ! NEF>I\S WORK DONE BY ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ! MO/ WELL-KN[N MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T40 

,! T]M 0BETRAYAL0 WAS US$ AGA9 :5 ! ,GR\P COMM5T$ ON ! EXPULSION ORD] ISSU$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T AGA9/ ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 AS WELL AS 9 ITS DISCUSSION ( ! 5CROA*M5T BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ,VAL5CIA ON ! SECURITY & DEF5SE P[]S ( ,CATALONIA 7NOT ?OSE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT ?OSE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T73 0,?IS IS BETRAYAL ON A VA/ SCALE4 ,! TWO ESS5TIAL GU>ANTEES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 SECURITY & DEF5SE1 >E (F]$ ON A PLATT] TO \R 5EMIES40 ,! ,MANIFE/O CONCLUD$ ) A BRIEF AUTO-CRITIQUE ) REG>D TO C]TA9 9EFFECTIVE TACTICS EMPLOY$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 & ) AN OPTIMI/IC P]SPECTIVE ON ! FUTURE1 :I* ! IMM$IATE WAVE ( REPRESSION ?AT BEGAN ON ,MAY #bh DEMON/RAT$ TO BE VA9 & ILLOGICAL4 ,MAY #aicg DID NOT 5D 9 A DRAW2 IT WAS A SEV]E DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,DESPITE ! P]VASIVE MY?OLOGY ( ! ,EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ONE ?+ ?AT IS CLE> IS ?AT IT WAS A V]Y *AOTIC & CONFUS$ SITUATION1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EAG]NESS TO NEGOTIATE ( ALL ! P>TIES IMPLICAT$ 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,MAY #aicg WAS AT NO TIME AN (F5SIVE & RESOLUTE WORK]S 9SURRECTION1 BUT M]ELY A DEF5SIVE /RUGGLE )\T ANY PRECISE OBJECTIVES1 AL?\< IT =M$ P>T ( ! ONGO+ /RUGGLE ( SOCIALIZATON AGA9/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 & ! /RUGGLE 9 DEF5SE ( 0! CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY4 ,! DETONATOR ( ! CONFLICT WAS ! ASSAULT ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ BY ! SECURITY =CES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,& ?IS ACTION TOOK PLACE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! LOGIC PURSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,COMPANYS TO SL[LY TAKE OV] ALL ! P[]S ?AT ! 0ANOMAL\S0 SITUATION BR\<T AB\T BY ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai HAD MOM5T>ILY DEPRIV$ IT (4 ,! REC5T SUCCESSES IT 5JOY$ 9 ,C]DANA CLE>$ ! WAY = A DECISIVE %[D[N 9 ,B>CELONA & ALL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,COMPANYS FELT ?AT HE HAD ! SUPPORT ( ,COMOR]A 7,P,S,U,C7 & ,OVSE5KO 7! ,SOVIET ,CONSUL71 ) :OM HE HAD COLLABORAT$ V]Y CLOSELY & EFFECTIVELY S9CE ,DECEMB]1 :5 ! ,P,\,M WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! POLICY ( ! ,/AL9I/S CO9CID$ ) ! OBJECTIVES ( ,COMPANYS3 ! WEAK5+ & ANNIHILATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 ?AT IS1 ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T1 W]E ,SOVIET GOALS1 :I* C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY WAY ( ! /R5G!N+ ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! LONG OP5 CRISIS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AFT] ! REFUSAL ( ! ,C,N,T TO CONS5T TO ! TRANSF] ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,DIVISION 7( ! ,P,S,U,C7 TO ! ,MADRID ,FRONT1 & AFT] ! ,DECREE ( ,M>* #d ORD]+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS & ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! RE>GU>D1 L$ TO ITS 9EVITABLE VIOL5T CULM9ATION1 AFT] V>I\S EPISODES 9VOLV+ >M$ CONFRONTATIONS 9 ,VILANESA1 ,LA ,FAT>ELLA1 ,CULL]A 7,VAL5CIA71 ,BELLV]1 ! FUN]AL ( ,CORTADA1 ETC41 9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ & ! BLOODY EV5TS ( ,MAY 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! /UPID BL9DNESS1 ! UNBREAKABLE LOYALTY TO ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ! HI< DEGREE ( COLLABORATION ) ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ON ! P>T ( ! PR9CIPAL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S 7FROM ,PEIRO TO ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 FROM ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 FROM ,M>IANET TO ,VAL]IO ,MAS7 W]E NOT IRRELEVANT FACTORS1 NOR DID !Y PASS UNNOTIC$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,SOVIET AG5TS4 ,!IR IDIOTIC SANCTITY C\LD ALWAYS BE C\NT$ ON1 AS WAS ABUNDANTLY DISPLAY$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,BUT ,COMPANYS DID NOT EXPECT ! RAPID & DECISIVE >M$ RESPONSE ( ,ESCORZA1 FROM ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 & !N HE WAS 9FURIAT$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO ORD] ,DIAZ ,S&9O 7:O WAS ! COMM&] ( ! ,REPUBLICAN AIR =CE7 TO BOMB ! B>RACKS & BUILD+S CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T4 ,COMPANYS 5D$ UP =FEIT+ ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ) REG>D TO ,DEF5SE & ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 :I* HAD NEV] BE5 V]Y EXT5SIVE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,AS = ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DUR+ ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 !RE IS C]TA9LY NO JU/IFICATION TO 5GAGE 9 A DECEPTIVE MY?IFICATION ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! B>RICADES & ( ITS LEAFLET1 S9CE ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI AT NO TIME CALL$ = ! REPLACEM5T ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 & LIMIT$ ITS EF=TS TO H>% CRITIQUES ( ITS LEAD]S & !IR POLICY ( 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS !Y C\LD NOT HAVE DONE ANY MORE ?AN ?AT1 GIV5 !IR SMALL NUMB]S & ! SLI<T 9FLU5CE !Y HAD ON ! C5ETI/A MASSES4 ,BUT WE %\LD EMPHASIZE !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! /REET BATTLES1 & !IR CONTROL ( V>I\S B>RICADES ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 ESPECIALLY ! ONE 9 FRONT ( !IR SOCIAL C5T]1 & !IR 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! /RUGGLES 9 ,SANTS1 ,LA ,TORRASSA & ,SALL5T4 ,WE MU/1 ( C\RSE1 ACKN[L$GE !IR ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE LEAD]%IP & M9IMAL POLITICAL DEM&S1 9 ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #e4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS LEAFLET WAS NOT EASY1 & CO/ ! LIVES ( SEV]AL ( ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S1 BUT ITS DI/RIBUTION ON ! B>RICADES C\LD C\NT ON ! SYMPA?Y & ! SUPPORT ( MANY ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,AMONG ! NOTEWOR?Y ACTIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WE MU/ NOT =GET ! APPEAL ISSU$ BY ,BALIUS FROM ! B>RICADE ON ! CORN] ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET1 = ! ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ( ALL ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE ) ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 ONCE ! GR\P RECEIV$ NEWS ( ! =MATION ( A COLUMN ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS ?AT WAS TO BE S5T FROM ,VAL5CIA TO CRU% ! REBELLION1 REACT$ ) A CALL TO =M AN AN>*I/ COLUMN TO 9T]CEPT IT4 ,?IS IDEA NEV] AM\NT$ TO ANY?+ MORE ?AN A VA9 PROPOSAL1 :I* NO LONG] F\ND ANY E*O :ATSOEV] AMONG ! C5ETI/A MILITANTS1 :O BEGAN TO AB&ON ! B>RICADES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ! DELEGATE ( ! MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ! ,MADRID ,FRONT :ILE AWAIT+ TRANSF] TO ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 REMA9$ 9ACTIVE 9 ! B>RACKS ( ! ,DOCKS ON ,IC>IA ,AV5UE1 TOTALLY UN9VOLV$ ) ! /REET BATTLES1 AS IF HE WAS UNAW>E ( !M OR !Y W]E TAK+ PLACE ON ! PLANET ,M>S4.<#a#e#c.> 

,WE MU/ F9ALLY NOTE1 FROM A POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! AGREEM5T MADE ) ! ,P,\,M TO ISSUE AN APPEAL TO ! WORK]S ?AT1 BE=E !Y AB&ON ! B>RICADES1 !Y %\LD REQUE/ GU>ANTEES ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO SUBSEQU5T REPRISALS2 & ABOVE ALL ?AT ! BE/ GU>ANTEE WAS TO KEEP !IR WEAPONS1 :I* !Y MU/ NEV] SURR5D]4 ,A DEFEAT$ WORK]S 9SURRECTION MI<T NOT AB&ON ITS >MS1 BUT IT CANNOT EXPECT ?AT REPRESSION W\LD NOT BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION>IES1 :I* IS JU/ :AT TOOK PLACE AFT] ,JUNE #a#f4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 ONCE ! FI<T+ WAS OV]1 ! ,MAY B>RICADES PROV$ TO BE A NUISANCE = EV]YONE3 ! TROOPS ?AT HAD >RIV$ FROM ,VAL5CIA TORE UP ! MEMB]%IP C>DS ( ! C5ETI/AS & =C$ PEACEFUL PASS]SBY TO TE> D[N ! B>RICADES1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T WAS CALL+ = ! RAPID DISMANTL+ ( ! B>RICADES AS A SIGN ( A RETURN TO NORMAL4 ,)9 A FEW DAYS ONLY ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P,S,U,C REMA9$1 :I* ! ,P,S,U,C WANT$ TO PRES]VE AS A MONUM5T TO & SIGN ( ITS VICTORY4 ,! TOTAL CASUALTIES AM\NT$ TO FIVE HUNDR$ DEAD & SEV]AL ?\S& W\ND$4 

,FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ROLE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS MU* MORE SIGNIFICANT AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 :5 !Y BEGAN PUBLI%+ !IR BULLET91 :I* WAS GIV5 ! NAME ( ! NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ BY ,M>AT DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE4 

,A,F,T,] ,M,A,Y 

,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T PROPOS$ ! EXPULSION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 BUT C\LD NOT CONV9CE ANY TRADE UNION ASSEMBLY TO RATIFY ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION EMBODI$ BY ! ,GR\P4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y EI!R TOOK P>T 9 ! ACTIONS ( OR HELD ! SAME VIEWS AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 BUT !Y DID UND]/& & RESPECT ! ,GR\P'S POSITIONS1 & EV5 SUPPORT$ ITS CRITICISMS ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 

,! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP DELIB]ATELY US$ & ABUS$ ! ACCUSATION ( 0,M>XI/S01 ! MO/ S]I\S 9SULT IMAG9ABLE AMONG AN>*I/S1 :I* IT LAUN*$ ON REPEAT$ OCCASIONS AGA9/ ! ,GR\P1 & SPECIFICALLY AGA9/ ,BALIUS4 ,BALIUS & ! ,GR\P1 ( C\RSE1 DEF5D$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS QUITE UND]S]V$ 09SULT01 & NOT )\T REASON4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ 9 ! !ORETICAL PROPOSITIONS ( ! ,GR\P1 MU* LESS 9 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 OR 9 ! ,GR\P'S V>I\S MANIFE/OES & LEAFLETS1 ?AT W\LD ALL[ ONE TO CALL ! ,GR\P ,M>XI/4 ,! ,GR\P COMPRIS$ M]ELY AN OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ POLICY ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 FROM )9 ! ORGANIZATION & ON ! BASIS ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS LEGALLY PUBLI%$ ON ,MAY #a#i1 ) A L>GE NUMB] ( C5SOR$ GALLEY PRO(S4 ,! FRONT PAGE1 9 BLACK & R$ & 9 FULL SIZ$ =MAT1 WAS EMBLAZON$ ) A SKET* %[+ ! SMIL+ ,DURRUTI C>RY+ A R$ & BLACK FLAG4 ,?IS FIR/ ISSUE WAS NOT DAT$2 ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ! PAP] W]E LOCAT$ AT ,NUMB] #a1 ,RAMBLA DE LAS ,FLORES1 ON ! FIR/ FLOOR4 ,! NEWSPAP] WAS PUBLI%$ AS ! VOICE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 ,IT LI/$ ,BALIUS AS $ITOR 9 *IEF1 & ,ELEUT]IO ,ROIG1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ & ,DOM+O ,PANIAGUA AS $ITORS4 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ >TICLE1 SIGN$ BY ,BALIUS1 WAS 5TITL$1 0,= ! ,RECORD4 ,WE ,>E ,NOT ,AG5TS ,PROVOCATEURS0 .<0,POR LOS FU]OS DE LA V]DAD4 ,NO SOMOS AG5TES PROVOCADORES0.>1 9 :I* ,BALIUS COMPLA9S AB\T ! 9SULTS & ATTACKS ORIG9AT+ FROM AMONG ! CONF$]AL RANKS !MSELVES4 ,HE REF]R$ TO ! LEAFLET & ! MANIFE/O ISSU$ 9 ,MAY1 :I* HE SAID HE W\LD NOT REPUBLI% 9 ORD] TO AVOID ITS C]TA9 & 9EVITABLE C5SOR%IP4 ,HE DIRECTLY ATTACK$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A = ITS HO/ILITY T[>DS ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 & D5I$ ! SL&] SPREAD BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP3 0WE >E NOT AG5TS PROVOCATEURS40 ,TO AVOID C5SOR%IP1 />T+ ) ! SECOND ISSUE1 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY4 ,! FIF? ISSUE IS ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ $ITIONS ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,ITS COV] PAGE FEATURES AN >TICLE 5TITL$3 0,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY40 ,?IS $ITORIAL ALONE W\LD BE 5\< TO ASSURE ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 NOT ONLY 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CIVIL W>1 BUT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ACRATIC IDEOLOGY AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ATTRIBUTE ! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & ! FAILURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 AFT] ! LATT]'S UND5IABLE & ABSOLUTE VICTORY ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 TO ONE REASON ALONE3 ! ABS5CE ( A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,P,R,O,G,R,A,M4 ,& ?IS WAS ALSO ! CAUSE ( ! DEFEAT ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,! CONCLUSION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS SET =? ) GREAT CL>ITY3 

0,! DESC5D+ TRAJECTORY .<( ! REVOLUTION.> MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ABS5CE ( A CONCRETE PROGRAM & IMM$IATE EF=TS TO IMPLEM5T SU* A PROGRAM1 & ?IS IS :Y WE HAVE FALL5 9TO ! NETS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAD BECOME G5U9ELY FAVORABLE = ! CR[N+ ACT ( ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& BECAUSE ! AWAK5+ ( ,JULY WAS NOT ALL[$ TO DEVELOP FREELY1 9 A G5U9ELY CLASS S5SE1 WE HAVE MADE POSSIBLE A PETTY B\RGEOIS RULE ?AT C\LD HAVE BY NO MEANS EV] EM]G$ IF AMONG ! CONF$]AL & AN>*I/ MILIEUS A UNANIM\S RESOLVE HAD PREVAIL$ TO 9/ALL ! PROLET>IAT 9 CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY4 .<444.> SUCCUMB+ TO ! FOOLI% NOTION ?AT A REVOLUTION ( A SOCIAL TYPE C\LD %>E ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL N]VE C5T]S ) 5EMY ELEM5TS4 .<444.> ,9 ,MAY ! SAME CONFLICT WAS AGA9 POS$4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! W9D WAS BL[+ 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS :O 9 ,JULY W]E FRI<T5$ BY ! DANG] ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ONCE AGA9 FELL PREY TO ?AT SAME LACK ( VISION ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 ! FATEFUL 0CEASE FIRE0 ORD] ?AT WAS LAT] TRANS=M$1 DESPITE ! DECL>ATION ( A TRUCE1 9TO AN 9SI/5T DIS>MAM5T & A M]CILESS REPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 .<444.> ,SO ?AT1 BY DEPRIV+ \RSELVES ( A PROGRAM1 I4E41 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 WE HAVE 5TIRELY SURR5D]$ TO \R 5EMIES :O POSSESS$ & /ILL POSSESS A PROGRAM & V>I\S DIRECTIVES .<444.> TO ! PETTY B\RGEOIS P>TIES ?AT WE %\LD HAVE CRU%$ 9 ,JULY & 9 ,MAY4 ,WE ?9K ?AT ANY O!R SECTOR1 W]E IT TO HAVE AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY SU* AS WE POSSESS1 W\LD HAVE BECOME ! ABSOLUTE >BIT] ( ! SITUATION4 ,9 ! PREVI\S ISSUE ( \R BULLET9 WE PUBLI%$ A PROGRAM4 ,WE FEEL ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 ! ECONOMIC PR$OM9ANCE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ! FREE CON/RUCTION ( ,MUNICIPAL BODIES4 ,\R ,GR\P HAS S\<T TO PROVIDE A GUIDE1 \T ( FE> ?AT1 %\LD CIRCUM/ANCES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,JULY & ,MAY REEM]GE1 ! SAME ?+S W\LD HAPP54 ,& VICTORY DEP5DS ON ! EXI/5CE ( A PROGRAM ?AT MU/ BE SUPPORT$1 )\T HESITATION1 ) GUNS4 .<444.>0 

0,REVOLUTIONS ?AT DO NOT HAVE !ORIES DO NOT GET ANY:]E4 ,! POSITIONS \TL9$ BY ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' MAY BE SUBJECT$ TO REVISION BY MAJOR SOCIAL DI/URBANCES1 BUT !Y >E ROOT$ 9 TWO ESS5TIAL PO9TS ?AT CANNOT BE CIRCUMV5T$4 ,A PROGRAM & GUNS40 

,?IS TEXT IS FUNDAM5TAL2 IT M>KS A MILE/ONE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,! !ORETICAL CONCEPTS SET =? 9 ?IS TEXT1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ONLY VAGUELY \TL9$1 >E N[ EXPRESS$ ) A BL9D+ CL>ITY4 ,& !SE !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5TS W\LD LAT] BE REPEAT$ & >GU$ 9 ! PAMPHLET BY ,BALIUS1 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION04 ,BUT ?IS IS :]E !Y APPE>$ = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,& NO ONE CAN D5Y !IR NOVELTY & !IR SIGNIFICANCE = AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P HAD ACCEPT$ OLD !ORETICAL CONCEPTS1 =MULAT$ AFT] A PA9FUL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 :I* OV] ! C\RSE ( A CIVIL W> & A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS HAD />KLY REVEAL$ ! CONTRADICTIONS & ! NECESSITIES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO S]I\SLY BELIEVE & PRES5T DOCUM5TATION TO ! EFFECT ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( A GR\P \TSIDE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :E!R ,TROTKSYI/S OR ,P,\,MI/AS8 ,IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS DUE EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ITSELF1 :I* 9 ITS ANALYSIS ( ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL SITUATION HAD REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ( ! NECESSITY1 :I* IS UNAVOIDABLE 9 A REVOLUTION1 ( E/ABLI%+ A PROGRAM & A GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD IMPOSE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! SIX? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS DATEL9$ ,B>CELONA1 ,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#i#c#g4 ,! LEAD $ITORIAL WAS 5TITL$1 0,! ,NE$ = A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA01 :I*1 FOLL[+ UP ON ! $ITORIAL 9 ! PREVI\S ISSUE CONC]N+ ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 CLAIM$ ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ 9 ,JULY #aicf WAS A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA3 

0,CONC]N+ ! ,JULY MOVEM5T1 WE HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE CRU%$ )\T M]CY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MA9 ]RORS WE HAVE MADE ?AT WE >E N[ PAY+ = MANY TIMES OV]4 ,?IS DEF5SIVE MISSION WILL BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* WILL HAVE TO BE UNYIELD+ ) 5EMY SECTORS4 .<444.> 

0,! IMPORTANCE ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA IS IMM5SE4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ ANO!R IDEA4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( A S]IES ( FAILURES & DISA/]S4 ,& IT IS ! CATEGORICAL RECTIFICATION ( ! C\RSE ?AT HAS BE5 FOLL[$ UP UNTIL ! PRES5T4 

0,9 ,JULY AN ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS =M$ ?AT DID NOT MEASURE UP TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ?AT SUBLIME MOM5T4 ,H[ C\LD ! EMBRYONIC ORGAN >IS5 FROM ! B>RICADES FUNCTION ) FRI5DS & 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION SIDE BY SIDE8 ,DUE TO ITS COMPOSITION1 ! ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS NOT ! EXPON5T ( ! ,JULY /RUGGLE4 .<444.> WE ADVOCATE ?AT ONLY ! WORK]S FROM ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & COMBATANTS :O1 AT ! DECISIVE MOM5TS ( ! BATTLE HAVE PROV5 TO BE ! *AMPIONS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 %\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 .<444.> 

0',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' ,GR\P1 :I* HAS =MULAT$ AN EXACT CRITIQUE ( ! ,MAY EV5TS1 FEELS1 FROM ?IS V]Y MOM5T1 ! NE$ TO CON/ITUTE A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 AS WE CONCEIVE IT1 & WE BELIEVE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION .<444.>40 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS ALREADY QUITE NOTEWOR?Y4 ,AFT] ! RECOGNITION ( ! NECESSITY ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! NEXT QUE/ION ?AT WAS POS$ WAS1 :O EX]CISES ! DICTATOR%IP8 ,! ANSW] IS A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* IS !N DEF9$ AS ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>IES :O F\<T ON ,JULY #a#i4 ,AS = ! ROLE ( ?IS ,JUNTA1 WE CANNOT BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LD BE ANY DIFF]5T ?AN ?AT ATTRIBUT$ BY ! ,M>XI/S TO ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 

,MUNIS1 H[EV]1 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ,LA ,VOZ ,L59I/A1 CRITICIZ$ ! SIX? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE BECAUSE HE DISC]N$ 9 ITS CLAIMS A REGRESSION ) RESPECT TO ! SAME =MULATIONS MADE BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DUR+1 & IMM$IATELY AFT]1 ! ,MAY EV5TS4.<#a#e#d.> 

,! ELEV5? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS DAT$ ,SATURDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#c#g1 :I* WAS ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DEA? ( ,DURRUTI1 & WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY DEVOT$ TO COMMEMORAT+ ! POPUL> AN>*I/ H]O4 ,AMONG ALL ! >TICLES 9 ?IS ISSUE1 MO/LY DEVOT$ TO A MORE OR LESS ACCURATE COMM5T>Y ON ! FIGURE ( ,DURRUTI1 ONE >TICLE /&S \T1 5TITL$1 0,COMM5TS ON ,DURRUTI01 9 :I* ! AU?OR 5GAGES 9 A POLEMICAL D5UNCIATION ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ,DURRUTI'S IDEOLOGY & 9T5TIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ANONYM\S AU?OR1 ,SOLI .<,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A.> CLAIM$ ?AT ,DURRUTI WAS PREP>$ TO R5\NCE ALL REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES TO W9 ! W>4 ,! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE 9 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE VIEW$ SU* A CLAIM AS AN \TRAGE & AS ! WOR/ POSSIBLE 9SULT AGA9/ ! MEMORY ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! ,GR\P'S VIEW ( ,DURRUTI'S IDEOLOGY WAS 5TIRELY CONTR>Y TO ?AT (F]$ BY ,SOLI3 

0,DURRUTI NEV] R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,IF HE DID SAY ?AT EV]Y?+ EXCEPT VICTORY MU/ BE R5\NC$1 HE WAS REF]R+ TO ! FACT ?AT WE MU/ BE PREP>$ = ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES1 EV5 ( LIFE ITSELF1 RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO FASCISM4 

0,9 ! M\? ( ,DURRUTI1 H[EV]1 ! CONCEPT ( VICTORY DOES NOT IMPLY ! LEA/ SEP>ATION ( ! W> & ! REVOLUTION4 .<444.> ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE1 & ( ?IS WE >E CONV9C$1 ?AT ,DURRUTI W\LD HAVE ADVOCAT$ ?AT ! CLASS1 :I* A*IEV$ TOTAL VICTORY AT ! CO/ ( SU* GREAT SACRIFICES1 W\LD BE ! SAME CLASS ?AT IS CON/ANTLY MAK+ CONCESSIONS & COMPROMISES = ! B5EFIT ( ! 5EMY CLASS4 .<444.> 

0,DURRUTI WANT$ TO W9 ! W>1 BUT HE ALWAYS KEPT AN EYE ON ! RE>GU>D4 .<444.> 

0,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI NEV] R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WILL NEV] R5\NCE IT EI!R40 

,! TWELF? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 DAT$ ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#h1 WAS ! LA/ ISSUE ( ! BULLET9 ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 

,! ,B,A,L,I,U,S ,P,A,M,P,H,L,E,T3 0,T,[,>,D,S ,A ,N,E,W ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N0 

,! PAMPHLET1 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION0.<#a#e#e.> WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#h1 AL?\< ,BALIUS BEGAN WRIT+ IT >\ND ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g4 ,IT IS ! MO/ ELABORATE ( ! TEXTS ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 & !RE=E DES]VES A SEP>ATE COMM5T>Y4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! PAMPHLET W]E ALREADY SET =? 9 ! $ITORIALS ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE 9 ISSUES #e1 #f & #g1 ?AT IS1 9 ! ISSUES PUBLI%$ BETWE5 ,JULY #b & ,AUGU/ #c#a4 

,! PAMPHLET CONSI/S ( #ca PAGES1 & IS DIVID$ 9TO EI<T *APT]S4 ,9 ! FIR/ *APT] A BRIEF HI/ORICAL 9TRODUCTION IS PRES5T$1 9 :I* ,BALIUS (F]S A GROTESQUE DEPICTION ( ! P]IOD EXT5D+ FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMA DE ,RIV]A UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,9 ! SECOND *APT] ! EV5TS LEAD+ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai >E ANALYZ$4 

,SOME ( HIS CLAIMS >E QUITE /RIK+1 & >E NO LESS TRUE = BE+ PRES5T$ 9 SU* A BLUNT MANN]3 

0,! PEOPLE LOOK$ = WEAPONS4 ,!Y GOT !M4 ,!Y OBTA9$ !M BY !IR [N EF=TS4 ,NOBODY GAVE !M TO !M4 ,NEI!R ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC NOR ! ,G5]ALITAT GAVE !M A S+LE RIFLE40 

,WE MU/ CALL ATT5TION TO ! PR(\ND ANALYSIS ( ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf C>RI$ \T BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P3 

0,! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS POPULATION WAS ON ! SIDE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! MAJORITY ORGANIZATION 9 ,CATALUNA WAS ! ,C,N,T4 ,:AT HAPP5$ ?AT CAUS$ ! ,C,N,T NOT TO C>RY \T ITS REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS ! REVOLUTION ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT8 

0,:AT HAPP5$ WAS :AT HAD TO HAPP54 ,! ,C,N,T WAS )\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE A CORRECT PROGRAM4 ,WE DID NOT KN[ :]E WE W]E GO+4 ,A LOT ( POETRY1 BUT 9 ! F9AL ACC\NT+1 WE DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ?OSE 5ORM\S MASSES ( WORK]S1 WE DID NOT KN[ H[ TO GIVE FLEXIBILITY TO ?AT POPUL> SURGE ?AT P\R$ =? 9 \R ORGANIZATIONS & BECAUSE WE DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO WE SURR5D]$ ! REVOLUTION ON A PLATT] TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,M>XI/S1 :O PLAY$ ! SAME OLD MASQU]ADE1 & :AT IS MU* WORSE1 WE GAVE !M ! RESPITE !Y NE$$ TO REBUILD !IR =CES & IMPLEM5T A VICTORI\S PLAN4 ,NO ONE KNEW H[ TO REALIZE ! FULL POT5TIAL ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,NO ONE WANT$ TO FOLL[ ?R\< ) ! REVOLUTION ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES40 

,?US1 ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY FAIL$1 ACCORD+ TO ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 BECAUSE ! ,C,N,T LACK$ A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,MANY REASONS1 & DIV]SE & V>I\S EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 (F]$ FROM )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION2 SOME HYPO!SES >E MORE OR LESS CONV9C+1 BUT NEI!R ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 NOR ,SEMPRUN-,MAURA1 NOR ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 NOR ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 NOR ,B]N]I1 HAVE BE5 AS CLE> & AS DEF9ITIVE1 NOR HAVE !Y ANALYZ$ ! NATURE ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION ) ! SAME PR(UNDITY1 AS ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DID 9 ! P>AGRAPH WE JU/ QUOT$4 

,?IS IS ONLY ! TIP ( ! ICEB]G1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 :O W]E NOT BRILLIANT !ORETICIANS1 OR GOOD ORGANIZ]S1 BUT ESS5TIALLY PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 :O DEF5D$ !IR !ORETICAL POSITIONS ON ! BASIS ( !IR REFLECTIONS ON !IR EXP]I5CES1 )\T ANY O!R COMPASS ?AN !IR CLASS 9/9CT1 W]E CAPABLE1 9 ! TEXT ?AT WE %ALL CONSID] NEXT1 ( ONE ( ! BE/ CONTEMPOR>Y ANALYZES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,AN ANALYSIS ?AT DES]VES CLOSE CONSID]ATION1 & ONE ?AT WE MU/ NOT LABEL AS AN>*I/ OR ,M>XI/1 BECAUSE IT IS ! ANALYSIS ( M5 :O DID NOT PLAY ) WORDS1 BUT ) LIVES1 & FIR/ ( ALL ) !IR [N3 0,:5 AN ORGANIZATION HAS SP5T ITS 5TIRE EXI/5CE CALL+ = REVOLUTION1 IT HAS ! OBLIGATION TO C>RY ?AT REVOLUTION \T PRECISELY :5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO IS PRES5T$4 ,& 9 ,JULY ?IS OPPORTUNITY >OSE4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD TO /EP UP & ASSUME ! LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NTRY1 DELIV]+ A SOLID KICK TO EV]Y?+ >*AIC1 EV]Y?+ ANCI5T1 & 9 ?IS WAY WE W\LD HAVE WON ! W> & WE W\LD HAVE WON ! REVOLUTION40 

0,BUT WE PROCE$$ 9 A MANN] CONTR>Y TO ?IS4 ,! ,C,N,T COLLABORAT$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! (FICES ( ! /ATE AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! /ATE WAS FALL+ AP>T EV]Y:]E4 ,IT RE9=C$ ,COMPANYS & HIS 5T\RAGE4 ,A BREA? ( FRE% AIR WAS GIV5 TO AN ANEMIC & C[$ B\RGEOISIE4 

0,ONE ( ! CAUSES ?AT L$ MO/ DIRECTLY TO ! /RANGULATION ( ! REVOLUTION & ! DISPLACEM5T ( ! ,C,N,T IS ?AT FACT ?AT IT ACT$ LIKE A M9ORITY FACTION DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE HAD ! MAJORITY 9 ! /REETS4 .<444.> 

0,WE FUR!RMORE ASS]T ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN NO MATT] :AT ANYONE SAYS4 ,:AT HAPP5S IS ?AT V>I\S ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION GRADUALLY CONT9UE TO DEVELOP BUT ) ! GU>ANTEE ?AT ! CLASS ?AT REPRES5TS ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S IS ! ONE ?AT HOLDS ! GREATE/ RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& :5 ?+S >E DONE HALFWAY1 :AT HAPP5S IS JU/ :AT WE >E COMM5T+ ON1 ! DISA/] ( ,JULY4 

0,9 ,JULY A COMMITTEE ( ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS WAS CON/ITUT$4 ,IT WAS NOT A CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,IT CONTA9$ REPRES5TATIVES ( B\RGEOIS & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FRACTIONS4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ?IS COMMITTEE HAD >IS5 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,BUT IT WAS A SC5E 9 A COM$Y40 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE MU/ CALL ATT5TION TO ! ,GR\P'S DEF9ITION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS AS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 RA!R ?AN ! EMBRYONIC /AGE ( A WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ! CONF$]AL COLLABORATIONISM 9 SAV+ & REBUILD+ ! /ATE IS COMB9$ ) ! TAUTOLOGY ?AT ! ONLY DUTY ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION4 

,SO F>1 ALL ! ASS]TIONS ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI >E AN>*I/ OR?ODOXY4 ,AS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( !SE ASS]TIONS1 H[EV]1 OR P]HAPS IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT HAD BECOME BOGG$ D[N 9 A PROJECT AS =EIGN TO AN>*ISM AS ! SALVATION & RECON/RUCTION ( A DECOMPOS+ CAPITALI/ /ATE1 WE COME TO A NOTABLE !ORETICAL BREAK?R\< ON ! P>T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI3 REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN4 

,TOTALIT>IAN MEANS1 ABOVE ALL1 0TOTAL01 AL?\< 9 ?IS CONTEXT WE CANNOT EXCLUDE ! SECOND ACCEPT$ MEAN+ ( AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,IF ?IS CLAIM IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT1 !N WE W\LD HAVE TO ASS]T ?AT AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION IS AN IRRESOLVABLE CONTRADICTION4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf EXP]I5C$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 

,! PAMPHLET BY ,BALIUS1 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 ADDRESS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY4 ,! REASON+ ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AS CLE> & AS RADICAL AS IT WAS PRECISE3 ! CAUSE ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ,JULY 9SURRECTION1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT C>RI$ \T 9 ,JULY4 

0,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALUNA C\LD HAVE BE5 A REALITY4 .<444.> ,BUT EV5TS TOOK A DIFF]5T TURN4 ,! REVOLUTION DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ,CATALUNA4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 :O DUR+ ! ,JULY EV5TS HAD KEPT 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 ONCE !Y NOTIC$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS ONCE AGA9 BE+ VICTIMIZ$ BY A H&FUL ( SOPHI/ICAL LEAD]S1 PREP>$ = BATTLE40 0,! REVOLUTION DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f40 ,?IS ASS]TION ON ! P>T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 7AS WELL AS !IR ASS]TION CONC]N+ ! NECESS>ILY TOTALIT>IAN NATURE ( ALL REVOLUTIONS7 C\LD NOT BE MORE CLE> & EMPHATIC4 ,ALL ! HI/ORIANS1 H[EV]1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O GLORIFY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI AS SUP]H]OES & REPLACE ! CULT ( P]SONALITY ( ,L59 OR ,DURRUTI ) ?AT ( ,BALIUS1 DISREG>D ?IS DECL>ATION ?AT IS FUNDAM5TAL & CRUCIAL 9 UND]/&+ ! RISE1 ! REASON = EXI/5CE & ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GR\P4 

,! ,GR\P'S ANALYSIS ( ,/AL9ISM1 & ! DECISIVE ROLE PLAY$ BY ,/AL9ISM AS A SPE>HEAD ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 WAS NOT ONLY A/UTE1 BUT WAS DEEPLY ROOT$ AS WELL 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! SOCIAL LAY]S ?AT PROVID$ !IR BASE ( SUPPORT4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! WORD 0,/AL9ISM0 WAS NEV] US$1 BUT RA!R ! T]MS1 0SOCIALISM0 OR 0,M>XISM01 ) ! EVID5T MEAN+ ?AT WE TODAY GIVE1 FROM A HI/ORICAL & IDEOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 TO ! WORD1 0,/AL9ISM04 

0,SOCIALISM 9 ,CATALUNA HAS BE5 DISA/R\S4 ,ITS RANKS HAVE BE5 FILL$ ) PEOPLE :O >E AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE GIV5 LIFE TO A ,U,G,T ?AT HAS BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! ,G,E,P,C,I4 ,! ,M>XI/ LEAD]S HAVE SUNG ! PRAISES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,& !Y HAVE MADE ! UNIT$ FRONT A CREATURE ( !IR [N1 FIR/ ELIM9AT+ ! ,P,\,M1 & !N !Y TRI$ TO REPEAT ?IS FEAT ) ! ,C,N,T4 

0,! MANEUV]S ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE ALLI$ ) ! SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/S1 RESULT$ 9 ! EV5TS ( ,MAY40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ! ,MAY ,EV5TS W]E A PLANN$ PROVOCATION1 :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO CREATE A CLIMATE ( 9DECISIV5ESS1 :I* W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DELIV] A DECISIVE BL[ AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ORD] TO DEF9ITIVELY BR+ AN 5D TO A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION3 

0444 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION S\<T TO BR+ ! WORK+ CLASSES 9TO ! /REETS )\T A SOLID PLAN SO !Y C\LD BE CRU%$4 ,!IR GOALS W]E 9 P>T A*IEV$ DUE TO ! /UPIDITY ( A H&FUL ( LEAD]S :O ISSU$ ! ORD] TO CEASE FIRE & :O ACCUS$ ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ( BE+ AG5TS PROVOCATEURS :5 ! /REET BATTLES W]E BE+ WON & ! 5EMY WAS BE+ ELIM9AT$40 

,! ACCUSATION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S 7AL?\< NO NAMES >E M5TION$1 WE CANNOT HELP BUT ?9K ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y7 WAS NOT MEANT TO BE AN 9SULT1 BUT CON/ITUT$ AN ADEQUATE DESCRIPTION ( !IR ACTIVITY DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ?\<T ?AT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION HAD ATTA9$ ITS *IEF OBJECTIVE1 :I* WAS ! CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD] BY ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! DESCRIPTION & ASSESSM5T ( ! WORK]S RESPONSE TO ! ,/AL9I/ PROVOCATION1 ?AT IS1 ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 C>RI$ \T BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 IS V]Y 9T]E/+3 A7 ,IT WAS A SPONTANE\S REACTION2 B7 ,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP2 C7 ,! WORK]S HAD A*IEV$1 9 A FEW H\RS1 AN OV]:ELM+ MILIT>Y VICTORY4 ,ONLY A FEW BUILD+S 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY CONT9U$ TO RESI/1 & !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 EASILY TAK52 D7 ,! DEFEAT ( ! 9SURRECTION WAS NOT A MILIT>Y DEFEAT1 BUT A POLITICAL DEFEAT4 

0,)9 A FEW H\RS ! /RUGGLE WAS DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* AS 9 ,JULY DEF5D$ ITS PR]OGATIVES ) >MS 9 H&4 ,WE CONQU]$ ! /REETS4 ,!Y W]E \RS4 ,!RE WAS NO HUMAN P[] ?AT C\LD DISLODGE US4 ,! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS IMM$IATELY FELL 9TO \R P[]4 ,& \R 5EMIES :O W]E GRADUALLY SURR\ND$ & BOTTL$ UP 9 ONE P>T ( ! CITY--! D[NT[N >EA--W\LD SOON HAVE BE5 CONQU]$ HAD ! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T NOT DEFECT$40 ,NEXT1 ,BALIUS JU/IFI$ ! ACTIONS UND]TAK5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DUR+ ! BLOODY WEEK ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g3 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 9 A SITUATION ( 9DECISION & G5]ALIZ$ DISORI5TATION AMONG ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 DI/RIBUT$ A LEAFLET & A MANIFE/O1 = ! PURPOSE ( GIV+ A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & GOALS TO ! EV5TS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! MA9 CONC]N ( ! ,GR\P1 FAC$ ) ! 9CR$IBLE POSITION ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP ?AT S\<T PEACE & BRO!RHOOD1 WAS ?AT ! B>RICADES NOT BE AB&ON$ )\T CONDITIONS & GU>ANTEES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 9 ,MAY !RE WAS /ILL TIME TO SAVE ! REVOLUTION1 & ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E ! ONLY PEOPLE :O W]E CAPABLE ( RIS+ TO ! *ALL5GE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! BL9DNESS ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TO ! REPRESSION ?AT W\LD BE 9FLICT$ ) IMPUNITY AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 HAD ALREADY BE5 =ESE5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! *APT] ( ! PAMPHLET DEVOT$ TO COLLABORATIONISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ( GREAT 9T]E/4 ,COLLABORATION 9 ! TASKS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE WAS ! MA9 ACCUSATION LEVEL$ BY ! ,GR\P AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS EV5 MORE RADICAL ?AN ?AT ( ,B]N]I1 BECAUSE ! LATT] CRITICIZ$ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ! ,GR\P CRITICIZ$ ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,NOR WAS ?IS JU/ A MATT] ( TWO V]BAL EXPRESSIONS ) ONLY A SLI<T DIFF]5CE 9 EMPHASIS2 ?IS 9VOLVES AN 5TIRE POLITICAL CONCEPTION DI/9CT FROM ! ONE ?AT ,B]N]I HAD 9 M9D4 ,AS WE READ 9 ! PAMPHLET3 

0,WE DO NOT HAVE TO COLLABORATE ) CAPITALISM1 NOT FROM \TSIDE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE OR FROM )9 ITS GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS4 ,\R ROLE AS PRODUC]S IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 /R5G!N+ ! ONLY BONDS ?AT MU/ CONT9UE TO EXI/ AFT] A REVOLUTION L$ BY ! WORK]S4 .<444.> ,& ONE CANNOT PRES]VE A /ATE ALONGSIDE ! TRADE UNIONS--MU* LESS RE9=CE IT ) \R [N =CES4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL CONT9UES4 ,A B\RGEOISIE EXI/S 9 \R [N L& ?AT IS COMPLICIT ) ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PROBLEM IS ! SAME AS IT WAS YE>S AGO40 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI CLAIM$ ?AT ! COLLABORATIONI/S W]E ! ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 AS WELL AS ALL ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ COLLABORATIONISM1 W]E ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 

0,! COLLABORATIONI/S >E ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS :O ADVOCATE ?IS K9D ( COMPLICITY DO NOT C>E AB\T ! CLASS /RUGGLE NOR DO !Y HAVE ! LEA/ RESPECT = ! TRADE UNIONS4 

0,AT NO TIME MU/ WE ACCEPT ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! P[] ( \R 5EMY4 

0,! 5EMY MU/ BE ATTACK$4 .<444.> ,BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$ !RE CANNOT BE ! LEA/ CONTACT4 ,ONLY 9 ! /RUGGLE WILL IT BE DECID$ :I* SIDE IS VICTORI\S4 ,EI!R ! WORK]S OR ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT BY NO MEANS BO? AT ! SAME TIME40 

,! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 NEV] TOOK ! NEXT1 DECISIVE /EP1 :I* C\LD BE NONE O!R ?AN TO BREAK ) AN ORGANIZATION ( A COLLABORATIONI/ NATURE1 :I* HAD PROV5 ITS 9ABILITY TO CURTAIL & PUT AN 5D TO ?IS POLICY ( ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,GR\P NEV] PROPOS$ A BREAK ) ! ,C,N,T1 NOR DID IT EV] D5\NCE ?IS ORGANIZATION AS AN ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT DID NOT DRAW ALL ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! IDEOLOGICAL PREMISES IT SET =?4 ,IT WAS EASI] TO ACCUSE A H&FUL ( 9DIVIDUALS1 A FEW LEAD]S :O ADVOCAT$ A POLICY ( COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AN IT WAS TO >RIVE AT ! BRUTAL & PA9FUL CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,C,N,T1 :I* DUR+ ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES HAD BE5 ! BE/ ORGANIZ] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 9 ,SPA91 HAD BECOME1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! W>1 BY WAY ( ITS UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT = ! POLICY ( ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,U,N,I,T,Y1 AN ORGANIZATION ( COLLABORATION ) & SUBMISSION TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! ,C,N,T'S DEVIATION FROM ITS PR9CIPLES2 IT WAS ! ,C,N,T ?AT PRODUC$ SU* ,M9I/]S4 

,! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T HAD BY #ai* CEAS$ TO BE WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ORI5T$ T[>DS ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 !Y HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE1 BY MEANS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! 9CREASE ( & CONV]SION TO W> PRODUCTION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT LABOR WAS BE+ MILIT>IZ$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS N[ PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT & IRREPLACEABLE ECONOMIC ROLE4 

,! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 ?\<T ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS W]E /ILL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,CATALAN ,U,G,T1 ,/AL9I/ TO ! CORE1 & ! M]E TOOL ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ! P>TY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 WAS VIEW$ BY ! ,GR\P AS AN 9/ITUTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,AFT] ,MAY #aicg ! V>I\S ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY UND]W5T A *ANGE ( FUNCTION & NATURE1 HAV+ BECOME REGULATORY1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ 9/ITUTIONS = PRODUCTION1 CONV5I5TLY 09SPECT$0 BY TE*NICAL COMMISSIONS4 ,!Y HAD CEAS$ TO BE CLASS TRADE UNIONS1 DEF5D]S ( ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S1 9 ORD] TO BECOME 0A NEW TYPE ( BOSS0.<#a#e#f.> ?AT ORGANIZ$ ! ECONOMY 9 OB$I5CE TO ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7OR1 BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#c#h1 BY ! ,REPUBLIC74 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5.<#a#e#g.> H[ ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ FROM ! WORK]S EXPROPRIATIONS ( ,JULY #aicf 9TO A CAPITALISM ( TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T & /ATE PLANN+1 LEGALIZ$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 & FUR!R AU?ORIZ$ BY ! DECREES ( ,S',AG>O 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aicg A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY ! WORK]S = SOCIALIZATION AS OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ECONOMY WAS UND]WAY4 

,BEG9N+ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 HAV+ LO/ !IR FUNCTIONS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S & ONCE EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPT HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1.<#a#e#h.> BECAME ALI5AT$ FROM ! WORK]S1 & !IR NATURE UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION1 AS !Y BECAME 9/ITUTIONS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 AS WELL AS CONTROL & MONITOR+ ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALIZATION PROMOT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS OR ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g1.<#a#e#i.> WAS 9 FACT CONV]T$1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,MAY1 9TO A DET]M9$ DRIVE = ECONOMIC & MANAG]IAL C5TRALIZATION1 COORD9AT$ FROM !SE SAME ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 & SUBJECT TO /ATE PLANN+1 :I* 9 ADDITION L$ TO ADVOCACY ( ! NE$1 FROM AN EXCLUSIVELY PRODUCTIVITY-BAS$ P]SPECTIVE1 ( ,C,N,T-,U,G,T UNITY4 ,MANAG]IAL UNITY1 PRES5T$ DEMAGOGICALLY AS ! CULM9ATION ( 0WORK+ CLASS UNITY04 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 :I* PRIOR TO ,MAY #aicg W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5TS ( ! WORK]S = SOCIALIZ+ ! ECONOMY1 HAD BE5 TRANS=M$1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MAY 9SURRECTION1 9TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION TO 5=CE ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ECONOMY & LABOR4 ,! ,GR\P WAS 9CAPABLE ( ANALYZ+ ?IS TRANS=MATION4 

,IT WAS !RE=E IMPOSSIBLE = ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO TAKE ! DECISIVE /EP4 ,IF !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ! REAL NATURE 79 #a#i#c#h7 ( ! TRADE UNIONS AS AN APP>ATUS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 !Y C\LD NOT PROPOSE A BREAK ) A ,C,N,T ?AT HAD EX*ANG$ ITS WORK+ CLASS & TRADE UNION *>ACT] = ?AT ( A BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRADE UNIONS PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! ,GR\P'S !ORETICAL >GUM5TS2 ITS ACCUSATIONS W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT AGA9/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,GR\P DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! ILLNESS OR ITS CAUSES1 BUT ONLY A FEW ( ITS SYMPTOMS4 ,! PAMPHLET PROCE$S ) AN EXPLANATION ( ! POSITIONS & ! PROGRAM ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 ,! PR9CIPLES & *>ACT]I/IC POLITICAL POSITIONS1 ( A TACTICAL *>ACT]1 W]E 5UM]AT$ 9 A P>TIAL1 CONFUS$ & IMPRECISE WAY1 COMP>$ TO PREVI\S =MULATIONS1 :I* WAS P]HAPS ! RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT ! PAMPHLET WAS WRITT5 9 HA/E & UND] PRESSURE1 OR ELSE DUE TO ! 9SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT !Y 5C\NT]$ AT ! TIME4 

,! PROGRAM WAS SUCC9CTLY \TL9$ ON ! BASIS ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ,JULY1 :I* ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DEPICT$ V]Y EXPRESSIVELY AS A TRIUMPHANT 9SURRECTION1 :I* ONLY LACK$ A !ORY & REVOLUTION>Y GOALS3 0,NO ONE KNEW :AT ROAD TO FOLL[4 ,WE LACK$ A !ORY4 ,WE HAD SP5T YE>S REVOLV+ >\ND AB/RACTIONS4 ,! LEAD]S AT ! TIME ASK$ !MSELVES1 :AT DO WE DO N[8 ,& !Y ALL[$ ! REVOLUTION TO SLIP AWAY4 ,DUR+ CULM9AT+ MOM5TS LIKE ?OSE WE MU/ NOT HESITATE4 ,BUT WE HAVE TO KN[ :]E WE >E GO+4 ,& ?IS IS ! VACUUM WE WANT TO FILL1 S9CE WE UND]/& ?AT :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,JULY & 9 ,MAY CANNOT BE REPEAT$40 

0,9 \R PROGRAM WE 9TRODUCE A SLI<T V>IATION )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA40 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS DEF9$ BY ! ,GR\P AS A VANGU>D =M$ TO REPRESS ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION3 

0,! REVOLUTION1 AS WE UND]/& IT1 NE$S 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WAT* OV] IT & ?AT WILL REPRESS1 9 AN 9TEGRAL S5SE1 ?OSE 5EMY SECTORS ?AT CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE DEMON/RAT$ >E NOT RESIGN$ TO !IR [N DISAPPE>ANCE4 

0,P]HAPS !RE >E AN>*I/ COMRADES :O FEEL C]TA9 IDEOLOGICAL SCRUPLES1 BUT ! LESSON WE HAVE SO H>%LY LE>N$ IS SUFFICI5T TO CONV9CE US ?AT WE CANNOT BEAT >\ND ! BU%4 ,IF WE WANT TO PREV5T ! NEXT REVOLUTION FROM BE+ AN EXACT REPLICA ( :AT HAS JU/ OCCURR$1 WE MU/ PROCE$ ) ! UTMO/ 5]GY 9 DEAL+ ) ?OSE :O DO NOT ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,NEXT1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI SET =? !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 :I* CAN BE BRIEFLY SUMM>IZ$ BY ?REE MAJOR PO9TS3 #a4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 OR ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 :OSE MISSION W\LD CONSI/ ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W>1 CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD]1 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS & REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A2 #b4 ,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS--?IS IMPLI$ ! CREATION ( AN AU!NTIC TRADE UNION CAPITALISM2 #c4 ,! ,FREE ,MUNICIPALITY1 AS ! BASIC CELL ( T]RITORIAL ORGANIZATION1 HALFWAY BETWE5 A DEC5TRALIZ$ /ATE & ! TYPICAL AN>*I/ F$]AL CONCEPTION4 ,! PAMPHLET CONCLUDES ) A F9AL SECTION1 :I* HAS ! SAME TITLE AS ! PAMPHLET1 9 :I* A LAPID>Y & REALI/IC ASSESSM5T IS (F]$3 0! REVOLUTION NO LONG] EXI/S40 ,AFT] A LONG S]IES ( ASSUMPTIONS & QUE/IONS AB\T ! IMM$IATE FUTURE1 9 :I* ! =CE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION IS V]IFI$1 A VOLUNT>I/IC1 & P]HAPS RHETORICAL APPEAL IS MADE ON BEHALF ( A FUTURE REVOLUTION CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ ! HOPES ( HUMANITY & ! AN>*I/ IDEAL4 ,! VICTORY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE1 H[EV]1 & ! VICTORY ( ! FASCI/S 9 ! W> W]E ALREADY 9EVITABLE1 AS ,BALIUS ACKN[L$G$ 9 HIS #ai< ,9TRODUCTION 75TITL$ 0,=TY ,YE>S ,AGO07 TO ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE $ITION ( 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION0 7PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 0,T[>DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION074 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N,S 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS1 BO? ) REG>D TO ITS NUM]ICAL /R5G? AS WELL AS ITS GOALS1 MU* MORE ?AN JU/ AN AFF9ITY GR\P1 & WAS MORE LIKE A SECTOR ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 SIMIL> TO ! 0,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES04 ,IT NEV] ATTEMPT$ TO PROPOSE A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,IT ONLY OPPOS$ ! BUREAUCRATIC LEAD]%IP ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 & WAS CONT5T TO CALL = NEW LEAD]S4 ,IT WAS NOT 9FLU5C$1 EI!R 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T1 BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 OR BY ! ,P,\,M4 ,ITS IDEOLOGY & ITS SLOGANS W]E TYPICALLY CONF$]AL2 AT NO TIME C\LD IT BE SAID TO HAVE DISPLAY$ A ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT C]TA9LY DISPLAY$ A GREAT DEAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ! EXAMPLE ( ,M>AT1 & ONE MI<T BE ABLE TO SPEAK ( A P[]FUL ATTRACTION = ! ASSEMBLY MOVEM5T ( ! ,P>IS ,SECTIONS1 = ! SANS-CULOTTES & ! 5RAGES1 AS WELL AS = ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T-,JU/1 :I* W]E /UDI$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT NEV] REF]R$ TO1 & WAS P]HAPS UNAW>E (1 ! AN>*I/ ,PLAT=M1 ) :I* IT NONE!LESS POSSESS$ C]TA9 FEATURES 9 COMMON4 

,ITS GOAL WAS SIMPLY TO CONFRONT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 TO PROVIDE ! ,C,N,T ) IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE1 & TO RESCUE IT FROM ! RULE ( 9DIVIDUALS & SUP]IOR COMMITTEES /AFF$ BY (FICIALS 9 ORD] TO RETURN IT TO ITS ROOTS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ITS RAISON D'ETRE WAS TO 5GAGE 9 CRITICISM ( & OPPOSITION TO ! ,C,N,T'S POLICY ( CON/ANT CONCESSIONS1 & ( C\RSE TO ! ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,GR\P WAS OPPOS$ TO ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES & ( ! FUNDAM5TAL & *>ACT]I/IC IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM1 :I* HAD BE5 DISREG>D$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! NAME ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & ! NE$ TO ADAPT TO CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,)\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION4 ,IF PR9CIPLES >E ONLY CA/ ASIDE AT ! FIR/ OB/ACLE IMPOS$ BY REALITY1 P]HAPS IT W\LD BE BETT] IF WE ADMITT$ ?AT WE HAVE NO PR9CIPLES4 ,! HI<E/ LEAD]S ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM ?\<T !Y W]E CLEV] NEGOTIATORS1 BUT !Y W]E MANIPULAT$ LIKE PUPPETS4 ,!Y R5\NC$ EV]Y?+1 9 EX*ANGE = NO?+4 ,!Y W]E JU/ SO MANY OPPORTUNI/S )\T ANY OPPORTUNITIES4 ,! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai DID NOT 5C\NT] A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 DE/ROY+ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & UND]TAK+ AN AU!NTIC WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD NO PLAN = :AT TO DO ONCE ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS DEFEAT$4 ,! VICTORY ( ,JULY PLUNG$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S 9TO DISMAY & CONFUSION4 ,!Y HAD BE5 LEFT BEH9D BY ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS ( ! MASSES4 ,& S9CE !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO !Y ACCEPT$ ! PROPOSAL ( ,COMPANYS TO CON/ITUTE1 TOGE!R ) ! O!R P>TIES1 AN ,ANTIFASCI/ ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,& !Y POS$ ! FALSE ,!,O,R,E,T,I,C,A,L DILEMMA ( AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP OR ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE TO W9 ! W>1 BECAUSE 9 ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,E !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) P[]1 AT A TIME :5 !IR FAILURE TO SEIZE IT LEFT IT 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,SPANI% 0REVOLUTION0 WAS ! TOMB ( AN>*ISM AS AN ORGANIZATION & AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS IS ! ORIG9 & ! REASON = EXI/5CE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :I* C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 NOR DID IT KN[ H[ TO1 SAVE ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY FROM ITS DEA? ?ROES4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,GR\P W]E V]Y CLE>4 ,& SO1 TOO1 >E ITS HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS4 ,AT NO TIME DID IT EV] PROPOSE A BREAK ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,ONLY AN ABSOLUTE LACK ( ACQUA9TANCE ) ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONAL ME*ANICS.<#a#f.> C\LD LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT A PROJECT ( CRITICISM OR AN ATTEMPT TO FOM5T A S*ISM W\LD NOT 9EVITABLY LEAD TO EXPULSION1 :I* 9 ! CASE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS PREV5T$ BY ! SYMPA?Y = ! ,GR\P EXPRESS$ BY ! CONF$]AL RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 AL?\< AT ! PRICE ( AN IRON O/RACISM1 & ALMO/ COMPLETE ISOLATION4 

,! ,GR\P'S MAXIMUM OBJECTIVE WAS ! CRITIQUE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 & TO PUT AN 5D TO ! POLICY ( CONF$]AL P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! ,GR\P WANT TO PRES]VE ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY1 BUT IT ALSO S\<T TO CONT9UE & 9T5SIFY A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT IT CONSID]$ TO BE 9SUFFICI5T & NEUTRALIZ$4 ,ITS ORGANIZATION & ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 H[EV]1 W]E EV5 MORE LIMIT$4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 !Y W]E NOT GOOD ORGANIZ]S1 & W]E EV5 WORSE !ORETICIANS1 AL?\< !Y HAD SOME GOOD J\RNALI/S4 ,9 ,MAY !Y PUT ALL !IR FAI? 9 ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES4 ,!Y DID NOT EFFECTIVELY C\NT]ACT ! (FICIAL ,C,N,T PROPAG&A4 ,!Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ LEAD]%IP & COORD9ATION = ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ?AT HAD UNLEA%$ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY4 ,!Y DID NOT MAKE USE (1 OR ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE1 ! MILITANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,!Y ISSU$ NO ORD]S TO ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO1 A MEMB] ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 & ! DELEGATE ( ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,DIVISION ( ! ,C,N,T1 :O ON ,MAY #d1 #a#i#c#g1 WANT$ 0TO DROP 9 ON ,B>CELONA0 ) HIS DIVISION BUT1 EXCEPT = HIMSELF & AB\T =TY MILITIAM5 ON AN 0OBS]VATION MISSION01 RETURN$ TO ! FRONT 7AS DID ! ,P,\,M COLUMN1 L$ BY ,ROVIRA7 AS A RESULT ( 9ITIATIVES UND]TAK5 BY ,MOL9A4 ,! HI< PO9TS ( ! ,GR\P'S ACTIVITY W]E3 ! PO/] DI/RIBUT$ AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 9 :I* IT PROPOS$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA2 ITS DOM9ATION ( SEV]AL B>RICADES ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,EV5TS2 ! READ+ ( ! APPEAL = SOLID>ITY ) ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 DIRECT$ AT ALL ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE2 ! DI/RIBUTION AT ! B>RICADES ( ! FAM\S LEAFLET ( ,MAY #e2 & ! SUMM>Y ( ! EV5TS SET =? 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,MAY #h4 ,! ,GR\P WAS UNABLE1 H[EV]1 TO IMPLEM5T ANY ( ITS SLOGANS3 A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS NEV] =M$4 ,! ,GR\P CALL$ = ! =MATION ( A COLUMN ?AT W\LD SET \T TO CONFRONT ! TROOPS COM+ FROM ,VAL5CIA2 BUT IT SOON AB&ON$ ! IDEA 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! SCANTY SUPPORT IT G5]AT$4 ,AFT] ! ,MAY ,EV5TS ! ,GR\P BEGAN PUBLI%+ ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 DESPITE ITS REPUDIATION BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 AL?\< ! ,GR\P HAD NOT BE5 \TLAW$ LIKE ! ,P,\,M1 IT SUFF]$ FROM ! POLITICAL P]SECUTION AIM$ AT ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS AS A :OLE4 ,ITS BULLET9 WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY AFT] ! SECOND ISSUE 7,MAY #b#f71 & ITS $ITOR 9 *IEF ,JAIME ,BALIUS WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS4 ,O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P W]E DISMISS$ FROM !IR POSITIONS1 SU* AS ,BRUNO ,LLADO1 A C\NCILMAN 9 ! ,SABADELL MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T2 OR ,SANTANA ,CAL]O1 :O UND]W5T AN 9QUISITORIAL P]SECUTION )9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S EXP]I5C$ ATTEMPTS TO EXPEL !M FROM ! ,C,N,T1 :I* WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,F,A,I4 ,NONE!LESS1 !Y C>RI$ ON ) !IR CL&E/9E PUBLICATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,GR\P'S PRESS & LEAFLETS UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#h4 ,! ,GR\P'S MO/ \T/&+ TACTICAL PROPOSALS MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ SLOGANS3 ! ECONOMY RUN BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 F$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 >MY ( MILITIAS1 REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 REPLACEM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT BY A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 & UNITY ( ACTION BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,P,\,M4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS !RE=E A FAIL$ ATTEMPT1 ONE ?AT HAD >IS5 FROM )9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 TO CON/ITUTE A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD DELIV] ALL P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,IT PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE1 NOT ONLY ( REALIZ+ ITS SLOGANS 9 PRACTICE1 BUT EV5 ( EFFECTIVELY PROPAGAT+ ITS IDEAS & PROVID+ PRACTICAL ORI5TATIONS = ! WAY TO FI<T = !M4 ,MAYBE ! T]RIFI$ B\RGEOISIE & ! DISGUIS$ PRIE/S SAW !M AS A GR\P ( WILD BRUTES1 BUT AMONG ITS MEMB]S IT 9CLUD$ SU* J\RNALI/S AS ,BALIUS & ,CALLEJA1 MILIT>Y COMM&]S SU* AS ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O & ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO1 & MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS LIKE ,BRUNO ,LLADO1 & TRADE UNIONI/S LIKE ,FRANCISCO ,PELLIC]1 & ! LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ,JUAN ,SANTANA ,CAL]O4 ,ITS REMOTE ORIG9S %\LD BE S\<T AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS :O %>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#b1 9 ! ,F,A,I AFF9ITY GR\P 0,R5AC]0 BETWE5 #aicd & #a#i#c#f4 ,ITS MORE IMM$IATE ORIG9S >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,GELSA SECTOR71 & 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S & ! CRITIQUE ( C5ETI/A COLLABORATION1 EXPRESS$ 9 >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7FROM ,JULY UNTIL E>LY ,OCTOB]71 & 9 ,IDEAS & ,LA ,NO*E 7FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g71 ESPECIALLY BY ,BALIUS4 ,ITS MEANS ( /RUGGLE W]E ! LEAFLET1 ! PO/]1 ! BULLET9 & ! B>RICADE2 BUT IT NEV] PROPOS$ S*ISM OR A BREAK AS A WEAPON ( /RUGGLE1 NOR DID IT D5\NCE ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! ,C,N,T1 NOR DID IT EV51 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 MAKE A S]I\S EF=T TO CONFRONT ! CONF$]AL LEAD]S TO ATTEMPT TO C\NT]ACT ! EFFECT ( ! DEFEATI/ DIRECTIVES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD ELABORAT$ AN ALT]NATIVE PROGRAM TO ?AT ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 BUT DID NOT PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE LEAD]%IP1 :I* LEFT !M DEF5SELESS AGA9/ ! MEASURES TAK5 TO EXPEL !M4 

,! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P IS UND5IABLE1 H[EV]4 ,& ITS IMPORTANCE RESIDES PRECISELY 9 ITS *>ACT] AS AN 9T]NAL OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ ORI5TATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ITS EM]G5CE WAS IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ BY ,&REU ,N91 :O DEVOT$ A EULOGI/IC & HOPEFUL >TICLE TO ! ,GR\P1 BECAUSE IT OP5$ UP ! POSSIBILITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORI5TATION ( ! C5ETI/A MASSES :O C\LD OPPOSE ! TREASON\S & COLLABORATIONI/ POLICY ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! 9T]E/ 9 TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ?AT WAS DISPLAY$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S AS WELL AS ! ,P,\,M2 AN 9FLU5CE ?AT !Y NEV] MANAG$ TO ASS]T4 

,! PR9CIPAL !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! ,GR\P TO AN>*I/ ?\<T CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 !SE PO9TS3 

,A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,REPLACE ! CAPITALI/ /ATE ) A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* W\LD HAVE TO BE PREP>$ TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION FROM ! 9EVITABLE ATTACKS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,GUNS WILL BE US$ TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,BO? PO9TS W]E RECAPITULAT$ BY ! ,GR\P ITSELF 9 ITS SLOGAN3 0,A PROGRAM & GUNS40 

,ITS TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ APOLITICISM CAUS$ ! ,C,N,T TO LACK A !ORY ( REVOLUTION4 ,)\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION1 & NOT SEIZ+ P[] MEANS LEAV+ IT 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,= ! ,GR\P1 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 & HAD NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO CONSOLIDATE & =TIFY ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :I* ! ,C,C,M,A DID NOT WANT TO DE/ROY & WAS 9CAPABLE ( DE/ROY+4 ,H5CE ! ADVOCACY BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ( ! NECESSITY ( =M+ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+1 C5TRALIZ+ & =TIFY+ ! P[] ( ! MULTITUDE ( WORK]S1 LOCAL1 DEF5SE1 5T]PRISE1 MILITIA COMMITTEES1 ETC41 ?AT W]E ! ONLY HOLD]S ( P[] BETWE5 ,JULY #ai & ,SEPTEMB] #b#f4 ,A P[] ?AT WAS FRAGM5T$ 9TO MULTIPLE COMMITTEES1 :I* LOCALLY HELD ALL P[]1 BUT BECAUSE !Y DID NOT F$]ATE1 C5TRALIZE & CONSOLIDATE !IR OP]ATIONS AMONG !MSELVES1 !Y W]E DET\R$1 WEAK5$ & TRANS=M$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A 9TO ,POPUL> ,FRONT MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS1 MANAG+ COMMITTEES ( TRADE UNION-RUN 5T]PRISES & BATTALIONS 9 A REPUBLICAN >MY4 ,)\T ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf W]E 9CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! /EP TO A NEW /RUCTURE ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! DEG5]ATION & F9AL FIASCO ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS W]E 9EVITABLE4 ,! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! RE=MI/ AN>*ISM ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 H[EV]1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS NOT CLE>1 PRECISE & />KLY \TL9$ 5\< TO PROVOKE A SPLIT ?AT W\LD CL>IFY ! OPPOS$ POSITIONS ( BO? SIDES4 ,! ACCUSATION ( 0BETRAYAL0 HURL$ BY ! ,GR\P AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ,MAY1 :I* WAS LAT] )DRAWN1 DID NOT EXPLA9 ANY?+ EI!R1 NOR DID IT AM\NT TO ANY?+ BESIDES A DES]V$ 9SULT1 BUT DID NOT ALL[ = ! SLI<TE/ PROGRESS4 ,?US1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! POLITICAL ?\<T EXPRESS$ BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AN ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! REALITY ( ! ,SPANI% W> & REVOLUTION FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS :Y IT WAS REJECT$ BY ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS WAS ITS AU?ORIT>IAN & 0,M>XI/0 *>ACT]4 

,!SE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MILITANTS1 H[EV]1 PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ !IR LEAD]S1 :O MADE ALL ! IMPORTANT DECISIONS 9 SECRET DISCUSSIONS AMONG 0DIGNIT>IES01 :I* W]E !N =MALLY RATIFI$ & PUBLICIZ$ AT ! (FICIAL ,PL5UMS4 ,! W> R5D]$ ! HORIZONTAL & DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* W]E TOO SL[ & 9EFFECTIVE1 OBSOLETE1 & ! LEAD]S ISSU$ ORD]S TO ! MILITANTS BY WAY ( MEMOR&A4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! URG5CY ( ! DECISION MAK+ PROCESS & ! PRIVILEG$ 9=MATION TO :I* !Y HAD ACCESS1 DUE TO !IR POSITIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES1 MADE !M 9DISP5SABLE4 ,?IS IS :Y !IR RESIGNATIONS OR ACCUSATIONS ( BETRAYAL ( PR9CIPLES W]E ALWAYS 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MASSES TO ! COLLABORATIONISM ( !IR LEAD]S1 DOCUM5T$ & DISPLAY$ AT A MYRIAD ( MEET+S & LOCAL PL5UMS1 F\ND NO \TLET1 BECAUSE IT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! NAME ( ! SAME PR9CIPLES ?AT !IR LEAD]S PR(ESS$4 ,! /R5G? ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 & ! ,GR\P'S POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS ) RESPECT TO ?IS MASSIVE BUT 0SIL5T0 OPPOSITION1 RESID$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! ,GR\P HAD ITS [N PROGRAM TO OPPOSE TO ! CONF$]AL BUREAUCRACY2 ITS WEAKNESS D]IV$ FROM ! FACT ?AT IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( ALSO OPPOS+ A LEAD]%IP1 A GR\P ( LEAD]S ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ ! >I/OCRACY ( 0! M5 ( ACTION0 OR 0! 9TELLECTUALS01.<#a#f#a.> :O PROV$ TO BE ! ONLY LEAD]S POSSIBLE4 

,WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI F\ND !MSELVES 9 A DEAD 5D4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! COLLABORATIONISM ( ! LEAD+ CADRES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION2 BUT IF !Y !ORIZ$ ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% 0REVOLUTION01 ?AT IS1 ! NE$ = A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA1 & VIOL5TLY REPRESS ! AG5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 !N !Y W]E LABEL$ AS ,M>XI/S & AU?ORIT>IANS & !RE=E =FEIT$ ANY *ANCE ( PROSELYTIZ+ AMONG ! CONF$]AL RANK & FILE4 ,WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :E!R ! DEAD 5D ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS NO?+ BUT ! REFLECTION ( ! !ORETICAL 9CAPACITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM TO CONFRONT ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! W> & ! 0REVOLUTION04 

,9 ,B>CELONA IT WAS1 & /ILL IS POSSIBLE TO HE> WORDS ( HATR$ & CONTEMPT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,DURRUTI & 0HIS FRI5DS01 9 ! M\?S ( ! CLASS 5EMIES2 AMONG WORK+ CLASS MILIEUS1 H[EV]1 PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS SPOK5 RESPECTFULLY ( A MY?OLOGIZ$ ,DURRUTI1 ( ! 5ORM\S DEMON/RATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AT HIS FUN]AL PROCESSION1 ( ! 9DOMITABLE REVOLT ( ! ,DURRUTI/AS1 ( ! AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ,JULY #a#i4 ,DUR+ ! LONG NI<T ( ,FRANCOISM1 ANONYM\S H&S WROTE ! NAMES ( ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO ON !IR NAMELESS TOMB/ONES4 ,IT IS NOT ! HI/ORIAN'S JOB TO RESPECT MY?S2 BUT IT IS HIS JOB TO D]IVE ! IMPORTANT LESSONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,WE NE$ ONLY RETA9 TWO IMAGES4 ,9 ! FIR/1 WE SEE A SUBMISSIVE1 P]SUASIVE & G>RUL\S ,COMPANYS1 :O ON ,JULY #b (F]$ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S POSITIONS 9 AN ,ANTIFASCI/ ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE !Y HAD DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y1 & P[] WAS 9 ! /REETS4 ,9 ! SECOND WE SEE A ,COMPANYS CORN]$1 ) ! GLOVES (F1 :O ON ,MAY #d WAS PLEAD+ ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO DISPAT* AN AIR =CE SQUADRON TO BOMB.<#a#f#b.> ! B>RACKS & ! /RON<OLDS ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ALL ! O!R T>GETS 9DICAT$ BY ! MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO4.<#a#f#c.> ,BETWE5 !SE TWO IMAGES ROLL ! FILM ( ! 0REVOLUTION0 & ! W>4 ,MAY #aicg WAS CONTA9$ 9 EMBRYO 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,GR\P HAD UND]/OOD ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN 7?AT IS1 TOTAL & AU?ORIT>IAN7 OR ELSE !Y >E DEFEAT$3 ?IS WAS ITS GREAT M]IT4.<#a#f#d.> ,& IT IS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT !Y MU/ BE REJECT$ OR ACCEPT$1 IF IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT SOME REVOLUTION>IES :O >E TAK+ ! FACTORIES & PROP]TIES FROM !IR LEGAL [N]S1 CANNOT DO SO PEACEFULLY & POLITELY1 BEGG+ & SAY+1 0PLEASE04 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN /RIPP+ ! B\RGEOISIE ( ITS POSSESSIONS1 NO?+ IS MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN TO DEFEAT ! >MY 9 ! /REETS & SEIZE WEAPONS FROM ! B>RACKS1 NO?+ IS MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN TO BURN *UR*ES & MONA/]IES TO PUT AN 5D TO ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*UR* ( #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS %\LD BE OBVI\S4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD UND]/OOD ?AT A REVOLUTION1 BESIDES BE+ AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T1 MU/ BE ,T,O,T,A,L3 ONE CANNOT MAKE POLITICAL AGREEM5TS ) ! B\RGEOISIE & GOV]N ALONGSIDE IT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ABOLI% ! ,G5]ALITAT & EX]CISE P[] FROM A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 CON/ITUT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! WORK+ CLASS =CES ?AT HAD F\<T 9 ! /REETS ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN OR !Y >E DEFEAT$2 ?IS WAS ! ESS5TIAL !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,GR\P4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P HAS BE5 IGNOR$ & MY?OLOGIZ$ = A LONG TIME1 & MAYBE ! TIME HAS COME TO UND]/& IT 9 ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 ,9 ORD] TO DO SO1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE TO AVOID TRANS=M+ ! HI/ORY ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 9TO A 0SITUATIONI/0 COMIC /RIP ( SUP]H]OES1 BECAUSE NOT ONLY DID ITS MEMB]S NOT HAVE ! MAK+S ( H]OES1 BUT !Y ALSO HAD !IR [N !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL LIMITATIONS1 S9CE !Y C\LD NOT1 NOR DID !Y EV] EV5 ATTEMPT TO BECOME A 0REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE0 TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 FROM :I* !Y NOT ONLY NEV] SPLIT1 BUT TO :I* !Y ALWAYS REMA9$ ATTA*$ ORGANIZATIONALLY EV5 9 ! FACE ( ATTEMPTS TO EXPEL !M ON ! P>T ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES4.<#a#f#e.> 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P BECAME DI/URB+ MIRROR = ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE !Y REFLECT$ A MON/R\S IMAGE1 :I* MANY PEOPLE DID NOT WANT & /ILL DO NOT WANT TO SEE3 IT WAS & IS BETT] TO JU/ BREAK ! MIRROR4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ?AT IS TABOO = ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & ! TOPIC ?AT SO MANY BOOKS1 MILITANTS & HI/ORIANS HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO ELUCIDATE1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT UND]/& IT1 IS :Y ! REVOLUTION>IES ( YE/]DAY W]E TRANS=M$ AFT] A FEW MON?S 9TO ,M9I/]S1 0FIREM501 & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4444 ,:Y DID ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S &_/OR ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T R5\NCE ! REVOLUTION 9 ,JULY #aicf & 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g8 ,! ANSW] GIV5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI !MSELVES--0! ,B,E,T,R,A,Y,A,L ( ! LEAD]S0--WAS NO?+ BUT AN 9SULT ?AT EXPLA9$ NO?+4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 LACK+ A PROGRAM OR REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 SUPPORT$ ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 ,IT S\<T TO UNITE ) SOCIALI/S1 ,/AL9I/S1 ,P,\,MI/AS1 REPUBLICANS & ,CATALANI/S TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,DUR+ ! ?IRTIES ANTIFASCISM WAS ! WOR/ POISON & ! GREATE/ VICTORY ( FASCISM4 ,! SACR$ UNION ( ALL ANTIFASCI/S TO DEFEAT FASCISM & DEF5D DEMOCRACY IMPLI$ = ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ! R5UNCIATION ( ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S1 EV]Y?+ 444 ?AT IS1 ! FAM\S SLOGAN FALSELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,DURRUTI3 0WE R5\NCE EV]Y?+ EXCEPT VICTORY01 TO SUBMIT TO ! PROGRAM & 9T]E/S ( ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS ?IS PROGRAM ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ( COMPLETE & LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 ?AT L$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 RAPIDLY & UNCONSCI\SLY1 TO GOV]NM5T COLLABORATION ) ! SOLE OBJECTIVE ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,IT WAS ?IS ADH]5CE TO ! ANTIFASCI/ PROGRAM 7?AT IS1 ! DEF5SE ( CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY7 :I* EXPLA9S :Y & H[ ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S ( YE/]DAY BECAME1 A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ,M9I/]S1 0FIREM501 BUREAUCRATS & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,IT WAS ! ,C,N,T ?AT PRODUC$ ,M9I/]S1 & !SE ,M9I/]S BETRAY$ NO?+ & NO ONE2 !Y RE/RICT$ !IR EF=TS TO FAI?FULLY EX]CIS+ !IR FUNCTIONS TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITIES4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #aicg RESIDES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,JULY W]E )\T >MS1 BUT HAD A PRECISE POLITICAL OBJECTIVE3 ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ & ( FASCISM2 :ILE 9 ,MAY1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y POSSESS$ MORE >MS ?AN !Y DID 9 ,JULY1 !Y W]E POLITICALLY DIS>M$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MASSES BEGAN AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM & ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 DESPITE !IR ORGANIZATIONS & )\T !IR LEAD]S1 BUT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( WAG+ W> TO ! 5D )\T !IR ORGANIZATIONS & AGA9/ !IR LEAD]S4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 AS 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT HAD FAIL$ TO CREATE DUR+ ! ?IRTIES4 ,NEI!R ! ,P,\,M NOR ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I W]E1 NOR C\LD !Y HAVE BE51 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E ! MAJOR OB/ACLES TO ITS EM]G5CE4 ,! 9COMPET5CE ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S & ! ABS5CE ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y !ORY LEFT NO O!R HORIZON ?AN ?AT ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & ! DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ME?ODS & ! GOALS ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD ALREADY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /AGE4 ,! ,C,C,M,A NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO RE9=CE ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 BUT IT COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,G5]ALITAT TO WEAK5 & ABOLI% !M4 

,! B>RICADES ]ECT$ 9 ,JULY #aicf W]E /ILL /&+ MON?S LAT]2 :ILE ! B>RICADES ]ECT$ 9 ,MAY #aicg DISAPPE>$ IMM$IATELY1 EXCEPT = ! FEW ?AT ! ,P,S,U,C WANT$ TO LEAVE /&+ AS A TE/IMONIAL TO ITS P[] & ITS VICTORY4 

,MAY #a#i#c#g1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 AL?\< IT WAS UND\BT$LY ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9CREAS+ DISCONT5T 9 ! FACE ( RIS+ PRICES1 ! %ORTAGES ( FOOD & O!R PROVISIONS1 ! /RUGGLE )9 ! 5T]PRISES = SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & WORK]S CONTROL1 ! ESCALATION ( ! ATTEMPTS BY ! ,G5]ALITAT TO DIS>M ! RE>GU>D & SEIZE CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD]1 ETC41 ETC41 WAS ABOVE ALL ! NECESS>Y >M$ DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS REQUIR$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO PUT A DEF9ITIVE 5D TO ALL REVOLUTION>Y ?REATS TO B\RGEOIS & REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 #a#i#c#h1 ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E DEAD1 9 JAIL OR 9 HID+4 ,! PRISONS CONTA9$ FIFTE5 ?\S& ANTIFASCI/ PRISON]S4 ,HUNG]1 BOMB+ & ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION W]E ! MA/]S & LORDS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! MILITIAS & LABOR HAD BE5 MILIT>IZ$4 ,ORD] N[ REIGN$ ?R\<\T ALL ( ,SPA91 BO? 9 ! ,FRANCOI/ P>T AS WELL AS 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN P>T4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS NOT CRU%$ BY ,FRANCO 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#i2 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD ALREADY F9I%$ IT (F MANY MON?S E>LI]4 

.<#a#e#c.< ,CORRESPOND5CE & 9T]VIEW ( ! AU?OR ) ,JOSEP ,REBULL ,CABRE4 ,SEE ALSO ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,JOSEP ,REBULL DE #aicg A #a#i#c#i3 LA CRITICA 9T]NA A LA POLITICA DEL ,COMITE EJECUTIVO DEL ,P,\,M DURANTE LA ,REVOLUCION ESPANOLA01 ,BALANCE4 ,CUAD]NOS DE HI/ORIA1 NOS4 #ai & #b 7#b74 

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