,BAKUN9'S IDEA ( REVOLUTION @& REVOLUTION>Y ORGANISATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,FLOOD 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y LIB]AL ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 :O WAS A CLOSE FRI5D ( ,MI*EAL ,BAKUN91 TOLD A /ORY ( H[ :5 ,BAKUN9 WAS TRAVEL+ FROM ,P>IS TO ,PRAGUE HE CAME ACROSS A REVOLT ( ,G]MAN PEASANTS 0MAK+ AN UPRO> >\ND ! CA/LE1 NOT KN[+ :AT TO DO4 ,BAKUN9 GOT \T ( HIS CONVEYANCE1 &1 )\T WA/+ ANY TIME TO F9D \T :AT ! DISPUTE WAS AB\T1 =M$ ! PEASANTS 9TO RANKS & 9/RUCT$ !M SO SKILLFULLY ?AT BY ! TIME HE RESUM$ HIS SEAT TO CONT9UE HIS J\RNEY1 ! CA/LE WAS BURN+ ON ALL F\R SIDES04.<#a.> 

,BAKUN9 WAS ! GIANT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE FROM #ahdh TO HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,AT #f'#d0 & #b#dLBS HE WAS A LIT]AL GIANT AS WELL AS ! DEMON ?AT /ALK$ ! B\RGEOIS IMAG9ATION4 ,YET AL?\< HE IS (T5 CIT$ AS ! FA!R ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 TODAY HIS IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION >E POORLY UND]/OOD BY AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S4 ,9/EAD HE IS MO/ REMEMB]$ = HIS ROLE 9 C\NT]+ ! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS ( ,M>XISM 9 ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,!RE >E SEV]AL GOOD REASONS :Y ,BAKUN9 IS NOT REMEMB]$ = HIS POSITIVE IDEAS4 ,! YE>S ,M>X SP5T 9 ! ,BRITI% ,LIBR>Y P]FECT+ ,DAS ,KAPITAL W]E SP5T BY ,BAKUN9 9 A S]IES ( PRISONS1 *A9$ TO WALLS1 & LOS+ HIS TEE? ?R\< SCURVY4 ,NOT ! BE/ 5VIRONM5T = RESE>* OR WRIT+6 ,& 9 ANY CASE AS HE ADMITT$ 9 #a#h#g0,I AM NEI!R A SCI5TI/1 NOR A PHILOSOPH] NOR EV5 A PR(ESSIONAL WRIT]4 ,I HAVE WRITT5 V]Y LITTLE 9 MY LIFE TIME1 & HAVE ONLY EV] DONE SO 9 SELF-DEF5SE04.<#b.> ,9 FACT HE WROTE ?\S&S ( LETT]S BUT RELATIVELY FEW >TICLES OR PAMPHLETS4 ,MANY ( ?OSE AVAILABLE TODAY >E DRAFTS ( UNPUBLI%$ WORKS4 

,ALSO HE NEV] CLAIM$ ANY CONSI/5CY TO HIS LIFE'S WRIT+S OR ACTIVITY4 ,EV5 9 #a#h#g#a1 :5 HE & ,M>X W]E FI<T+ OV] ! FUTURE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE C\LD WRITE 0,AS F> AS LE>N+ WAS CONC]N$1 ,M>X WAS .<9 #a#h#d#d.>1 & /ILL IS1 9COMP>ABLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,I4 ,I KNEW NO?+ AT ?AT TIME ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,I HAD NOT YET RID MYSELF ( MY METAPHYSICAL OBS]VATIONS 4444 ,HE CALL$ ME A S5TIM5TAL IDEALI/ & HE WAS RI<T2444404.<#c.> 

,MANY ,M>XI/S CAME TO SEE ,M>X AS A SORT ( PROPHET :OSE WRIT+S COMPRISE A P]FECT MAT]IALI/ 'REVELATION' ?AT CAN BE US$ TO ANSW] ALL ( TODAY'S QUE/IONS4 ,?IS MAY BE A FOOLI% APPROA* BUT IT'S TRUE TO SAY ?AT ,M>X'S LIFE'S WRIT+S >E MORE CONSI/5T ?AN ,BAKUN9'S >E4 ,! WRIT+S ( ! Y\NG ,BAKUN9 HAVE QUITE DIFF]5T POLITICS TO HIS WRIT+S AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 

,BAKUN9'S E>LY LIFE 

,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ A SIMIL> PA? ( DEVELOPM5T TO MANY ( ! O!R REVOLUTION>IES FROM A B\RGEOIS BACKGR\ND ( ?AT G5]ATION4 ,LIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS ?IS 9CLUD$ 9VOLVEM5T ) ! LEFT ,HEGALIANS4 ,9 #ahdd HE WAS A MEMB] ( ,M>X'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION 9 ,P>IS :]E HE ALSO MET & WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON4 ,:5 ! #ahdh REVOLUTIONS 7:I* C5T]$ ON ! DEM& = B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS & HOME RULE7 ]UPT$1 HE S]V$ 9 ! ,WORK]S' ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 9 ,P>IS4 ,:5 ?AT RIS+ WAS DEFEAT$ HE HEAD$ TO ,G]MANY 9 ,M>* AS ! REVOLUTIONS !RE />T$1 HOP+ TO 5C\RAGE A ,POLI% REVOLT4 

,BAKUN9'S POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AT ! TIME WAS FAIRLY UN=M$ BUT IS USUALLY DESCRIB$ AS ',PAN ,SLAVI/'4 ,MANY COMM5TATORS S9CE HAVE HAD PROBLEMS PUTT+ ?IS 9 ANY S5SIBLE CONTEXT4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE T5D$ TO SEE IT AS IRRELEVANT1 :ILE ,M>XI/S HAVE G5]ALLY CONC5TRAT$ ON ATTACK+ ,BAKUN9 = ! ANTI-,G]MAN 7,PRUSSIAN7 ASPECT TO IT4 

,HIS WRIT+S & ACTIVITY 9 ?IS P]IOD BE> MORE !N A PASS+ RESEMBLANCE TO :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ LEFT REPUBLICANISM 9 ,IREL&4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! 'NATIONAL /RUGGLE' CAN BE AN IMPETUS T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE EV5 AS IT A*IEVES NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE IS ALSO F\ND 9 MANY ,M>XI/ WRIT+S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ,CONNOLLY & ,TROTSKY4 ,HIS ANTI-,G]MAN RANTS >E E*O$ MU* LAT] 9 ! ANTI - ,U,S DIATRIBES ( ,M>XI/ ,S\? ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES :O1 SOMETIMES ID5TIFI$ ! 5EMY AS ! 'BLUE EY$ BLONDS ( ! NOR?'4 

#ahdh ALSO SAW ,BAKUN9 P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,SLAV CONGRESS 9 ,PRAGUE & PUBLI% ',AN APPEAL TO ! ,SLAVS'4 ,?IS APPEAL HAD MANY ?+S 9 COMMON ) LAT] LEFT REPUBLICAN /ATEM5TS1 = 9/ANCE ! CALL = REVOLUTION>Y ,SLAVIC UNITY AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN1 ,TURKI% & ,MAGY>S OCCUPATIONS 0:ILE WE /RET*$ \R FRAT]NAL H&S \T TO ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE1 TO DEMOCRATIC ,G]MANY04 ,HE S\<T TO MAKE SOCIALISM AN 9EVITABLE P>T ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE WRIT+2 0,EV]YBODY HAS COME TO ! REALIZATION ?AT LIB]TY WAS M]ELY A LIE :]E ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION IS R$UC$ TO A MIS]ABLE EXI/5CE1 :]E1 DEPRIV$ ( $UCATION1 ( LIB]TY & ( BREAD1 IT IS FAT$ TO S]VE AS AN UND]PROP = ! P[]FUL & ! RI*40 ,! APPEAL 5DS ) 0,! SOCIAL QUE/ION ?US APPE>S TO BE FIR/ & =EMO/ ! QUE/ION ( ! COMPLETE OV]TURN ( SOCIETY40.<#d.> 

,YE>S 9 JAIL 

,BAKUN9 MOV$ TO ,DRESD5 :]E HE MET & BEFRI5D$ ! COMPOS] ,RI*>D ,WAGN]4 ,!RE1 9 ,MAY #a#h#d#i1 A CON/ITUTIONAL CRISIS L$ TO ANO!R RIS+4 ,) ,WAGN] HE JO9$ ! 9SURRECTION & BECAME A REVOLUTION>Y (FIC]4 ,M>X GIVES A SUMM>Y ( EV5TS 9 A LETT] TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DAILY ,TRIBUNE 7,OCTOB] #b1 #a#h#e#b7 ON ',REVOLUTION & ,C\NT] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY' 0,9 ,DRESD51 ! BATTLE 9 ! /REETS W5T ON = F\R DAYS4 ,! %OPKEEP]S ( ,DRESD51 ORGANIZ$ 9TO 'COMMUNITY GU>DS' NOT ONLY REFUS$ TO FI<T1 BUT MANY ( !M SUPPORT$ ! TROOPS AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! REBELS W]E WORK]S FROM ! SURR\ND+ FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN REFUGEE ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 !Y F\ND A CAPABLE & COOL HEAD$ LEAD]04 

,BAKUN9 WAS >RE/$ AFT] ! REBELLION WAS PUT D[N4 ,HIS LUCK HAD RUN \T4 ,HE WAS ALREADY WANT$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,CZ> HAV+ CONFISCAT$ ALL HIS PROP]TY & REMOV$ ALL HIS RI<TS 9 #a#h#d#d4 ,HE SP5T #ac MON?S 9 JAIL 9 ,DRESD5 UND] S5T5CE ( DEA?4 ,ONE NI<T HE WAS L$ \T1 HE PRESUM$ TO BE EXECUT$1 BUT 9/EAD HE WAS H&$ OV] TO ! ,AU/RIANS4 ,!Y JAIL$ HIM 9 ,PRAGUE = N9E MON?S BE=E MOV+ HIM TO ! ,OLMUTZ =TRESS :]E HE WAS *A9$ TO ! WALL = TWO MON?S4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ HIM TO HANG = HI< TREASON4 ,9/EAD HE WAS H&$ TO ! ,RUSSIANS :]E HE WAS JAIL$ 9 ! ,PET]-,PAUL ,=TRESS4 ,H]E HE LO/ HIS TEE? FROM SCURVY & CAME CLOSE TO LOS+ HIS M9D4 

,HE SP5T NE>LY T5 YE>S 9 ! V>I\S PRISONS UNTIL HE WAS EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA 9 #a#h#e#g4 ,!RE1 ONCE HE HAD RECOV]$ HIS HEAL?1 HE FL$ VIA ,JAPAN TO ! ,U,S & !N TO ,LONDON AT ! 5D ( #a#h#f#a4 ,HIS 9CR$IBLE ESCAPE FROM ,SIB]IA 7,JAPAN HAD ONLY JU/ OP5$ UP TO ! WE/ 9 #a#h#e#c7 ONLY ADD$ TO ! MY/IFICATION ?AT SURR\ND$ ,BAKUN94 

,9 PRISON HE HAD REMA9$ A PAN ,SLAVI/ & WAS CLE>LY NOT YET AN AN>*I/4 ,! ,CZ>1 LIKE LAT] G5]ATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN RUL]S1 HAD A FONDNESS = EXTRACT+ CONFESSIONS FROM HIS VICTIMS4 ,BAKUN9 US$ HIS AS A *ANCE TO \TL9E HIS PROGRAM :I* 9CLUD$ ! IDEA ?AT :AT ,RUSSIA NE$$ WAS 0A /RONG DICTATORIAL P[]0 TO RAISE ! /&>D ( LIV+ & $UCATION4 ,:ILE SOME HAVE CORRECTLY PO9T$ \T ?AT :AT IS SAID 9 SU* A CONFESSION %\LD BE TAK5 ) A P9* ( SALT1 EV5 AS LATE AS #ahfb ,BAKUN9 0?\<T ! ,CZ> WAS CAPABLE ( REALLY WORK+ ) ! PEOPLE1 & ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ITS WILL ON ! ,CZ> ?R\< A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY04.<#e.> 

,H[EV] ALONGSIDE & CONTR>Y TO ?IS HE WAS CLE>LY DEVELOP+ HIS ?\<TS 9 A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION4 ,9 #ahfb ,H]ZAN'S J\RNAL ',! ,BELL' PUBLI%$ HIS OP5 LETT] ) ! TITLE 0,TO MY ,RUSSIAN1 ,POLI% & O!R ,SLAV FRI5DS04 ,! SECTION ADDRESS$ TO UNIV]SITY /UD5TS READS 0,GO TO ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS Y\R FIELD1 Y\R LIFE1 Y\R SCI5CE4 ,LE>N FROM ! PEOPLE H[ BE/ TO S]VE !IR CAUSE6 ,REMEMB]1 FRI5DS1 ?AT $UCAT$ Y\? MU/ BE NEI!R ! TEA*]1 ! PAT]NALI/IC B5EFACTOR1 NOR ! DICTATORIAL LEAD] ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ONLY ! MIDWIFE = ! SELF-LIB]ATION1 9SPIR+ !M TO 9CREASE !IR P[] BY ACT+ TOGE!R & CO-ORD9AT+ !IR EF=TS04.<#f.> ,9 ?AT P]IOD ! D5IAL ( $UCATION TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9 MO/ C\NTRIES MADE IT 9EVITABLE ?AT ! VA/ BULK ( REVOLUTION>Y WRIT]S W\LD COME FROM ! B\RGEOIS4 ,LEAV+ ?AT ASIDE1 ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/S A RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 'REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL' & ! PEOPLE ?AT AN>*I/S W\LD /ILL HOLD ) TODAY4 

,HE F9ALLY CAME TO REJECT PAN ,SLAVISM AFT] ! #ahfc ,POLI% 9SURRECTION :5 HE SAW ?AT ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/S W]E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ,UKRA9IAN L& !N ! SUPPORT ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,SLAVS & ?AT !Y MORE AFRAID ( PEASANT 9SURRECTION ?AN ! ,CZ>4 ,HE VISIT$ ,M>X 9 ,LONDON ON HIS RETURN4 ,M>X 9VIT$ HIM TO JO9 ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL & WROTE TO ,5GELS 7,NOV #d1 #a#h#f#d7 SAY+ 0,ON ! :OLE HE IS ONE ( ! FEW PEOPLE :OM ,I F9D NOT TO HAVE RETROGRESS$ AFT] #af YE>S1 BUT TO HAVE DEVELOP$ FUR!R0.<#g.>4 

,BAKUN9 HAD NOT YET SE5 ! VALUE ( ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7:I* WAS !N 9 AN EMBRYONIC =M AS A COMB9ATION ( ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONS & ,FR5* FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON OR ,BLANQUI74 ,HE W5T TO ,ITALY :]E HE WORK$ ON AN 9T]NATIONAL PROJECT ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DANIEL ,GU]9 0,! FEW MEMB]S ( ! BRO!RHOOD W]E 4444 =M] DISCIPLES ( ! REPUBLICAN ,GIUSEPPE ,MAZZ9I1 FROM :OM !Y ACQUIR$ !IR TA/E = & FAMILI>ITY ) SECRET SOCIETIES04.<#h.> ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 9CLUDES ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN EXILES 9 ?IS LI/4.<#i.> 

,BAKUN9 COMES 9 = A LOT ( CRITICISM FROM MOD]N DAY REVOLUTION>IES OV] HIS ADVOCACY ( SECRET SOCIETIES 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,SU* CRITICISMS ?\< >E LOOK+ BACK FROM ! COMP>ATIVE SAFETY ( #b? C5TURY WE/]N ,EUROPE OR ! ,U,S :]E MASS UNIONS >E A FACT & REVOLUTION>IES >E COMP>ATIVELY FREE TO HOLD MEET+S & PUBLI% PAP]S4 ,9 ,BAKUN9'S TIME SU* ACTIVITY WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS ILLEGAL & LIABLE TO GET ! AU?OR S5T5C$ TO YE>S 9 PRISON1 IF NOT DEA?4 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD PUBLI%$ ! ',COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O' FROM ONE SU* SECRET SOCIETY1 ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,JU/1 & HAD CONT9U$ 9 ANO!R UP TO ! F\ND+ OG ! ,9T]NATIONAL DESPITE ! FACT !Y W]E 9 ! RELATIVE SAFETY ( LIB]AL ,5GL&4 

,! GR\P >\ND ,BAKUN9 HAD WORK$ 9 SIMIL> SECRET SOCIETIES = YE>S1 !RE W]E NO LEGAL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,POL& OR ,RUSSIA 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE !SE SOCIETIES1 (T5 BAS$ ON ! ,FREEMASONS1 W]E ALSO ! NORM4 ,IT IS ?US H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y CONCLUD$ ?AT 0AN ASSOCIATION ) A REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE MU/ NECESS>ILY TAKE ! =M ( A SECRET SOCIETY0.<#a.> 

,!Y DREW UP SETS ( RULES = SU* GR\P+S1 ! FIR/ UND] ! TITLE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIETY_/,BRO!RHOOD 9 #a#h#f#e4 ,>?UR ,LEHN+1 $ITOR ( ! ,>*IVES ,BAKUN9 PO9TS \T ?AT SU* PROGRAMS & /ATUES MIRROR ,BAKUN9'S EVOLV+ ?\<TS1 RA!R ?AN 0! OP]ATION ( AN ORGANIZATION04.<#a#a.> ,!Y W]E 9T5D$ TO BE A BLUEPR9T ( AN 'IDEAL' ORGANIZATION RA!R ?AN A DESCRIPTION ( AN ALREADY FULLY =M$ ONE4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE DOCUM5TS1 :ILE CLE>LY ON ! PA? TO LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION1 IS FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S PRE AN>*I/ PHASE4 ,IT COMB9ES IDEAS ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION ) ! CONTRADICTORY AIM ( SETT+ UP A P>LIAM5T2 0,= ! GOV]NANCE ( COMMON AFFAIRS1 A GOV]NM5T & PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY OR P>LIAM5T WILL ( NECESSITY BE =M$0.<#a#b.> 

,IT ALSO R$UCES ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL ONE4 ,! ASSUMPTION IS ?AT EV]Y:]E ! PEOPLE >E READY TO RISE & ?AT ALL ?AT IS NE$$ IS = A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>IES TO CO-ORD9ATE ?IS RIS+4 ,?IS AN IDEA ALSO COMMON 9 #b? C5TURY ,M>XISM EI!R 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ IDEA ( ! 'CRISIS ( LEAD]%IP' OR ! ,GUEV]I/ REVOLUTION>Y FOCI4 

,IF ?IS PROGRAM CANNOT BE CONSID]$ ANY SORT ( F9AL BLUEPR9T ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS IRRELEVANT4 ,! K9D ( NEW SOCIETY !Y ADVOCAT$ WAS A RADICAL ADVANCE 9 ! ,EUROPE ( ! #a#h#f'S & REMA9S SURPRIS+LY RELEVANT4 ,! SELECTION 9 ! BOX GIVES ! FLAVOR ( H[ !Y SAW PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 

,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#e7 

0! ADV5T ( LIB]TY IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EXI/5CE ( ,/ATES4 

4444 

44! FREE HUMAN SOCIETY MAY >ISE AT LA/1 NO LONG] ORGANIZ$ 4444 FROM ! TOP D[N4444 BUT RA!R />T+ FROM ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL & ! FREE ASSOCIATION & AUTONOM\S COMMUNE1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP 

4444 

4444 WOM51 DIFF]5T FROM MAN BUT NOT 9F]IOR TO HIM1 9TELLIG5T1 H>DWORK+ & FREE AS HE IS1 %\LD BE DECL>$ HIS EQUAL 9 ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL RI<TS 4444RELIGI\S & CIVIL M>RIAGE %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY FREE M>RIAGE1 & ?AT ! UPKEEP1 $UCATION & TRA9+ ( ALL *ILDR5 %\LD BE A MATT] = EV]YONE1 A *>GE UPON SOCIETY 4444 *ILDR5 BELONG+ NEI!R TO SOCIETY NOR TO !IR P>5TS BUT RA!R TO !IR FUTURE LIB]TY 

44 

! REVOLUTION 4444 CAN 4444 BE EFFECT$ ONLY BY ! PEOPLE 

4444 

! REVOLUTION 4444 CANNOT SUCCE$ UNLESS1 SWEEP+1 LIKE A WORLDWIDE CONFLAGRATION 44 IT 5COMPASSES ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE = A />T & !N ! WORLD 

4444 

! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 44 WILL NOT 4444 PUT UP ITS SWORD BE=E IT HAS DE/ROY$ EV]Y /ATE 4444 ACROSS ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD0.<#a#c.> 

,BAKUN9 NEXT ATTEMPT$ TO 9TRODUCE A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PROGRAM 9TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM4 ,?IS WAS F\ND$ AT A CONF]5CE 9 ,G5EVA 9 ,AUGU/ ( #ahfg ATT5D$ BY #f1 PEOPLE1 0ALL FRI5DS ( FREE DEMOCRACY0 4 ,BAKUN9 IS DESCRIB$ RIS+ TO SPEAK AT ! CONF]5CE2 0! CRY PASS$ FROM M\? TO M\?3 ',BAKUN96' ,G>IBALDI1 :O WAS 9 ! *AIR1 /OOD UP1 ADVANC$ A FEW /EPS & EMBRAC$ HIM4 ,?IS SOLEMN MEET+ ( TWO OLD & TRI$ W>RIORS ( ! REVOLUTION PRODUC$ AN A/ONI%+ IMPRESSION 4444 ,EV]YONE ROSE & !RE WAS A PROLONG$ & 5?USIA/IC CLAPP+ ( H&S0.<#a#d.> 4 

,SOME PEOPLE DATE ,BAKUN9'S ADVOCACY ( AN>*ISM FROM ?IS PO9T1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE AS P>T ( HIS SPEE* HE D5\NC$ NATIONALISM - A BREAK ) HIS PREVI\S PAN-,SLAVISM4 ,O!RS DATE IT FROM ! FOLL[+ CONGRESS ( ,B]NE 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,9 ANY CASE IT IS FROM ?IS P]IOD ONW>D ?AT ,BAKUN9 BECOMES C5TRALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! BUILD+ ( MASS REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IT IS FROM ?IS PO9T ?AT HE />TS TO ADVOCATE ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION CONSI/5T ) AN>*ISM4 ,HIS LA/ MAJOR WORK1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#g#c1 \TL9ES ! FOLL[+ PROGRAM = ! REVOLUTION>Y Y\? 9 ,RUSSIA4 

04444!Y MU/ GO ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE TODAY - & ?IS IS TRUE EV]Y:]E1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA - \TSIDE ( ! PEOPLE1 \TSIDE ( ! MULTI-MILLION-/RONG LABOR+ MASSES1 !RE IS NEI!R LIFE1 NOR CAUSE1 NOR FUTURE0.<#a#e.> 

0,! *IEF DEFECT :I* TO ?IS DAY P>ALYZES & MAKES IMPOSSIBLE A UNIV]SAL POPUL> 9SURRECTION 9 ,RUSSIA IS ! SELF-CONTA9M5T ( ! COMMUNES1 ! ISOLATION & SEP>AT5ESS ( ! LOCAL PEASANT WORLDS4 ,AT ALL CO/S WE MU/ %ATT] ?AT ISOLATION & 9TRODUCE ! VITAL CURR5T ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T1 WILL1 & DE$ TO ?OSE SEP>ATE WORLDS4 ,WE MU/ L9K TOGE!R ! BE/ PEASANTS ( ALL ! VILLAGES1 DI/RICTS1 &1 IF POSSIBLE1 REGIONS1 ! PROGRESSIVE 9DIVIDUALS1 ! NATURAL REVOLUTION>IES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT WORLD1 &1 :]E POSSIBLE1 CREAT+ ! SAME VITAL L9K BETWE5 ! FACTORY WORK] & ! PEASANTRY4 

4444,WE MU/ CONV9CE !SE PROGRESSIVE 9DIVIDUALS - & ?R\< !M1 IF NOT ALL ! PEOPLE !N AT LEA/ A SIZABLE SEGM5T ( !M1 ! MO/ 5]GETIC SEGM5T - ?AT ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE 4444 %>E ONE COMMON MIS=TUNE & !RE=E ONE COMMON CAUSE4 ,WE MU/ CONV9CE !M ?AT AN 9V9CIBLE =CE LIVES 9 ! PEOPLE1 :I* NO?+1 & NO ONE CAN )/&1 & ?AT IF IT HAS NOT YET LIB]AT$ ! PEOPLE IT IS BECAUSE IT IS P[]FUL ONLY :5 IT IS CONC5TRAT$ & ACTS SIMULTANE\SLY1 EV]Y:]E1 JO9TLY 9 CONC]T1 & UNTIL N[ IT HAS NOT DONE SO4 ,9 ORD] TO CONC5TRATE ?AT =CE1 ! VILLAGES1 DI/RICTS & REGIONS MU/ BE L9K$ & ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO A COMMON PLAN & ) ! S+LE OBJECTIVE ( UNIV]SAL LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,TO CREATE 9 \R PEOPLE A FEEL+ & CONSCI\SNESS ( REAL UNITY1 SOME SORT ( POPUL> NEWPAP] MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ 4444 :I* W\LD IMM$IATELY SPREAD 9=MATION TO EV]Y CORN] ( ,RUSSIA1 TO EV]Y REGION1 DI/RICT & VILLAGE1 AB\T ANY PEASANT OR FACTORY UPRIS+ ?AT BREAKS \T 9 ONE LOCALITY OR ANO!R1 & ALSO AB\T ! SIGNIFICANT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS PRODUC$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ( WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

44 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE WILL ACKN[L$GE \R $UCAT$ Y\? AS !IR [N ONLY :5 !Y 5C\NT] !M 9 !IR [N LIVES1 9 !IR [N MIS=TUNES1 9 !IR [N CAUSE1 9 !IR [N DESP]ATE REBELLION4 ,! Y\? MU/ BE PRES5T FROM N[ ON NOT AS WITNESSES BUT AS ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS1 9 ! =EFRONT ( ALL POPUL> DI/URBANCES & UPRIS+S1 GREAT & SMALL 4444 ,ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A RIGOR\SLY CONCEIV$ & FIX$ PLAN1 & SUBJECT+ ALL !IR ACTIVITY TO ! /RICTE/ DISCIPL9E 9 ORD] TO CREATE ?AT UNANIMITY )\T :I* !RE CAN BE NO VICTORY440 .<#a#f.> 

,?IS ONE QUOTATION REFUTES ! MO/ COMMON MISREPRES5TATIONS ( ,BAKUN9'S MODEL ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT DOES CONFIRM ONE COMMON CRITICISM ( ,BAKUN91 ?AT HE DID NOT CONF9E HIS REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT TO ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS1 BUT LOOK$ AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE SO1 TO ! >TISANS & ! PEASANTS4 ,H[EV] :ILE ?IS CRITICISM MI<T MAKE SOME S5SE 9 MOD]N ,EUROPE OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICA TODAY1 9 ! #a#h#g'S ANY REVOLUTION :I* ONLY MOBILIZ$ ! URBAN WORK]S W\LD HAVE BE5 DOOM$ TO DEFEAT4 ,AT ?AT TIME URBAN WORK]S W]E A T9Y M9ORITY ( SOCIETY4 

,= 9/ANCE 9 ADVOCAT+ A SIMIL> /RATEGY = REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,ITALY ,BAKUN9 E/IMATES ?AT 04444,ITALY HAS A HUGE PROLET>IAT4444 ,IT CONSI/S ( TWO OR ?REE MILLION URBAN FACTORY WORK]S & SMALL >TISANS1 & SOME #b MILLION L&LESS PEASANTS40 .<#a#g.> ,BAKUN91 UNLIKE ,M>X1 SAW ?AT ! PEASANTS C\LD BE ACTIVELY WON OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION1 &1 BECAUSE ( ! NUMB]S 9VOLV$ !RE C\LD BE NO LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ?AT P]IOD )\T ! PEASANTS4 

,BUT ,BAKUN9 DID NOT1 AS IS (T5 CLAIM$1 DISMISS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 FACT1 9 ADVANCE ( ,M>X & 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT 0,! COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS ALREADY HAVE PROV5 ?AT WORK]S >E QUITE CAPABLE ( ADM9I/]+ 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 ?AT IT CAN BE DONE BY WORK]S ELECT$ FROM !IR MID/ & :O RECEIVE ! SAME WAGE40.<#a#h.> ,HE WAS H[EV] CRITICAL ( A C]TA9 LAY] ( ! ,BRITI%1 ,G]MAN & ,SWISS WORK+ CLASS :O HE BELIEV$ HAD BECOME A LABOR >I/OCRACY ?AT C\LD BE HO/ILE TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 

,BAKUN9'S VIEW ( H[ REVOLUTION>IES %\LD ORGANIZE IS (T5 CRITICIZ$ = APPE>+ TO ADVOCATE A SECRET DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,! DOCUM5TS ON REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION HE PRODUC$ 9 #ahfg 7ABOVE7 & 9 #ahfh DO 9DE$ CONTA9 AN ODD CONTRADICTION1 CAPTUR$ BY ! QUOTATION BEL[4 

0,?AT ASSOCIATION />TS FROM ! BASIS ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E NEV] MADE BY 9DIVIDUALS1 NOR EV5 BY SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,!Y >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 SELF-MADE1 PRODUC$ BY ! LOGIC ( ?+S1 BY ! TR5D ( EV5TS & ACTIONS4444 ,ALL ?AT A WELL ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY CAN DO IS1 FIR/1 TO PLAY MIDWIFE TO ! REVOLUTION BY SPREAD+ AMONG ! MASSES IDEAS APPROPRIATE TO ! MASSES' 9/9CTS1 & TO ORGANIZE1 NOT ! ,REVOLUTION'S >MY - = ! PEOPLE AT ALL TIMES MU/ BE ! >MY - BUT A SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /AFF MADE UP ( COMMITT$1 5]GETIC & 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUALS :O >E ABOVE ALL ELSE TRUE FRI5DS ( ! PEOPLE & NOT PRESUMPTIONS BRAGG>TS1 ) A CAPACITY = ACT+ AS 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA & ! PEOPLE'S 9/9CT 

,! NUMB]S ( SU* 9DIVIDUALS1 !N1 NE$ NOT BE HUGE4 ,A HUNDR$ TI<TLY & S]I\SLY ALLI$ REVOLUTION>IES WILL SUFFICE = ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE4 ,TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ REVOLUTION>IES WILL BE 5\< TO ORGANIZE ! L>GE/ ( C\NTRIES04.<#a#i.> 

,?IS CONTRADICTION IS EMPHASIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C\PLE ( L9ES :]E ,BAKUN9 SEEMS TO BE SUGGE/+ ?AT ON ! ONE H& TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ REVOLUTION>IES >E REQUIR$ 9 ! L>G] C\NTRIES BUT ON ! O!R ONLY #a 7A SMALL] FIGURE7 >E REQUIR$ = ,EUROPE 7A L>G] >EA474 

,?IS 'CONTRADICTION' APPE>S AGA9 & AGA9 9 ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S1 = 9/ANCE 9 #ahg HE WAS TO WRITE 

0,?US ! SOLE AIM ( A SECRET SOCIETY MU/ BE1 NOT ! CREATION ( AN >TIFICIAL P[] \TSIDE ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! R\S+1 UNIT+ & ORGANIZ+ ( ! SPONTANE\S P[] ( ! PEOPLE2 !RE=E1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE1 ! ONLY REAL REVOLUTION>Y >MY IS 4444 ! ORGANIZATION %\LD ONLY BE ! /AFF ( ?IS >MY1 AN ORGANIZ] ( ! PEOPLE'S P[]1 NOT ITS [N4444 ,A REVOLUTION>Y IDEA IS REVOLUTION>Y1 VITAL1 REAL & TRUE ONLY BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES & ONLY AS F> AS IT REPRES5TS POPUL> 9/9CTS :I* >E ! RESULT ( HI/ORY4 ,TO /RIVE TO FOI/ ON ! PEOPLE Y\R [N ?\<TS-=EIGN TO ITS 9/9CT-IMPLIES A WI% TO MAKE IT SUBS]VI5T TO A NEW /ATE4444 ,! ORGANIZATION MU/ ACCEPT 9 ALL S9C]ITY ! IDEA ?AT IT IS A S]VANT & A HELP]1 BUT NEV] A COMM&] ( ! PEOPLE1 NEV] UND] ANY PRETEXT ITS MANAG]1 NOT EV5 UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! PEOPLE'S WELF>E4 

,! ORGANIZATION IS FAC$ ) AN 5ORM\S TASK3 NOT ONLY TO PREP>E ! SUCCESS ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION ?R\< PROPAG&A & ! UNIFICATION ( POPUL> P[]2 NOT ONLY TO DE/ROY TOTALLY1 BY ! P[] ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 ! :OLE EXI/+ ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD]2 BUT1 9 ADDITION 4444 TO MAKE IMPOSSIBLE AFT] ! POPUL> VICTORY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ANY /ATE P[] OV] ! PEOPLE-EV5 ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y1 EV5 Y\R P[]-BECAUSE ANY P[]1 :ATEV] IT CALL$ ITSELF1 W\LD 9EVITABLY SUBJECT ! PEOPLE TO OLD SLAV]Y 9 A NEW =M4444 

,WE >E BITT] FOES ( ALL (FICIAL P[]1 EV5 IF IT W]E ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 ,WE >E 5EMIES ( ALL PUBLICLY ACKN[L$G$ DICTATOR%IP2 WE >E SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S4 ,BUT Y\ WILL ASK1 IF WE >E AN>*I/S1 BY :AT RI<T DO WE WI% TO & BY :AT ME?OD CAN WE 9FLU5CE ! PEOPLE8 ,REJECT+ ANY P[]1 BY :AT P[] OR RA!R BY :AT =CE %ALL WE DIRECT ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION8 ,AN 9VISIBLE =CE-RECOGNIZ$ BY NO ONE1 IMPOS$ BY NO ONE-?R\< :I* ! COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( \R ORGANIZATION WILL BE ALL ! MI<TI]1 ! MORE IT REMA9S 9VISIBLE & UNACKN[L$G$1 ! MORE IT REMA9S )\T ANY (FICIAL LEGALITY & SIGNIFICANCE4 

,IMAG9E4444 A SECRET ORGANIZATION :I* HAS SCATT]$ ITS MEMB]S 9 SMALL GR\PS OV] ! :OLE T]RITORY ( ! ,EMPIRE BUT IS NEV]!LESS FIRMLY UNIT$3 9SPIR$ BY A COMMON IDEAL4444 AN ORGANIZATION :I* ACTS EV]Y:]E ACCORD+ TO A COMMON PLAN4 ,!SE SMALL GR\PS1 UNKN[N BY ANYBODY AS SU*1 HAVE NO (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ P[] BUT !Y >E /RONG 9 !IR IDEAL1 :I* EXPRESSES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! PEOPLE'S 9/9CTS1 DESIRES & DEM&S4444 

,?IS DICTATOR%IP IS FREE FROM ALL SELF-9T]E/1 VANITY & AMBITION = IT IS ANONYM\S1 9VISIBLE & DOES NOT GIVE ADVANTAGE OR HONOR OR (FICIAL RECOGNITION ( P[] TO A MEMB] ( ! GR\P OR TO ! GR\PS !MSELVES4 ,IT DOES NOT ?REAT5 ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS FREE FROM ALL (FICIAL *>ACT]44440 .<#b.> 

,ON ! ONE H& ,BAKUN9 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 0,! FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION %\LD BE C>RI$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM UP0 .<#b#a.> ,ON ! O!R H& ! POSSIBILITY = ! CREATION ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY W\LD NOT COME AB\T DUE TO A SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION BUT W\LD REQUIRE AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>IES :I* W\LD BE 0C5TRALIZ$ BY ! IDEA & BY ! SAM5ESS ( A PROGRAM0 .<#b#b.> 

,AS WE HAVE SE5 ,BAKUN9 HAD SOME CONSID]ABLE EXP]I5CE ( 9SURRECTION4 ,HE WAS ALSO ( C\RSE1 LIKE ,M>X1 A DISCIPLE ( ,HEGEL & H5CE ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD BY :I* TWO APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY ?+S W\LD 9T]ACT TO CREATE A NEW SITUATION_/IDEA ?AT WAS AN ADVANCE ON BO?4 ,AT ?IS /AGE 9 HIS WRIT+ ,BAKUN9 WAS ADVOCAT+ A WAY ( OV]COM+ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! GOAL ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & ! ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS NE$$ TO OV]?R[ AN AU?ORIT>IAN ONE4 ,O!R & LAT] REVOLUTION>IES FAC$ ) ?IS CONTRADICTION HAVE T5D$ TO EI!R >GUE = A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ?AT W\LD AIM = /ATE P[] OR TO PRET5D ?AT S]I\S ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS W]E NOT NECESS>Y4 ,BAKUN9 WAS ATTEMPT+ TO GO BEYOND !SE TWO OPPOS+ IDEAS TO F9D A NEW SOLUTION ?AT SATISFI$ REALITY4 

,BAKUN9'S VIEWS ON REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION CAN BE PRES5T$ AS A SORT ( W$D+ CAKE ) SEP>ATE BUT 9=MALLY CONNECT$ TI]S ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AT ! TOP W]E ! '#a'1 ! G5]AL /AFF :OSE ROLE IT W\LD BE TO E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 ! 9=MAL L9KS BETWE5 C\NTRIES4 ,!Y W\LD ALL[ SOME JUDGM5T ( :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE = REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ON ! ONE H& & ON ! O!R A MEANS ( TRY+ TO CO-ORD9ATE ?IS 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS WAS TO BE A SECRET 7BECAUSE ( ! DANG] ( >RE/7 & 7AFT] #a#h#f#h7 AN 9=MAL SET ( CONTACTS :O W\LD ATTEMPT TO 9FLU5CE ! C\RSE ( EV5TS ?R\< ! P[] ( !IR IDEAS4 

,B5EA? ?IS WAS TO BE A SECOND1 MU* L>G] & MORE OP5 ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS WAS ! ,ALLIANCE & ITS ROLE WAS PRIM>ILY TO 9TRODUCE REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS 9TO ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 P>TICUL> ?R\< ! BUILD+ ( REGIONAL SECTIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL4 

,AFT] #ahfh HE W\LD COME TO SEE ! BASE ( ?IS 'CAKE' AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! BASE WAS TO BE ! CREATION ( ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD FAVOR DIRECT ACTION & REJECT POLITICAL 7I4E4 ELECTORAL7 ACTIVITY4 ,! ,ALLIANCE W\LD ACT )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL TO PU% !SE POLITICS TO ! =E4 ,?IS WAS NECESS>Y BECAUSE1 HE WROTE1 ! MASS ( ! WORK]S - BE+ ILLIT]ATE & WORK+ LONG H\RS JU/ TO SURVIVE - W\LD NOT BE WON TO SOCIALISM ?R\< AB/RACT IDEAS ALONE4 ,RA!R ,BAKUN9 WROTE 

0,IT FOLL[S !N ?AT 9 ORD] TO T\* ! HE>T & GA9 ! CONFID5CE1 ! ASS5T1 ! ADHESION1 & ! COOP]ATION ( ! ILLIT]ATE LEGIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT - & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PROLET>IANS UN=TUNATELY /ILL BELONG 9 ?IS CATEGORY - IT IS NECESS>Y TO BEG9 TO SPEAK TO ?OSE WORK]S NOT ( ! G5]AL SUFF]+S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE BUT ( !IR P>TICUL>1 DAILY1 ALTOGE!R PRIVATE MIS=TUNES4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SPEAK TO !M ( !IR [N TRADE & ! CONDITIONS ( !IR WORK 9 ! SPECIFIC LOCALITY :]E !Y LIVE2 ( ! H>% CONDITIONS & LONG H\RS ( !IR DAILY WORK1 ( ! SMALL PAY1 ! MEANNESS ( !IR EMPLOY]1 ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+1 & H[ IMPOSSIBLE IT IS = !M PROP]LY TO SUPPORT & BR+ UP A FAMILY40.<#b#c.> 

,?IS WAS ! WORK ?AT ,BAKUN9 CAME TO SEE AS NECESS>Y 9 ! PREP>ATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT HE DID NOT SEE ! HI<] TI]S COMM&+ ! L[]1 QUITE ! OPPOSITE HE ALSO 9SI/$ ?AT 0! PEOPLES' REVOLUTION 4444 WILL >RANGE ITS REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION FROM ! BOTTOM UP & FROM ! P]IPH]Y TO ! C5T]1 9 KEEP+ ) ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY04.<#b#d.> 

0,AS REG>DS ORGANIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNE1 !RE WILL BE A F$]ATION ( /&+ B>RICADES & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL WILL OP]ATE ON ! BASIS ( ONE OR TWO DELEGATES FROM EA* B>RICADE1 ONE P] /REET OR P] DI/RICT1 !SE DEPUTIES BE+ 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES40 .<#b#e.> 

,AN APPEAL WILL BE ISSU$ TO ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS 9VIT+ !M TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE SET BY ! CAPITAL1 TO REORGANIZE ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES = A />T & TO !N DELEGATE DEPUTIES TO AN AGRE$ PLACE ( ASSEMBLY 7ALL ( !SE DEPUTIES 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & SUBJECT TO RECALL71 9 ORD] TO F\ND ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES 9 FUR!RANCE ( ! SAME PR9CIPLES & TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE ) ! CAPABILITY ( DEFEAT+ ! REACTION4 ,NOT (FICIAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMISS>S 9 ANY SORT ( SA%ES1 BUT RA!R REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&I/S >E TO BE DISPAT*$ 9TO ALL ! PROV9CES & COMMUNES & P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! PEASANTS :O CANNOT BE REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY PR9CIPLES1 NOR BY ! DECREES ( ANY DICTATOR%IP1 BUT ONLY BY ! ACT ( REVOLUTION ITSELF1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT WILL 9EVITABLY 5SURE 9 EV]Y COMMUNE FROM COMPLETE CESSATION ( ! LEGAL & (FICIAL EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE04 .<#b#f.> 

,?IS IS NOT SIMPLY A HI/ORICAL QUE/ION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 WE/]N C\NTRIES REVOLUTION>IES >E 9 G5]AL FREE TO SELL PAP]S & HOLD MEET+S 9 A MANN] !Y W]E G5]ALLY NOT 9 ,BAKUN9'S TIME4 ,YET ?IS LIB]ALISM FROM ! /ATE IS L>GELY A RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS NOT SE5 AS A S]I\S ?REAT4 ,:]E REVOLUTION>IES ( ONE =M OR ANO!R HAVE BE5 SE5 TO BE A ?REAT1 FROM ! BLACK PAN!RS1 TO ! ,IRI% CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T1 TO #a#i#gS ,ITALY1 ! GLOVES HAVE COME (F & ! FULL >RAY ( /ATE OPPRESSION1 9CLUD+ 9FILTRATION & PROVOCATION HAVE BE5 DEPLOY$ AGA9/ !M4 ,AT ! MOM5T ! RELATIVELY TRIVIAL ?REAT ( ! BLACK ,BLOCS ON ! GLOBALIZATION DEMON/RATIONS IS SEE+ AN 9CREAS+ >RAY ( /ATE OPPRESSION BE+ DEPLOY$1 9CLUD+ N[ A FATAL %OOT+4 ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S PROVIDE US ) ONE />T+ PO9T = LOOK+ AT ! APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 WANT+ TO CREATE A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & NE$+ TO OV]?R[ A P[]FUL & AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE TO DO SO4 

"9"9 

.<#a.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,TO ! ,F9L& ,/ATION1 ,$MUND ,WILSON1 ,FONTANA #a#i#f1 P#b#g#a 

.<#b.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,:O AM ,I1 P#a#b#f1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 TAK5 FROM ,LA ,COMMUNE DE ,P>IS ET LA NOTION DE L',ETAT #a#h#g1 ,OEUV]ES ,I,V1 P#b#d#iFF 

.<#c.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#i#c1 P#a#d 

.<#d.> ,APPEAL TO ! ,SLAVS 7#a#h#d#h71 9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#b1 P#f#c-#f#h 

.<#e.> ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#i#c1 P#b#f 

.<#f.> ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 $1 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#c1 P#c#h#h 

.<#g.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#i#c1 P#b#i 

.<#h.> ,DANIEL ,GU]9 9 ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/] ,VOL #a1 P #acb 

.<#i.> ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#i#c1 P#c 

.<#a.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#e7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#c#h 

.<#a#a.> ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/] ,VOL #a1 P #acb 

.<#a#b.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#e7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#d#b 

.<#a#c.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#e7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#c#c - #acg 

.<#a#d.> ,REPORT FROM A ,RUSSIAN POSITIVI/ QUOT$ 9 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 ,BAKUN93 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#i#c1 P#c#d 

.<#a#e.> ,BAKUN91 ,/ATISM & AN>*ISM1 ,APP5DIX ,A 7#a#h#g#c71 $ ,M>%AL ,%ATZ1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i1 P#b#a#b 

.<#a#f.> ,BAKUN91 ,/ATISM & AN>*ISM1 ,APP5DIX ,A 7#a#h#g#c71 $ ,M>%AL ,%ATZ1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i1 P#b#a#e 

.<#a#g.> ,BAKUN91 ,/ATISM & AN>*ISM 7#a#h#g#c71 $ ,M>%AL ,%ATZ1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i1 P#f 

.<#a#h.> ,! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 HTTP3_/_//RUGGLE4WS_/AN>*I/S_/BAKUN9_/WRIT+S_/CAPITALI/.-SY/EM4HTML 

.<#a#i.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,PROGRAM & ,OBJECT ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#h7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#e#f 

.<#b.> ,BAKUN9 TO ,NE*AYEV ON ! ROLE ( SECRET REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES1 ,JUNE #b1 #a#h#g1 HTTP3_/_//RUGGLE4WS_/AN>*I/S_/BAKUN9_/WRIT+S_/NE*AYEV.-SECRET.-DISAGREE4HTML 

.<#b#a.> ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE 7#a#h#g#a71 HTTP3_/_/FLAG4BLACK5$4NET_/DAV]_/AN>*ISM_/BAKUN9_/P>IS4HTML 

.<#b#b.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#e7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#c#i 

.<#b#c.> ,F\ND+ ( ! ,WORK]S ,9T]NATIONAL1 HTTP3_/_/FLAG4BLACK5$4NET_/DAV]_/AN>*ISM_/BAKUN9_/BAKUN9#c4HTML 

.<#b#d.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,PROGRAM & ,OBJECT ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#h7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#e#e 

.<#b#e.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,PROGRAM & ,OBJECT ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#h7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#e#e 

.<#b#f.> ,BAKUN9 9 ,PROGRAM & ,OBJECT ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD 7#a#h#f#h7 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S ,VOL #a1 P#a#e#f 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,BAKUN9'S IDEA ( REVOLUTION @& REVOLUTION>Y ORGANISATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,BAKUN9'S IDEA ( REVOLUTION @& REVOLUTION>Y ORGANISATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/