,BAKUN91 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 & ,SOCIAL ,PHILOSOPHY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 

,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTION ( REALITY1 LIKE ?AT ( ,M>X'S1 IS DIALECTICAL1 MAT]IALI/ & DET]M9I/IC4 ,LIKE O!R N9ETE5?-C5TURY !ORI/S1 ,BAKUN9 MAKES A DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO FUNDAM5TALLY CONTRA/+ APPROA*ES TO REALITY1 IDEALISM & MAT]IALISM1 & >GUES /RONGLY ?AT ONLY A MAT]IALI/ APPROA* IS A VALID ONE4 ,HE POSES ! QUE/ION 9 ! EXTRACT SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ AS ,GOD & ! ,/ATE3 

,:O >E RI<T1 ! IDEALI/S OR ! MAT]IALI/S8 ,! QUE/ION ONCE /AT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 HESITATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,UND\BT$LY ! IDEALI/S >E WRONG & ! MAT]IALI/S >E RI<T4 ,YES FACTS >E BE=E IDEAS2 YES1 ! IDEAL AS ,PR\DHON SAID1 IS BUT A FL[]1 :OSE ROOT LIES 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,YES1 ! :OLE HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 IS BUT A REFLECTION ( ITS ECONOMIC HI/ORY4.<#a.> 

,! SOCIAL WORLD1 \R HUMANITY1 IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! LA/ & SUPREME DEVELOPM5T - AT LEA/ ON \R PLANET & AS F> AS WE KN[ - 0! HI<E/ MANIFE/ATION ( ANIMALITY40 ,BUT ,BAKUN9 SEES ?IS AS A DIALECTICAL PROGRESSION1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE BE+ ! 0GRADUAL NEGATION ( ! ANIMAL ELEM5T0 9 HUMANS4 ,SU* DEVELOPM5T HE SEES AS BO? RATIONAL & NATURAL1 HI/ORICAL & LOGICAL4 ,DRAW+ ON ! IDEAS ( ,HEGEL & ,COMTE1 & AW>E ( ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGY - ,BAKUN9 WAS WRIT+ ONLY A DECADE AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,D>W9'S ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES - ,BAKUN9 SUMM$ UP ! MAT]IALI/ \TLOOK AS FOLL[S3 

,ONE CAN CLE>LY CONCEIVE ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 AS WELL AS ( ORGANIC LIFE & ( ! HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( MAN1 9DIVIDUALLY & SOCIALLY4 ,IT IS AN ALTOGE!R NATURAL MOVEM5T1 FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 FROM ! L[] TO ! HI<]1 FROM ! 9F]IOR TO ! SUP]IOR2 A MOVEM5T 9 CON=MITY ) ALL ( \R DAILY EXP]I5CES & CONSEQU5TLY 9 CON=MITY ALSO ) \R NATURAL LOGIC1 ) ! DI/9CTIVE LAWS ( \R M9D1 :I*1 BE+ =M$ & DEVELOP$ ONLY ?R\< ! AID ( !SE SAME EXP]I5CES >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 ONLY ITS M5TAL1 C]EBRAL REPRODUCTION OR ITS RECAPITULATION 9 ?\<T4.<#b.> 

,) ?IS CONCEPTION ( REALITY AS A K9D ( EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & SEE+ HUMAN SOCIALITY & CONSCI\SNESSES AS A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 ,BAKUN9 D5I$ ANY DUALISM BETWE5 SPIRIT & MATT]1 HUMANS & NATURE1 :I* WAS 9TR9SIC TO ! ME*ANI/IC PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,BE+ A P>T ( NATURE1 NO REBELLION AGA9/ IT BY HUMANS IS POSSIBLE3 0,!RE=E MAN WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO COMBAT ,NATURE2 HE CANNOT CONQU] OR MA/] IT40 ,& HE CONT9UES3 

,BE+ ! ULTIMATE PRODUCT ( ,NATURE ON ?IS E>?1 MAN1 ?R\< HIS 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 CONT9UES1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! WORK1 CREATION1 MOVEM5T & LIFE ( ,NATURE 444 ,MAN'S RELATIONS TO ?IS ,UNIV]SAL ,NATURE CANNOT BE EXT]NAL1 CANNOT BE ?OSE ( SLAV]Y OR ( /RUGGLE2 HE C>RIES ?IS ,NATURE )9 HIMSELF & IS NO?+ \TSIDE ( IT 444 ,IT SEEMS TO ME QUITE EVID5T 444 ?AT NO REVOLT IS POSSIBLE ON ! P>T ( MAN AGA9/ :AT ,I CALL UNIV]SAL CAUSALITY1 OR ,UNIV]SAL ,NATURE2 ! LATT] 5VELOPS & P]VADES MAN2 IT IS )9 & \TSIDE ( HIM1 & IT CON/ITUTES HIS :OLE BE+4.<#c.> 

,IT FOLL[$ FROM ?IS ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD WAS 9 A S5SE DET]M9$ OR CONDITION$2 ! WORLD WAS NOT *AOTIC1 NOR DID HUMANS HAVE 0FREE WILL0 :I* ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/$ WAS A !OLOGICAL CONCEPT3 

,NATURE1 NOT)/&+ ! 9EXHAU/IBLE WEAL? & V>IETY ( BE+S ( :I* IT IS CON/ITUT$1 DOES NOT BY ANY MEANS PRES5T *AOS1 BUT 9/EAD A MAGNIFIC5TLY ORGANIZ$ WORLD :]E9 EV]Y P>T IS LOGICALLY CORRELAT$ TO ALL ! O!R P>TS1 .<MOREOV].> ALL ?+S >E GOV]N$ BY 9H]5T LAWS :I* CON/ITUTE !IR [N P>TICUL> NATURE2 ?AT EA* ?+ HAS ITS [N PECULI> =M ( TRANS=MATION & ACTION.<#d.> 

,BUT ,BAKUN9'S NOTION ( ORD] WAS ,HEGELIAN4 ,HE SAW IT AS A CREATIVE PROCESS RA!R ?AN A ME*ANI/IC & /ATIC CONDITION4 

,9 ,NATURE ITSELF1 ?AT M>VEL\S 9T]RELATION%IP & NETWORK ( PH5OM5A IS C]TA9LY NOT ATTA9$ )\T /RUGGLE4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 ! H>MONY ( ! =CES ( NATURE ONLY APPE>S AS ! ACTUAL RESULT ( ?AT CONT9UAL /RUGGLE :I* IS ! V]Y CONDITION ( LIFE & MOVEM5T 444 ,IF ORD] IS NATURAL & POSSIBLE 9 ! UNIV]SE1 IT IS SOLELY BECAUSE ?IS UNIV]SE IS NOT GOV]N$ ACCORD+ TO SOME SY/EM IMAG9$ 9 ADVANCE & IMPOS$ BY A SUPREME WILL4 ,NATURAL LAWS >E 9H]5T 9 NATURE1 ?AT IS TO SAY !Y >E NOT FIX$ BY ANY AU?ORITY4 ,!SE LAWS >E ONLY SIMPLE MANIFE/ATIONS OR ELSE CONT9UAL FLUCTUATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S & ( COMB9ATIONS ( !SE V]Y V>I$1 TRANSI5T BUT REAL FACTS4.<#e.> 

,LIKE ,SP9OZA & ,GODW91 ,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT AS ! HUMAN SUBJECT WAS ESS5TIALLY DET]M9$ BY ! NATURAL & SOCIAL MILIEU1 IT WAS FUTILE TO POSIT ! NOTION ( 0FREE WILL0 OR TO ATTRIBUTE A PRECISE PLAN TO PEOPLE'S ACTIONS4 ,BAKUN9 WROTE3 

,SOCIALISM1 BE+ F\ND$ UPON POSITIVE SCI5CE1 ABSOLUTELY REJECTS ! DOCTR9E ( FREE WILL4 ,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT :ATEV] IS CALL$ HUMAN VICE & VIRTUE IS ABSOLUTELY ! PRODUCT ( ! COMB9$ ACTION ( ,NATURE & ,SOCIETY4 ,ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 ) NO EXCEPTION1 >E AT EV]Y MOM5T ( !IR LIVES :AT ,NATURE & ,SOCIETY HAVE MADE !M 444 ,H5CE IT CLE>LY FOLL[S ?AT TO MAKE M5 MORAL IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T MORAL4 ,& ?AT CAN BE DONE 9 ONLY ONE WAY2 BY ASSUR+ ! TRIUMPH ( JU/ICE1 ?AT IS1 ! COMPLETE LIB]TY ( EV]YONE 9 ! MO/ P]FECT EQUALITY = ALL4 ,9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS & RI<TS1 & ! RESULT+ LACK ( LIB]TY = ALL1 IS ! GREAT COLLECTIVE 9IQUITY BEGETT+ ALL 9DIVIDUAL 9IQUITIES4.<#f.> 

,MANY HAVE SE5 ,BAKUN9'S /RESS ON SOCIAL & NATURAL DET]M9ISM AS COMPLETELY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EMPHASIS HE ALSO MAKES ON ! FREE HUMAN AG5T4 ,BUT UNLESS ONE ?9KS 9 T]MS ( ABSOLUTES - SOME?+ :I* LIB]AL CRITICS ( ,BAKUN9 CONT9UALLY ACCUSE HIM ( DO+ - !N !RE IS NO 9TR9SIC 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 FRE$OM & NECESSITY4 ,ANO!R PHILOSOPH] ( FRE$OM1 ,SP9OZA1 IS (T5 CRITICIZ$ ON !SE SAME GR\NDS4 ,IT SEEMS1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT IS ! LIB]AL CRITICS !MSELVES :O ?9K 9 T]MS ( ABSOLUTES & DUALISMS RA!R ?AN ,BAKUN9 OR ,SP9OZA4 ,BAKUN9 MAKES IT CLE> ?AT LIB]TY IS NOT SOME?+ ABSOLUTE1 NOR IS SOCIAL DET]M9ISM4 ,HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT BIOLOGICAL DISPOSITIONS & ATTRIBUTES - PHYSIOLOGICAL H]$ITY - ALSO HAD AN 9FLU5CE ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR4.<#g.> ,HE ALSO PLAC$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 AN IMPORTANT EMPHASIS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A CREATIVE AG5T1 BO? DET]M9+ AS WELL AS BE+ DET]M9$ BY NATURAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! WORLD ITSELF 9 FACT1 WAS SE5 AS A CREATIVE PROCESS4 ,BAKUN9 !RE=E >GU$ = A RATIONAL UND]/&+ ( LIB]TY1 :I* D5I$ ! NOTION ( FREE WILL - ?AT IS1 0! PRESUM$ FACULTY ( ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL TO DET]M9E HIMSELF FREELY & 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY EXT]NAL 9FLU5C]02 SU* A NOTION ( FRE$OM1 :I* REMOV$ HUMANS FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( UNIV]SAL CAUSALITY1 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T WAS NONS5SE4 ,TWO EXTRACTS WILL SUFFICE TO 9DICATE HIS [N UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT AS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! METAPHYSICAL NOTION ( FREE WILL4 

,TRUE1 MAN1 ) ! AID ( KN[L$GE & ! ?\<TFUL APPLICATION ( ! LAWS ( NATURE1 GRADUALLY EMANCIPATES HIMSELF1 BUT NOT FROM ! UNIV]SAL YOKE :I* HE BE>S ) ALL ! LIV+ BE+S & ! EXI/+ ?+S ?AT COME 9TO & DISAPPE> 9 ! WORLD4 ,MAN ONLY FREES HIMSELF FROM ! BRUTAL PRESSURE EX]CIS$ UPON HIM BY HIS [N EXT]NAL WORLD - MAT]IAL & SOCIAL 444 ,SU* IS ! ONLY RATIONAL MEAN+ ( ! WORD LIB]TY2 ?AT IS1 ! RULE OV] EXT]NAL ?+S1 BAS$ UPON ! RESPECTFUL OBS]VATIONS ( ! LAWS ( NATURE4 ,IT IS 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! PRET5SIONS & DESPOTIC ACTS FROM M52 IT IS SCI5CE1 WORK1 POLITICAL REVOLT & ALONG ) ALL ?AT1 IT IS F9ALLY ! WELL ?\<T-\T & FREE ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 CON=MITY ) ! NATURAL LAWS 9H]5T 9 EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,! FIR/ & LA/ CONDITION ( ?IS LIB]TY RE/S !N ON ABSOLUTE SUBMISSION TO ! OMNIPOT5CE ( NATURE4.<#h.> 

,! LIB]TY ( MAN CONSI/S SOLELY 9 ?IS2 ?AT HE OBEYS NATURAL LAWS BECAUSE HE HAS HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ !M AS SU*1 & NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ UPON BY AN EXTR9SIC WILL :ATEV]1 DIV9E OR HUMAN1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL4.<#i.> 

,BAKUN9 ?US CAME TO CONTRA/ A MAT]IALI/ APPROA*1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON NATURAL CAUSALITY & FRE$OM1 ) METAPHYSICAL IDEALISM4 ,! LATT] APPROA*1 9/EAD ( 0WISELY ACCOMPANY+ ! PROGRESSIVE & REAL MOVEM5T FROM ! WORLD CALL$ 9ORGANIC TO ! WORLD ORGANIC1 VEGETABLE ANIMAL & !N DI/9CTLY HUMAN10.<#a.> BEG9S ) ,GOD1 CONCEPTUALIZ$ EI!R AS A P]SON OR DIV9E SUB/ANCE4 ,FOLL[+ ,COMTE HE SEES RELIGION & IDEALI/ METAPHYSICS 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS1 AS AN E>LI] =M ( HUMAN UND]/&+4 0,! FIR/ ?9K]S10 HE WROTE 0W]E NECESS>ILY !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS40 ,& HE POSITS MAT]IALISM 7POSITIVE SCI5CE7 & IDEALISM 7RELIGI\S METAPHYSICS7 AS TWO CONTRA/+ =MS ( UND]/&+4 ,HE SUMS UP ! CONTRA/ 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

,MAT]IALISM />TS FROM ANIMALITY TO E/ABLI% HUMANITY2 IDEALISM />TS ) DIV9ITY TO E/ABLI% SLAV]Y & TO CONDEMN ! MASSES TO P]PETUAL ANIMALITY4 ,MAT]IALISM D5IES FREE WILL & 5DS 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LIB]TY2 IDEALISM 9 ! NAME ( HUMAN DIGNITY1 PROCLAIMS FREE WILL1 &1 ON ! RU9S ( EV]Y LIB]TY1 F\NDS AU?ORITY2 MAT]IALISM REJECTS ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 BECAUSE IT RI<TLY CONSID]S IT ! COROLL>Y ( ANIMALITY1 & BECAUSE ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY :I* IS ! OBJECT & *IEF SIGNIFICANCE ( HI/ORY1 CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< LIB]TY4.<#a#a.> 

,9 ,HEGELIAN FA%ION1 ,BAKUN9 SEES HUMAN HI/ORY AS A WORLD PROCESS1 AS ! PROGRESSIVE MOVE T[>DS GREAT] FRE$OM1 FIR/ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE1 !N1 ) HUMAN CULTURE & CONSCI\SNESS1 HUMANS E/ABLI% A DEGREE ( AUTONOMY FROM ! WORLD ( NATURE1 F9ALLY1 ) ! POT5TIAL E/ABLI%M5T ( A TRULY HUMAN SOCIETY1 ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HUMAN FRE$OM = ,BAKUN9 CAN ONLY BE 9 NATURE & SOCIETY1 NOT SOME?+ 9DEP5D5T FROM ! WORLD4 

,HE POSES ! QUE/ION AS TO :Y RELIGION & ! BELIEF 9 ,GOD CAME 9TO BE+4 ,S9CE HUMANS >E AT ONE ) ,NATURE & >E ESS5TIALLY MAT]IAL BE+S1 H[ DID ?IS DUALITY - ( SPIRIT 7DIV9ITY7 & NATURE - COME 9TO BE+1 & TAKE SU* A DEEP ROOT 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS4.<#a#b.> ,DRAW+ ON ! IDEAS ( ,SP9OZA1 ,FEU]BA* & ! LEFT-,HEGELIANS1 ,BAKUN9 (F]S MANY T5TATIVE SUGGE/IONS3 RELIGION IS RELAT$ TO FE> & 9SECURITY2 IT IS ! FIR/ AWAK5+ ( HUMAN REASON1 0! FIR/ GLEAM ( HUMAN TRU? ?R\< ! DIV9E VEIL ( FALSEHOOD0 - ! USE ( ! FACULTY ( AB/RACTION TO UND]/& ! WORLD2 IT REFLECTS A 0DEEP DISCONT5T0 - AN 9/9CTIVE & PASSIONATE PROTE/ AGA9/ ! WRET*$NESS ( MU* HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,HE DOES NOT D5Y ?AT RELIGION MAY HAVE BE5 A 0HI/ORIC NECESSITY0 & DOES NOT WI% TO AFFIRM ?AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN 0ABSOLUTE EVIL0 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1.<#a#c.> NEV]!LESS1 ,BAKUN9'S ESS5TIAL ATTITUDE TO RELIGION1 & TO METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY G5]ALLY1 IS A CRITICAL ONE4 ,HE SEES IT1 LIKE ,FREUD & ,M>X1 AS LIMIT+ HUMAN CAPACITY = REASON & FREE-?9K+ & AS BOL/]+ HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES & DESPOTIC REGIMES4 ,WE HAVE NOT$ E>LI] ,BAKUN9'S ?\<TS ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ON ,MAZZ9I'S DEF5SE ( RELIGION4 

,BAKUN9 IMPLIES1 ) ,FEU]BA*1 ?AT ,GOD 7RELIGION7 IS BUT A 0MIRAGE10 ONE 9 :I* HUMANS1 ?R\< FAI? OR IGNORANCE1 DISCOV] !IR [N IMAGE1 BUT 9 AN 9V]T$-DIV9IZ$-FA%ION4 0,GOD BE+ EV]Y?+1 ! REAL WORLD & MAN >E NO?+4 ,GOD BE+ TRU?1 JU/ICE1 GOODNESS1 BEAUTY1 P[] & LIFE1 MAN IS FALSEHOOD1 9IQUITY1 EVIL1 UGL9ESS1 IMPOT5CE & DEA?4 ,GOD BE+ MA/]1 MAN IS SLAVE40 ,& HE CONT9UES 9 FAM\S1 (T-QUOT$ PHRASES3 

,! IDEA ( ,GOD IMPLIES ! ABDICATION ( HUMAN REASON & JU/ICE2 IT IS ! MO/ DECISIVE NEGATION ( KN[N LIB]TY1 & NECESS>ILY 5DS 9 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( MANK9D1 BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE 444 HE :O DESIRES TO WOR%IP ,GOD MU/ H>BOR NO *ILDI% ILLUSIONS AB\T ! MATT]1 BUT BRAVELY R5\NCE HIS LIB]TY & HUMANITY4 

,IF ,GOD IS1 MAN IS A SLAVE2 N[ MAN CAN & MU/ BE FREE2 !N1 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/4 

,I DEFY ANYONE :OSOEV] TO AVOID ?IS CIRCLE4.<#a#d.> 

,!RE HAVE BE5 SOME AN>*I/S :O HAVE CONT9U$ TO BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 BUT HAVE 9T]PRET$ ! LATT] CONCEPT EI!R 9 T]MS ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT OR1 HAVE TAK5 GREAT C>E1 AS ,BAKUN9 H9T$1 NOT TO GIVE ANY POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( DIV9ITY AT ALL4 ,!Y USE IT AS A 0G5]IC NAME ( ALL ?AT SEEMS GR&1 GOOD1 BEAUTIFUL1 NOBLE1 HUMAN TO !M40 ,BAKUN9 CONCLUD$ ?AT 0,IF ,GOD REALLY EXI/$1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% HIM40.<#a#e.> 

,BAKUN9 HAD SOME V]Y H>% ?+S TO SAY AB\T RELIGION3 IT DEBAS$ & CORRUPT$ PEOPLE1 IT WAS CRUEL & BAS$ ON ! KEY RITUAL ( SACRIFICE2 IT DI%ONOR$ HUMAN LABOR2 IT SUPPORT$ PRIVILEGE & DESPOTISM2 IT WAS A KEY OB/ACLE TO ! EMANCIPATION ( SOCIETY 9 HAMP]+ HUMAN REASON4 ,IT HAD HELP$ HUMANS TO MAKE ! 0FIR/ /EP T[>DS HUMANITY10 BUT N[ IT WAS A H9DRANCE & FETT] TO FULL HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,AS ) ,M>X1 & O!R MAT]IALI/ S*OL>S1 ,BAKUN9 WAS A FIRM BELIEV] 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 & HELD ?AT 0! SUBSEQU5T PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( V>I\S !OLOGIES CAN BE EXPLA9$ NATURALLY AS ! REFLECTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY 9 HI/ORY40.<#a#f.> ,IT ?US FOLL[S ?AT FREE-?\<T PROPAG&A1 ?\< USEFUL 9 ITSELF1 W\LD NOT ]ADICATE RELIGION1 = PEOPLE GO TO *UR*1 AS !Y GO TO ! PO?\SE 7PUB71 TO ALLEVIATE !IR MIS]Y4 0,GIVE !M A HUMAN EXI/5CE & !Y WILL NEV] GO 9TO A POT-H\SE OR *UR*4 ,& IT IS ONLY ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ?AT CAN & %ALL GIVE !M SU* AN EXI/5CE40.<#a#g.> ,! SOCIALI/ HI/ORIAN1 ,ALEX&] ,GRAY1 SUGGE/S ?AT IT MI<T BE A USEFUL EX]CISE = !OLOGICAL /UD5TS TO REQUIRE !M TO WRITE A REASON$ REFUTATION ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S ON RELIGION4.<#a#h.> ,NO REFUTATION HAS EV] BE5 =?COM+ FROM ?IS OR ANY O!R QU>T]4 

,BAKUN9'S PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT+S ON ,NATURE PRES5T 9 EMBRYONIC =M1 AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO ! WORLD1 ONE ?AT IS MAT]IALI/ & HI/ORICAL1 & /RESSES ! ESS5TIAL CONT9UITY & ORGANIC L9K BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE4 ,BUT ,BAKUN9 SEEMS TO HAVE HAD V]Y MU* AN URBAN ES!TIC FEEL+ T[>DS NATURE1 9 CONTRA/ TO HIS TWO AN>*I/ 0DISCIPLES0 :O W]E TO MAKE1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECOLOGICAL !ORY - ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,BAKUN9'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOLOGY1 H[EV]1 W]E MU* MORE SIGNIFICANT1 9DE$ !Y W]E PR(\ND1 = HE (F]$ IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO ! SOCIALITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 9SI<TS ?AT ANTICIPATE ! !ORIES ( MANY PRAGMATI/S1 EXI/5TIALI/S & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S WRIT+ MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S LAT]4 

,SOCIAL ,PHILOSOPHY 

,ORGANIC LIFE1 HAV+ BEGUN ) ! SIMPLE/1 H>DLY ORGANIZ$ CELL1 & HAV+ L$ IT ?R\< ! :OLE RANGE ( TRANS=MATION - FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( PLANT LIFE TO ?AT ( ANIMAL LIFE - HAS F9ALLY MADE MAN \T ( IT4.<#a#i.> 

,= ,BAKUN91 HUMAN BE+S1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 NATURE1 >E 5TIRELY MAT]IAL BE+S1 & ! M9D1 ! ?9K+ FACULTY ) ! P[] TO RECEIVE & REFLECT ON DIFF]5T EXT]NAL & 9T]AL S5SATION1 IS ! PROP]TY ( AN ANIMAL BODY4 ,AS ) ALL ANIMALS1 HUMANS1 ,BAKUN9 WRITES1 HAVE TWO ESS5TIAL 9/9CTS OR DRIVES3 EGOISM1 ! 9/9CT = SELF-PRES]VATION1 & ! SOCIAL 9/9CT :I* IS ULTIMATELY CONC]N$ ) ! PRES]VATION ( ! SPECIES4.<#b.> ,:AT IS CALL$ SOCIETY OR ! HUMAN WORLD HAS NO O!R CREATOR ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES :O IS IMPELL$1 AS >E O!R LIV+ CREATURES1 BY A =CE OR 9/9CTIVE WILL )9 ! ORGANISM4 ,BAKUN9 REF]S TO ?IS AS ! 0UNIV]SAL LIFE CURR5T0 & ASSOCIATES IT ) 0UNIV]SAL CAUSALITY0 - ?US SUGGE/+ ?AT BY NATURAL LAWS1 ,BAKUN9 MEANT SOME?+ CLOS] TO ,FREUD'S LIBIDO OR ,TAO1 RA!R ?AN 0ME*ANI/IC LAWS40.<#b#a.> ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S ON ! WILL1 CLE>LY D]IV$ FROM ,S*OP5HAU] 7:OM HE READ ) 9T]E/ 9 HIS LA/ YE>S ?\< HE WAS CRITICAL ( ! PHILOSOPH]'S 9DIVIDUALISM7 HAVE A BIOLOGICAL RA!R ?AN A MORAL IMPORT 7AS ) ,KANT7 &1 AS ) ,NIETZS*E1 EVID5TLY ANTICIPATE ,FREUD4 

,BAKUN9 ALSO /RESSES ! FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE ( WORK 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT3 

,EV]Y ANIMAL WORKS2 IT LIVES ONLY BY WORK+4 ,MAN AS A LIV+ BE+1 IS NOT EXEMPT FROM ?IS NECESSITY1 :I* IS ! SUPREME LAW ( LIFE4 ,HE MU/ WORK 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 HIS EXI/5CE1 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP 9 ! FULLNESS ( HIS BE+4.<#b#b.> 

,& ,BAKUN9 EMPHASIZES ?AT HUMAN WORK HAS A PROGRESSIVE QUALITY4 

,BAKUN9 GOES ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES CON/ITUTE ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( ALL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T3 #a7 HUMAN ANIMALITY1 ! 0MAT]IAL0 ASPECTS ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT DISCUSS$ ABOVE2 #b7 HUMAN ?\<T1 :I* REPRES5TS A 0NEW ELEM5T0 9 ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 & #c7 REBELLION4 ,?\<T & REBELLION >E SE5 AS TWO FACULTIES ?AT COMB9E ! 0PROGRESSIVE ACTION ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D & CONSEQU5TLY CREATE ALL :I* CON/ITUTES HUMANITY 9 MAN40.<#b#c.> ,BAKUN9 REC\NTS ! ,G5ESIS MY? :]E ,JEHOVAH EXPRESSLY =BIDS ,ADAM & ,EVE FROM T\*+ ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE4 0,BUT H]E /EPS 9 ,SATAN1 ! ET]NAL REBEL1 ! FIR/ FREE?9K] & ! EMANCIPATOR ( WORLDS4 ,HE MAKES MAN A%AM$ ( HIS BE/IAL IGNORANCE & OB$I5CE1 HE EMANCIPATES HIM & /AMPS UPON HIS BR[ ! SEAL ( LIB]TY & HUMANITY1 9 URG+ HIM TO DISOBEY & EAT ! FRUIT ( KN[L$GE40.<#b#d.> ,?US1 REBELLION1 HUMAN EMANCIPATION & KN[L$GE >E SE5 AS 9TR9SICALLY L9K$ BY ,BAKUN94 ,9 HIS /UDY 0,BEYOND ! ,*A9S ( ,ILLUSION10 ,]I* ,FROMM NOTES H[ 9 ,GREEK & ,HEBREW MY?S ! CAPACITY = DISOB$I5CE CON/ITUT$ ! BEG9N+ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1.<#b#e.> YET HE MAKES NO M5TION ( ,BAKUN94 

,BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9SI<TS ( ,BAKUN9 RELATE TO HIS DISCUSSIONS ON ! ESS5TIAL SOCIAL NATURE ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT1 & ON HIS PO/ULATE ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM & RATIONALITY >E 9TR9SICALLY B\ND-UP 9 SOCIETY4 ,!SE DISCUSSIONS >E CLOSELY L9K$ TO HIS CRITIQUE ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 A CRITIQUE ?AT HAS BE5 LO/ ON MANY LIB]AL S*OL>S :O /ILL L>GELY CONT9UE TO SEE ! SUBJECT 9 ASOCIAL T]MS4 

,9 HIS ADDRESS TO ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 5TITLE 0,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM & ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM0 7#a#h#f#g71 ,BAKUN9 CONCLUD$ ! PROPOSAL ) A LONG DIATRIBE AGA9/ ,R\SSEAU'S !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,HE WAS CONC]N$ ?AT ,R\SSEAU'S DEMOCRATIC !ORY WAS NOT ONLY A JU/IFICATION = ! ,/ATE1 BUT MADE HUMAN FRE$OM & SOCIALITY 9TO RIGID ANTI!TICAL CONCEPTS4 ,WE CAN TRACE HIS >GUM5T AGA9/ ,R\SSEAU'S 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 !ORY BY QUOT+ SOME RELEVANT EXTRACTS4 ,BAKUN9 WRITES3 

,MAN IS NOT ONLY ! MO/ 9DIVIDUAL BE+ ON E>?1 BUT ALSO ! MO/ SOCIAL4 ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU WAS SURELY MI/AK5 9 HIS BELIEF ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ BY A FREE CONTRACT1 EFFECT$ BY SAVAGES4 ,BUT ,R\SSEAU IS NOT ALONE 9 HIS ASS]TION4 ,! MAJORITY ( MOD]N JURI/S & PUBLICI/S1 :E!R ( ! ,KANTIAN OR ANY O!R 9DIVIDUALI/ LIB]AL S*OOL 444 TAKE ! TACIT CONTRACT AS !IR PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,A TACIT CONTRACT 444 ,:AT T]RIBLE NONS5SE6 ,AN ABSURD &1 WORSE1 A P]NICI\S FICTION6 

,! IMPLICATIONS ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT >E 9 FACT FATAL1 BECAUSE !Y CULM9ATE 9 ! ABSOLUTE DOM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& YET ! PR9CIPLES SEEMS EXTREMELY LIB]AL AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,BE=E >RANG+ !IR CONTRACT1 9DIVIDUALS >E ASSUM$ TO HAVE 5JOY$ ABSOLUTE LIB]TY1 BECAUSE ?IS !ORY HOLDS ?AT ONLY MAN 9 HIS NATURAL1 WILD ,/ATE IS TOTALLY FREE 444 

,SO H]E WE HAVE PRIMITIVE M51 EA* ONE TOTALLY FREE 444 5JOY+ HIS FRE$OM ONLY AS LONG AS HE DOES NOT COME 9TO CONTACT ) ANO!R & REMA9S IMM]S$ 9 ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUAL ISOLATION 444 ,9 ORD] NOT TO UTT]LY DE/ROY ONE ANO!R1 !Y =M AN EXPLICIT OR TACIT CONTRACT BY :I* !Y REL9QUI% A P>T ( !MSELVES SO AS TO SAFEGU>D ! RE/4 ,?IS CONTRACT BECOMES ! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 OR RA!R ( ! ,/ATE1 = IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT !RE IS NO ROOM 9 ! !ORY = SOCIETY1 ONLY = ! ,/ATE1 OR RA!R ?AT SOCIETY IS TOTALLY ABSORB$ BY ! ,/ATE4.<#b#f.> 

,& ,BAKUN9 CONT9UES BY MAK+ AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & ,/ATE1 E>LI] MADE BY BO? ,TOM ,PA9E & ,GODW93 

,SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL M$IUM ( ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY1 REG>DLESS ( CONTRACTS4 ,IT PROGRESSES SL[LY1 ?R\< ! MOM5TUM IMP>T$ BY 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVES1 NOT ?R\< ! M9D & WILL ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,!RE MAY BE MANY UN>TICULAT$ LAWS ?AT RULE IT1 BUT !SE >E NATURAL LAWS1 9H]5T 9 ! SOCIAL BODY 444 ,IF IT FOLL[S ?AT !Y >E NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! JUDICIAL & POLITICAL LAWS PROCLAIM$ BY SOME LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY4.<#b#g.> 

,BAKUN9 GOES ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY 5DS :]E ! ,/ATE BEG9S1 & ?AT IT IS 0! MO/ FLAGRANT1 ! MO/ CYNICAL1 ! MO/ COMPLETE NEGATION ( HUMANITY40.<#b#h.> ,HE !N DEVELOPS A CRITIQUE ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* WE WILL DISCUSS FUR!R 9 A LAT] SECTION4 

,9 HIS /UDY 0,! ,KR\TO-,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION0 ,BAKUN9 TAKES UP AGA9 ! CRITIQUE ( ?OSE HE CALLS 0DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALS0 & ! 09DIVIDUALI/1 EGOI/1 BASE & FRAUDUL5T LIB]TY EXTOLL$ BY ! S*OOL ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & EV]Y O!R B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM40.<#b#i.> ,ACCORD+ TO !SE LIB]ALS - :O DON'T HESITATE TO SUPPORT A CO]CIVE ,/ATE :5 IT S]VES !IR 9T]E/S - 

444 ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT A CREATION1 AN HI/ORICAL PRODUCT ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT IT IS PREVI\S TO ANY SOCIETY1 & ?AT EV]Y MAN BE>S IT FROM BIR? ONW>DS1 TOGE!R ) HIS IMMORTAL S\L1 AS A DIV9E GIFT4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ONLY \TSIDE ( SOCIETY IS MAN COMPLETE 444 

,:AT EM]GES FROM ?IS !ORY IS ?AT \R SOCIETY PROP] DOES NOT EXI/2 IT UTT]LY IGNORES NATURAL HUMAN SOCIETY1 ! REAL />T+ PO9T ( ALL HUMAN CIVILIZATION & ! ONLY M$IUM 9 :I* ! P]SONALITY & LIB]TY ( MAN CAN REALLY BE BORN & GR[4 ,ALL IT ACKN[L$GES IS1 AT ONE EXTREME1 ! 9DIVIDUAL 444 & AT ! O!R ! ,/ATE4 7,LIB]ALS >E WELL AW>E ?AT NO HI/ORIC ,/ATE HAS EV] BE5 BAS$ ON A CONTRACT1 & ?AT !Y HAVE ALL BE5 F\ND$ BY VIOL5CE & CONQUE/4 ,BUT !Y NE$ ?IS FICTION ( ! FREE CONTRACT AS ! BASIS ( ! ,/ATE1 SO !Y GRASP IT )\T FUR!R ADO4.<#c.> 

,AGA9/ ?IS LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* SEES A FUNDAM5TAL ANTI!SIS BETWE5 ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY 7,/ATE7 - :I* ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/S IS ESS5TIALLY AN IDEALI/ !ORY - ,BAKUN9 \TL9ES HIS [N MAT]IALI/ !ORY4 ,?IS HE PO/ULATES 9 WAYS MU* MORE 5LI<T5+ ?AN EI!R ,HEGEL OR ,M>X1 OR ! LAT] ,DURKHEIM1 ?AT IS1 HE /RESSES ! FUNDAM5TALLY SOCIAL NATURE ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT4 ,BAKUN9 WRITES3 

,SOCIETY1 PREC$+ 9 TIME ANY DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,MAN IS BORN 9TO SOCIETY1 JU/ AS AN ANT IS BORN 9TO AN ANT-HILL OR A BEE 9TO ITS HIVE2 MAN IS BORN 9TO SOCIETY FROM ! V]Y MOM5T ?AT HE BECOMES A HUMAN BE+1 ?AT IS1 A BE+ POSSESS+ TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T ! P[] ( SPEE* & ?\<T4 ,MAN DOES NOT *OOSE SOCIETY2 ON ! CONTR>Y HE IS ! PRODUCT ( ! LATT]4444.<#c#a.> 

,SOCIETY IS ! BASIS & NATURAL />T+ PO9T ( MAN'S HUMAN EXI/5CE1 & IT FOLL[S ?AT HE ONLY REALIZES HIS 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY OR P]SONALITY BY 9TEGRATION ) ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS >\ND HIM & BY VIRTUE ( ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/ !ORY 444 9/EAD ( DIM9I%+ OR CON/RICT+ ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SOCIETY CREATES IT4 ,SOCIETY IS ! ROOT & BRAN*1 LIB]TY ! FRUIT4 ,!RE=E1 9 EV]Y ]A MAN MU/ F9D HIS LIB]TY1 NOT AT ! BEG9N+1 BUT AT ! 5DS ( HI/ORY1 & IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! REAL & TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( EV]Y HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL IS ! TRUE GREAT OBJECTIVE & ULTIMATE GOAL ( HI/ORY4.<#c#b.> 

,& ,BAKUN9 CONT9UES3 

,! MAT]IALI/ 444 DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY FLATLY CONTRADICTS ! IDEALI/S4 ,IT IS AS FOLL[S3 ,MAN DOES NOT BECOME MAN1 NOR DOES HE A*IEVE AW>5ESS OR REALIZATION ( HIS HUMANITY1 O!R ?AN 9 SOCIETY & 9 ! COLLECTIVE MOVEM5T ( ! :OLE SOCIETY2 HE ONLY %AKES (F ! YOKE ( 9T]NAL NATURE ?R\< COLLECTIVE OR SOCIAL LABOR 444 & )\T HIS MAT]IAL EMANCIPATION !RE CAN BE NO 9TELLECTUAL OR MORAL EMANCIPATION = ANYONE 444 MAN 9 ISOLATION CAN HAVE NO AW>5ESS ( HIS LIB]TY4 ,BE+ FREE = MAN MEANS BE+ ACKN[L$G$1 CONSID]$ & TREAT$ AS SU* BY ANO!R MAN1 & BY ALL ! M5 >\ND HIM4 ,LIB]TY IS !RE=E A FEATURE NOT ( ISOLATION BUT ( 9T]ACTION1 NOT ( EXCLUSION BUT RA!R ( CONNECTION 444 ,I MYSELF AM HUMAN & FREE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,I ACKN[L$GE ! HUMANITY & LIB]TY ( ALL MY FELL[ 444 ,I AM PROP]LY FREE :5 ALL ! M5 & WOM5 AB\T ME >E EQUALLY FREE4 ,F> FROM BE+ A LIMITATION OR A D5IAL ( MY LIB]TY1 ! LIB]TY ( ANO!R IS ITS NECESS>Y CONDITION & CONFIRMATION4.<#c#c.> 

,ISAIAH ,B]L9 REF]S TO ALL ?IS AS 0GLIB ,HEGELIAN CLAPTRAP0 & ONE ( HIS DEVOTEES CONCURS1 REF]R+ TO ,BAKUN9'S 0EXTRAORD9>Y AB/RACT IDEAL ( LIB]TY40.<#c#d.> ,BUT ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPT ( LIB]TY IS NOT AB/RACT AT ALL1 RA!R CONCRETE1 SUGGE/+ ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM ONLY HAS MEAN+ )9 A SOCIAL CONTEXT &1 MOREOV]1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 CAN BE MEAN+FUL ONLY 9 A SOCIETY :I* NOT ONLY ACKN[L$GES P]SONAL FRE$OM BUT HAS AS A DEGREE ( ECONOMIC EQUITY ?AT MAKES SU* LIB]TY POSSIBLE4 ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( ,R\SSEAU HAS GONE UNHE$$ BY MO/ LIB]ALS1 :O !MSELVES HAVE A F> MORE AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY1 HAPPILY ACKN[L$G+ IT EV5 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,/ATE & RAMPANT ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 

,A NUMB] ( 9T]E/+ PO9TS EM]GE FROM ,BAKUN9'S DISCUSSION4 ,FIR/1 ,BAKUN9 MAKES IT CLE> ?AT ! RELIGI\S IDEA ?AT ONE CAN A*IEVE FRE$OM OR SALVATION \TSIDE SOCIETY - AS ) MY/ICS OR AN*ORITE SA9TS - IS MISCONCEIV$4 ,! NOTION ( A SOLIT>Y & AB/RACT 9DIVIDUAL IS JU/ AS MU* AN AB/RACTION AS IS ,GOD1 HE WRITES1 & TO BECOME CONC]N$ ) ! LIB]TY 9H]5T 9 ! DIV9E S\L IS TO BECOME ANTI-SOCIAL4 ,LIFE \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 \TSIDE ( ALL KN[N 9FLU5CES1 0A LIFE ( ABSOLUTE ISOLATION1 IS TANTAM\NT TO 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL & MAT]IAL DEA?40.<#c#e.> 

,SECOND1 ,BAKUN9 PO/ULAT$ NOT ONLY A NEGATIVE CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY - CONSI/+ ( REBELLION AGA9/ ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY - BUT ALSO A POSITIVE CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY4 7,B]L9 & ,FROMM ALSO WROTE AB\T TWO =MS ( LIB]TY )\T EV] ACKN[L$G+ ,BAKUN947 ,! POSITIVE CONCEPT ( LIB]TY1 :I* ,BAKUN9 CONCEIV$ AS 0AN EM95TLY SOCIAL MATT]10 HE DEF9$ AS FOLL[S3 0,IT IS ! FULL DEVELOPM5T & FULL 5JOYM5T ( ALL HUMAN FACULTIES & P[]S 9 EV]Y MAN1 ?R\< UPBR++1 SCI5TIFIC $UCATION1 & MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY40.<#c#f.> ,HE SPEAKS TOO ( ! ONLY FRE$OM TRULY WOR?Y ( ! NAME - 0! FRE$OM :I* CONSI/S 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[] :I* >E F\ND 9 ! =M ( LAT5T CAPABILITIES 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 ,I MEAN ?AT FRE$OM :I* RECOGNIZES ONLY ?OSE RE/RICTIONS :I* >E LAID D[N = US BY ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE 444 ,?US1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO F9D A LIMIT FROM !M1 WE %\LD CONSID] !M AS ! REAL CONDITIONS ( & ! REAL REASON = \R FRE$OM0.<#c#g.> - ?IS 9 RESPONSE TO ,R\SSEAU4 ,ELSE:]E HE WRITES ( ! NE$ TO PROCLAIM ANEW ! GREAT PR9CIPLES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION2 ?AT EV]Y P]SON %\LD HAVE ! MAT]IAL & MORAL MEANS TO DEVELOP HIS :OLE HUMANITY4 ,! PR9CIPLE HE SUGGE/S MU/ BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO A PROBLEM3 

,TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY1 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 MAN OR WOMAN1 %\LD1 AT BIR?1 F9D ALMO/ EQUAL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS OR H] V>I\S FACULTIES & ! FULL UTILIZATION ( HIS OR H] WORK4.<#c#h.> 

,AILE5 ,KELLY SUGGE/S ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 0[N NE$ TO A*IEVE SELF-REALIZATION AS A REAL OR 9TEGRAT$ P]SONALITY0 WAS ! KEY TO HIS P]SONALITY1.<#c#i.> BUT COMPLETELY IGNORES ! FACT ?AT SELF-ACTUALIZATION - ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL - WAS ,BAKUN9'S [N CONCEPTION ( POSITIVE LIB]TY4 ,O!R WRIT]S FROM ,JUNG TO ,MASL[ HAVE POSIT$ 0SELF-ACTUALIZATION0 AS A CRUCIAL NE$ OR DRIVE ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY1 AL?\< ?IS HAS L>GELY BE5 !ORIZ$1 AS ,RUSSELL ,JACOBY 7#a#i#g#e7 NOTES1 )9 A CONTEXT ( 0SOCIAL AMNESIA40 ,BAKUN91 UNLIKE !SE HUMANI/IC PSY*OLOGI/S1 WAS FULLY AW>E ?AT POSITIVE LIB]TY - 0SELF-REALIZATION0 - WAS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W]E NOT SUBJECT TO CO]CIVE CON/RA9TS & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,KELLY'S SUGGE/ION.<#d.> ?AT 0FRE$OM0 & 0EQUALITY0 = ,BAKUN9 W]E SIMPLY 0F9E-S\ND+ E?ICAL CATEGORIES0 & ?AT HIS WRIT+S LACK ANY 0S]I\S ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS0 7%E ACCEPTS ! W>P$ OP9ION ( ,5GELS71 IS JU/ P]V]SE4 ,H] [N /UDY IS SOME:AT PA!TIC 9 ?AT %E NO:]E S]I\SLY 5GAGES H]SELF 9 ,BAKUN9'S [N CRITIQUE ( LIB]AL IDEOLOGY1 ! ,/ATE1 CAPITALISM1 & ,M>XISM - ALL REAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES4 

,?IRD1 ,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT :ILE ! ,/ATE IS 9 A S5SE >TIFICIAL & CAN BE ELIM9AT$1 SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL M$IUM = ! HUMAN SUBJECT & CANNOT BE REBELL$ AGA9/4 ,HE WRITES3 

,SOCIETY ANT$ATES & AT ! SAME TIME SURVIVES EV]Y HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL1 BE+S 9 ?IS RESPECT LIKE ,NATURE ITSELF4 ,IT'S ET]NAL LIKE ,NATURE1 OR RA!R1 HAV+ BE5 BORN UPON \R E>?1 IT WILL LA/ AS LONG AS ! E>?4 ,A RADICAL REVOLT AGA9/ SOCIETY W\LD !RE=E BE JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE = MAN AS A REVOLT AGA9/ NATURE1 HUMAN SOCIETY BE+ NO?+ ELSE BUT ! LA/ GREAT MANIFE/ATION ( CREATION ( ,NATURE UPON ?IS E>?4 ,& AN 9DIVIDUAL :O W\LD WANT TO REBEL AGA9/ SOCIETY 444 W\LD PLAY HIMSELF BEYOND ! POLE ( EXI/5CE4.<#d#a.> 

,& ,BAKUN9 SUGGE/S ?AT :ILE AN 9DIVIDUAL MAY WELL REACT AGA9/ SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY :5 9FLU5C$ 0BY FEEL+S COM+ FROM \TSIDE & ESPECIALLY FROM AN ALI5 SOCIETY1 BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT LEAVE ?IS P>TICUL> SOCIETY )\T IMM$IATELY PLAC+ HIMSELF 9 ANO!R SPH]E ( SOLID>ITY & )\T BECOM+ SUBJECT$ TO NEW 9FLU5CES40.<#d#b.> 

,SOME WRIT]S HAVE 9F]R$ FROM ?IS ?AT :ILE ,BAKUN9 WAS HO/ILE TO ! ,/ATE HE WAS QUITE HAPPY TO ALL[ SOCIAL PRESSURE 9 ! =M ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,GRAY1 = 9/ANCE1 WRITES ?AT :ILE ,BAKUN9 WAS DELIV]+ US FROM A VISIBLE TYRANNY 7! ,/ATE7 HE MAY BE SUBJECT+ ! HUMAN RACE TO AN EV5 MORE 0GRIEV\S TYRANNY0 - PUBLIC OP9ION4.<#d#c.> ,ON ?IS ISSUE ,BAKUN9 WRITES3 

,SOCIAL TYRANNY IS (T5 OV]:ELM+ & DEADLY1 BUT IT DOES NOT EXHIBIT ! *>ACT] ( IMP]ATIVE VIOL5CE1 ( LEGALIZ$1 =MAL DESPOTISM1 :I* DI/+UI%ES ,/ATE AU?ORITY 444 IT EX]TS ITS DOM9ATION BY MEANS ( CONV5TIONS1 MORALS1 & A MULTITUDE ( S5TIM5TS1 PREJUDICES & HABITS1 9 ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS ! M5TAL SPH]E & CON/ITUTES :AT WE CALL PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,IT 5VELOPS MAN FROM ! MOM5T ( HIS BIR? 444 H5CE ! IMM5SE P[] :I* SOCIETY EX]CISES OV] M54 

,BUT ,BAKUN9 CONT9UES1 

444 ?IS P[] MAY BE JU/ AS MU* B5EFICIAL AS H>MFUL4 ,IT IS B5EFICIAL :5 IT CONTRIBUTES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( KN[L$GE1 MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY1 LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & BRO!RLY SOLID>ITY1 H>MFUL :5 IT HAD OPPOSITE T5D5CIES4.<#d#d.> 

,BAKUN9 ALL HIS LIFE WAS CONC]N$ ) AN ATTEMPT TO \TL9E ! K9D ( SOCIETY ?AT WAS CONDUCIVE TO HUMAN LIB]TY & SOLID>ITY - A TRULY HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS ONE ?AT WAS BO? SOCIALI/ & LIB]T>IAN & NO ONE1 AS F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 HAS IMPROV$ MU* ON ,BAKUN9'S ESS5TIAL IDEAS4 ,ALL CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES >E *>ACT]IZ$ - IF LIB]ALS LIKE ,KELLY REMOV$ !IR T9T$ GLASSES - BY VIOL5CE1 POV]TY1 REPRESSION1 POLLUTION & PLUND]1 & ! !ORETICAL ALT]NATIVES TO SOCIAL AN>*ISM - OR?ODOX COMMUNISM1 LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & FASCISM - >E ALL MORALLY & POLITICALLY BANKRUPT4 

,F9ALLY1 SOME?+ NE$S TO BE SAID ON H[ ,BAKUN9 SAW ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 = HE HAS BE5 ACCUS$ BO? ( BE+ AN 0EXTREME 9DIVIDUALI/0 & AN EXTREME 0COLLECTIVI/10 COMPLETELY 0SUBM]G+0 ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,M>XI/S T5D TO /RESS 9DIVIDUALISM - ,M>X ACCUS$ ,BAKUN9 ( M]ELY TRANSLAT+ 0,PR\DHON'S & ,/IRN]'S AN>*Y 9TO ! CRUDE LANGUAGE ( ! T>T>S0.<#d#e.> - :ILE LIB]ALS /RESS HIS SUPPOS$ COLLECTIVISM4 ,BO? 9T]PRETATIONS >E GROSSLY UNJU/ TO ,BAKUN9 - 9DE$ WILLFUL4 

,! EXTRACTS ABOVE %\LD MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ,BAKUN9 SAW ! HUMAN SUBJECT AS AN ESS5TIALLY SOCIAL BE+1 & F\ND NO JU/IFICATION = ! SOCIETY_/9DIVIDUAL OPPOSITION4 ,HIS /RESS ON REBELLION1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & LIB]TY WAS ALWAYS C\NT]POIS$ ) AN EQUAL /RESS ON SOCIALITY & HUMAN SOCIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,ONE O FHTE MO/ P]CEPTIVE ( SOCIALI/ HI/ORIANS1 ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE1 SUMS UP WELL ,BAKUN9'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY3 

,BAKUN9'S SOCIAL !ORY BEGAN1 & ALMO/ 5D$1 ) LIB]TY4 ,AGA9/ ! CLAIMS ( LIB]TY NO?+ ELSE 9 HIS VIEW WAS WOR? CONSID]ATION AT ALL4 ,HE ATTACK$1 REMORSELESSLY & )\T QUALIFICATION1 EV]Y 9/ITUTION ?AT SEEM TO HIM TO BE 9CONSI/5T ) LIB]TY 444 ,YET HE WAS V]Y F> FROM BE+ AN 9DIVIDUALI/1 & HE HAD ! MO/ UTMO/ SCORN = ! K9DS ( LIB]TY ?AT W]E PREA*$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ADVOCATES ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE4 ,HE WAS1 OR BELIEV$ HIMSELF TO BE1 A SOCIALI/ AS WELL AS A LIB]T>IAN1 AN NO ONE HAS 9SI/$ MORE /RONGLY ?AN HE ON ! EVILS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ( ! COMPETITION ( MAN ) MAN4 ,:5 HE WROTE AB\T ! NATURE ( SOCIETY HE ALWAYS LAID EMPHASIS ON ! IMM5SE IMPACT ( SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 /RESS+ FULLY AS MU* AS ,DURKHEIM ! SOCIAL ORIG9 444 ( M5'S IDEAS4.<#d#f.> 

,! 0COLLECTIVI/0 ORI5TATION ( ,BAKUN9'S ?\<T HAD BE5 PROPOS$ BY ,AILE5 ,KELLY1 :O1 LIKE ,B]L9 & ,C>R1 T5DS TO SEE !SE IDEAS AS HAV+ TOTALIT>IAN IMPLICATIONS4 ,BAKUN91 %E >GUES1 WAS C5TRALLY CONC]N$ ) 0:OL5ESS10 & ) ! 0ES*ATOLOGICAL VISION ( A UNIFI$ HUMAN COMMUNITY0 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 0SUBM]G$40 ,%E WRITES3 

,= ,BAKUN91 LIB]TY WAS ABOVE ALL 0:OL5ESS03 ! DIALECTICAL OV]COM+ ( ALL DUALITY1 ALL CONFLICT BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 ! P>T & ! :OLE1 9 A UNITY ) ! ,ABSOLUTE :I* WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ! 9F9ITE SELF-ASS]TION & ! TOTAL DISSOLUTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO4.<#d#g.> 

,BAKUN9 WAS ?US A K9D ( MY/IC1 BUT A ROMANTIC MY/IC :O F\ND HIS ABSOLUTE 9 ! POPUL> MASSES - ! PEOPLE4 ,SU* A !SIS MAKES NONS5SE EV5 ( ,HEGEL :OSE DIALECTIC WAS ONE ( 0UNITY-9-OPPOSITION10 NOT ( MY/ICAL 0UNION0 - ! 0ID5TITY0 !ORY ( RELIGI\S MY/ICS & ,S*ELL+ :I* ,HEGEL 9DE$ D]ID$4 ,AS HE PUT IT 9 ! 0,PH5OM5OLOGY0 ?IS TO PALM (F ! ,ABSOLUTE AS ! NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK4 ,HEGEL WAS CONC]N$ ) ADVANC+ A CONCRETE METAPHYSICS & OV]COM+ DUALISM - BUT NOT BY COLLAPS+ OR 0DISSOLV+0 ! OPPOSITIONS4 ,AS AN 9T]PRETATION ( ,BAKUN9'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY IT IS EV5 MORE P]V]SE1 = UNLIKE ,KELLY1 ,BAKUN9 HAD A GOOD UND]/&+ NOT ONLY ( ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM1 BUT ( ! EM]G+ SCI5CE ( SOCIOLOGY & AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,COMTE IS EVID5T 9 MU* ( HIS WORK1 & HE WAS A CLOSE FRI5D ( TWO IMPORTANT E>LY AN?ROPOLOGI/S_/GEOGRAPH]S1 ,ELISEE & ,ELIE ,RECLUS1 AS ,COLE RI<TLY PO9TS \T4.<#d#h.> 

,AL?\< ONE MAY F9D OCCASIONAL ?\<TS AB\T ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y TO ID5TIFY HIM OR H]SELF ) ! PEOPLE1 IT IS PAT5TLY CLE> FROM ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S ?AT HE SAW ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL AN SOCIETY AS A 0DIALECTICAL0 ONE & BE+ DIALECTIC MEANS ?AT IT IS A UNITY-9-OPPOSITION1 & ALSO ONE ( MOVEM5T & *ANGE4 ,BAKUN9 SAW ALL RELATION%IPS BO? 9 NATURE & SOCIETY1 AS BE+ 9 A /ATE ( FLUX4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COLLECTIVE IS NEI!R COLLAPS$ NOR EQUAT$1 NOR IS IT SE5 9 RIGID DUALI/IC T]MS4 ,BAKUN9'S :OLE PROJECT WAS TO DEL9EATE A SOCIETY 9 :I* BO? LIB]TY & SOCIALITY W]E SAFEGU>D$4 ,KELLY'S ASS]TION ?AT ,BAKUN9 RESOLV$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( E?ICS & POLITICAL !ORY - ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 LIB]TY & EQUALITY AS A CONFLICT+ GOAL - ) ! 0/ROKE ( A P510 CONSID]+ !M AS ONE & ! SAME ?+1.<#d#i.> 9DICATES A WOEFUL MISUND]/&+ ( ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5T4 ,HE DID NOT - AS WE %ALL SEE - EQUATE !M OR CONSID] !M AS 9 9H]5T CONFLICT2 HE >GUES ?AT ECONOMIC EQUALITY WAS A BASIC CONDITION = LIB]TY4 ,ONLY SUPPORT]S ( CAPITALISM SEE EQUALITY 9 CONFLICT ) LIB]TY4 

,BUT ,KELLY DOES ,BAKUN9 A FUR!R 9JU/ICE4 ,NOT ONLY DOES %E L9K ,BAKUN9'S !ORY TO A MISREAD+ ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALISM1 ?US SEE+ HIM 9VOLV$ 9 0QUASI-RELIGI\S EC/ASY0 LOOK+ =W>D TO 0! DISSOLUTION ( ! P]SONALITY 9 A COLLECTIVE10.<#e.> %E ALSO FOLL[S ,ISAIAH ,B]L9 9 UNFAIRLY FOI/+ UPON ,BAKUN9 A ,JACOB9 CONCEPTION ( POLITICS4 ,%E WRITES3 

,GIV5 ?AT ! USE ( =CE IS ! ONLY WAY YET DEVIS$ ( ELIM9AT+ T5SION BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! :OLE1 ! PROPON5TS ( ! IDEAL ( ! UNITY ( CIVIL & POLITICAL SOCIETY >E CON/RA9$ BY !IR [N LOGIC TO PROPOSE A DICTATOR%IP :I* SUBM]GES ! FIR/ 9 ! SECOND AS A MEANS TO ! GOAL ( ! IDEAL SOCIETY4.<#e#a.> 

,?IS MAY BE AN APT DESCRIPTION ( ! K9D ( POLITICS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,R\SSEAU1 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,/AL91 BUT TO SEE IT AS *>ACT]IZ+ ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION & ( AN>*Y IS EI!R POLITICAL NAIVETY OR 9DICATES AN A/ONI%+ AB]RATION ( S*OL>%IP4 

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