,AUTONOMIA ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION #c1#g#b#c ,WORDS2 #b#d1#a#c#f ,*>ACT]S O ,NOTES #a#a1#c#d#e ,WORDS2 #g#g1#h#f ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,PROMISE & LIMITS ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS #f1#e#a#i ,WORDS2 #d#b1#f#b#e ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,BEYOND LEFTISM8 #a1#a#d#i ,WORDS2 #g1#d#d#g ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,NEGOTIAT+ ! 'LAW ( VALUE' #igf ,WORDS2 #f1#b#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,GRASP+ RETREAT #a1#a#f ,WORDS2 #g1#f#a#g ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,CAPITAL3 ,FROM #b Y>DS ( L95 TO ! SELF-R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 ONE EASY /EP #c1#i#c ,WORDS2 #b#e1#c#c#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,9TRODUCTION #a1#f#i#d ,WORDS2 #a1#i#a#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! QUE/ = VALUE #a1#a#i#d ,WORDS2 #g1#g#g#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! SUBSUMPTION ( SOCIETY BY CAPITAL & CLASS ANTAGONISM #a1#g#f ,WORDS2 #a1#g#d#a ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! DIALECTIC ( CAPITAL AS DESPOTISM & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM #hgi ,WORDS2 #e1#b#e#h ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,CONSEQU5CES ( ! UNDIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( CAPITAL AS 'JU/ IMPOSITION ( WORK' #b1#f#h#i ,WORDS2 #a#g1#b#g#a ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,! NATURE ( LAB\R P[] #a1#g ,WORDS2 #f1#a#e#f ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,9VISIBLE VALUE #d1#e#a#g ,WORDS2 #b#g1#e#a#g ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #b1 ,CONCLUSION #a1#f#b#c ,WORDS2 #a1#c#c ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,9TRODUCTION 3 ,A ,COLORFUL ,NECKLACE #a1#e#f#a ,WORDS2 #a1#f#a#g ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & A NEW !ORY = ! 'NEW ]A' #c1#h#a ,WORDS2 #b#a1#c#f ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL LAB\R AS CLASS /RUGGLE #b1#b#h ,WORDS2 #a#d1#f#d#i ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION #b1#i#b#d ,WORDS2 #a#i1#a#f#c ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & ! M9D ( CAPITAL #b1#f#i#a ,WORDS2 #a#g1#d#e#a ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & ! HE>T ( CAPITAL #c1#a#f ,WORDS2 #b1#e#h#e ,*>ACT]S O ,P>T #c1 ,CONCLUSION 3 ,A ,BAD ,/R+ ,MAKES A ,BAD ,NECKLACE #b1#f#g#b ,WORDS2 #a#g1#e#d#d ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION ,9TRODUCTION3 ,AUTONOMIA ,:E!R WE HAVE LIK$ IT OR NOT1 ,AUFHEB5 HAS (T5 BE5 PIGEON-HOL$ AS AN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ MAGAZ9E4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ,AUTONOMISM HAD BE5 A DEF9+ 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION = ?OSE ( US :O LAUN*$ ,AUFHEB5 9 #a#i#i#b4 ,IT WAS NOT SO MU* ! LUCIDITY ( ! PROSE1 ! RIGOR ( ! LOGIC OR EV5 ! EMPIRICAL ROBU/NESS ( ! >GUM5TS CONTA9$ 9 ! AUTONOMI/ WRIT+S :I* HAD BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% OV] ! PREVI\S DECADE OR SO ?AT IMPRESS$ US4 ,!RE W]E O!R MORE IMPORTANT REASONS :Y WE HAD BE5 9SPIR$ BY ,AUTONOMISM4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 AUTONOMI/ !ORY C\LD CLAIM TO HAVE >IS5 FROM ! PRACTICE ( AN ACTUAL MASS MOVEM5T4 ,FROM ! ACC\NTS WE HAD READ1 IT WAS APP>5T ?AT ! WAVES ( CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT HAD SWEPT ACROSS ! WORLD DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #gS HAD OCCURR$ ON A SIGNIFICANTLY GREAT] SCALE & 9T5SITY 9 ,ITALY 7! HOME ( ,AUTONOMISM7 ?AN ?OSE ?AT HAD OCCURR$ ELSE:]E4 ,BUT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! /RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY -- ) P]HAPS ! BRIEF EXCEPTION ( ,P>IS = A FEW WEEKS 9 #aifh -- C\LD BE SE5 TO HAVE GONE F> FUR!R ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! #gS HAD GIV5 RISE TO A POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 BREAK+ FREE FROM ! FETT]S IMPOS$ BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 PRACTICE & IDEAS ( ! OLD WORK]S MOVEM5T & ! LEFT4 ,BY REFLECT+ ?IS MOVEM5T 9 !ORY IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMISM HAD GIV5 ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ !ORETICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ! WAVES ( /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,SECONDLY1 AUTONOMI/ !ORY PROVID$ US ) A />T+ PO9T FROM :I* TO UND]/& NONTRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 CLASS T]MS4 ,9 \R $ITORIAL TO ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,AUFHEB5 WE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS HAD GIV5 RISE TO A REVIVAL ( MANY ( ! !ORETICAL CURR5TS ( ! CLASSICAL WORK]S MOVEM5T :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SUBM]G$ BY DECADES ( ,/AL9ISM1 SU* AS ,TROTSKYISM1 CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM & C\NCIL COMMUNISM4 ,!SE CURR5TS C]TA9LY PUT =W>D RADICAL CLASS ANALYZES4 ,H[EV]1 WE >GU$ ?AT TO A L>GE EXT5T !SE CURR5TS HAD M]ELY 'REGURGITAT$ AS IDEOLOGY ! !ORIES !Y W]E .DISCOV]+'4#a ,TO ?IS EXT5T !Y HAD FAIL$1 AS WE RA!R OBSCURELY PUT IT1 TO 'ACTUALLY DEVELOP A !ORY ADEQUATE TO MOD]N CONDITIONS'4#b ,9/EAD1 WE ASS]T$ ?AT IT HAD BE5 ! AUTONOMI/S1 ALONG ) ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 ?AT HAD GONE FUR!/ 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !SE 'MOD]N CONDITIONS' -- :I* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#bS & #cS -- HAD RADICALLY ALT]$ ! NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS NEW PROLET>IAT WAS GIV+ RISE TO NEW NE$S1 NEW DEM&S & NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE4 ,!SE NEW NE$S1 DEM&S & /RUGGLES C\LD BE DISC]N$ BO? 9 ! GR[? ( RANK & FILE WORK]S MILITANCY1 & 9 ! 'REFUSAL ( WORK' -- EVID5T 9 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( ABS5TEEISM & SABOTAGE & ! MORE G5]AL DISAFFECTION ) LABOR AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT IT C\LD ALSO BE CLAIM$ TO BE EVID5T \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE BO? ) ! SPREAD ( C\NT]-CULTURE -- ) ITS ANTI-WORK1 H$ONI/IC & LIB]T>IAN E?OS - AS WELL AS 9 ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAD L>GELY GR[N \T ( ?IS C\NT]-CULTURE1 SU* AS ! WOM5'S1 /UD5T1 PEACE & ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT SU* CLAIMS DID NOT APPE> AS P>TICUL>LY OBVI\S1 9 ,BRITA9 AT LEA/4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! C\NT]-CULTURE REMA9$ L>GELY CONF9$ TO LIFE-/YLE POLITICS & V>I\S O!R =MS ( CULTURAL REBELLION4 ,:ILE C\NT]-CULTURE MAY CLAIM TO HAVE CREAT$ 'NEW PROLET>IAN NE$S'1 IT HAD ALSO FACILITAT$ !IR COMMODIFICATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS R>ELY W5T BEYOND ! LIMITS ( AN ULTIMATELY RE=MI/ RADICAL LIB]ALISM4 ,:AT IS MORE1 BO? ! C\NT]-CULTURE & ! DISP>ATE NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HAD 7= ! MO/ P>T7 REMA9$ QUITE SEP>ATE TO MILITANT WORKPLACE /RUGGLES ( ! TIME - & EV5 AT TIMES RADICALLY OPPOS$4 ,BY DEVELOP+ & G5]ALIZ+ ! !ORIES ( WORK]S SELF-CREATIVITY1 CLASS COMPOSITION & PROLET>IAN SUBJECTIVITY -- AS E>LY ,OP]AISMO CURR5TS ( ,AUTONOMISM 9 RELATION TO ! WORKPLACE /RUGGLES ( ! ,FIAT C> WORK]S HAD -- ,TONI ,NEGRI & O!R ,AUTONOMIA !ORI/S PROVID$ A WAY ( UND]/&+ ! DIV]SE =MS ( /RUGGLES & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 :I* HAD EM]G$ \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE1 AS MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( UND]LY+ CLASS ANTAGONISMS DRIV5 BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,:AT IS MORE1 SU* NOTIONS AS ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY' & ! EM]G5CE ( ! 'SOCIAL WORK]' AS ! 'NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT'1 :I* HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMIA1 SEEM$ TO HAVE F\ND !IR CONFIRMATION 9 ! ',MOVEM5T ( '#g#g'1 & HAD APPE>$ AS ASPECTS ( A S+LE MASS POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT HAD OV]TLY *ALL5G$ ! ,ITALIAN /ATE4 ,?IRDLY -- & NO LESS IMPORTANTLY -- AUTONOMI/ !ORY 7P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ,NEGRI & ,AUTONOMIA7 APPEAL$ TO US BECAUSE ( ITS UNABA%$ REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVISM & REALISM ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 ! AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S SEEM$ TO PLACE !MSELVES AT ! B>RICADES -- BOL/]+ ! 'OPTIMISM ( ! WILL' ) AN 'OPTIMISM ( ! 9TELLECT' 9 ORD] TO URGE ! MOVEM5T =W>D4 ,= !M1 :AT SEEM$ MO/ IMPORTANT WAS NOT TO PRODUCE A 'BOR+' ANALYSIS ( ! 'EMPIRICAL' REALITY ( ! CURR5T SITUATION1 BUT TO ANTICIPATE & PROCLAIM ITS REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#iS ! WAVES ( /RUGGLES ?AT HAD SWEPT ,ITALY & ELSE:]E 9 DECADE OR SO BE=E HAD REC$$1 BUT !Y W]E V]Y F> FROM BE+ ANCI5T HI/ORY4 ,) ! FALL ( ,?AT*]1 ! RETURN ( ECONOMIC CRISIS ) ! RECESSION ( ! E>LY #a#i#iS & ! UNC]TA9TIES CREAT$ BY ! 5D ( ! COLD W>1 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! TIDE HAD NOT ALTOGE!R TURN$4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES ,AUTONOMISM /ILL REMA9$ FRE% & RELEVANT4 ,EV5 IF ,TONI ,NEGRI1 ALONG ) MANY O!RS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMIA1 HAD 'SOLD \T' & JO9$ ! RANKS ( ! PO/-MOD]NI/S1 ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY WAS /ILL BE+ DEVELOP$1 P>TICUL>LY BY ! L>GELY ,AM]ICAN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ CURR5T MO/LY ABLY REPRES5T$ BY ,H>RY ,CLEV] & ?OSE SURR\ND+ ! ,MIDNIY RHETORIC1 :I* SO IMPRESS$ US1 WAS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BAS$ ON H]OIC EXTRAPOLATIONS ( AB/RACT SOCIAL PH5OM5A & TR5DS ?AT W]E !N ASS]T$ AS BE+ ALL BUT REALIZ$4#c ,BUT AS ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#gS REC$$1 & ! ANTICIPATIONS ( AUTONOMI/ !ORY W]E DISAPPO9T$1 ! GAP BETWE5 SU* ASS]TIONS & ACTUAL REALITY BECAME EV]MORE WID]4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,NEGRI ! 'DIFFICULTY' & OBSCURANTISM ( MU* HIS WRIT+ - :I* IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ WE (T5 ALL TOO EASILY MI/OOK = PR(UNDITY -S]V$ TO COV] UP ?IS GAP4 ,= \R MORE PLA9 SPEAK+ ,AM]ICAN FRI5DS1 H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE4 ,9 ,AUFHEB5_?#c WE PRES5T$ A REVIEW ( ,MIDNI1 ?AT WE REPUBLI% 9 ?IS VOLUME4 ,:AT IMM$IATELY /RUCK US AB\T ,MIDNI SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( AN UNM$IAT$ & B>ELY DISGUIS$ CLASS CONFRONTATION BETWE5 'CAPITAL' & ! 'OIL PROLET>IAT'4 ,! ASS]TION ?AT ! W> BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,IRAQ WAS REALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A RUSE BY CAPITAL TO DEFEAT ! 'OIL PROLET>IAT'1 ALONG ) ! >GUM5T ?AT 'CAPITAL' HAD BE5 ABLE TO >BITR>ILY RAISE OR L[] OIL PRICES 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ITS /RATEGY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS = US F> FROM CONV9C+4 ,9DE$1 IT EXPOS$ S]I\S PROBLEMS ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/'S C5TRAL NOTION ( ! 'TWO /RATEGIES'2 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM C\LD BE SIMPLY EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( AN UNM$IAT$ /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! WORK+ CLASS AS IF !Y W]E TWO ALREADY CON/ITUT$1 CONSCI\S & ANTAGONI/IC SUBJECTS4 ,= US CAPITAL WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR ?AT NECESS>Y TOOK ! OBJECTIFI$ SOCIAL =M ( VALUE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 CAPITAL1 LIKE ! PROLET>IAT1 WAS NOT AN ALREADY CON/ITUT$ TOTALITY BUT A PROCESS ( TOTALIZATION ?AT RESULT$ FROM ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS4 ,AS SU* IT WAS NOT ! CASE1 AS ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS S\ 9 \R RESPONSE TO HIS REPLY1#d BY ATTEMPT+ TO ESCAPE ! LAW ( VALUE ,MIDNIY TO DEVELOP AN ADEQUATE UND]/&+ ( ! CONCRETE DEVELOPM5T & HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,! REVIEW ( ,MIDNIXISM REMA9$ L>GELY CONF9$ TO A SMALL & DIM9I%+ CIRCLE ( AN>*I/S & ULTRA-LEFTI/S & SEEM$ TO HAVE LITTLE MORE TO SAY4 ,H[EV]1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS BR\DT 9 #b4 ,= US IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! ATTEMPT BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO FOI/ :AT W]E B>ELY DISGUIS$ PO/-MOD]NI/ IDEAS ON ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T WAS M]ELY AN ATTEMPT TO REFURBI% !IR ?READB>E APPE>ANCE AS RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS BY ATTEMPT+ TO MAKE A T5U\S CONNECTION ) A REAL POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,!IR REJECTION ( CLASS & !IR UNCRITICAL & COMPLAC5T CELEBRATION ( ! DIV]SITY ( ! MOVEM5T ONLY CONFIRM$ = ?AT = ALL !IR APP>5T RADICALISM !Y W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN RADICAL LIB]AL ACADEMICS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,EMPIRE & SUBSEQU5T ! WRIT+S ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ALONG ) ,AUTONOMISM MORE G5]ALLY1 DID HAVE A SIGNIFICANT RESONANCE 9 ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT WE W]E AT FIR/ P]HAPS A LITTLE T>DY & HAPHAZ>D 9 \R RESPOND+ TO ?IS4 ,9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#a WE TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! PUBLICATION ( A NEW $ITION ( ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY & ! PUBLICATION ( ,/EVE ,WRIRY A JO9T REVIEW COMP>+ !SE TWO ACC\NTS ( ,AUTONOMISM4 ,?IS REVIEW PROV$ TO SOME?+ ( A MISS$ OPPORTUNITY 9 REEVALUAT+ ,AUTONOMISM4 ,DUE TO ITS HAPHAZ>D CONCEPTION1 ! REVIEW 5D$ UP ) A RA!R CONFUS$ BRIEF4#e ,FIR/LY1 IT WAS MEANT TO PROMOTE ?AT ,/EVE ,WRIRY ,CLEAV]4 ,SECONDLY1 IT WAS MEANT TO CRITICIZE ! POLITICAL CONCLUSION USUALLY DRAWN BY AUTONOMI/S 9 G5]AL1 P>TICUL>LY ! WELL WORN GRIPE ( ULTRA-LEFTI/S ?AT AUTONOMI/S W]E 'S(T' ON LEFT NATIONALI/S4 ,?IRDLY1 ! REVIEW WAS TO CRITICIZE ,CLEAV] 9 P>TICUL>1 BO? = HIS READ+ ( ,M>X & HIS DEVELOPM5T ( AUTONOM\S !ORY4 ,AS A RESULT ! REVIEW WAS UNFOCUS$4 ,?IS ALL[$ ,CLEAV] TO MAKE A RA!R PATRONIZ+ & S*OOLMA/]LY REPLY 9 :I* HE ANNOTAT$ A COPY ( \R REVIEW ) HIS 'CORRECTIONS'4 ,?IS PROMPT$ US TO MAKE A MORE FOCUS$ & SU/A9$ CRITIQUE ( AUTONOMI/ !ORY ?AT RECOGNIZ$ & C>EFULLY DI/+UI%$ ITS DI/9CT /R&S ?AT HAD GR[N UP S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,?REE ( ! MORE SUB/ANTIAL >TICLES & REVIEWS ( ?IS CRITIQUE >E RE-PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS VOLUME3 ',! >CANE ( PRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTION'1 ',C>RY ON SMIL+' & ',VALUE /RUGGLES OR CLASS /RUGGLE8'4 ,WE BEGAN1 P]HAPS MORE BY ACCID5T ?AN BY DESIGN ) A REVIEW 9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#c 7#b#e7 ( ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI'S ',! >CANE ( REPRODUCTION'1 9 :I* WE ANALYZ$ ! ,AUTONOMI/ UND]/&+ ( VALUE PRODUCTION & ITS ROLE 9 CAPITALISM4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE TACKL$ ! ,AUTONOMI/ REJECTION ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 WORK]S AS 'PRODUCTIVE' & 'UNPRODUCTIVE' ( VALUE1 & !IR VIEW ( CAPITALISM AS A 'SOCIAL FACTORY' 9 :I* EV]YBODY CONTRIBUTES TO ! OV]ALL PROCESS ( VALUE PRODUCTION4 ,=TUNATI'S BOOK CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A PR9CIPAL ,AUTONOMI/ WORK2 IT WAS A %ORT1 SEMI-OBSCURE PAMPHLET4 ,YET IT (F]$ US ! OCCASION TO CONSID] :Y IT WAS SO CRUCIAL = ,AUTONOMIA TO >GUE ?AT EV]YBODY 9 ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY' WAS 'PRODUCTIVE'4 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION ALL[$ US TO PUT PIECES ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ PUZZLE TOGE!R3 ) ! 'LAW ( COMM&' REPLAC+ ! 'LAW ( VALUE'1 VALUE BECOMES ! IMM$IATE EXPRESSION ( SUBJECTIVE ANTAGONISM4 ,?IS CREATES ! ,AUTONOMI/S' OBSESSION ) VALUE3 S9CE PRODUCTION ( VALUE IS TAK5 AS AN IMM$IATE MEASURE ( ANTAGONISM1 NONPRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 H\SEWIVES1 ETC4 MU/ PRODUCE VALUE - OR !IR /RUGGLE CAN'T BE ACC\NT$ BY !IR !ORY4 ,?US ,AUTONOMIA'S /RESS ON VALUE WAS NOT NECESSITAT$ BY ! PRAXIS ( /RUGGLE1 BUT BY A PROBLEMATIC !ORY3 EI!R ! UNPRODUCTIVE WAS DECL>$ 'PRODUCTIVE' 7EI!R BY MODIFY+ ! CONCEPT ( VALUE OR JU/ BY BUT*]+ LOGIC71 OR ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY HAD PROBLEMS 9 EXPLA9+ REALITY4 ,ALSO1 ! /RESS ON PRODUCTIVITY DID NOT IMPRESS US V]Y MU*4 ,S9CE MO/ ( US 9 ! ,AUFHEB5 $ITORIAL BO>D W]E ON ! DOLE1 WE DIDN'T FEEL ?AT \R ALLEG$ PRODUCTION ( VALUE WAS ESS5TIAL TO EXPLA9 \R ANTAGONISM ) CAPITAL4 ,RA!R1 ) !IR OBSESSION ) VALUE1 ,AUTONOMIA APPE>$ TO UNCRITICALLY REPRODUCE ! ,L59I/ WOR%IP ( PRODUCTIVITY1 AL?\< 9 AN 9V]T$ =M4#f,LIKE ! OLD ,L59I/1 ! Y\NG ,AUTONOMI/ ASSUMES ?AT ! SUBJECT ( /RUGGLE MU/ BE PRODUCTIVE - ONLY1 ! 'FACTORY' 9CLUDES ! /REET1 ! CLASSROOM & ! B$ROOM4 ,=TUNATI TOOK ?IS DOCTR9E TO UNEXPLOR$ HEITICLE WE DID NOT SIMPLY TEASE H] EMB>RASS+ PSEUDO-MA!MATICS - WE ALSO EXPLOR$ ! ROLE ( VALUE 9 ALL ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY1 & CONSID]$ ,CLEAV]1 ,NEGRI & ,DE ,ANGELIS1 !IR COMMON POSITIONS AS WELL AS !IR DIFF]5CES4#g ,WE ALSO REALIZ$ ?AT ! CLAIM ?AT ALL SOCIETY IS A 'FACTORY' UND]M9$ ! UND]/&+ ( AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION1 ?AT BETWE5 ! SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION 9 CAPITALISM4 ,IF = ,AUTONOMIA A SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( 'CAPITALI/ COMM&' ONLY C\NTS1 CAPITAL CAN BE SE5 AS A P]SONALIZ$ 5EMY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTIVITY4 ,COMM&1 & SO ANTAGONISM1 CAN BE EXP]I5C$ BY ! POORE/ MIGRANT1 BUT ALSO BY ! /RESS$ ,N,H,S MANAG]1 BY ! UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 OR BY ! %OP KEEP]4 ,!Y >E ALL1 EQUALLY1 'COMM&$' BY CAPITAL EI!R 9 ! WORKPLACE OR 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION4 ,:ILE SOME ,AUTONOMI/S LIKE ,CLEAV] & ,DE ,ANGELIS CONT9U$ US+ A ,M>XI/ LANGUAGE AL?\< /RET*+ ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+S1 O!RS1 P]HAPS MORE COH]5TLY1 TOOK !SE POSITIONS TO !IR LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,S9CE ! #hS ,NEGRI & O!R ,AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S W]E ALREADY MOV+ ALONG A TRAJECTORY ?AT W\LD LEAD !M TO REPUDIATE ! 'WORK+ CLASS'4 ,NEGRI 5?USIA/ICALLY ADH]$ TO A PO/MOD]NI/ VIEW ( SOCIETY AS MADE BY A 'SW>M' ( 'FREE' 9DIVIDUALS1 & :I* DISPOSES ( ! NE$ = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,) ,EMPIRE & ,MULTITUDE1 ,NEGRI CRITICIZ$ ! CATEGORY ( 'WORK+ CLASS' & ADOPT$ ! PO/MOD]NI/ CONCEPT ( 'MULTITUDE'1 ELABORAT$ BY ,AUTONOMI/ ,PAOLO ,VIRNO4#h ,HAV+ MISS$ ! BOAT SOME:AT 9 REVIEW+ ,EMPIRE 9 #b 9 ,AUFHEB5 _? #a#d1 WE DECID$ TO REVIEW ,NEGRI'S & ,H>DT'S SECOND BOOK1 ,MULTITUDE4 ,9 ?IS REVIEW >TICLE WE CRITIQU$ ,NEGRI'S OPTIMI/IC VIEW ?AT CAPITAL HAS CREAT$ ITS [N GRAVE-DIGG] 9 ITS NEW PROCESS ( PRODUCTION - ! 'IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION'4 ,WE %[$ ?AT ?IS VIEW WAS ROOT$ 9 ,NEGRI'S 9ABILITY TO CONSID] ! TRAG$Y ( PRODUCTION 9 CAPITALISM - I4E4 ?AT 7EI!R MAT]IAL OR IMMAT]IAL7 PRODUCTION 9 A WAGE-WORK RELATION UNAVOIDABLY CREATES ALI5ATION4 ,WE ALSO NOTIC$ ?AT ,NEGRI'S NEW PRODUCTION1 LIKE HIS OLD ONE1 WAS UNABLE TO GO BEYOND ,L59ISM4 ,NEGRI'S CELEBRATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION SIMPLY 9V]T$ ! OLD ,L59I/ PRODUCTIVISM1 :ILE UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT ITS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! REVIEWS ( ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS'S ',! ,BEG9N+ ( ,HI/ORY' & ,PAOLO ,VIRNO'S ',MULTITUDE' 9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#f CONCLUD$ A LONG P]IOD ( SY/EMATIC ANALYSIS ( ,AUTONOMIA4 ,9 ',! BEG9N+ ( HI/ORY' ,DE ,ANGELIS ADOPT$ A REC5T & POPUL> READ+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS A /RUGGLE TO DEF5D 'COMMONS' AGA9/ CAPITAL'S '5CLOSURE'2 & BUILT UP A GR& !ORY >\ND !SE CONCEPTS4 ,:ILE WE PRAIS$ ,DE ,ANGELIS'S /RONG CRITIQUE ( ,NEGRI'S IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 WE W]E ALSO CRITICAL ( ,DE ,ANGELIS'S 9T]E/ 9 'COMMONS' & '5CLOSURES'4 ,WE SAW !SE CONCEPTS AS ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( A TRAJECTORY :I* HAS />T$ FROM ! IDEA ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 CAPITALISM C\LD BE IMM$IATELY SEE AS A CONFRONTATION ( AUTONOM\S SUBJECTS1 CAPITAL V]SUS ! CLASS4 ,:ILE 9 ! #gS SU* A SUBJECTIVI/ READ+ MADE S5SE1 ! RETREAT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE LEFT ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S B]EFT - ! AUTONOM\S SUBJECT HAD VANI%$4 ,9 ! REVIEW WE %[$ H[ ?IS PROBLEM L$ ,NEGRI TO DEF9E IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! LOCUS = AN AUTONOM\S & ANTAGONI/IC SUBJECTIVITY4 ,REJECT+ ,NEGRI1 ,DE ,ANGELIS LOOK$ \TSIDE PRODUCTION = AN UNSPOIL$ AUTONOM\S BUBBLE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 & F\ND IT 9 ! 'COMMUNITIES' /RUGGL+ TO DEF5D !IR 'COMMONS'4 ,:ILE ! CONCEPT ( COMMON & 5CLOSURE APPE> NEW & EXCIT+1 WE ?\E BO? NECESS>Y ASPECTS = A CONSCI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ANTAGONISM & = A /RUGGLE ( ! CLASS ( ! DISPOSSESS$ AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ,AUTONOMISM WAS A DEF9+ 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION ON ?OSE US :O LAUN*$ ,AUFHEB5 SEV5TE5 YE>S AGO WE W\LD C]TA9LY NOT CALL \RSELVES AUTONOMI/S N[4 ,TIMES HAVE *ANG$1 & IT HAS BECOME APP>5T TO US ?AT MANY ( ! ?+S ?AT HAD 9SPIR$ US AB\T ! V>I\S /R&S ( ,AUTONOMISM HAVE ALSO PROV$ TO BE S]I\S WEAKNESSES4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< WE HAVE 9CREAS+LY DI/ANC$ \RSELVES FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 ON \R P>T !RE IS NO REGRET = \R ONGO+ 9T]E/ 9 IT1 AS A !ORY ?AT /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 ANTAGONISM1 ! EXP]I5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE & ?AT OP5$ UP TO /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE4 ,BY LOOK+ AT IT RETROACTIVELY = ?IS AN?OLOGY1 WE CAN SAY ?AT 9 MOV+ AWAY FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 ,AUFHEB5 HAS PRECISELY DONE :AT IT PROMIS$ 9 IT FIR/ ,$ITORIAL3 ',TO RECOGNIZE & SEIZE ! OPPORTUNITY ! *ANG+ SITUATION (F]S WE NE$ TO >M \RSELVES !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY4 ,! !ORETICAL SIDE ( ?IS REQUIRES A PRES]VATION & SUP]S$+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ?AT HAS PREC$$ US' 7_?#a1 P4#a74 ,9 \R DEAL+ ) ,AUTONOMIA WE HAVE UND]GONE A PROCESS ( ,AUFHEBUNG ?AT GOES BEYOND GIV5 IDEAS BUT PRES]VES !IR MOM5T ( TRU?4 ,! URGE = A !ORY ( SUBJECTIVITY /IMULAT$ 9 US A PROCESS ( UND]/&+1 :I*1 UNLIKE ,AUTONOMIA1 SEEKS TO PRES]VE A CLASS VIEW4 ,WE HAVE NEV] AB&ON$ ! IMPORTANCE TO />T FROM A MAT]IALI/IC 7NOT MORALI/IC OR PURELY SUBJECTIVI/7 UND]/&+ ( REALITY4 ,?IS EF=T HAS NOT ONLY L$ US TO DI/ANCE \RSELVES FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 BUT ALSO FROM !ORIES ?AT APPE>$ TO BE AT ITS POL> OPPOSITE1 = EXAMPLE ! ,M>XI/ ,HEGELIANISM ( ,PO/ONE & HIS LIKES1 :I* COLLAPSE ! SUBJECTIVE 9TO ! OBJECTIVE4#i ,IT IS WOR? /RESS+ ?AT ?IS ,AUFHEBUNG WAS NOT ! RESULT ( PURE !ORETICAL ?9K+4 ,\R PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE 9 \R LA/ #ae YE>S WAS C5TRAL 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T3 IT FAC$ US ) QUE/IONS AB\T ! RELATION BETWE5 !ORY & REALITY1 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 '9SIDE' & '\TSIDE'1 IT =C$ US TO ADOPT A CLASS VIEW4 ,& SO IT =C$ US TO CONT9UALLY REASSESS \R FASC9ATIONS & IDEAS CRITICALLY4#a #a4,AUFHEB5 _?#a1 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#b71 P#a4 #b4,AUFHEB5 _?#a1 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#b71 P#a4 #c4,?US = EXAMPLE1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ROBOTICS 9TO ! ,F,I,A,T C> PLANTS1 9 RESPONSE TO ! C> WORK]S /RUGGLES ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 WAS TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ITS 5TIRETY WAS ALL BUT FULLY AUTOMAT$4 ,H5CE1 ,M>X'S PR$ICTION 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE 7P4 #g#e7 ?AT LABOR 9 ! DIRECT =M W\LD CEASE TO BE WELL GREAT SPR+ ( WEAL?' & ?AT AS SU* LABOR-TIME CEASES & MU/ CEASE TO BE ITS MEASURE'1 WAS N[ PROCLAIM$ AS BE+ ALMO/ FULLY REALIZ$4 ,! LAW ( VALUE WAS !RE=E DEAD4 ,LABOR WAS N[ M]ELY A MEANS ( COMM& & CONTROL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! GR[? 9 ! AUTONOMI/S MOVEM5TS1 & ! 'NEW PROLET>IAN NE$S' IT EXPRESS$1 WAS EXTRAPOLAT$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT WAS IMPLICITLY ASSUM$ ?AT IT WAS AB\T TO 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ! REALITY IS ?AT EV5 9 ,ITALY AT ITS HEIIAT4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS DUR+ ! #a#i#gS HAD LITTLE OR NO DIRECT 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5TS4 #d4,! ,ESCAPE FROM ! ',LAW ( ,VALUE'81 ,AUFHEB5 _?#e 7#a#i#i#f74 #e4,ORIG9ALLY ! ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY WAS TO HAVE BE5 P>T ( A JO9T REVIEW ) ,MO%IE ,PO/ONE'S ,TIME ,LABOR & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION4 ,! ,PO/ONE HALF ( ! REVIEW FAIL$ TO MAT]IALIZE1 SO ! ,CLEAV] HALF HAD TO BE REWRITT5 TO BE C\NT] POS$ TO ,/EVE ,WRITS RELAT$ TO ,=TUNATI'S MA!MATICS HAVE BE5 ABRIDG$4 #h4',! LANGUAGE ( RETREAT3 ,PAOLO ,VIRNO'S ,A ,GRAMM> ( ! MULTITUDE'1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#f 7#b#h74 #i4,REVIEW ( ,MOI%E ,PO/ONE'S ,TIME ,LABOR & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#e 7#b#g74 #a4',!ORETICAL CRITICISM & PRACTICAL OV]FL[ FIFTE5 YE>S ON''1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#e 7#b#g74 O ,NOTES .<#a.> LI/S4VILLAGE4VIRG9IA4$U .<#b.> ,! ,J#a#h MOBILIZATION S\ ,9 POLITICAL DISC\RSE 9 ! ,U,K1 'WORK]ISM' IS USUALLY A D]OGATORY T]M = APPROA*ES WE DISAGREE ) = FETI%IZ+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( WORKPLACE /RUGGLES 7& DISMISS+ ?OSE \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE74 ,ITALIAN OP]AISMO1 ON ! O!R H&1 REF]S TO ! 9V]SION ( P]SPECTIVE FROM ?AT ( ! OP]ATION ( CAPITAL TO ?AT ( ! WORK+ CLASS3 0,WE TOO HAVE WORK$ ) A CONCEPT ?AT PUTS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T FIR/1 & WORK]S SECOND4 ,?IS IS A MI/AKE4 ,& N[ WE HAVE TO TURN ! PROBLEM ON ITS HEAD1 REV]SE ! POL>ITY1 & />T FROM ! BEG9N+3 & ! BEG9N+ IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( SOCIALLY DEVELOP$ CAPITAL1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T BECOMES SUBORD9AT$ TO WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES2 IT FOLL[S BEH9D !M1 & !Y SET ! PACE TO :I* ! POLITICAL ME*ANISMS ( CAPITAL'S [N REPRODUCTION MU/ BE TUN$40 7,M4 ,TRONTI1 #a#i#f#d1 ',L59 9 ,5GL&'1 9 ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,AUTONOMY & ! ,CRISIS 7,LONDON3 ,R$ ,NOTES_/,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,ECONOMI/S1 #a#i#g#i74 ,:ILE ! ,ITALIAN USAGE IS CLE>LY POSITIVE RA!R ?AN NEGATIVE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ONE ( ! EV5TUAL LIMITS ( 7V]SIONS (7 ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM WAS PRECISELY ! FETI%IZ+ ( /RUGGLES ON ! FACTORY FLOOR4 .<#d.> 0,! NEW 'TE*NICAL BASES' PROGRESSIVELY ATTA9$ 9 PRODUCTION PROVIDE CAPITALISM ) NEW POSSIBILITIES = ! CONSOLIDATION ( ITS P[]444 ,BUT = ?IS V]Y REASON1 WORK+-CLASS OV]?R[ ( ! SY/EM IS A NEGATION ( ! 5TIRE ORGANIZATION 9 :I* CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IS EXPRESS$ -- & FIR/ & =EMO/ ( TE*NOLOGY AS IT IS L9K$ TO PRODUCTIVITY40 ,R4 ,PANZI]I1 ',! ,CAPITALI/ ,USE ( ,MA*9]Y3 ,M>X V]SUS ! ,OBJECTIVI/S' 9 ,P4 ,SLAT] $41 ,\TL9ES ( A ,CRITIQUE ( ,TE*NOLOGY 7,LONDON3 ,9K ,L9KS71 PP4 #d#i-#f4 .<#e.> 0,AT ! HITICULATION ( PRODUCTION2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! :OLE ( SOCIETY EXI/S AS A FUNCTION ( ! FACTORY & ! FACTORY EXT5DS ITS EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION OV] ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ! MA*9E ( ! POLITICAL /ATE T5DS EV]-9CREAS+LY TO BECOME ONE ) ! FIGURE ( ! COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/40 ,M4 ,TRONTI1 ,OP]AI E ,CAPITALE 7,TUR93 ,E9AUDI #a#i#g#a74 .<#f.> ,S4 ,BOLOGNA 7#a#i#g#g71',! ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES'1 9 ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,AUTONOMY & ! ,CRISIS 7OP4 CIT474 .<#g.> ,A4 ,NEGRI 7#a#i#g#c74 ',P>TITO ,OP]AIO ,CONTRO IL ,LAVORO'1 9 ,S4 ,BOLOGNA ET AL41 $S41 ,CRISI E ,ORGANNIZZAZIONE ,OP]AIA 7,MILAN3 ,FELTR9ELLI1 #a#i#g#d7 .<#h.> ,SEE ,NEGRI'S 7#a#i#h#b7 ',>*AEOLOGY & ,PROJECT3 ,! ,MASS ,WORK] & ! ,SOCIAL ,WORK]'1 9 ,REVOLUTION ,RETRIEV$3 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,M>X1 ,KEYNES1 ,CAPITALI/ ,CRISIS @& ,NEW ,SOCIAL ,SUBJECTS #a#i#f#g-#h#c4 7,LONDON3 ,R$ ,NOTES1 #a#i#h#h74 .<#i.> ,SEE ',DECAD5CE3 ,! ,!ORY ( ,DECL9E OR ! ,DECL9E ( ,!ORY8 ,P>T ,I,I'1 FOOTNOTE #h#c1 ,AUFHEB5 #c 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#d74 .<#a.> ,AN OPPOSITE ,M>XIAN RESPONSE TO ! 'PROBLEM' ( ! CLASS BASIS ( REVOLUTION1 AS PROVID$ BY ,MOI%E ,PO/ONE 9 ,TIME1 ,LABOR & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION & ! ,KRISIS GR\P1 IS TO RETA9 ,M>X'S WORK AS A CRITIQUE ( COMMODITY SOCIETY & VALUE BUT DISCONNECT ?IS FROM CLASS4 .<#a#a.> ,P4 ,L9EBAU<1 ,! ,LONDON ,HANG$ 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU91 #a#i#i#a74 .<#a#b.> ,NEGRI 9TRODUC$ ! T]M 'SELF-VALORIZATION' = ?IS PROCESS ( AUTONOM\S SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,SEE ,M>X ,BEYOND ,M>X3 ,LESSONS ON ! ',GRUNDRISSE' 7,NEW ,YORK_/,LONDON3 ,AUTONOM$IA_/,PLUTO1 #a#i#i#a74 ,! ATTRACTION ( ! CONCEPT LIES 9 ITS IMPLICATION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS AN ACTIVE SUBJECT1 NOT JU/ A FUNCTION ( CAPITAL'S VALORIZATION NE$S1 & :OSE /RATEGY IS TO TAKE :AT IT NE$S4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,M>X1 ! CONCEPT ( 'VALORIZATION' REF]S TO CAPITAL'S [N OP]ATION -- SPECIFICALLY1 ITS USE ( \R ACTIVITY TO EXP& VALUE1 ?AT IS1 \R ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,IT !RE=E SEEMS EXTREMELY ODD TO EMPLOY IT TO REF] TO \R ACTIVITY AGA9/ CAPITAL -- UNLESS ?AT ACTIVITY TOO IS ITSELF ALI5AT$ 9 SOME WAY4 ,9 ! PREFACE TO ! SECOND $ITION ( ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 ,CLEAV] ACKN[L$GES ?AT ! CONCEPT IS PROBLEMATIC 7AS HE DOES 9 HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,MASSIMO DE ,ANGELIS 9 ,VIS-,A -,VIS 1 #a#i#i#c74 ,H[EV]1 HE /ILL USES IT TO EXPLA9 ?AT1 9 BE+ AGA9/ CAPITAL1 AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES >E ALSO = 'A DIV]SE V>IETY ( NEW WAYS ( BE+'4 ,SEE ALSO HIS ',! ,9V]SION ( ,CLASS ,P]SPECTIVE 9 ,M>XIAN ,!ORY3 ,FROM ,VALORIZATION TO ,SELF-VALORIZATION' 9 ,W4 ,BONEFELD1 ,R4 ,GUNN @& ,K4 ,PSY*OP$IS $S41 ,OP5 ,M>XISM3 ,VOLUME ,I,I3 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 7,LONDON3 ,PLUTO74 .<#a#c.> ,! PO9T IS WELL PUT 9 ',M>IANNE ,DU*AMP TALKS TO ,TURSAN ,POLAT AB\T ,CLASS'3 0,FIR/1 !RE >E DIFF]5CES1 & NOT M]E DIFF]5CES BUT OPPOSITIONS ( ! FIR/ ORD]1 BETWE5 ! SOCIOLOGIC CONCEPTION ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ON ! ONE H& & ! HEGELO-COMMUNI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL-CLASS ON ! O!R4 ,9 ! SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTION1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 9CLUD+ 'CLASS' & AN 9EXHAU/IBLE NUMB] ( CON/ITU5T SUB-/RATA1 >E DEF9$3 7A7 BEG9N+ ) ! P>TICUL> I4E4 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 I4E4 ANALYTICALLY_/9DUCTIVELY2 7B7 AS TRAN/EMPORAL AGGREGATES ( 9DIVIDUALS :O %>E COMMONALITIES ( OCCUPATION1 9COME1 & EV5 CULTURE2 7C7 AS /ATIC & NORMAL PRES5CE )9 ANY SOCIETY1 I4E4 BIOLOGICALLY4 ,9 ! HEGELO-COMMUNI/ CONCEPTION1 SOCIAL CLASSES >E DEF9$3 7A7 BEG9N+ FROM ! :OLE I4E4 ! SOCIAL =M I4E4 SYN!TICALLY_/D$UCTIVELY2 7B7 AS ACTIVE BE>]S ( ! MUTUALLY OPPOS$ HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S 9H]5T )9 ! SOCIAL =M2 7C7 ) A VIEW T[>D ! ABOLITION ( /ATE & ECONOMY2 I4E4 NECROLOGICALLY40 .<#a#d.> ,SEE ,DOLE ,AUTONOMY V]SUS ! ,RE-IMPOSITION ( ,WORK3 ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,CURR5T ,T5D5CY TO ,WORKF>E 9 ! ,U,K 7N[ ONLY AVAILABLE ON \R WEBSITE71 ',UNEMPLOY$ ,RECALCITRANCE & ,WELF>E ,RE/RUCTUR+ 9 ! ,U,K ,TODAY' 9 ,/OP ! ,CLOCK6 ,CRITIQUES ( ! ,NEW ,SOCIAL ,WORKH\SE & ',RE-IMPOSITION ( ,WORK 9 ,BRITA9 & ! 0,SOCIAL ,EUROPE0'1 ,AUFHEB5 #h 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i#i74 .<#a#e.> ,P5GU9 $ITION1 P4 #g#i#b4 .<#a#f.> ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* NOM9ALLY CONTROLL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,UNEMPLOY$ ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T 7,N,U,W,M71 SAW ! ,N,U,W,M'S ROLE AS LIMIT$ TO TAIL-5D+ EXI/+ 9DU/RIAL /RIKES4 ,! ,N,U,W,M LEAD]S1 DESPITE !IR MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C,P,G,B1 ASS]T$ ! ROLE ( ! UNEMPLOY$ MOVEM5T TO ACT 9 ITS [N RI ,AM]ICAN BLACK /RUGGLES 9SPIR$ ! ,ITALIAN WORK]I/S3 0,AM]ICAN ,BLACKS DO NOT SIMPLY REPRES5T1 BUT RA!R >E1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD )9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM444 ,BLACK ,P[] MEANS !RE=E ! AUTONOM\S REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ,BLACKS0 7,POT]E ,OP]AIO ,V5ETO-,EMILANO1 #a#i#f#g1 CIT$ 9 ,WRI ,AN EXAM9ATION 7& CRITIQUE7 ( ! ISSUES >\ND ! ,DALLA ,CO/A @& ,SELMA ,JAMES PAMPHLET ,! ,P[] ( ,WOM5 & ! ,SUBV]SION ( ,COMMUNITY1 ! ',WAGES = ,H\SEWORK' DEM& & MORE REC5T DISCUSSIONS 7E4G4 ,=TUNADI'S ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION7 W\LD BE USEFUL1 BUT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ! PRES5T >TICLE4 .<#a#i.> ,SEE ',A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 ,MEXICO & ! ,ZAPATI/A ,REBELLION'1 ,AUFHEB5 #i 7#b71 ESPECIALLY PP4 #b-#b#b4 ,:ILE WE TOOK ,HOLL[AY AS ! ACADEMIC ,M>XI/ OV]E/IMAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION1 ,CLEAV] REPRES5TS ?IS T5D5CY EV5 MORE CLE>LY4 ,HIS REFUSAL TO CONSID] CRITICISMS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS & ,M>COS COME ACROSS AS JU/ AS IDEOLOGICAL AS PREVI\S ,M>XI/ DEF5SES ( 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM'4 ,= EXAMPLE3 0A WOMAN SAID ( ! '#i#f 5CU5TROS3 '! WOM5 . DO+ ALL ! COOK+ & CLEAN+1 9CLUD+ ( TOILETS1 9V>IABLY )\T ANY FOOTWE> 7! M5 HAD ! BOOTS71 EV5 AFT] ! HEAVY RA9FALL444 ,H>RY ,CLEAV] SAID ',WELL1 MAYBE !Y LIKE IT'444'0 7CIT$ 9 ,Y\ ,MAKE ,PLANS -- ,WE ,MAKE ,HI/ORY1 #b#a74 .<#b.> ,SEE ,T4 ,%AN9 $41 ,LATE ,M>X & ! ,RUSSIAN ,ROAD 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#h#c72 & ,T4 ,%AN91 ,! ,AWKW>D ,CLASS 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 .<#b#a.> ,J4 ,CAMATTE 7#a#i#g#b7 ,COMMUNITY & ,COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 .<#b#b.> 0,! /UD5T WAS ALREADY A PROLET>IAN BY VIRTUE ( A SUBORD9ATE LOCATION )9 ! UNIV]SITY DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT EXI/+ /IP5DS BECAME A FULLY-FL$G$ WAGE1 %E W\LD BE TRANS=M$ FROM AN 'IMPURE SOCIAL FIGURE ON ! M>G9S ( ! VALORIZATION PROCESS' 9TO A FULLY-FL$G$ 'WAGE WORK] PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE'0 7,CAZZANIGA ET AL41 #a#i#f#h1 CIT$ 9 ,WRI ,SEE ',! ,WORK]-,/UD5T ,ASSEMBLIES 9 ,TUR91 #a#i#f#i' 9 ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,AUTONOMY & ! ,CRISIS 7OP4 CIT474 .<#b#d.> ,AN IRONY ( SU* AN APPROA* IS ?AT IT IMPLIES ?AT ! RI\ND HIM4 .<#b#e.> ,9 FACT1 A FOCUS ON ! SIDE ( /RUGGLE TODAY MIIAN RESI/ANCE1 & EV5 AS MORE PEOPLE HAVE 5T]$ UNIV]SITY FROM WORK+ CLASS BACKGR\NDS1 SO ! 9CID5CE ( OV]T /RUGGLES 9 ! UNIV]SITIES HAS DECL9$4 .<#b#f.> ,9 FACT1 = MANY ,M>XI/ ACADEMICS1 ! PREFIX 'RADICAL' HAS N[ BE5 REPLAC$ BY 'CRITICAL'1 REFLECT+ ! G5]AL RETREAT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* = ! 9TELLIG5TSIA TAKES ! =M ( A 7/ILL FUR!R7 RETREAT 9TO ! REALM ( IDEAS & >GUM5TS4 .<#b#g.> ,?IS PO9T WAS ABLY MADE 9 ,REFUSE 7,B,M ,COMBU/ION #a#i#g#h73 0,! 'OPPOSITION' BY C\NT]-SPECIALI/S TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN EXP]TIZE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN EXP]TS (F]S YET ANO!R FALSE *OICE TO ! POLITICAL CONSUM]4 ,!SE 'RADICAL' SPECIALI/S 7RADICAL LAWY]S1 RADICAL >*ITECTS1 RADICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 RADICAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 RADICAL SOCIAL WORK]S -- EV]Y?+ BUT RADICAL PEOPLE7 ATTEMPT TO USE !IR EXP]TIZE TO DE-MY/IFY EXP]TIZE4 ,! CONTRADICTION WAS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY A ,CASE ,CON 'REVOLUTION>Y' SOCIAL WORK]1 :O CYNICALLY DECL>$ TO A PUBLIC MEET+1 ',! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US & A /RAIE REJECT+ !IR ROLE444 ,! ACADEMIC C\NT]-SPECIALI/S ATTEMPT TO ATTACK 7PURELY B\RGEOIS7 IDEOLOGY AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION3 ! UNIV]SITY4 ,UNWILL+ TO ATTACK ! 9/ITUTION1 ! ACADEMIC MILIEU1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( $UCATION AS A SEP>ATE ACTIVITY FROM :I* IDEAS ( SEP>ATE P[] >ISE1 !Y REMA9 TRAPP$ 9 ! FRAGM5T$ CATEGORIES !Y ATTEMPT TO CRITICIZE444 ,9 SAY+ SOCIAL WORK]S >E JU/ LIKE ANY O!R WORK]1 HE . CONV5I5TLY IGNORES ! AU?ORITY ROLE ?AT SOCIAL WORK]S 9TR9SICALLY HAVE1 PLUS ! FACT ?AT :5 !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE !Y DON'T DO SO BY 'RADICALIZ+' !IR SPECIFIC PLACE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 7E4G4 RADICAL DOCK]S1 RADICAL ME*ANICS7 BUT BE REVOLT+ AGA9/ IT40 7PP4 #a-#a#a1 #b#c74 .<#b#h.> ,SEE ',A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 ,MEXICO & ! ,ZAPATI/A ,REBELLION'1 FOOTNOTE #c#c1 ,AUFHEB5 #i 7#b74 .<#b#i.> 0WE CANNOT UND]/& CLASS UNLESS WE SEE IT AS A SOCIAL & CULTURAL =MATION1 >IS+ FROM PROCESSES :I* CAN ONLY BE /UDI$ AS !Y WORK !MSELVES \T OV] A CONSID]ABLE HI/ORICAL P]IOD40 ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON1 ,! ,MAK+ ( ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU9 #a#i#f#c74 .<#c.> ,OP4 CIT4 .<#c#a.> ',LEFTISM' IS A CONCEPT WE F9D USEFUL BUT IS P]HAPS TRICKY TO DEF9E4 ,IT CAN BE ?\ISES ( :Y ! CLASS /RUGGLE ALL[S ITSELF TO BE SO DIV]T$4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT1 ?\< SOME LEFTI/S >E CLE>LY P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR AT LEA/ ( ! /ATE1 ! P[] ( LEFTISM_/TRADE UNIONISM ETC4 COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS G5]ATES LEFTISM FROM )9 ITSELF AS AN EXPRESSION ( ITS [N CURR5T LIMITS4 .<#c#b.> ',! ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES'1 OP CIT41 P4 #h#i4 .<#c#c.> ,= ,M>X =MAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E ONLY EPISODES 9 0! HI/ORY ( ! P>TY :I* IS GR[+ SPONTANE\SLY EV]Y:]E FROM ! SOIL ( MOD]N SOCIETY40 ,QUOT$ 9 ,J4 ,CAMATTE1 ,ORIG9 & ,FUNCTION ( ! ,P>TY ,=M4 ,CAMATTE'S DISCUSSION !RE 9 A S5SE TAKES ! DISC\RSE ON ! P>TY TO ! EXTREME :]E IT DISSOLVES1 ALL[+ HIS LAT] P]SPECTIVES ( ?IS 9 ,ON ,ORGANIZATION4 .<#c#d.> ,WRILI] WORK]I/S HAD NO TIME = ! LEFT'S ,?IRD ,WORLDISM & SUPPORT = NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES4 ,H[EV]1 A FRONT COV] ( ,POT]E ,OP]AIO MAGAZ9E FROM ! #a#i#gS CALL$ = VICTORY TO ! ,P,L,O-,E,T,A-,I,R,A4 .<#c#e.> ,?IS 7MORALI/IC7 ATTITUDE ( *E]-LEAD+ ',?IRD ,WORLD' 7NATIONAL LIB]ATION7 /RUGGLES & CONTEMPT = ! ,WE/]N WORK+ CLASS WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL RELATIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE /UD5TS4 .<#c#f.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 LANIC4UTEXAS4$U .<#c#g.> ,SEE ',CRISIS ( ! ,PLANN]-,/ATE3 ,COMMUNISM & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION' 7#a#i#g#a7 9 ,REVOLUTION ,RETRIEV$ 7OP4 CIT474 .<#c#h.> ,?\< WE LIKE HIS PHRASE 0MONEY IS ! FACE ( ! BOSS04 .<#c#i.> ,SEE ',REVIEW3 ,MIDNI1 #a#i#g#c-#i#b'1 ,AUFHEB5 #c 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#d7 & ',ESCAPE FROM ! ,LAW ( ,VALUE8'1 ,AUFHEB5 #e 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i#f74 .<#d.> ,SEE ,CLEAV]'S USEFUL SUMM>Y ( ,NEGRI'S POSITION 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION TO ,NEGRI'S ,M>X BEYOND ,M>X3 ,LESSONS ON ! ,GRUNDRISSE 7,NEW ,YORK_/,LONDON3 ,AUTONOM$IA_/,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a74 .<#d#a.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,TONI ,NEGRI1 ',KEYNES & ! ,CAPITALI/ ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE PO/-#a#i#b#i' 9 ,REVOLUTION ,RETRIEV$ 7OP4 CIT474 .<#d#b.> ,NEGRI ,PROLET>I E ,/ATO 7#bND $N41 ,MILAN3 ,FELTR9ELLI1 #a#i#g#f74 .<#d#c.> 0,Y\R 9T]E/ = ! 'EM]G5T /RATA' 7PROLET>IAN Y\?1 FEM9I/S1 HOMOSEXUALS7 & = NEW1 & RECONCEPTUALIS$1 POLITICAL SUBJECTS 7! 'OP]AIO SOCIALE'7 HAS ALWAYS BE5 & IS /ILL %>$ BY US4 ,BUT PRECISELY ! UND5IABLE POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( !SE PH5OM5A DEM&S EXTREME ANALYTICAL RIGOR1 GREAT 9VE/IGATIVE CAUTION1 A /RONGLY EMPIRICAL APPROA* 7FACTS1 DATA1 OBS]VATIONS & /ILL MORE OBS]VATIONS1 DATA1 FACTS740 7,RIVOLTA DI CLASSE1 #a#i#g#f1 CIT$ 9 ,WRI ,= A GOOD ACC\NT ( ! EXT5T ( REC5T 'HIDD5' /RUGGLES 9 ! ,U,S TODAY1 SEE ,CURTIS ,PRICE'S ',FRAGILE ,PROSP]ITY8 ,FRAGILE ,SOCIAL ,PEACE3 ,NOTES ON ! ,U,S'4 .<#d#e.> ,SEE ! ,WILDCAT >TICLE ',RE=M+ ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE 9 ,ORD] TO ,SAVE ,CAPITALISM' 9 ,/OP ! ,CLOCK6 ,CRITIQUES ( ! ,NEW ,SOCIAL ,WORKH\SE 7,AUFHEB51 #b74 .<#d#f.> ,OP4 CIT4 .<#d#g.> ,SEE ,F4,C4 ,%ORTALL1 ,! ,9COMPLETE ,M>X 7,ALD]%OT3 ,AVEBURY1 #a#i#i#d74 .<#d#h.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,CLEAV] ALSO CONT5DS ?AT :AT HE IS DO+ IS NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM ,M>X3 0,M>X ILLU/RATES !SE RELATIONS .<( USE-VALUE & EX*ANGE-VALUE.> ) A V>IETY ( APP>5TLY 9NOCU\S COMMODITIES3 L951 IRON1 WAT*ES1 & CORN 7:EAT74 ,I SAY APP>5TLY BECAUSE MO/ ( !SE COMMODITIES PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T :I* ,M>X ANALYZ$3 L95 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 IRON 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y & CANNON1 WAT*ES 9 ! TIM+ ( WORK1 :EAT AS ! BASIC MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,TO BE JU/ AS C>EFUL 9 ?IS EXPOSITION1 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT WE FOCUS ON ! KEY COMMODITIES ( ! CURR5T P]IOD3 LABOR P[]1 FOOD & 5]GY04 7P4 #i#h74 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ,CLEAV] IS PROBABLY RIX DID NOT MAKE AN >BITR>Y *OICE ( :I* COMMODITIES TO M5TION 9 ,*APT] #a1 !IR FUNCTION 9 ,M>X'S PRES5TATION IS >BITR>Y4 ,UNLIKE ! POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 ,M>X DOES GIVE ATT5TION TO ! USE-VALUE SIDE ( ! ECONOMY2 BUT H]E 9 HIS OP5+ *APT] HE MAKES NO M5TION ( ! CONCRET5ESS ( !SE USE-VALUES 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ( ,M>X'S PRES5TATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRECISE USE-VALUES >E IRRELEVANT4 ,M>X'S REF]5CE TO L951 CORN ETC4 IS A P>T ( A LOGICAL PRES5TATION1 NOT A REF]5CE TO CONCRETE /RUGGLES4 .<#d#i.> ,I4,I4 ,RUB91 ,ESSAYS ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE 7,NEW ,YORK_/,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS #a#i#g#c74 .<#e.> ,CLEAV]'S CLAIM 7P4 #a#c#h7 ?AT :ILE ,M>XI/S HAVE EXAM9$ ! QUE/ION ( ! CONT5T ( VALUE AT L5G? ALMO/ NO WORK HAS BE5 DONE ON ! ISSUE ( ! =M ( VALUE 7& H5CE ! NECESSITY = ,CLEAV]'S [N ANALYSIS7 9CLUDES REF]5CE TO ,RUB94 ,BUT ?IS 9 ITSELF SUGGE/S ?AT ,CLEAV] HASN'T UND]/OOD 7& P]HAPS HASN'T EV5 READ7 ,RUB9'S BOOK1 ! :OLE ( :I* IS CONC]N$ PRECISELY ) ! SOCIAL =M ( VALUE4 .<#e#a.> ,UP UNTIL ! #a#i#gS1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ WORLD1 ,M>X WAS SE5 AS HAV+ SIMPLY DEVELOP$ & REF9$ ,RIC>DO'S LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,9 ?IS TRADITIONAL 9T]PRETATION1 ,M>X1 LIKE ,RIC>DO1 WAS SE5 TO ADH]E TO AN EMBODI$ LABOR CONCEPTION ( VALUE4 ,:AT WAS COMMON TO ALL COMMODITIES1 & H5CE :AT IT WAS ?AT MADE !M COMM5SURATE ) EA* O!R AS MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS COMMON FACTOR1 WAS ?AT !Y W]E ALL PRODUCTS ( ! 0EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN BRA9S1 N]VES & MUSCLES01 ?AT IS ( HUMAN LABOR 9 G5]AL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! VALUE ( A COMMODITY WAS SE5 TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 IT DUR+ ITS PRODUCTION4 ,) ?IS PHYSIOLOGICAL1 OR QUASI-PHYSICALI/1 CONCEPTION ( LABOR1 ! ,RIC>DIAN LABOR !ORY ( VALUE CONCEIV$ VALUE AS M]ELY A TE*NICAL RELATION3 ! VALUE ( A COMMODITY WAS SIMPLY DET]M9$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR-5]GY NECESS>Y = ITS PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* ! ,RIC>DIAN LABOR !ORY ( VALUE C\LD 9 PR9CIPLE BE APPLI$ TO ANY =M ( SOCIETY4 ,= ,RUB91 :AT WAS SPECIFIC AB\T ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS ?AT PRODUC]S DID NOT PRODUCE PRODUCTS = !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT RA!R PRODUC$ COMMODITIES = SALE4 ,! LABOR ALLOCAT$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( ANY P>TICUL> COMMODITY WAS NOT DET]M9$ PRIOR TO PRODUCTION BY CU/OM OR BY A SOCIAL PLAN & !RE=E IT WAS NOT IMM$IATELY SOCIAL LABOR4 ,LABOR ONLY BECAME SOCIAL LABOR1 A RECOGNIZ$ P>T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?R\< SALE ( ! COMMODITY IT PRODUC$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES WAS A PROCESS ( REAL AB/RACTION ?R\< :I* ! V>I\S TYPES ( CONCRETE LABOR W]E R$UC$ TO A COMMON SUB/ANCE -- AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR4 ,?IS AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR WAS ! SOCIAL SUB/ANCE ( VALUE4 ,RUB9'S AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE NECESS>ILY 5TAIL$ AN ACC\NT ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM S9CE IT WAS CONC]N$ ) H[ LABOR AS A SOCIAL RELATION MU/ MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ! =M ( VALUE 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S4 ,9 ! MID-#a#i#gS ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE CAME UND] ATTACK FROM ! NEO-,RIC>DIAN S*OOL :I* >GU$ ?AT IT WAS BO? R$UNDANT & 9CONSI/5T4 ,RUB9'S AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE WAS !N R$ISCOV]$ AS A RESPONSE TO SU* CRITICISMS 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS4 ,AL?\< ,CLEAV] DISMISSES ,RUB9 !RE HAVE BE5 ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS HIS AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE FROM ! TRADITION ( AUTONOMIA -- SEE = EXAMPLE ! >TICLE BY ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS 9 ,CAPITAL @& ,CLASS1 #eg 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i#e74 .<#e#b.> 0,AN (FICIAL ,SOVIET PHILOSOPH] WROTE ?AT ',! FOLL[]S ( ,RUB9 & ! ,M5%EVIZ+ ,IDEALI/S 444 TREAT$ ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,HEGELIANISM444 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS SMA%$ !SE TR5DS ALI5 TO ,M>XISM4' 444 ,RUB9 WAS IMPRISON$1 ACCUS$ ( BELONG+ TO AN ORGANIZATION ?AT NEV] EXI/$1 =C$ TO 'CONFESS' TO EV5TS ?AT NEV] TOOK PLACE1 & F9ALLY REMOV$ FROM AMONG ! LIV+40 7,FR$Y ,P]LMAN1 ,AB\T ! ,AU?OR1 9 ,RUB9'S ,ESSAYS ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE 7OP4 CIT47 .<#e#c.> ,WE MADE ?IS SAME PO9T 9 \R REPLY TO ,CLEAV]'S ASSOCIATE ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS ( ,MIDNI ,SEE ,F4,C4 ,%ORTALL1 ,! ,9COMPLETE ,M>X 7,ALD]%OT3 ,AVEBURY #a#i#i#d74 .<#e#e.> ,H>V>D3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b4 .<#e#f.> ,M>K ,LEON>D1 ',! ,LEFT ,%\LD ,LOVE ,GLOBALIZATION'1 ,NEW ,/ATESMAN1 #b#h? ,MAY #b#a4 ,LEON>D IS DIRECTOR ( ! ,=EIGN ,POLICY ,C5T] ?9K-TANK & APP>5TLY A ,BLAIRITE4 .<#e#g.> ,?IS BREAK WAS1 AS = A LOT ( MILITANTS ( ?AT P]IOD1 QUITE PHYSICAL4 ,>RE/$ 9 #a#i#g#i1 ,NEGRI W5T 9TO EXILE 9 #a#i#h#c4 ,H[EV]1 HIS P>TICUL> =M ( ESCAPE 7GETT+ ELECT$ AS A ,M,P7 & ! W>M WELCOME & RELATIVELY CU%Y POSITION ?AT AWAIT$ HIM 9 ,FRANCE W]E BAS$ ON ! DIFF]5T /ATUS HE HELD 7AS A PR(ESSOR7 COMP>$ ) O!R MILITANTS2 ?US SECTIONS ( ! MOVEM5T SAW HIM SOME:AT AS A TRAITOR4 ,HIS RETURN TO ,ITALY HAS NOT SUCCE$$ 9 R$EEM+ HIM2 NOR HAS HIS CR$IBILITY BE5 RE/OR$ BY REC5T PRON\NCEM5TS1 SU* AS HIS ADVICE TO ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T ?AT ! '#b.0 ( VOT]S' ALI5AT$ FROM ! POLITICAL SY/EM NE$ TO BE WON BACK TO ELECTORAL POLITICS4 7,SEE ',SOCIAL ,/RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY3 ,CREAT+ A ,NEW ,LEFT 9 ,ITALY'7 .<#e#h.> ,( C\RSE1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO REJECT ! LEFTI/ 9ANITIES ( 'ANTI-IMP]IALISM' :ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! REALITIES ( IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES4 .<#e#i.> WWW4ECO4TEXAS4$U .<#f.> ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 AT LEA/1 APPE>S 9 ,CLEAV]'S BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HI/ORY ( ! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' TRADITION1 APP5D$ TO ,NEGRI'S ,M>X ,BEYOND ,M>X1 OP4 CIT4 .<#f#a.> ,:ILE ,CLEAV]'S DECISION TO LEAVE ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY AS IT WAS RA!R ?AN RE-WRITE IT IS UND]/&ABLE1 :AT IS P]HAPS LESS UND]/&ABLE -- UNLESS ONE WANTS TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE IS SIMPLY DOGMATIC -- IS HIS FAILURE TO USE ! NEW ,PREFACE TO ACKN[L$GE ! WEAKNESSES 9 HIS ANALYSIS ?AT HAVE EM]G$ ) H9DSI ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI1 ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,AUTONOM$IA1 #a#i#i#e4 .<#f#c.> ,TODAY1 :5 BO? HUSB& & WIFE >E SUPPOS$ TO WORK1 ! WIFE (T5 WORKS AS WELL AS DO+ MO/ ( ! H\SEWORK AT HOME4 ,= ! SAKE ( NON-'COMPLEXITY'1 WE ASSUME H]E ?AT ! H\SEWIFE IS A 'PURE H\SEWIFE' & ?AT ! FAMILY IS =M$ BY HUSB& & WIFE1 UNLESS /AT$1 S9CE ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! NATURE ( \R ISSUE 7VALUE & REPRODUCTION74 .<#f#d.> ,SELMA ,JAMES'S 9TRODUCTION 9 ,M>I>OSA ,DALLA ,CO/A & ,SELMA ,JAMES1 ,! ,P[] ( ,WOM5 & ! ,SUBV]SION ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 ,BRI/OL1 ,FALL+ ,WALL ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b4 ,ALL EMPHASIS 9 ALL ! QUOTES >E \RS4 .<#f#e.> ,IT IS NOTICEABLE ?AT1 H[EV]1 9 ! C\RSE ( H] PAMPHLET1 ,=TUNATI'S *ALL5GE IS C>RI$ \T ) A C]TA9 CAUTION4 ,H]E & !RE ,=TUNATI SEEMS TO ADMIT ?AT ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION IS ONLY A PRECONDITION = FUTURE VALUE PRODUCTION3 '! SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ )9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION POSITS ITSELF AS A PRECONDITION444 ( ! SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ )9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION' 7P4 #a#b74 ,& %E SEEMS TO ADMIT ?AT VALUE IS ACTUALLY CREAT$ BY ! LABOR ACTUALLY EXP5D$ 9 PRODUCTION BY ! WORK] HUSB&3 '. WORK TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO CAPITAL ONLY IF ! LABOR P[] ?AT CONTA9S ! H\SEWORK SURPLUS VALUE IS CONSUM$ PRODUCTIVELY )9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION' 7P4 #a#c74 .<#f#f.> ',IT IS . ?AT CON/ITUTE ! NECESS>Y NUCLEUS = ! PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION ( LABOR P[]4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 LIKE ?AT ( ANY O!R COMMODITY1 IS DET]M9$ BY ! TIME NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE & REPRODUCE IT4 ,H5CE ! TOTAL WORK SUPPLI$ BY ! WORK SUBJECTS 9 ?IS NUCLEUS CON/ITUTES ! NECESS>Y WORK TIME = ITS REPRODUCTION4' 7P4 #a#i7 ,OR ON PAGE #b#c3 ',GIV5 ?AT . IS A COMMODITY1 ITS REPRODUCTION MU/ !RE=E BE SUBJECT TO ! G5]AL LAWS GOV]N+ COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 :I* PRESUPPOSES AN EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4' ,OR ON PAGE #a#e#h3 ',REPRODUCTION FUNCTIONS AS ANO!R PROCESS ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU* IT IS A PROCESS COMPLETE 9 ITSELF &1 LIKE ! O!RS1 ONE 9 :I* WORK IS DIVID$ 9TO NECESS>Y & SURPLUS LABOR' 7P4 #a#e#h74 ,! FACT ?AT H\SEWORK PRODUCES VALUE1 OR IS AN EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT LABOR TIME1 IS 9 !SE S5T5CES ! 'LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE' ( ! 9ITIAL ASSUMPTION ?AT LABOR P[] IS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS'4 .<#f#g.> ,OR 9 H] WORDS1 H\SEWORK 'APPE>S' AS '! CREATION ( NON-VALUE' 7P4#a74 .<#f#h.> ',:5 SELL+ !IR LABOR P[] ON ! CAPITALI/ M>KET1 ! 9DIVIDUALS CANNOT (F] IT AS ! PRODUCT ( !IR WORK ( REPRODUCTION1 AS VALUE1 BECAUSE !Y !MSELVES444 . VALUE4' 7#b#i1 P4#a#a74 .<#f#i.> ,LESS CRUDE ?AN ,=TUNATI1 YE>S BE=E1 ,M>I>OSA ,DALLA ,CO/A APPRECIAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 9T]NALIZATION ( ! H\SEWIFE ROLE 9 ! H\SEWIFE1 AN 9T]NALIZATION ?AT HAS MAT]IAL ROOTS 9 H] REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS )9 SOCIETY & CAN BE BROK5 D[N ONLY ?R\< ! MAT]IAL 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT ! ONES :O REALLY *ECK ! QUALITY ( H\SEWORK >E ! WOMAN'S FEMALE FRI5DS & RELATIVES1 NOT ! HUSB&6 .<#g.> ,CLEAV]3 WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U ,CLEAV]_/ #c#h#g,LAUTONOMI/,M>XISM4HTML 7#b#b74 ,DALLA ,CO/A3 WWW4COMMON]4ORG4UK 7WRITT5 AFT] #a#i#i#f74 .<#g#a.> WWW4BOOK-9FO4COM .<#g#b.> 4PP4 #h2 #i2 #ad 7?REE TIMES72 #ae 7TWICE72 #b2 #b#b2 #c#c2 #c#d2 #d#a2 #d#g2 #e#i2 #e#e2 #eg 7?REE TIMES72 #i#a2 #ah 7?REE TIMES73 #ai 7TWICE72 #abh 7TWICE1 ONE ( :I* IS 'EXTREMELY COMPLEX'74 .<#g#c.> ,H>RY ,CLEAV]1 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY1 ,ANTI_/,!SES1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b1 P4 #h#d4 ,AB\T ,CLEAV]'S ALLEGIANCE TO ! ISSUES & ! SPIRIT ( ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK SEE ALSO HIS REPLY TO \R ',FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#a1 WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U1 P4 #e#d4 .<#g#d.> ,SEE PREVI\S FOOTNOTE4 .<#g#e.> ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS #e#g1 ,AUTUMN #a#i#i#e1 PP4#a#g-#a#c#d4 .<#g#f.> ,AS QUOT$ 9 ,ANONIMO ,MILANESE1 ,DUE ,NOTE SU ,TONI ,NEGRI1 ,R5ATO ,V>ANI ,$ITORE1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#h#e1 \R TRANSLATION4 .<#g#g.> ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI1 ,EMPIRE1 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #b.> .<#g#h.> ,WE DO NOT DEAL ) PRO/ITUTION = SIMPLICITY'S SAKE1 BUT IT IS IMPORTANT H]E TO /RESS ?AT ,=TUNATI'S ASSIMILATION ( H\SEWORK & PRO/ITUTION IS NOT A /RAID TASK & REQUIRES A :OLE >TICLE ( CRITIQUE 9 ITSELF4 .<#g#i.> ,UNLIKE ,DE ,ANGELIS & ,=TUNATI1 ,CLEAV] PREF]S TO REMA9 AMBIGU\S ON ?IS CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,9 ANO!R P>T ( HIS BOOK1 HE JU/ SUGGE/S ?AT ! WORK \TSIDE PRODUCTION 'C\NTS AS SURPLUS VALUE' 9 ! SOCIAL FACTORY4 7P4 #h#d7 ,?IS IS NOT ! SAME AS SAY+ ?AT ?IS WORK CREATES VALUE1 BECAUSE A WORK ?AT R$UCES ! CO/ = ! CAPITALI/ EV5 )\T CREAT+ VALUE CAN BE ACC\NT$ AS HI<] SURPLUS VALUE = ! CAPITALI/4 .<#h.> ,?IS CAN BE SE5 AS A REACTION TO ! EQUALLY MORALI/IC APPROA* )9 ! OLD WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ESPECIALLY )9 ,/AL9ISM :I* CELEBRAT$ & PRIORITIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S AS 'REAL' WORK]S AGA9/ ! P>ASITISM OR LACK OR RELEVANCE ( UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,AN EXTREME ( ?IS WAS ! ,/AKHANOVI/ GLORIFICATION ( WORK 9 ,RUSSIA4 .<#h#a.> ,= A SIMIL> CRITIQUE ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ SUBJECTIVISM SEE \R REVIEW >TICLE ON ,MIDNI .<#h#b.> ,9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY1 PAGE #a#a#h1 ,CLEAV] SAYS ?AT SU* A CATEGORIZATION W\LD 9VOLVE A POLITICAL CATEGORIZATION ( WORK]S 9TO 'REAL' WORK]S & O!RS4 .<#h#c.> ,= ,NEGRI1 ! DETA*+ ( ! DOLL> FROM GOLD 9 ! YE>S #a#i#g#a-#c WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW WORLD DOM9AT$ DIRECTLY BY A LAW ( COMM&4 ,?IS *ANGE1 AS ,NEGRI SAYS 9 ,PIPEL9ES1 ,LETT]E DA ,REBIBBIA1 7P4 #a#c#b7 CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT3 '! DOLL> IS N[ ! WILL1 ! :IMSICAL & H>D REALITY ( . P[]'4 ,?IS *ANGE1 ,NEGRI SAYS1 9DICAT$ A NEW PHASE ( ACCUMULATION AT A WORLD LEVEL :]E '! VET]O-,M>XI/ LAW ( VALUE IS OV]2 N[ ! 0LAW ( COMM&0 RULES444 ,! SUBJECTION ( VALUE TO ! DOLL>1 ( LIFE TO ! ,AM]ICAN DIKTAT444 . ! ECONOMIC CRISIS N[ >E DICTAT$ BY COMM&'4 .<#h#d.> ,PITY ?AT ?IS PO/MOD]N WORLD LOOKS TOO MU* LIKE CAPITALISM TO JU/IFY ! AB&ONM5T ( ,M>X'S !ORY6 .<#h#e.> ,LIKEWISE1 ,H>RY ,CLEAV] MA9TA9S ?AT SOCIETY TODAY IS 'ONE GREAT SOCIAL FACTORY' :]E 'ALL ACTIVITIES W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! EXP&$ REPRODUCTION ( ! SY/EM'4 ,& :]E EV5 LEISURE IS %AP$ BY CAPITAL SO ?AT :AT WE MAY DO = \R [N RECREATION S]VES TO REPRODUCE US AS WORK]S = CAPITAL1 I4E4 AS LABOR P[] 7PP4 #a#b#b-#a#b#c74 ,SIMIL>LY1 = ,DE ,ANGELIS TODAY 'CAPITALI/ WORK444 CAN BE IMPOS$ 9 A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T =MS 9CLUD+1 BUT NOT LIMIT$ TO1 ! WAGE =M' 7P4 #a#b#b74 .<#h#f.> ,AB/RACT LABOR IS ! O!R ASPECT ( LABOR & IT HAS ALSO A ROLE 9 CLASS ANTAGONISM1 AS IT MANIFE/S ITSELF AS ! WEAL? & P[] ( \R EMPLOY] & 9 CAPITAL 7! WORLD ( MONEY71 ALI5 & HO/ILE TO US2 & IT IS RELAT$ TO ! EX]TION ( CONCRETE LABOR BY CONCRETIZ+ ITSELF AS ! CAPITAL ?AT IMPOSES IT. ,LIKEWISE1 ,NEGRI 9 ,EMPIRE CRITICIZES ! FAMILY WAGE AS IT ALL[S CAPITAL TO CONTROL ! WIFE ?R\< ! HUSB& AS A M$IATOR 7P4 #d#c74 .<#h#h.> ,= ! GREAT CONFUSION MADE BY ,=TUNATI 9 ?IS SUBJECT SEE ! ,CONCLUSIONS4 .<#h#i.> ,= AN 9T]E/+ DISCUSSION ON CAPITALI/ TEMPORALITY SEE ,MOI%E ,PO/ONE1 ,TIME1 ,LABOR1 & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f74 .<#i.> ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTICE ?AT1 9 ORD] TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ACTIVITIES OR WORK \TSIDE PRODUCTION CREATE VALUE1 ,DE ,ANGELIS LOOKS AT !IR CONCRETE ASPECTS 7?AT CAUSE PA9 & BOR$OM74 ,=TUNATI LIKEWISE (T5 LOOKS AT CONCRETE ASPECTS ( H\SEWORK &_/OR PRO/ITUTION 9 ORD] TO >GUE !IR ROLE 9 VALUE CREATION.<= EXAMPLE1 %E ASSIMILATES H\SEWORK & PRO/ITUTION BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT !Y %>E ! CONCRETE SEXUAL ACT2 OR %E LOOKS AT CONCRETE ACTIVITIES ( ! H\SEWIFE 9 H] 'WORK+ DAY'4 ,IS H[EV] LOOK+ AT ! CONCRETE ASPECT ( WORK 9 ORD] TO D$UCE ITS ASPECT AS AB/RACT LABOR A DEEP] 9SIXI/ !ORY1 OR A !ORETICAL MI/AKE8 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& :E!R A WORK CREATES VALUE1 :I* IS AN AB/RACTION1 A MANIFE/ATION ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS1 %\LD WE NOT AB/RACT FROM ITS CONCRET5ESS & CONSID] ITS ROLE 9 A ME*ANISM ?AT M$IATES \R SOCIAL RELATIONS8 .<#i#a.> ,& %E ADDS ?AT IF ! REAL NATURE ( ! SY/EM ( REPRODUCTION AS A FACTORY W]E MADE EXPLICIT ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( REPRODUCTION W\LD FALL 9TO A CRISIS 7P4 #a#a#d74 .<#i#b.> ',SMIL+ AT P>5TS' IS ! MO/ UTT]LY RIDICUL\S EXAMPLE ( 'WORK' DONE = CAPITAL )9 ! FAMILY AS A 'LABOR-P[]-FACTORY'4 ,9 ,=TUNATI'S WORDS3 'EV5 A NEWLY BORN *ILD REPRODUCES ITS P>5TS AT A NON-MAT]IAL LEVEL444 :5 IT SMILES = EXAMPLE444 PRODUC+ A L>GE QUANTITY ( USE-VALUE = ITS P>5TS4' 7P4 #a#b#h74 .<#i#c.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS1 9 ,E>LY ,WRIT+S1 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #aige P4 #c#g#h.> .<#i#d.> ,H\SEWORK KEEPS ! CO/ ( LABOR P[] L[1 ESPECIALLY IF ! H\SEWIFE IS 5C\RAG$ TO EMPLOY 'HOME ECONOMIC' MEANS TO GET ! MO/ 7COMMODITIES7 \T ( ! FAMILY 9COME4 ,! EMPLOYM5T ( 'HOME ECONOMICS' IS UND]/OOD BY ,H>RY ,CLEAV] AS WORK1 OR DISCIPL9E1 IMPOS$ ON WOM5 BY CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! SURPLUS RATE ( PR(IT 7,CLEAV]1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #a#b#b-#c74 ,BUT ?IS 9T]PRETATION NEGLECTS ! FACT ?AT ! H\SEWIFE SEES ! NE$ = SAV+ MONEY AS SOME?+ ?AT %E FREELY DOES '9 H] [N 9T]E/'4 ,9DE$1 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :AT IS EXP]I5C$ AS FREE WILL IS SOME?+ P>ADOXICAL1 BECAUSE WE REALLY DO EXP]I5CE ?IS FRE$OM1 BUT ?IS SAME FRE$OM IS ONE ) ! CAPITAL DOM9ATION ( \R LIFE ?R\< ! M>KET4 ,CALL+ ?IS ME*ANISM A 'BLACKMAIL ( ! M>KET'1 OR ! IMPOSITION ( A CO]C$ WORK1 AS ,DE ,ANGELIS & ,CLEAV] DO1 DOES NOT HELP TO DEMI/IFY ! 'MY/]Y' BEH9D ! COMMODITY =M & VALUE1 !IR APP>5T NATURALNESS4 .<#i#e.> ,COMMODITY FETI%ISM IS NOT AN ILLUSION OR AN IDEOLOGICAL MY/IFICATION BUT SOME?+ HAV+ A MAT]IAL REALITY3 ',TO ! PRODUC]S444 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 !IR PRIVATE LABORS APPE> AS :AT !Y >E1 I4E4 !Y DO NOT APPE> AS DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 P]SONS 9 !IR WORK1 BUT RA!R AS MAT]IAL RELATIONS BETWE5 P]SONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S' 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU9 ,CLASSICS #a#i#i1 PP4 #a#f#e-#a#f#f.> 7 ,AB\T ?IS IMPORTANT PO9T SEE = EXAMPLE ,GE(FREY ,PILL+1 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE @& ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 #a#i#h1 PP4 #a#f#i-#a#g#c.> .<#i#f.> ,AN EXTREME CASE ( AN UNWAG$ 'WORK' SUBSUM$ BY CAPITAL IS ! WAY ! SO-CALL$ ',ANTI-,SOCIAL ,BEHAVIOR ,ORD]S' 7,A,S,B,OS7 >E 5=C$ BY ! ,U,K ,/ATE AGA9/ Y\NG/]S :O GRAFFITI OR ROAM 9 ! G>D5S ( !IR NEI OLDS HASSL+ !IR NEIE 5=C$ IS ?R\< ! COLLABORATION ( NEIDS & POLICE = FREE4 ,!Y DO ?IS TO PROTECT !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,SURE !RE IS A BLACKMAIL BEH9D !IR UNWAG$ WORK3 ! IMPOSITION ( ! COMMODITY =M MAKES EV]YBODY DEP5D5T ON ! LITTLE PRIVATE PROP]TY !Y [N1 & ?IS DIVIDES ! CLASS & FRAGM5TS ! PROLET>IAT 9TO 9DIVIDUALS1 5EMIES ( EA* O!R & LOYAL TO ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,BUT 7UN=TUNATELY7 ?IS BLACKMAIL IS SUBJECTIVELY FELT AS A 'NATURAL' CONDITION1 NOT AS CO]CION1 & IT W\LD NOT 9DUCE ANTAGONISM 9 'ALI5AT$ WORK]S'1 :O >E 'CO]C$' 9 ?IS 'B\NDLESS' JOB4 .<#i#g.> ,!SE TWO OPPOSITE ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM >E DISCUSS$ BY ,M>X 9 ,CAPITAL 7OP4 CIT41 PP4 #d#g-#d#h74 .<#i#h.> ,= EXAMPLE ON P4 #bdh !Y SAY ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! MOD]N ]A 7'MOD]NITY'7 IS BASICALLY SUB/ANTIAT$ BY 'IMPOSITION ( DISCIPL9E'.Y ME*ANISMS1 !Y COMPLA9 ON PAGE #c#d#f1 '>E ! PRIM>Y MEANS TO CONTROL ! M>KET'4 ,%\LD WE BE REALLY MORALLY \TRAG$ ALONG ) ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ?AT ! M>KET IS CONTROLL$ BY A DESPOTIC ME*ANISM1 OR IS IT MORE 9TELLIG5T TO CONSID] H[ ! :OLE SY/EM ( P[] 9 CAPITALISM IS ROOT$ 9 FREE RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE8 .<#i#i.> ,:ILE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! 'FRE$OM' ( ?IS FL[ & ! M>KET1 ?IS DI/9CTION IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT1 UNLIKE ! FREE FL[1 ! M>KET IS 'DOM9AT$ BY CAPITAL' & '9TEGRAT$' 9TO ! LOGIC ( ITS 'IMP]IALI/ COMM&' 7P4 #c#f#c74 ,BUT1 AS WE EXPLA9 9 ! MA9 TEXT1 IT IS ! IDEALLY PURE FRE$OM ( ! M>KET 7! SAME FRE$OM ?AT IS BEH9D ! 'FREE FL['7 ?AT :AT SUB/ANTIATES ! OPPOSITE ( FRE$OM1 ! DESPOTIC SIDE ( CAPITAL.DT HIDES !IR UNCRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>DS B\RGEOIS FRE$OM & B\RGEOIS VALUES :I* WE DISCUSS 9 ! MA9 TEXT4 .<#a.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ADMIT ?AT !IR SO CELEBRAT$ CELEBRAT$ MASS MOBILITY IS '/ILL444 A SPONTANE\S LEVEL ( CLASS /RUGGLE' 7P4 #b#a#c-#b#a#d72 H[EV]1 !Y CANNOT ?9K ( A FUTURE /RUGGLE 9 :I* ?IS MAGIC SPONTANEITY IS AB&ON$ & :]E WE WILL GA9 DIRECT & CONSCI\S CONTROL OV] ! WORLD & \RSELVES 4 ,! ONLY WAY = !M ( ?9K+ ( AN ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE ?AT /ILL PRES]VES ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES IS ?AT ( !ORIZ+ ! NECESSITY ( 'A =CE' CAPABLE ( DRAW+ FROM !' DE/RUCTIVE CAPACITIES & DESIRES' ( ! MULTITUDE & ORGANIZ+ ! /RUGGLE4 ,?IS 9 A S5SE IS ! !ORIZATION ( A SEP>ATION ?AT WE WANT TO OV]COME 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & IT IS = US AS EXCIT+ AS444 ,L59ISM4 .<#a#a.> ,9 ,=TUNATI'S J>GON1 'FRE$OM TO :OM TO EX*ANGE' IMPLIES SEXUAL FRE$OM1 BUT ?IS IS RELAT$ TO AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( EX*ANGE4 ,SO :AT ,=TUNATI REALLY MEANS H]E IS3 '! =M ( ! FAMILY DOES NOT ALL[ US TO SWAP P>TN]S FREELY AS SOON AS WE F9D A POT5TIAL = A MORE PR(ITABLE EX*ANGE'4 ,BY SAY+ ?IS ,=TUNATI EQUATES M>RIAGE OR SEXUAL P>TN]%IP ) A SIMPLE ECONOMIC TRANSACTION1 A JOB CONTRACT1 NOT DISSIMIL> 9 ?IS FROM B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S1 SU* AS ,KANT6 7,SEE = EXAMPLE PP4 #e#g-#f#g7 ,?US ! IDEA ( SEXUAL LIB]ATION IS H]E ONE ) ! IDEA ( A P]FECTLY LIB]AL ECONOMIC M>KET = HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,NOTICE ALSO ?AT ,=TUNATI'S J>GON 7'EQUAL RELATION%IP'1 'REAL OPPORTUNITY'1 'FRE$OM ) :OM TO EX*ANGE'7 CAN BE EASILY %>$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN ,EXPRESS TOP MANAG]4 .<#a#b.> ,M>X SAYS ?AT '! MORE VALUE . CREATES1 ! MORE WOR?LESS HE BECOMES' 7,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #c#b#e71 BUT HE MEANS ?AT 9 CAPITALISM ! DISPOSSESS$ >E WOR? NO?+ :5 A QUE/ION ( *OICE OR PRIORITY IS CONSID]$1 NOT ?AT1 9 ! TRANSITION FROM PRE-CAPITALI/ TO CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION HE HAS LO/ SOME 7MONET>Y7 VALUE6 ,RA!R1 PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT 9 CAPITALISM VALUE BECOMES EV]Y?+ & WE BECOME NO?+ 7UNLESS WE >E WOR? SOME EX*ANGE VALUE1 OR BETT]1 UNLESS WE HAVE EX*ANGE VALUE 9 \R POCKETS7 ,M>X SEES ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ( CAPITAL TO HUMANS4 ,BY COMPLETE CONTRA/1 ,=TUNATI UNCRITICALLY ACCEPTS ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( A HUMAN VALUE :I* IS EMBODI$ & EXPRESS$ BY EX*ANGE VALUE1 TO ! EXT5T TO CLAIM ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 CAPITALISM HAS LO/ ! 7MONEY7 VALUE HE WAS WOR? :5 HE WAS A SLAVE.E ! ONLY IMAG9ABLE HUMAN RELATIONS & ?AT 7EX*ANGE7 VALUE IS AHI/ORICALLY PIVOTAL 9 HUMAN LIFE4 ,BY ASSUM+ ?IS ,=TUNATI DOES ! SAME ',ROB9SONADE' ?AT ,M>X CRITICIZ$ 9 ! CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMI/S :I* AM\NTS TO A COV]T ASSUMPTION ( ! NATURALNESS ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL RELATIONS4 .<#a#c.> ,BE=E SAY+ ?IS1 %E QUOTES ,M>X1 :O SPEAKS AB\T ! =MAL EQUALITY ( ! WORK] & ! CAPITALI/ 9 FRONT ( ! LAW 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION1 BUT IT ESCAPES FROM ,=TUNATI'S UND]/&+ ?AT ,M>X WANTS TO HIADOX ( B\RGEOIS EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 NOT TO MAKE AN APOLOGY ( IT4 .<#a#d.> ,A ',MILANIAN ,ANONYM\S' ULTRA LEFT PAMPHLET CRITICIZES ,NEGRI'S ASSUMPTION ( WORK+ CLASS ',AUTONOMY' BY CONSID]+ UNCRITICALLY ! 'IMM$IATE SUBJECTIVITY444 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS IMM$IATELY GIV5' )9 ! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ 9 CAPITALISM4 ,?US AS !Y SAY = ,NEGRI ',AUTONOMY' & 'SELF-VALORIZATION' ( ! 9DIVIDUAL >E CONSID]$ )9 ! LIMITS ( :AT EXI/S1 '= HIS 0FREE0 SUBMISSION TO ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY'4 7,ANONIMO ,MILANESE1 OP4 CIT4 PP4 #f#d-#f#e1 \R TRANSLATION74 .<#a#e.> ,AGA9/ ! TR5D = WOM5 FLOOD+ ON TO ! LABOR M>KET ANY APPEAL TO TRADITIONAL VALUES & MORALISM CANNOT WORK ON ITS [N4 ,?IS IS :Y ! RITY ,=ZA ,NUOVA HAS TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! REALITY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & PROPOSE A WAGE = H\SEWORK 9 ORD] TO C\NT]-BALANCE ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( A PROP] WAGE4 ,!IR POLITICAL MANIFE/O SAYS3 ',PROPOSALS AT ! LEGISLATIVE LEVEL3 444 ! DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? MU/ BE 5C\RAG$ ) SUBSIDIES = EV]Y *ILD & ) FUR!R SUBSIDIES = ! FAMILIES ) MORE *ILDR5444 FEMALE H\SEWORK MU/ BE PAID ) A FAMILY *ECQUE1 TO DISC\RAGE WORK \TSIDE HOME4' 7WWW4TMCREW4ORG1 \R TRANSLATION74 .<#a#f.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS1 OP4 CIT4 P4 #c#d#h1 PUNCTUATION SLI ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ONE %\LD NOT RECOGNIZE LIB]AL /RUGGLES 7AS WELL AS /RUGGLES 9 ! WORKPLACES LIMIT$ TO HI<] WAGES7 AS BE+ EXPRESSIONS ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM & CONTA9+ POT5TIALS = DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ! CONDITIONS ?AT CRADL$ !M2 BUT ONE NE$S TO UND]/& BO? ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT GIVE RISE TO !SE /RUGGLES & ! 9N] CONTRADICTIONS ( !SE /RUGGLES4 .<#a#h.> ,SEE ,K>L ,M>X ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT]S #ad & #a#e1 = ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ( MAN & CAPITAL REALIZ$ FIR/ ) RATIONALIZATION 9 MANUFACTURE & LAT] P]FECT$ ) L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 .<#a#i.> ',! MAGNITUDE ( VALUE .<( LABOR P[].> IS GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( VALUES ( ! COMMODITIES US$ TO PRODUCE IT444 I4E44 ITS EX*ANGE VALUE' 7P4#h#d74 .<#a#a.> ,:5 ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR P[] TO ! CAPITALI/1 '! H\SEWORK PROCESS .<:I* CREATES ?IS VALUE.> PASSES OV] TO ! CAPITALI/ LEAV+ NO VISIBLE TRACE'4 7P4 #i#g7 .<#a#a#a.> ',! FACT ?AT ! MAGNITUDE ( ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] IS NOT FULLY REPRES5T$ BY ITS EX*ANGE VALUE IS NOT SURPRIS+ BECAUSE ! VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS EXPRESS$ 9 AN 9DEP5D5T MANN] ?R\<\T ITS REPRES5TATION AS EX*ANGE VALUE' 7P4 #h#b74 .<#a#a#b.> ',:ILE ! USE VALUE ( O!R COMMODITIES CANNOT CON/ITUTE ! MEASURE ( !IR VALUE444 9 ! CASE ( LABOR P[] IT IS ITS444USE-VALUE ?AT CON/ITUTES ! MEASURE ( ITS VALUE'.<%E SAYS ON P4#h#a.> .<#a#a#c.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE1 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#c1 PP4 #b#i#e-#f.> .<#a#a#d.> ,AS ,M>X F\ND 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL1 VALUE 7& AB/RACT LABOR AS WELL7 IS SOCIAL S9CE IT IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITIES & ( ! NATURE 7AIM7 ( !IR PRODUCTION3 ',I CALL ?IS COMMODITY FETI%ISM :I* ATTA*ES ITSELF TO ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS SOON AS !Y >E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES444 ,?IS FETI%ISM >ISES FROM ! PECULI> *>ACT] ( ! LABOR :I* PRODUCES !M4' 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#f#e74 .<#a#a#e.> ,:I* %E PRES5TS AGA9/ ! ACCUSATION ( 'D\BLE C\NT+' LABOR 9 H] !ORY 7P4 #i#c74 .<#a#a#f.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE1 OP4 CIT4 PP4 #b#d#h-#b#d#i.> .<#a#a#g.> #b#e1 ,MHZ4 .<#a#a#h.> ,! QUE/ION3 ',H[ MANY APPLES DO ,I HAVE IF ,I ADD ONE APPLE TO FIVE APPLES8' MAKES S5SE4 ,! QUE/ION3 ',:AT DO ,I HAVE IF ,I ADD FIVE APPLES TO FIVE' DOES NOT MAKE ANY S5SE4 ,9 ORD] TO ADD1 SUBTRACT OR EQUATE TWO QUANTITIES1 !Y MU/ BE QUANTITIES ( SOME?+ HOMOG5E\S4 .<#a#a#i.> ,ALL WE HAVE AVAILABLE TO US IS ! ,5GLI% V]SION ( ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION4 ,WE ASSUME ?AT IT REFLECTS ! ORIG9AL ,ITALIAN V]SION4 .<#a#b.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ,EMPIRE1 OP4 CIT4 P4 #b#i#d.> ,!Y QUOTE ,SP9OZA TO SUPPORT ?IS B\RGEOIS DREAM ( AN IDEALLY FREE CIVIL SOCIETY4 .<#a#b#a.> ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN TO DISMISS /RUGGLES ?AT MAY />T 9 ORD] TO DEF5D RIT 9 ORD] TO DEM& A HI<] WAGE.Y' OR 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' !ORIES ?AT CANNOT CRITICIZE ! PRES5T SOCIAL RELATIONS4 .<#a#b#b.> ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN TO DISMISS ?REAT1 /RESS & POT5TIAL ANTAGONISM ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL COMPETITION IMPLIES = ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 .<#a#b#c.> ',?IS =MALISM444 IMAG9ES ?AT IT HAS COMPREH5D$ & EXPRESS$ ! NATURE & LIFE ( A =M :5 IT HAS 5D[$ IT ) SOME DET]M9ATION ( ! S*EMA AS A PR$ICATE4 ,! PR$ICATE MAY BE SUBJECTIVITY OR OBJECTIVITY1 OR SAY1 MAGNETISM1 ELECTRICITY444 CONTRACTION & EXPANSION1 EA/ OR WE/1 .1 & ! LIKE444 ,9 ?IS SORT ( CIRCLE ( RECIPROCITY ONE NEV] LE>NS :AT ! ?+ ITSELF IS444 ,9 SU* A PROC$URE1 SOMETIMES DET]M9ATIONS ( S5SE >E PICK$ UP FROM EV]YDAY 9TUITION .GON.>1 & !Y >E SUPPOS$ ( C\RSE TO MEAN SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y SAY2 SOME?+ ?AT IS 9 ITSELF MEAN+FUL444' .<,HEGEL1 ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 ,PREFACE1 ,OX=D ,PAP]BACKS1 P4 #b#i1 \R ADJU/M5TS 9 SQU>E BRACKETS.>4 .<#a#b#d.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,DE ,ANGELIS1 :O !ORIZES ?AT ANY CO]C$1 WAG$ OR UNWAG$ WORK CREATES VALUE1 IS ALSO A KE5 SUPPORT] ( ! DEM& '?AT ALL ( US RECEIVE A GU>ANTE$ 9COME :I* IS SUFFICI5T TO MEET BASIC NE$S' & :I* 'PAYS ! 9VISIBLE WORK ( /UD5TS' & O!R L[ WAG$ & UNWAG$ PROLET>IANS SO ?AT EV]YBODY 'HAVE LESS PRESSURE & MORE TIME TO ?9K = !MSELVES & IMAG9E DIFF]5T WAYS ( BE+' 7WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U74 ,! IDEA ( %>+ ! WORLD ) CAPITALISM :ILE CREAT+ BUBBLES ( 'DIFF]5T WAYS ( BE+'1 :I* IS ! !ME ( ! CONF]5CE ,LIFE ,DESPITE ,CAPITALISM1 7,LONDON ,S*OOL ( ,ECONOMICS1 #a#f-#a#g ,OCTOB] #b#d7 IS 9 ,DE ,ANGELIS'S QUOTE ABOVE EXPRESS$ AS 'IMAG9+ DIFF]5T WAYS ( BE+'.<,AUFHEB5 CANNOT BUT AGREE ) ?IS4 ,9DE$1 WE ?9K ?AT ONLY :5 CAPITALISM IS SUBV]T$ & NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ WE WILL BE ABLE TO CREATE A DIFF]5T WAY ( BE+ ?AT IS NOT444IMAG9>Y66 .<#a#b#e.> ,A /RIK+ AMBIGUITY IS ,=TUNATI'S CLAIM ?AT ! *ILDR5'S DEM& = ECONOMIC SUPPORT FROM !IR P>5TS 9 ! =M ( POCKET MONEY IS 'A V]Y ANTI-CAPITALI/ IDEA' BECAUSE '! *ILDR5 E>N . SOLELY 9 VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT !Y EXI/ AS 9DIVIDUALS & NOT BECAUSE !Y >E ACTIVE AS LABOR P[]S' 7PP4 #a#d#a-#b74 ,9 FACT1 *ILDR5 WILL GET MONEY FROM !IR P>5TS NOT BECAUSE !Y >E FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E ELEM5TS ( ! DIRECT RELATION%IP ( ! FAMILY1 :I* IS NOT A RELATION AMONG FREE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,FREE 9DIVIDUALS >E SO FREE TO LET EA* O!R FREELY />VE1 UNLESS !Y EX*ANGE.<& ?IS DOES NOT APPLY TO ! *ILDR5 9 A FAMILY4 ,:ILE ON ! ONE H& ,=TUNATI COMPLA9S ALL ! TIME AB\T ! ILLIB]AL RELATION ( ! FAMILY = OB/RUCT+ \R P]FECT$ 'FRE$OM TO EX*ANGE ) :OM WE WANT'1 IT IS PRECISELY ! =M ( ! FAMILY ?AT GRANTS A RI5TS ) NO?+ 9 EX*ANGE6 ,IF ?IS IS ANTI-CAPITALI/1 IT IS 9 VIRTUE ( ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALISM & AN >*AIC =M ( SOCIAL RELATION%IP1 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN CONCEPT ( GIV+ *>ITY TO ! UNDES]V+ POOR IS444 V]Y ANTI-CAPITALI/ TOO 9DE$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! =M ( P>5TAL SUPPORT AS POCKET MONEY1 UNLIKE ?AT 9 =M ( DIRECTLY PROVID+ ! *ILD :AT HE NE$S1 IS A V]Y CAPITALI/ =M :I* ! >*AIC RELATION ( P>5TS & *ILDR5 ASSUMES 9 CAPITALISM6 ,9DE$1 MOD]N P>5TS FEEL ! IMPORTANCE ( TEA*+ !IR *ILDR5 '! VALUE ( MONEY' BY GIV+ !M MONEY1 NOT USE VALUES4 ,?IS OBLIGES ! *ILDR5 TO ?9K AB\T BUDGET+ & TO TAKE UP JOBS \TSIDE HOME IF !Y GO ABOVE BUDGET BEYOND !IR P>5TS' ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES.<:I* IS ! NECESS>Y TRA9+ TO ACCEPT ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE IMPOS$ BY ! COMMODITY =M1 9CLUD+ ! CURSE ( BE+ 9 WAG$ WORK = ! RE/ ( !IR LIFE1 AS ! NATURAL & ONLY POSSIBLE WAY ( LIV+4 .<#a#b#f.> ,!RE >E ALSO DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,=TUNATI & ,DALLA ,CO/A4 ,9 ,! ,P[] ( ,WOM5 & ! ,SUBV]SION ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 ,DALLA ,CO/A SEES ! DEM& ( WAGES = H\SEWORK AS A USEFUL WAY TO BUILD UP A /RUGGLE. ,= EXAMPLE1 %E D5\NCES ']RORS' 7P4#g#c72 'MISUND]/&+S' 7PP4 #g#c1 #h1 #h#a72 'LACK ( CL>ITY' 7P4 #i#a72 'MISCONCEPTIONS' 7P4 #e#i72 'BL9DNESS' 7P4 #i#a72 'MISPLAC$ ASSUMPTIONS' 7P4 #e#i72 'G5]AL CONFUSION' & ']RONE\S !ORIES' 7P4 #a#a#f71 ETC4 9 ALL ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XI/ ?\ ,=TUNATI ALSO POSITS ! 'EXI/5CE' ( A SOCIAL RELATION ( WAGE-WORK = ! H\SEWIFE1 :I* 'APPE>S O!RWISE' TOO1 BECAUSE IT IS MY/IFI$ BY ! M$IATION ( ! HUSB&1 :O ACTS AS AN 'AG5T' ( CAPITAL4 ,AGA91 ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS 9VISIBLE WAGE-WORK RELATION IS DECL>$ & SU/A9$ AL?\< IT CLA%ES ) FACTS3 EV]Y FEATURE ( FAMILY RELATIONS :I* DOES NOT FIT ) WAGE-WORK RELATIONS OR PRODUCTIVE WORK IS DECL>$ TO BE A 'SPECIFIC' FEATURE ( ?IS P>TICUL> WAGE RELATION1 OR ( ?IS P>TICUL> PRODUCTION4 ,SEE = EXAMPLE P4 #a#e2 P4 #a#b#i2 P4 #a#c#i2 OR P4 #a#e#g.> .<#a#b#i.> ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT1 ,EMPIRE1 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #b4 .<#a#c.> ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT1 ,MULTITUDE1 ,! ,P5GU9 ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #b#d4 .<#a#c#a.> ,M>X ,BEYOND ,M>X1 ,AUTONOM$IA1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#a4 .<#a#c#b.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 AS SOCIALI/ ,ALEX ,CALL9ICOS1 EMBITT]$ BY ,NEGRI'S ATTACKS ON TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 REM9DS TO US 9 ',TONI ,NEGRI 9 P]SPECTIVE'1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM ,J\RNAL1 ,AUTUMN #b#a1 WWW4ISJ#aTEXT4BLE4ORG4UK .<#a#c#c.> ,9 FACT ,MULTITUDE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 WRITT5 ) ! AIM TO PAT* UP ! DISA/R\S EFFECT ( ! W> 9 ,IRAQ ON !IR !ORY4 ,OR TO ANSW] TO A NUMB] ( CRITICISMS FROM ! LEFT3 = EXAMPLE 1 TO 5DORSE NOT A REVOLUTION BUT DEC5TRALIZ$ MICRO-/RUGGLES4 .<#a#c#d.> ',L' ,IMP]O ,COLPISCE ,ANCORA'1 .<#a#c#e.> AUTO.-SOL4TAO4CA4 ,?IS REVIEW ALSO PRAISES !IR 'CRITICAL RE?9K+' ( BASIC POLITICAL CONCEPTS SU* AS DEMOCRACY1 SOV]EIGNTY1 REPRES5TATION4 .<#a#c#f.> ,AMONG MANY >TICLES ON ,NEGRI & ,H>DT3 ,UGO ,ROSSI1 ',! ,C\NT]-,EMPIRE TO ,COME'1 ,SCI5CE @& ,SOCIETY1 ,VOL4 #f#i1 NO4 #b1 ,APRIL #b#e1 PP4 #a#i#a-#b#a#g2 ,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO1 ,L',IMP]O2 ,PAUL ,?OMPSON ',F\NDATION & ,EMPIRE3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'1 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS #h#f1 ,SUMM] #b#e1 PP4 #g#c-#i#e4 HTTP3_/_/WWW4 9T]M>X4COM_/9T]V5TI_/IMP]O4HTML4 .<#a#c#g.> ,9 ,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#i1 !Y M5TION ! WORK ( ',ITALIAN RADICALS' & QUOTE ! PHILOSOPH] ,VIRNO AS A REF]5CE4 ,AN IMPORTANT REVIEW ( ,NEGRI'S PRE-,EMPIRE WORK IS ,NICK ,WI!=D'S ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM & ! ,9=MATION ,SOCIETY'1 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS #e#b1 PP4 #h#e-#a#b#e4 .<#a#c#h.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT /RESS ?AT !SE TWO ASPECTS >E NORMALLY 5TANGL$4 ,ELSE:]E IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS DESCRIB$ AS ?REE-FOLD1 REGR\P+ !IR ASPECTS DIFF]5TLY4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MI*AEL'S ,H>DT'S ',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR'1 ,MAKEWORLDS1 ,FRIDAY #bf _/#a#b_/#b#c1 WWW4MAKEWORLDS4ORG.> .<#a#c#i.> ,MI*AEL ,H>DT1 ',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR'4 .<#a#d.> ,! T]M 'BIOPOLITICAL' IS BORR[$ FROM ,F\CAULT1 BUT1 AS ,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO 7,L',IMP]O7 %[S1 IT IS SUBV]T$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL S5SE4 .<#a#d#a.> ,9 FACT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SCAN ! :OLE HI/ORY ( B\RGEOIS ?\ ,= ! ,REGULATION ,S*OOL 7,AGLIETTA1 ,CORIAT1 ETC471 ,=DISM & PO/-,=DISM W]E P]IODS ( SOCIO-POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM REA*$ >\ND ! TWO =MS ( PRODUCTIONS4 ,?IS IS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN JU/ FOCUS+ ON ! SIMPLE MAT]IAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,= A CRITIQUE ( !SE IDEAS SEE1 ,F]RUCCIO ,GAMB9O1 ',A ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,=DISM ( ! ,REGULATION ,S*OOL'1 WWW4WILDCAT-WWW4DE #b#h_/Z#b#hE.-GAM4HTM4 .<#a#d#c.> ,SEE ,VAL]IA ,PUGLIANO1 ',RE/RUCTUR+ ( ,WORK & ,UNION ,REPRES5TATION'1 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS #g#f1 ,SPR+ #b#b1 PP4 #b#i-#f#c4 .<#a#d#d.> ,AS ,GAMB9O F9DS \T1 !RE IS NUM]ICAL EVID5CE ?AT1 BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! '#hS & ! 5D ( ! '#iS 9 ,FRANCE1 PO/-,=DI/ PRODUCTION DID NOT DISPLACE CONVEY-BELT PRACTICES ( WORK AT ALL 7,GAMB9O ,A ,CRITIQUE74 .<#a#d#e.> ,IF SOME ASPECTS ( ,TOYOTISM C\LD BE /ILL 9 USE1 !Y >E )9 A SY/EM :I* IS ESS5TIALLY A CONVEYOR BELT SY/EM4 ,= ! /RUGGLES 9 ,MELFI SEE1 E4G4 WWW4M>XISMO4NET POMIGLIANO4HTML4 .<#a#d#f.> ,!SE IDEAS W5T UP & D[N 9 POPUL>ITY ACCORD+ TO ! /ATE ( HEAL? ( CAPITALISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT WAS POPUL> AT ! 5D ( ! '#fS & '#gS ) ,BRZEZ9SKI1 ,BELL & O!RS 7,WI!=D1 OP4 CIT4 PP4 #h#f-#h74 ,SEE \R REVIEW ( ,WI!=D'S ,CYB],M>X 9 ?IS ISSUE4 .<#a#d#g.> ,IT HAS TO BE ADD$ ?AT AFT] ! DEFLATION ( ! DOT4COM BOOM SU* !ORIES HAVE LO/ MO/ ( !IR PUFF4 .<#a#d#h.> ,SEE ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS1 ',! ,5D ( ,WORK OR ! ,R5AISSANCE ( ,SLAV]Y8 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,RIFK9 & ,NEGRI'1 KOROTONOM$YA4NET_/ OTONOMI_/CAFF5TZIS4HTML4 ,! CONCEPT ( S]VICE IS 9 FACT MISCELLANE\S4 ,IT ONLY MEANS3 ANY?+ EXCEPT PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTS4 ,S]VICE 9CLUDES ALSO ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 :I* DIV]TS SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ 9 MA9LY MAT]IAL PRODUCTION ELSE:]E 7SEE \R REVIEW ( ,CYB],M>X 9 ?IS ISSUE74 .<#a#d#i.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,= A ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ! ,SIGN1 ,TELOS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a4 ,BAUDRILL>D'S >GUM5T CONFLATES USE VALUE ) ! UTILITY ( AN OBJECT4 ,9 FACT = ,M>X '! =M ( USE VALUE IS ! =M ( ! COMMODITY'S BODY ITSELF' 7',! ,VALUE-,=M' 9 ,DEBATES 9 ,VALUE ,!ORY1 ,$4 ,SIMON ,MOHUN1 ,! ,MAC,MILLAN ,PRESS ,LTD1 #a#i#i#d74 .<#a#e.> ,?IS ASPECT IS C5TRAL 9 ,MAURIZIO ,LAZZ>ATO'S CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ',G5]AL ,9TELLECT1 ,T[>DS AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ,IMMAT]IAL ,LABOR'1 WWW4EM]Y4>*IVE4MCMAIL4COM .<#a#e#a.> ,NEGRI ?US APPEALS TO ?OSE1 AMONG :OM US1 :O OBJECT TO ! TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO EMBRACE PO/MOD]NI/ 5?USIASM = FRAGM5TATION & ISOLATION & DELUDE \RSELVES ?AT ?IS IS SUBV]SIVE4 .<#a#e#b.> ,( C\RSE1 !IR !ORY IS PRES5T$ AS SUP]IOR TO PO/MOD]NISM & ALL ! O!R !ORIES !Y APPROPRIATE6 ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 H[ !Y DISCUSS PO/MOD]NISM 9 ,EMPIRE P4 #a#d#b-#c4 .<#a#e#c.> ,T]M ( 9SULT GIV5 TO ,M>XISM BY PO/MOD]N AU?OR ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D 9 HIS WORK4 .<#a#e#d.> ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 PP4 #h#e-#f2 #h#h2 #i#f-#g VALUES ,NEGRI = HIS APP>5T CAPACITY TO SUP]S$E ! B\RGEOIS !ORIES4 .<#a#e#e.> ,AN IMPORTANT CONTRADICTION :I* WE DO NOT DEAL ) H]E IS ?AT 'IMMAT]IAL' PRODUCTION AFFECTS ! SUB/ANCE ( VALUE S9CE IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS CAN BE DUPLICAT$.<= ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ?IS MAKES PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! IMPOSITION ( WAGE WORK 9CREAS+LY UNT5ABLE 7,MULTITUDE P4 #c#a#a74 .<#a#e#f.> ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'14 P4 #h#h4 .<#a#e#g.> ,TONI ,NEGRI1 9T]VIEW ) ,M>K ,LEON>D1 ',! ,LEFT %\LD ,LOVE ,GLOBALIZATION' ,NEW ,/ATESMAN1 #bh ,MAY #b#a1 WWW4F9D>TICLES4COM4 .<#a#e#h.> ',!RE IS A DI/9CT444 NEO-FEUDAL FLAVOR 9 TODAY'S PRIVATIZATIONS'1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT /ATE 9 ,MULTITUDE 7P4 #a#h#f74 .<#a#e#i.> ',! BIOPOLITICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BEG9S TO APPE> ABSOLUTELY IMMAN5T444 ! V>I\S ELEM5TS PRES5T 9 SOCIETY >E ABLE COLLABORATIVELY TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY !MSELVES 7P4 #c#c#g74 .<#a#f.> ,OR1 ON P4 #c#c#i3 ',JU/ AS ! MULTITUDE PRODUCES 9 COMMON444 IT CAN PRODUCE444 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY' 7P4 #c#c#i74 .<#a#f#a.> ,SEE ,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#e#d1 S5T5CE CIT$ LAT]4 ,! %ORTCOM+S ( REVOLUTION>Y UTOPIA IS 'SOLV$' BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT BY PROPOS+ A FUTURE :I* IS BAS$ ON :AT WE HAVE N[6 ,!SE TWO VIEWS >E 9 FACT TWO SIDES ( ! SAME CO9 ! ONE AS BAD AS ! O!RS4 .<#a#f#b.> ,AS ,WI!=D 9 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' EXPLA9S1 PP4 #a#a-#a4 .<#a#f#c.> ,SEE ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 P4 #h#i4 .<#a#f#d.> ,RANI]O ,PANZI]I1 ',! ,CAPITALI/ ,USE ( ,MA*9]Y3 ,M>X ,V]SUS ! ,OBJECTIVI/S'1 WWW4REOCITIES4COM4 ,WANT+ A RUPTURE DOES NOT MEAN TO BE ,LUDDITE4 ,9 \R DAILY /RUGGLE WE >E B\ND TO TWI/ & USE CAPITAL'S RES\RCES & EXPLOIT ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DESKILL+ ! TYPOGRAPH]S HAS ALL[$ ! ?ICKE/ ( US TO BE A PO/] DESIGN] = \R POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS4 .<#a#f#e.> ,\R IDEA ( REVOLUTION IS ?AT ( SUP]SESSION3 ,?IS IS NOT A BANAL ABOLITION ( ! PRES5T BUT A QUALITATIVE SUBV]SION ?AT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ FROM )9 & AGA9/ ! PRES5T4 ,! ABOLITION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION = US IS NOT ! ABOLITION ( CREATIVITY BUT ! RE9TEGRATION ( ! UNITY ( AIMS & EXECUTION 9 ! PRODUCTION ( \R LIFE4 .<#a#f#f.> ,= ! NON-DIALECTICAL APPROA* 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEE1 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY1 ',GO+ 9 ! ,WRONG ,DIRECTION1 OR ,MEPHI/OPHELES1 ,NOT ,SA9T ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI'1 WWW4SLA%4AUTONOM$IA4ORG4 ,DESPITE ! RES]VATIONS WE HAVE AB\T ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY'S ?\TICLE 9 ,AUFHEB51 _? #a#a1 #b#c1 PP4 #e#c-#e#f71 WE ?9K HIS CRITIQUE ( ,NEGRI IS S\ND1 CLE>LY EXPRESS$1 & V]Y CLOSE TO \R CRITICISM4 .<#a#f#g.> ,SOME READ]S LIKE ,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO 7,L',IMP]O7 BLAM$ AN ALLEG$ 'DIALECTIC' 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT = ! APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS 9 !IR !ORIZATION4 ,9 FACT !SE CONTRADICTIONS >E DUE TO AN UNDIALECTICAL JUXTAPOSITION4 .<#a#f#h.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ',! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY' 9 ,E>LY ,WRIT+S1 ,$4 ,LUCIO ,COLLETTI1 ,PELICAN1 ,LONDON #a#i#g#e4 .<#a#f#i.> ,M>X NEV] HELD A MAT]IAL !ORY ( LABOR1 :I* />T$ FROM MAT]IAL ASPECTS ( PRODUCTION OR ! PRODUCTS1 BUT A SOCIAL !ORY ( LABOR4 ,HIS 'MAT]IALISM' WAS A !ORY ?AT SAW SOCIETY AS A MAT]IAL />T+ PO9T1 9 OPPOSITION TO IDEALISM :I* />T$ FROM IDEAS4 .<#a#g.> ,SEE ALSO3 ',SU* NEW =MS ( LABOR444 PRES5T NEW POSSIBILITIES = ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T1 S9CE ! ME*ANISMS ( COOP]ATION NECESS>Y = PRODUCTION >E CONTA9$ 9 ! LABOR ITSELF4' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#f7 .<#a#g#a.> ,ALSO3 ',WE CAN SEE NUM]\S 9/ANCES 9 :I* UNIT>Y CONTROL IS NOT NECESS>Y = 9NOVATION & ?AT ON ! CONTR>Y 9NOVATION REQUIRES COMMON RES\RCES1 OP5 ACCESS444 . 9 ! SECTORS ?AT HAVE MO/ REC5TLY EM]G$ AS C5TRAL TO ! GLOBAL ECONOMY1 SU* AS 9=MATION KN[L$GE & COMMUNICATION' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#g7 .<#a#g#b.> ',LIV+ LABOR1 ! =M-GIV+ FIRE ( \R CREATIVE CAPACITIES4 ,LIV+ LABOR IS ! FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN FACULTY3 ! ABILITY TO 5GAGE ! WORLD ACTIVELY & CREATE SOCIAL LIFE4 ,LIV+ LABOR CAN BE CORRALL$ BY CAPITAL & P>$ D[N TO ! LABOR P[] ?AT IS B\X SAID ?IS1 !Y CLAIM4 ,BELIEVE !M4 .<#a#g#c.> ,SEE1 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY ',TIME TO ,REVOLT.<,REFLECTIONS ON ,EMPIRE'1 ,DISSONANCE1 ,ISSUE #a1 WWW4MESSM$IA4NET3 ',LIV+ DO+ IS SUBJECT$ TO PA/ DONE4 ,LIV+ DO+ IS SUBJECT$ TO ! ?+S MADE BY PA/ DO+1 ?+S :I* /& ON !IR [N & D5Y ALL DO+'4 .<#a#g#d.> ,WE OBJECT ?AT 'LABOR' IS NOT A 'HUMAN FACULTY'.<'LABOR P[]' IS4 ,! CONFLATION ( LABOR P[] ) LABOR 9 ,NEGRI IS NOT DUE TO IMPRECISION1 BUT IS IDEOLOGICAL4 ,9 A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT NE$S ONLY \R BRA9 AS A TOOL1 ! FACULTY ( LABOR+ CAN BE IMM$IATELY CONFLAT$ ) ! DEPLOYM5T ( LABOR4 .<#a#g#e.> ,= A DESCRIPTION ( ,TOYOTISM & A 7REALLY7 RATIONAL CONSID]ATION ( ! CONTRADICTORY AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]AL ASPECTS 9 IT SEE1 ,&REW ,SAY]1 ',NEW ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,MANUFACTUR+3 ,! ,JU/-9-,TIME ,SY/EM1 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS1 #c1 ,W9T] #a#i#h#f1 PP4 #d#c-#g#b4 .<#a#g#f.> ,AS WELL AS O!R FETI%I/S ( ,TOYOTISM LIKE ,MAURIZIO ,LAZZ>ATO 7',G5]AL ,9TELLECT444'74 .<#a#g#g.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ADMIT ?AT !Y >E AW>E ( CAVEATS BY ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL 7,HAB]MAS71 ?AT A TRANSMISSION ( 'M>KET DATA' IS SOMEH[ IMPOV]I%$4 ,H[EV]1 !Y ADD1 ! S]VICE SECTOR PRES5TS A RI*] MODEL ( PRODUCTIVE COMMUNICATION1 9 ?AT ?IS PRODUCTION AIMS TO PRODUCE MORE IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS4 ,& 9 A FOOTNOTE !Y SUGGE/ ?AT ,HAB]MAS'S IDEAS >E SURPASS$ & CRITIQU$ 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#i74 .<#a#g#h.> ,9 !IR ACC\NT ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,FIAT ,MELFI1 ,M\VEM5T ,COMMUNI/E EXPLA9 H[ ,TOYOTISM WAS 9TRODUC$ TO IMPROVE EXPLOITATION & IMPOSE MASSACR+ %IFTS )9 A CONVEYOR-BELT PRODUCTION4 ,9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ?IS SY/EM )\T RESI/ANCE ,FIAT EMPLOY$ 9 ,MELFI MA9LY Y\NG PEOPLE ) NO EXP]I5CE ( ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE FROM A REGION :I* HAD A V]Y HI< UNEMPLOYM5T LEVEL4 ,H[EV] ?IS FAIL$ TO /OP 9CREAS+ RESIGNATIONS & RESI/ANCE4 7',FIAT ,MELFI3 ,LA ,CLASSE ,\VRI]E D',ITALIE ,CONTRE-,ATTAQUE'1 ,LA ,LETTRE DE ,M\VEM5T ,COMMUNI/E1 #a#c1 ,MAY #b#d1 ,B,P #a#f#f#f1 ,C5T] ,MONNAIL #a1 ,BRUXELLES #a1 ,BELGIQUE74 .<#a#g#i.> ,9 G5]AL CAPITAL NE$S A CLASS :O HAS AN 9T]E/ 9 IMPOS+ ITS RULE ON ! O!RS4 ,SEE1 ',:AT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R8' 9 ,AUFHEB5 _? #f-#i1 #a#i#i#g-#b.> .<#a#h.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CELEBRATE ! IDEAL FRE$OM ( DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGE4 ,IF !RE IS SOME?+ WRONG 9 \R REAL EX*ANGES & COMMUNICATIONS1 !Y >GUE1 ?IS IS DUE TO AN UNDUE OV]LAP ( CAPITAL'S CONTROL3 'EX*ANGES & COMMUNICATIONS DOM9AT$ BY CAPITAL >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ITS LOGIC' 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #c#f#c74 .<#a#h#a.> ,SORRY3 BIO-PRODUCT8 .<#a#h#b.> ,SORRY3 S+UL>ITIES8 .<#a#h#c.> ,TO GET RID ( ! OBJECTIVITY ( CAPITAL IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO GIVE A DIFF]5T NAME 7POT5ZA7 TO \R POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S P[] & ANO!R NAME 7POT]E7 TO ! P[] ( CAPITAL1 AS IF !Y REALLY EXI/$ SIDE BY SIDE & IF IT W]E ONLY A MATT] ( BECOM+ AW>E ( \R EXI/+ P[]6 .<#a#h#d.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,ROB]TO ,S>TI1 ',TONI ,NEGRI ,AGA9/ ! ,EMPIRE444 ,= A ,CAPITALI/ ,EUROPE6'1 ,9T]ACTIVI/ ,9FO ,EX*ANGE1 ,MAY #c1 #be 9FO49T]ACTIVI/4NET8 SID"7 #e_/#e_/#c#a_/#d#d#g#b#h@&MODE"7NE/$@&TID"7#dANALYSIS_/#e_/#e_/#c#a_/#d#d#g#b.> %TML8TID"7#d4 .<#a#h#e.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT RESURRECT A !ORY :I* PIVOTS ON POT5TIALLY FREE & P[]FUL SUBJECTIVE 'WILL' FROM ONE ( ! FIR/ F\ND]S ( B\RGEOIS ?\ ,:ILE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CONFLATE ! OBJECT 9TO ! SUBJECT 7'ALL IS DUE TO SUBJECTIVITY'71 ,!ORIE ,COMMUNI/E1 7WE SURELY DO NOT NE$ TO REM9D \R READ]S ( !M71 AS ,NEGRI'S NEGATIVE MIRROR IMAGE1 5D UP CONFLAT+ ! SUBJECT 9TO ! OBJECT 7'ALL IS DUE TO ! RELATIONS ( CAPITAL & LABOR'71 & APPE> TO ASS]T ! SAME MILL5NIAL GOSPEL BUT = COMPLETELY OPPOSITE REASONS3 DUE TO =CES ?AT >E BEYOND \R 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS & WILL1 WE N[ LIVE 9 A 'NEW' ]A :5 ! REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE4 ,= A CRITIQUE ( SU* !ORIES :I* CLAIM ?AT \R COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY IS SOMEH[ '=C$' T[>DS A C]TA9 HI/ORICAL DIRECTION 7! REVOLUTION7 BY CAPITAL ITSELF SEE1 ,GILLES ,DAUVE1 ',TO ,WORK OR NOT TO ,WORK8 ,IS ,?AT ! ,QUE/ION8'1 HTTP3_/_/TROPLO9.> FREE4FR_/BIBLIO_/LOVLABUK_/ .<#a#h#g.> ,CAPITALI/ SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR HAS CONSEQU5CES = SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE1 SO ?AT MANY ACTIVITIES :I* >E DONE \TSIDE PRODUCTION >E RE%AP$ ACCORD+ TO ! PACE & *>ACT] ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,= A DISCUSSION ( H[ H\SEWORK IS AFFECT$ BY CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 SEE ',! ,>CANE ( ,PRODUCTIVE ,REPRODUCTION' 9 ,AUFHEB5 _? #a#c1 #b#e1 PP4 #b-#c#f4 .<#a#h#h.> ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! MILIT>Y ,/> ,W>S PROJECT4 ,SEE \R >TICLE ON ,*9A 9 ?IS ISSUE4 .<#a#h#i.> ,= ! ALI5ATION ( ! UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 SEE ,H>RY ,CLEAV] ',FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM3 ,A ,RESPONSE3 WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U ,AUFHEB5,RESPONSE#b4PDF4 .<#a#i.> ,DAVID ,H5CKE1 ',FIRMS ,TAG ,WORK]S TO ,IMPROVE ,EFFICI5CY'1 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,JUNE #g1 #b#e4 .<#a#i#a.> ,WE DELIB]ATELY US$ ,AUTONOMI/ ,DE ,ANGELIS'S WORDS 'BOR$OM & PA9' ?AT HE USES TO DESCRIBE ! EFFECTS ( REAL SUBSUMPTION 9 ',BEYOND ! ,TE*NOLOGICAL & ! ,SOCIAL ,P>ADIGMS'1 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS #e#g1 ,AUTUMN #a#i#i#e1 PP4 #a#g-#a#c#d4 .<#a#i#b.> ,SEE ,M>IO ,TRONTI1 ',SOCIAL ,CAPITAL'1 WWW4REOCITIES4COM_/CORDOBAKAF ,FOLL[+ ?IS 9ITIAL SUGGE/ION1 O!R ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ AU?ORS1 SU* AS ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS1 LAT] ADOPT$ ! CONCEPT ( 'AB/RACT LABOR' = ! CONCRETE 'BOR+ & PA9FUL' EXP]I5CE ( LABOR UND] REAL SUBSUMPTION 79 ,DE ,ANGELIS1 ',BEYOND ! ,TE*NOLOGICAL'74 ,AL?\< WE DO NOT AGREE ) SU* USE ( ! CONCEPT ( 'AB/RACT LABOR'1 WE AGREE ) ! ,AUTONOMI/ UND]/&+ ( ! BASIS = ANTAGONISM4 .<#a#i#c.> ,SEE ALSO ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 P4 #i#b4 .<#a#i#d.> ,H[EV]1 TO PAT* UP ! GAP BETWE5 !IR !ORY & REALITY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ADD3 '! IMP]SONAL RULE ( CAPITAL EXT5DS ?R\<\T SOCIETY444 ! PLACES ( EXPLOITATION1 BY CONTRA/1 >E ALWAYS DET]M9ATE & CONCRETE4' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a-#a#a7 ,A !ORY ?AT SAYS ONE ?+ & ITS OPPOSITE IS ! BE/ !ORY EV]4 .<#a#i#e.> ,NEGRI1 ,POLITICS ( ,SUBV]SION1 P4 #aaf CIT$ 9 ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 P4 #a#a4 ,NEGRI SAFELY ADDS ?AT CAPITAL EV5 'ANTICIPATES' \R PRODUCTION '9 COMMON' 7,POLITICS ( ,SUBV]SION1 P4 #a#a#f74 ,?IS G5IALLY EXPLA9S :Y ?IS 'PRODUCTION 9 COMMON' IS NEV] ACTUALLY OBS]VABLE 9 REALITY6 .<#a#i#f.> ,ON H[ PRODUCTIVE ! 'POOR' IS SEE ALSO1 ,EMPIRE1 P4 #a#e#h4 ,9 ! CONCEPT ( 'EXCESS' !RE IS A MOM5T ( TRU? = ! SKILL$ CREATIVE WORK]4 ,?IS EXCESS HAS A VALUE TODAY & CAN MAKE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :O GUIDES & CONTROLS A /RUGGLE & :O DOES NOT TOMORR[4 ,WE CANNOT SEE H[1 9/EAD1 ! ,MC,DONALD WORK]'S SKILLS 9 %[+ S]VILE NIC5ESS ALL ! TIME GIVES TO !M 'EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ( /RUGGLE'4 .<#a#i#g.> ,M>X M5TION$ 9 HIS TIMES ! HUMAN 7I4E4 SOCIAL7 MEAN+ ( FOOD 9 OPPOSITION TO SOME?+ ?AT S]VES ONLY TO FILL ! /OMA*4 ,SEE1 ',ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS 7#a#h#d#d7' 9 ,E>LY ,WRIT+S1 ,PELICAN1 ,LONDON #a#i#g#e1 P4 #c#e#c4 .<#a#i#h.> ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS1 ',IMMEASURABLE ,VALUE8 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,M>X'S ,LEGACY'1 ,! ,COMMON]1 #a1 P4 #i#g1 #a#i#i#g4 ,& BY US 9 ,AUFHEB5 _? #a#c4 .<#a#i#i.> ,9 ,MAKEWORLDS1 WWW4MAKEWORLDS4ORG.> .<#b.> ,9 ! '#gS & '#hS MANY1 FOLL[+ ,BRAV]MAN1 FOCUS$ !IR ANALYSIS ( ,I,T AS BE+ ! NEW MA*9E 7SEE ,NICK ,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' & \R REVIEW ( ,CYB],M>X 9 ?IS ISSUE74 .<#b#a.> ,! CALL C5T] WORK] IS 9 ! FRONT L9E 9 A RELATION BETWE5 CLI5TS & !IR PROVID]S ( S]VICE1 & (T5 TAKE ! BRUNT = ?IS ALI5AT+ SITUATION4 ,SEE ,AMELIA ,G5TLEMAN1 ',9DIAN ,CALL ,/AFF ,QUIT ,OV] ,ABUSE ON ! ,L9E' ,! ,OBS]V]1 #bh ,MAY #b#e4 ,SO MU* = !444 CREATION ( AFFECTS4 .<#b#b.> ,P>APHRAS$ FROM ,EMPIRE1 P4 #e#e4 .<#b#c.> ,PUGLIANO NOTICES ?AT ALSO 9 ! ,F,I,A,T FACTORY 9 ,MELFI ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9CREAS$ 9T]-P]SONAL COMMUNICATION BETWE5 WORK]S & !IR LEAD]S OR O!R P]SONS 9 KEY ROLES 9 ! FACTORY R$UC$ OPPOSITIONAL ACTIVITY TO ! M9IMUM 7,PUGLIANO1 ',RE/RUCTUR+ ( ,WORK'1 P4 #d#g74 .<#b#d.> ,AS ,M\VEM5T ,COMMUNI/E NOTICE 9 ,FIAT ,MELFI1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,TOYOTISM1 ) ITS HEAVY %IFTS1 DE/ROY$ ALL 'POSSIBILITIES ( ANY SOCIAL LIFE \TSIDE ! FACTORY' = ! WORK]S4 ,SO MU* = ! CREATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS444 .<#b#e.> ,WE NOTICE ?AT ! REC5T ,B,A /RIKE 9 SUPPORT ( ,GATE ,G\RMET WORK]S 7A CAT]+ \TS\RCE ( ,B,A7 WAS BAS$ ON 'NETWORKS' ( FRI5D%IP & FAMILY RELATIONS CREAT$ \TSIDE WORK4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ?OSE :O %[$ SOLID>ITY ) ! ,GATE ,G\RMET WORK]S W]E ! 'MAT]IAL' BAGGAGE H&L]S & NOT ! 'IMMAT]IAL' HO/ESSES & /EW>DS4 .<#b#f.> ,= ! DEBATE1 SEE E4G41 ,J4 ,WALK]1 ',E,S,F3 ,ANO!R ,V5UE IS ,POSSIBLE3 ,NEGRI VS4 ,CALL9ICOS'1 WWW49DYM$IA4ORG4UK4 .<#b#g.> ,SEE \R REVIEW ( ,CYB],M>X 9 ?IS ISSUE = EXAMPLES ( 'EFFECTIVE' =MS ( /RUGGLES SUGGE/$ TO US BY ! ,NEGRIAN ,NICK ,WI!=D4 .<#b#h.> ,RADICAL-*IC TUTORS ( DESIGN 5C\RAGE Y\NG1 W\LD-BE GRAPHIC DESIGN]S TO HAVE A FEW ANTI-CAPITALI/ AD-BU/+ WORKS 9 !IR PORTFOLIO4 .<#b#i.> ,LAZZ>ATO HAILS ! 5D ( ! CLASS SY/EM 'AS A MODEL ( ACTION & SUBJECTIVATION' 7,MAURIZIO ,LAZZ>ATO1 ',:AT ,POSSIBILITIES = ,ACTION ,EXI/ ,TODAY 9 ! ,PUBLIC ,SPH]E8'1 WWW4NETTIME4ORG74 .<#b#a.> ,9 ',AN ,EMPIRE ( ,CANT1 ,H>DT1 ,NEGRI & ,PO/MOD]N ,POLITICAL ,!ORY'1 ,DISSONANCE1 ,ISSUE #a1 WWW4MESSM$IA4NET .<#b#a#a.> ,9 ',ALMA ,V5US' ,NEGRI AVOIDS SPELL+ \T H[ HE CONCEIVES ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM BY SPEAK+ RA!R ( 'LEAN+ FUR!R BEYOND ! $GE ( BE+'4 ,?IS PURE AB/RACT$NESS IS1 WE SUSPECT1 CONV5I5T 7WWW4MESSM$IA4NET74 ,LET US NOTICE ?AT ALL HUMAN ?\T+ PO9TS1 TO EXPLA9 REALITY 9 SEP>ATION FROM ITS CONTEXT4 .<#b#a#b.> ,TO BE FAIR TO TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 WE %\LD SPECIFY ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO HAVE ABSORB$ & RE-ELABORAT$ VULG> ,M>XISM4 .<#b#a#c.> ,SORRY3 FLEXIBILITY8 .<#b#a#d.> ,! MO/ POPUL> SOCIAL GR\P = ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD IS ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD4 ,?IS IS IMMAT]IAL BY DEFAULT4 .<#b#a#e.> ,9 ',MU/ ,TRY ,H>D]' & ',! ,>CANE ( ,PRODUCTIVE ,REPRODUCTION'1 ,AUFHEB5 _? #a#c1 WE SIMIL>LY CRITICIZ$ AS MORALI/IC ! AUTONOMI/ ATTEMPTS TO CONV9CE ! WORLD ?AT ! UNWAG$ PRODUCE VALUE4 .<#b#a#f.> ,& ,MI*AEL ,H>DT'S ACROBATICS TO CONDEMN ! AN>*I/S' ATTACKS AGA9/ ,/>BUCKS' W9D[S 9 ,SEATTLE. ',I DON'T D5Y1 IT'S NICE TO DREAM1 BUT IT IS LESS NICE TO HAVE HALLUC9ATIONS4 ,SEE+ A FALL5 EMPIRE & A TRIUMPH+ COMMUNISM :]E1 9/EAD1 !RE IS AN AGGRESSIVE CAPITALISM444 MORE ?AN A BEAUTIFUL UTOPIA ?IS SEEMS TO ME1 FRANKLY1 HALLUC9ATION' 7,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO1 ',L',IMP]O'74 .<#b#a#h.> ,WE ASSUME ,ALEXIEJ ,SAYLE & HIS COMPANY DON'T M9D IF WE HAVE FREELY ADOPT$ ! CONCEPT ( ,NEGATIVE ,REALITY ,9V]SION PRES5T$ 9 ',SICK'1 ,! ,Y\NG ,ONES1 S]IES #b4 .<#b#a#i.> WWW4M>XI/S4ORG4 ,SEE ALSO ,E>LY ,WRIT+S1 P4 #b#d#d4 .<#b#b.> ,SEE ,MULTITUDE1 PP4 #c#c#g-#h & PP4 #a#h#e-#f4 .<#b#b#a.> ,! PRESCRIPTION TO RUN BUS9ESSES LIKE S]VICES1 POPUL> 9 ! BUS9ESS LIT]ATURE ( ! '#hS1 W]E NO?+ O!R ?AN ! RE-$ITION ( OLD ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! PRESCRIPTION TO RUN PRODUCTION = PR(IT LIKE A S]VICE1 OR SIMPLY TO UND]/& IT AS A S]VICE1 HIDES ! DELUSION TO ABOLI% ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS AS A PRODUCTION = PR(IT?R\< A *ANGE ( ! /AFF'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ! CU/OM] OR T[>DS !MSELVES4 ,9/EAD1 ! REC5T 9CREAS+ PRIVATIZATION ( /ATE-RUN S]VICES LIKE ! ,BRITI% ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE IS A CONCRETE *ANGE ( A S]VICE 9TO A PR(IT-MAK+ MA*9E4 ,?IS HAS REALLY CONCRETE EFFECTS1 IT IS NOT SIMPLY ! IDEOLOGICAL PRESCRIPTION ( A *ANGE 9 ATTITUDE4 ,BUT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 :O PAY RESPECT TO BUS9ESS GURU PRESCRIPTIONS1 DO NOT BO!R AB\T !SE MU* MORE RELEVANT *ANGES 9 ! 'NEW' ]A ( 9CREAS+ PRIVATIZATION6 O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,PROMISE & LIMITS ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS ,FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM ,ITALY'S ',HOT ,AUTUMN' ( #aifi & ',MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g' W]E TWO ( ! HI< PO9TS ( LATE #b? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! REC5T PUBLICATION ( TWO BOOKS ON WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA TE/IFY TO ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ 9 ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T SURR\ND+ !SE EV5TS4 ,/EVE ,WRIRY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY HAS BE5 9FLU5TIAL AS AN ACC\NT ( ! 'AUTONOMI/' TRADITION4 ,! REVIEW ( !SE TWO BOOKS GIVES US ! OPPORTUNITY = A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( WORK]ISM4 ,WE SUGGE/ ?AT ,CLEAV] REPRODUCES SOME ( AUTONOMIA'S PROBLEMS AS WELL AS ITS USEFUL !ORETICAL TOOLS4 ,!SE PROBLEMS 9CLUDE ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY = A CLASS ANALYSIS2 ! ABS5CE ( A CRITIQUE ( LEFTISM2 AMBIGUITY OV] ! 'LAW ( VALUE'2 & AN 9ABILITY OR UNWILL+NESS TO !ORIZE RETREAT4 ,WE ALSO >GUE ?AT ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' READ+ ( ,CAPITAL LACKS ! ANALYTICAL RIGOR NE$$ TO MAKE ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES ( ,CAPITAL & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' ,REVIEW ,>TICLE3 ,/ORM+ ,HEAV53 ,CLASS ,COMPOSITION & ,/RUGGLE 9 ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM BY ,/EVE ,WRIRY ,CLEAV] 7,LE$S3 ,A,K_/,ANTI-!SIS1 #b7 ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S REPLY IS LOCAT$ H]E3 WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U ,! ,ITALIAN ',HOT ,AUTUMN' ( #aifi WAS ONE ( ! HI< PO9TS ( LATE #b? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 & IS ASSOCIAT$ ) OP]AISMO 7'WORK]ISM'71 A ,M>XIAN APPROA* ?AT FOCUS$ ON RANK-&-FILE /RUGGLES 9 CONTRA/ TO :AT WAS SE5 AS ! POLITICS & OPPORTUNISM ( ! DOM9ANT 7,/AL9I/7 LEFT4 ,! WAVE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ?AT YE> WAS E*O$1 AL?\< ) IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES1 9 ! TUMULTU\S ',MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g'4 ,UND] ! BANN] ( AUTONOMIA1 ! WORK]I/S' ANALYSIS ( CLASS /RUGGLE WAS EXT5D$ ?R\< ! ACTIONS ( GR\PS \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE4 ,9T5SE /REET-FIES1 ! EXPLICIT RAIS+ ( RADICAL DEM&S SU* AS ! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR3 ALL ?IS H9T$ AT A MOVEM5T = :I* :AT C\NTS AS 'POLITICAL' HAD BE5 S]I\SLY QUE/ION$ BY /RUGGLES >\ND WID] DESIRES & NE$S4 ,READ]S WILL BE AW>E ( WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA TODAY ?R\< ! WORKS ( ITS MO/ WELL-KN[N !ORI/S1 SU* AS ,NEGRI1 ?R\< ! ,U,S J\RNAL ,MIDNI ,= MANY ( ?OSE DISSATISFI$ ) ! V]SIONS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM AVAILABLE TO !M 9 ! ,U,K1 ! NOTIONS ( 'AUTONOMY' & 'AUTONOMI/' HAVE POSITIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! REC5T 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' MOBILIZATIONS ( ,J#a#h & ,SEATTLE BO? DREW ON !MES & LANGUAGE ASSOCIAT$ ) AUTONOMIA1 SU* AS AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES & DIV]SITY4.<#b.> ,H[EV]1 ! HI/ORY & !ORY SURR\ND+ WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA >E NOT ALWAYS WELL KN[N4 ,! REC5T PUBLICATION ( TWO BOOKS ON OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA & !IR !ORETICAL H]ITAGE TE/IFY TO ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ 9 ?IS CURR5T4 ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#i1 & HAS N[ BE5 REPUBLI%$1 ) A NEW PREFACE4 ,CLEAV]'S ,9TRODUCTION1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS BE5 A PO9T ( REF]5CE TO MANY 9 GRASP+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( PO/W> DEVELOPM5TS1 9CLUD+ /RUGGLES ?AT DON'T NECESS>ILY EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 TRADITIONAL =MS4 ,/EVE ,WRIGUE1 N[ SUP]S$ES ! ,CLEAV] PRES5TATION4 ,! PUBLICATION ( !SE TWO BOOKS GIVES US ! OPPORTUNITY = A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA1 & ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT TO KEEP !M ALIVE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE WILL EXAM9E FIVE ISSUES4 ,FIR/1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! CONCEPT ( 'AUTONOMY' IS ADEQUATE AS A BASIS = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,SECOND1 WE >GUE ?AT ! WORK]I/S & H5CE ?OSE :O HAVE FOLL[$ !M SUFF]$ FROM A LACK ( AN ADEQUATE CRITIQUE ( LEFTISM & NATIONALISM4 ,?IRD1 !RE IS ! ISSUE ( ! AMBIGUITY ( ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY WORK]ISM 9 !IR ACC\NT ( ! /ATUS ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,F\R?1 ! FAILURE ( WORK]ISM & ( AUTONOMIA TO !ORIZE RETREAT 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE CAN BE L9K$ TO AN IMPLICIT 7OR EV5 EXPLICIT7 SATISFACTION AMONG SOME !ORI/S 9 ?IS TRADITION ) ! CURR5T LIMITS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! POLITICAL READ+ ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL (F]$ BY ,CLEAV] ACTUALLY WORKS4 ,WE CONCLUDE ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! MOVEM5TS ?AT SU/A9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK]ISM HAS L$ BO? TO ! AB&ONM5T ( ! PROJECT ( WORLD REVOLUTION & ! IDEOLOGIZATION ( !ORY AMONG !ORI/S 9 ?IS TRADITION4 #a4 ,PROMISE & LIMITS ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS ,TO UND]/& ! WORK]I/ & ! SUBSEQU5T 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' TAKE ON CLASS WE NE$ TO GO BACK TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! CURR5T'S KEY !ORETICAL CONCEPTS4 #a4#a ,CLASSICAL ,WORK]ISM ,! ORIG9S ( OP]AISMO LIE 9 RESE>* C>RI$ \T ON WORK]S' BEHAVIOR 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,! CONC]N ( ! RESE>* WAS ) WORK]S' [N NE$S & P]CEPTIONS3 !IR DEF9ITIONS ( !IR PROBLEMS ON ! %OPFLOOR1 & ! NATURE ( !IR /RUGGLES4 ,WRI*3 ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) ! LABOR SUBSUM$ TO ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 AN EMPHASIS ON ! WAGE /RUGGLE AS A KEY T]RA9 ( POLITICAL CONFLICT2 & ! 9SI/5CE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ! DRIV+ =CE )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4.<#c.> ,ALL !SE FEATURES W]E A REACTION AGA9/1 & ! BASIS = A DEVELOP$ ALT]NATIVE TO1 ! PRODUCTIVI/ RE=MISM & 7B\RGEOIS7 POLITICS ( ! TRADITIONAL 7,/AL9I/7 LEFT1 I4E4 ! ,P,C,I 7! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BY F> ! L>GE/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE74 ,= ! ,P,C,I1 'POLITICS' WAS CONDUCT$ PRIM>ILY ?R\< P>LIAM5T 7& ! UNION BUREAUCRACY74 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 /RESS+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( WORK]S' [N /RUGGLES )9 9DU/RIES1 ! WORK]I/S REJECT$ ! CLASSICAL ,L59I/ DI/9CTION BETWE5 'POLITICAL' & 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLES4 ,?R\< RELAT+ WORK]I/ !ORY TO ! CONTEXT ( ! /RUGGLES ?R\< :I* IT EM]G$1 ,/ORM+ ,HEAV5 EXAM9ES WORK]ISM'S MO/ WELL-KN[N CATEGORY -- ?AT ( CLASS COMPOSITION1 :I* ,WRII\S BEHAVIORS :I* >ISE :5 P>TICUL> =MS ( LABOR-P[] >E 9S]T$ 9 SPECIFIC PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION4 OP]AISMO ALSO 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT ( ! MASS WORK]1 :I* DESCRIBES ! SUBJECT ID5TIFI$ ?R\< ! RESE>* ON ! ,F,I,A,T & ,OLIVETTI FACTORIES4 ,:AT *>ACT]IZES ! MASS WORK] IS ITS RELATIVELY SIMPLE LABOR2 ITS PLACE AT HE>T ( IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 & ITS LACK ( ! BONDS :I* HAD TI$ SKILL$ WORK]S TO PRODUCTION 7,WRIXIAN ANALYSIS1 & POLITICAL PRACTICE1 UND]/&S PRODUCTION & WORK ITSELF AS NEUTRAL4 ,! AIM IS TO TAKE OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & RUN !M '9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S'1 TO ! 5DS ( A FAIR] DI/RIBUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! RESE>* ON ,F,I,A,T & ,OLIVETTI HAD %[N ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ! DEF9ITION ( SKILLS1 OP]AT$ AS A PROCESS ( DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN BE+ A TE*NICAL MATT]4 ,! WORK]I/S !RE=E PROPOS$ CONCEPTS 9T5D$ TO GRASP ?IS NON-NEUTRALITY ( FACTORY ORGANIZATION & MA*9]Y4 ,P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT H]E IS ! WORK ( ,PANZI]I1 :O HAD >GU$ ?AT1 UNLIKE ! RE=MI/ ,/AL9I/S1 ! WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZ$ ! UNITY ( ! 'TE*NICAL' & 'DESPOTIC' MOM5TS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4.<#d.> ,SU* CONCEPTS PO9T$ TO ! LIMITATIONS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* C\LD BE SE5 TO BE M]ELY ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ONE'S [N DOM9ATION4 ,TRONTI DEVELOP$ ?IS L9E ( ANALYSIS ) ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY4 ,! IDEA ( ! FACTORY AS LOCUS ( P[] WAS EXT5D$ TO ! WID] SOCIETY AS A :OLE :I* WAS SE5 TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! SAME PR9CIPLES ( DOM9ATION & VALUE 7RE7PRODUCTION4.<#e.> ,! IMPLICATION ( ?IS WAS ?AT1 S9CE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 SOCIETY IS NOT NEUTRAL1 !N RESI/ANCE \TSIDE ! FACTORY C\LD BE A VALID MOM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,YET ! EMPHASIS ON ?OSE 7FACTORY7 WORK]S 9 ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION MEANT ?AT OP]AISMO WAS CAUGE FACTORIES3 EV5 AS !Y PO9T$ BEYOND ! MASS WORK]1 WORK]I/S CONT9U$ TO PRIVILEGE ! ROLE ( ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT4 ,AUTONOMIA 7! '>EA ( AUTONOMY'71 A LOOSE NETWORK ( GR\P+S 9CLUD+ & 9FLU5C$ BY RADICAL WORK]I/S1 EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( SOME ( ! WORK]I/ GR\PS4 ,?IS NEW MOVEM5T ALSO SAW ! 9FLUX ( A LOT ( Y\NG] PEOPLE2 !Y W]E (T5 UNIV]SITY $UCAT$ OR WORK+ 9 SMALL MANUFACTUR+ OR ! S]VICE SECTOR4 ,!Y *>ACT]I/ICALLY EMPHASIZ$ ! LOCALIZ$ & P]SONAL OV] CLASS-WIDE /RUGGLE1 NE$ OV] DUTY1 & DIFF]5CE OV] HOMOG5EITY 7,WRI ,! MO/ CONTROV]SIAL !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ?IS P]IOD WAS ,TONI ,NEGRI'S >GUM5T ?AT ! MASS WORK] HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY :AT HE CALL$ ! SOCIALIZ$ WORK] 7OP]AIO SOCIALE74 ,NEGRI'S !SIS WAS ?AT CAPITAL1 :ILE MA9TA9+ ! FIRM AS ! HE>T ( ITS VALORIZATION PROCESS1 DRIVES T[>D A GREAT] SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR1 GO+ BEYOND ! SIMPLE EXT5SION ( ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION T[>DS A COMPLETE R$EF9ITION ( ! CATEGORY ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS CATEGORY1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEGRI1 WAS N[ 0RELATIVE TO ! LEVEL ( ! ADVANCEM5T ( ! PROCESS ( SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR TO CAPITAL444 .<,W.>E CAN N[ SAY ?AT ! CONCEPT ( WAGE LABOR] & ! CONCEPT ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR] T5D T[>DS HOMOG5EITY01 ) ! RESULT+ CON/ITUTION ( 0! NEW SOCIAL FIGURE ( A UNIFI$ PROLET>IAT04.<#g.> ,9 %ORT1 ALL MOM5TS ( ! CIRCULATION PROCESS1 & EV5 REPRODUCTION1 W]E SE5 TO BE PRODUCTIVE ( VALUE2 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE & NONPRODUCTIVE LABOR WAS OBLIT]AT$4 ,:ILE ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a1 ASSUMES ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] 9 ! =M ( ! FAMILY & $UCATION1 ,NEGRI'S !ORETICAL 9NOVATION WAS TO FOCUS ON ?IS AS A LOCUS ( /RUGGLE4 ,NEGRI SUGGE/$ ?AT1 HI/ORICALLY1 !RE HAD BE5 A %IFT 9 EMPHASIS AFT] ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS :]EBY CAPITAL ADOPT$ A /RATEGY TO AVOID EXCLUSIVE DEP5D5CE ON ! TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS & TO RELY MORE HEAVILY ON ! LABOR-P[] ( SOCIAL GR\PS :O W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 M>G9AL & LESS ORGANIZ$4.<#h.> ,?US HE & HIS FOLL[]S LOOK$ TO ! ORGANIZ$ UNEMPLOY$1 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 ! PRACTICE ( SELF-R$UCTION & ! 9CREAS+ 9/ANCES ( ORGANIZ$ LOOT+ ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,MOVEM5T ( #aigg AS VALID MOM5TS ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ PRACTICE2 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS UND]/OOD AS A PLURALISM ( ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-RULE 7,WRIACT]I/ICALLY REF]R$ TO PREC>I\S WORK]S2 LAT]1 AS ,NEGRI'S P]SPECTIVE WAV]$ ) HIS DISCONNECTION FROM ! MOVEM5T1 IT WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! 'IMMAT]IAL WORK]'1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! COMPUT] PROGRAMM]4.<#i.> ,! >EA ( AUTONOMY REA*$ ITS Z5I? ) ! ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g4 ,H[EV]1 IT WASN'T JU/ ! WELL-DOCUM5T$ MASSIVE /ATE REPRESSION1 9 ! =M ( VIOL5CE & IMPRISONM5T1 ?AT L$ TO ! BREAK+ ( AUTONOMIA & ! COLLAPSE ( WORK]ISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AUTONOMIA & ! EMPHASIS ON EXTRA-WORKPLACE /RUGGLES W5T H& 9 H& ) ! ISOLATION ( ! RADICAL WORK]I/S FROM ! WID] WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS ?IS ISOLATION & H5CE PESSIMISM 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A WID] MOVEM5T ?AT L$ MANY ULTIMATELY TO 5D UP BACK 9 ! ,P,C,I -- OR TO JO9 ! >M$ GR\PS4 #a4#c ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT ( ! WORK+ CLASS ,ONE PROBLEM (T5 RAIS$ AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ PROJECT IS ?AT ( ! SUPPOS$ DISAPPE>ANCE ( ITS AG5T -- ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X'S CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION IS SAID TO BE L9K$ ) A CLASS /RUCTURE ?AT WAS DISAPPE>+4 ,?IS WAS A P>TICUL>LY PRESS+ ISSUE AT ! TIME ,CLEAV] ORIG9ALLY WROTE ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 ) ,GORZ'S ,F>EWELL TO ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & SIMIL> SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYZES BECOM+ FA%IONABLE4 ,CLEAV] (F]S A RESPONSE TO ?IS BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS JU/ *ANG+ %APE & IS 9 FACT EV]Y:]E4.<#a.> ,= MANY ( US1 ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ASPECT ( ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY IS LESS HIS 'POLITICAL' ACC\NT ( ! RELATION BETWE5 VALUE & /RUGGLES 7:I* WE DISCUSS BEL[7 ?AN HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 9 :I* A HI/ORY ( MOVEM5TS & IDEAS IS US$ TO DEVELOP AN 'AUTONOMI/' CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM AS WELL AS TO ?OSE :O WANT$ TO >GUE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DISAPPE>+4 7,9 FACT1 :ILE ,CLEAV]'S BOOK WAS PHOTOCOPI$ & PASS$ >\ND BY LOADS ( PEOPLE1 MO/ PEOPLE WE KN[ ONLY READ ! ,9TRODUCTION67 ,CLEAV]'S CLASS ANALYSIS CAN BE SE5 TO FOLL[ ON FROM ,TRONTI'S CONCEPT ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY & ,BOLOGNA'S ',! ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES'4 ,?US1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,ITALY1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( NON-FACTORY WORK]S -- PR$OM9ANTLY WOM5 9 ?IS CASE -- BO? EMBODI$ & CL>IFI$ ! NEW CLASS COMPOSITION 7P4 #g#a74 ',COMMUNITY' /RUGGLES >\ND ! SELF-R$UCTION ( R5TS & FOOD & UTILITY PRICES1 HE SUGGE/S1 5ABL$ !SE WOM5 P>TICIPANTS TO BECOME MORE CONSCI\S ( !IR [N ROLE 9 VALUE-PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE !IR [N AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY C\LD BE GRASP$ AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 RA!R ?AN BE+ LIMIT$ TO ! AUXILI>Y ROLE ( SUPPORT+ ! WAGE-BAS$ /RUGGLES ( !IR M5FOLK4 ,CLEAV] TAKES ! ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK CAMPAIGN AS ! HI* 7E4G4 ,L9EBAU<'S ,! ,LONDON ,HANG$.<#a#a.>7 :I*1 IT IS SUGGE/$1 %[S 9 ! POLITICAL CULTURE ( >TISANS & O!RS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS PR$ATES ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! WAGE4 ,CONCEPTUALLY1 ! CRUX ( ,CLEAV]'S >GUM5T IS 9 T]MS ( A SOCIAL GR\P'S EXPLOITATION BY1 & H5CE /RUGGLES AGA9/1 CAPITAL4 ,MOREOV]1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! SOCIAL GR\P AS SU*1 RA!R ?AN !IR SUBSUMPTION )9 A G5]AL WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE1 >E TAK5 TO BE SIGNIFICANT = !IR SELF-TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL4 ,= ,CLEAV]1 ! ABILITY ( SU* SOCIAL GR\PS TO RE-CREATE !MSELVES 9 /RUGGLE PO9TS TO A PROBLEM ) TRADITIONAL 7N>R[7 DEF9ITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* SAID NO?+ AB\T ?IS SELF-RE-CREATION4.<#a#b.> ,9 L9E ) ! TRADITION ( AUTONOMIA1 ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT RECOGNIZES RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL AS AN 9H]5T FEATURE ( ! MAJORITY ( HUMANITY1 RA!R ?AN -- AS 9 SOCIOLOGICAL & SOME ,M>XI/ ACC\NTS ( ,WE/]N CLASS /RUCTURE -- LIMIT$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' TRADITION ( /RUGGLES & !ORIES WAS IMPORTANT = US1 AS = MANY PEOPLE SEEK+ AN ADEQUATE ACC\NT ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! #a#i#hS & '#iS4 ,BUT1 RE-READ+ ,CLEAV]'S DEF9ITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS N[1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! SOCIAL GR\PS HE SEEKS TO 9CLUDE 7AS SOCIAL GR\PS7 )9 ?IS DEF9ITION1 LEADS US TO >GUE ?AT HIS ACC\NT IS NOT SUFFICI5T AS A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R EXPLOITATION IS A FEATURE ( ! SOCIAL GR\P HE REF]S TO AS SU*1 & !RE=E :E!R RESI/ANCE IS 9H]5T = ! GR\P AS SU*4 ,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT !RE >E DIFF]5CES & DI/9CTIONS ?AT MATT] )9 & BETWE5 ! SOCIAL CATEGORIES ?AT ,CLEAV] ID5TIFIES AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WRIGUES ?AT OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA EMPLOY CONCEPTS :I* S]VE TO FLATT5 \T & LOSE IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES & DI/9CTIONS 9 CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,\R PO9T IS ?AT ,CLEAV] IS HEIR TO ?IS T5D5CY4 ,TO FLE% ?IS >GUM5T \T1 LET US CONSID] EA* ( ! SOCIAL CATEGORIES ?AT ,CLEAV] WANTS TO 7RE-7DEF9E AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BE=E DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 WE NE$ TO /RESS H]E ! 9ADEQUACY ( PLAY+ ! GAME ( TREAT+ CLASSES AS CATEGORIES 9TO :I* WE PLACE PEOPLE4 ,= US1 CLASS IS NOT A =M ( /RATIFICATION BUT A SOCIAL RELATION2 RA!R ?AN ATTEMPT+ TO CLASSIFY PEOPLE WE NE$ TO UND]/& H[ CLASS IS =M$1 AS A PROCESS1 )9 A RELATION%IP ( ANTAGONISM4.<#a#c.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E SITUAT$ DIFF]5TLY ) REG>DS ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RELATION ( H[ LABOR IS PUMP$ \T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S 7& ?AT ID5TITIES & P]CEPTIONS ( 9T]E/S L9K$ ) !SE ID5TITIES CAN =M >\ND !SE SITUATIONS74 ,BUT \R >GUM5T ) ,CLEAV]'S 7RE7CLASSIFICATIONS IS 9ADEQUATE 9 ITS [N RIGUM5T AB\T CLASS AS A RELATION NOT 7JU/7 A /RATUM4 ,CLEAV] /ATES 7P4 #g#c73 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! UNWAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS 9 ,ITALY1 & ! EXT5SION ( ! CONCEPT .<( WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION.> TO ! PEASANTRY1 PROVID$ A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK )9 :I* ! /RUGGLES ( ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN /UD5TS & H\SEWIVES1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 E?NIC & RACIAL M9ORITIES1 & ,?IRD ,WORLD . PEASANTS C\LD ALL BE GRASP$ AS MOM5TS ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CYCLE ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ ,ORGANIZ$ UNEMPLOY$ /RUGGLES PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! ,ITALIAN EXP]I5CE ( ! '#gS -- ! ,NEAPOLITAN MOVEM5T = EXAMPLE WAS ABLE TO MOBILIZE ?\S&S ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S1 BECOM+ ! REGION'S C5TRAL REF]5CE PO9T = MILITANT ACTIVITY 7,WRIE (T5 OV] B5EFITS1 = ! V]Y SIMPLE REASON ?AT B5EFITS >E ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO9 ( ! WORK+ WAGE.<#a#d.> 7& BECAUSE WE \RSELVES HAVE RELI$ ON B5EFITS SO MU*674 ,! UNEMPLOY$ >E ! L[E/ /RATUM ( ! PROLET>IAT -- ! MO/ DISPOSSESS$ -- & >E LIKELY TO HAVE A BACKGR\ND 9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU*4 ,9 ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a1 ,M>X DEMON/RATES ?AT ! UNEMPLOY$ >E NECESS>Y TO VALUE-PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE !Y >E DEF9$ AS A CATEGORY BY !IR RELATION%IP TO ! WAGE1 ! UNEMPLOY$ >E OBVI\SLY P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ,M>X ALSO MAKES CLE> H[ ! UNEMPLOY$ FUNCTION TO 9/ILL DISCIPL9E 9 ?OSE 9 WORK & H5CE PUT 0A CURB ON !IR PRET5SIONS04.<#a#e.> ,= TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 ! UNEMPLOY$ AS SU* CANNOT PLAY ! SAME ROLE AS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS2 !Y LACK BO? ! LEV]AGE & ! POT5TIAL = REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ?OSE 9 WORK4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 UNEMPLOY$ /RUGGLES MU/ NECESS>ILY BE R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( TAIL-5D+ WORK]S' /RIKES2 ANY UNEMPLOY$ 'AUTONOMY' C\LD TOO EASILY TAKE ! =M ( SCABB+4.<#a#f.> ,H[EV]1 ! FUNCTIONS ( A SOCIAL /RATUM = CAPITAL DO NOT NECESS>ILY DEF9E ! LIMITS ( ! SUBJECTIVITY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT HAS (T5 BE5 ! LEA/ SELF-ORGANIZ$1 OR ! LEA/ AUTONOM\S1 AMONG ! UNEMPLOY$ :O HAVE SCABB$4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ >E1 AMONG ?OSE ,CLEAV] CITES1 ! SOCIAL GR\P :I* CAN LEA/ CONTROV]SIALLY BE DEF9$ AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ',RACE' ,9 ! CASE ( 'RACE' & E?NICITY1 :AT IS BE+ REF]R$ TO H]E BY ,CLEAV] IS ! CON/RUCTION BY CAPITAL ( DIVISIONS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ORD] TO CREATE & JU/IFY COMPETITION AMONG WORK]S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 'RACIAL' & E?NIC ID5TITIES >E CON/RUCT$1 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION ITSELF IS 'RACIALIZ$' OR 'E?NICIZ$'4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS BECAUSE RACIALIZATION & E?NICITY IS P>T ( WAY ?AT CLASS DIVISION IS CON/RUCT$ & ! WORK+ CLASS DECOMPOS$ ?AT PEOPLE MI%LY1 & >E MORE (T5 LOCAT$ AT ! PROLET>IAN POLE ( ! CLASS RELATION2 & ?IS IS BECAUSE ( ! WAY 'BLACKNESS' & ':IT5ESS' HAVE BE5 SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ 79 ! ,U,S,A74 ,?OSE E?NIC M9ORITIES :I* DO NOT 5GAGE 9 SU* AUTONOM\S ACTION T5D TO BE ?OSE ?AT >E MORE SOCIALLY MOBILE2 I4E4 9 ,U,S T]MS !Y BECOME ':ITE'4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,U,S,A1.<#a#g.> BLACKS >E ATYPICAL ( E?NIC & 'RACIAL' GR\PS3 ALWAYS AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PILE1 EV5 9 RELATION TO O!R E?NIC M9ORITIES4 ,BLACKS >E ! PROTOTYPE ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 & ! BLACK MIDDLE CLASS IS ! EXCEPTION ?AT PROVES ! RULE4 ,WOM5 ,! EM]G5CE ( WOM5 AS COLLECTIVE SUBJECTS ( SOCIAL *ANGE CONTRIBUT$ TO A REASSESSM5T ( OP]AISMO'S CLASS ANALYSIS 7,WRITICUL>1 WOM5'S DEM&S = A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL WAGE W]E SE5 TO PO9T TO A SOLUTION TO ! LIMITS ( ! OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! WORK+ WAGE 7,WRIIAT'2 = !M1 ALONG ) ! UNEMPLOY$1 FEM9I/S W]E SE5 AS 9TEGRAL COMPON5TS ( ! NEW SOCIAL SUBJECT -- ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]'4 ,LIKEWISE1 = ,CLEAV]1 WOM5 >E A KEY EXAMPLE ( A SOCIAL CATEGORY ?AT1 ?R\< !IR /RUGGLES1 %\LD BE GRASP$ AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- 9 P>TICUL> 'H\SEWIVES' DEM&+ WAGES = !IR WORK ( REPRODUC+ LABOR-P[]4.<#a#h.> ,FROM \R P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT IT IS WORK+ CLASS WOM5 -- DEF9$ H]E 9 T]MS ( ! CLASS POSITION ( !IR FAMILY -- :O >E MORE LIKELY TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 SU* /RUGGLES4 ,BETT]-(F WOM5 >E LESS LIKELY TO NE$ & WANT ! 'TRANSITIONAL DEM&' ( A WAGE1 & CAN A*IEVE 'AUTONOMY' 9DIVIDUALLY 7?R\< PURSU+ A C>E]7 RA!R ?AN NE$+ TO ORGANIZE COLLECTIVELY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! =M ?R\< :I* WOM5 HAVE *ALL5G$ EXPLOITATIVE G5D] RELATIONS HAS V>I$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,! ID5TIFICATION & QUE/ION+ ( WOM5'S ROLES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#fS WAS P>T ( A !ORIZATION & *ALL5GE TO ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY MORE BROADLY1 & H5CE T5D$ TO BE EXPRESS$ AS A MOVEM5T ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE ! RETREAT ( ! WID] CLASS /RUGGLE1 FEM9ISM HAS 9/EAD T5D$ TO BE AN IDEOLOGY JU/IFY+ EI!R A R$UCTION ( ! POLITICAL TO ! P]SONAL 7) NO L9K TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION7 OR A VEHICLE = MIDDLE CLASS WOM5'S C>E]ISM4 ,)\T BE+ GR\ND$ 9 -- RA!R ?AN TRY+ TO =M ! BASIS ( -- A CLASS ANALYSIS1 ! EMPHASIS ( ! /RUGGLES ( WOM5 AS WOM5 9EVITABLY RISKS ?IS DEAD-5D4 ,PEASANTS ,CLEAV]'S 9CLUSION ( PEASANT /RUGGLES AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS DIFF]5TIATES HIM FROM /ATEM5TS 9 CLASSICAL WORK]ISM4 ,AL?\< ! E>LY WORK]I/S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT PEASANT /RUGGLES C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO WORK+ CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM1 !Y ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT ! TWO %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$1 & ?AT ! 'SALVATION' ( PEASANTS ULTIMATELY LAY ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! MORE DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD 7,WRIE 9 EFFECT WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES AT LEA/ S]VES TO CONVEY SOME?+ AB\T ! SOCIAL LOCATION ( ! PEASANT 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD & ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIONS = ! BROAD] CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,DESPITE NOT DEP5D+ EXCLUSIVELY UPON A WAGE1 PEASANTS' WORK IS (T5 COMMODIFI$2 ! WAY !Y PRODUCE GOODS IS SUBJECT TO ! DEM&S ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,H5CE SOME PEASANTS' ATTEMPTS 9 SOME S5SE TO ACT LIKE '! WORK+ CLASS' -- I4E41 COLLECTIVELY TO RESI/ CAPITAL'S REQUIREM5TS4 ,BUT ,CLEAV]'S R$EF9ITION ( 'PEASANTS' AS P>T ( ! WID] WORK+ CLASS GLOSSES SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES )9 ?IS HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL CATEGORY4 ,! T]M 'PEASANT' COV]S A MULTITUDE ( ECONOMIC POSITIONS3 !RE >E V>Y+ DEGREES ( COMMUNAL RELATIONS1 V>Y+ DEGREES ( PRODUCTION = ! M>KET 7V]SUS = SUBSI/5CE71 V>Y+ EXT5TS TO :I* SOME >E MOV+ T[>DS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & V>Y+ DEGREES TO :I* PEASANTS 5GAGE 9 WAGE LABOR4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT 'PEASANTS' AS SU* DO NOT ACT LIKE & !RE=E CANNOT SIMPLY BE LUMP$ 9 ) A BROAD WORK+ CLASS4 ,EV5 IF WE TAKE IT ?AT ,CLEAV] SIMPLY MEANS ! MAJORITY ( PEASANTS :O HAVE NO *ANCE ( BECOM+ CAPITALI/ F>M]S1 !RE IS NEV]!LESS A LOGIC TO !IR /RUGGLES :I* *>ACT]I/ICALLY PREV5TS !M FROM CON/ITUT+ !MSELVES AS ! NEGATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! PEASANT IS DEF9$ BY A RELATION%IP TO ! L&1 & L& IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY ! ISSUE OV] :I* PEASANTS /RUGGLE4 ,GIV5 ?IS1 ! SUCCESSES ( PEASANT /RUGGLES >E ALSO !IR LIMITS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! WAGE1 A QUANTITATIVE SUCCESS 7MORE MONEY7 PRES]VES ! QUALITATIVE RELATION%IP ( ALI5ATION BUT CAN PO9T TO ITS SUP]SESSION3 VICTORY IS /ILL UNSATISFACTORY BUT ANY SETBACK = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS MAY SUGGE/ ! VULN]ABILITY ( ! CAPITAL RELATION ITSELF4 ,BUT A VICTORY 9 A /RUGGLE OV] L& IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF :I* !REBY IMPELS NO HI<] LEVEL ( /RUGGLE4 ,!RE IS NO ESS5TIAL IMP]ATIVE 9 L& /RUGGLES TO ABOLI% L& [N]%IP ITSELF4 ,AS WE >GU$ 9 A PREVI\S ISSUE ( ,AUFHEB51 :ILE WE MIY SUBJECTIVITY ( PEASANT-BAS$ /RUGGLES SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,*IAPAS ,9DIANS1 ! PEASANT CONDITION 5TAILS A CONS]VATIVE /ABILITY 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,PEASANT RESI/ANCE T5DS TO REFLECT EXT]NAL ?REAT RA!R ?AN 9T]NAL CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! =M ( ?AT RESI/ANCE MAY (T5 5TAIL ALLIANCES BETWE5 SMALL PRIVATE F>M]S & ?OSE :O DEP5D ON COMMUNAL L&HOLD+S -- OR EV5 BETWE5 A PEASANT MASS & A LEFTI/-NATIONALI/ & URBAN-BAS$ LEAD]%IP4.<#a#i.> ,?US1 WE DO NOT SEE ! RESOLUTION ( '! AGR>IAN 7I4E41 PEASANT7 PROBLEM' SIMPLY 9 'AUTONOM\S' PEASANT /RUGGLES1 NOR1 OBVI\SLY1 9 ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! PEASANTRY2 RA!R1 ) ,M>X.<#b.> 7& ,CAMATTE71.<#b#a.> WE MIE AID$ BY A WID] PROLET>IAN UPRIS+ AT ! HE>T ( CAPITALI/ P[]4 ,/UD5TS ,= WORK]I/ GR\PS SU* AS ,POT]E ,OP]AIO 7,WORK]S' ,P[]71 /UD5T /RUGGLES HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ?OSE ( FACTORY WORK]S4 ,BUT /UD5T MOVEM5TS W]E A P>T ( BO? ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN ( #aifi & ! ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g1 & W]E IMPORTANT = WORK]ISM'S ATTEMPT TO !ORIZE ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( 9TELLECTUAL LABOR4.<#b#b.> ,ONE ( ! 9T]E/+ DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN WAS ! APPROPRIATION ( A FACULTY BUILD+ AT ! ,TUR9 ,M$ICAL ,COLLEGE = ! PURPOSE ( A P]MAN5T G5]AL ASSEMBLY4.<#b#c.> ,! #aigg ,MOVEM5T 9VOLV$ PRACTICAL ATTEMPTS TO L9K WORK]S & /UD5TS BO? ORGANIZATIONALLY & 9 T]MS ( DEM&S SU* AS ! G5]ALIZ$ WAGE1 :I* WAS SE5 AS A WAY ( 5ABL+ MORE WORK+ CLASS Y\NG PEOPLE ACCESS TO UNIV]SITY4 ,CLEAV]'S CATEGORIZATION ( /UD5TS AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS MIKET HAS N>R[$ 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,AS MORE /UD5TS GA9 DEGREES1 SO ! VALUE ( ! DEGREE DECREASES & ! JOBS ?AT GRADUATES GO 9TO MAY (T5 BE NO MORE PRIVILEG$ OR WELL-PAID ?AN ?OSE ( !IR MORE BASICALLY-$UCAT$ C\NT]P>TS4 ,GRADUATE UNEMPLOYM5T IS HI<] N[ ?AN EV]4 ,H[EV]1 !SE >E ONLY T5D5CIES4 ,/UD5TS >E OV]:ELM+LY MIDDLE CLASS 9 T]MS ( !IR FAMILY BACKGR\ND 79COME1 VALUES & EXPECTATIONS7 & !IR DE/9ATIONS4 ,9 L9E ) ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY1 ,CLEAV] DEALS ) SU* CONSID]ATIONS BY DEF9+ /UD5TS' $UCATION AS WORK TO REPRODUCE ! COMMODITY ( LABOR-P[]4.<#b#d.> ,BUT !IR WORK AS /UD5TS IS MORE ?AN1 & DIFF]5T FROM1 ! SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( JU/ ANY LABOR-P[]4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! 5D PRODUCT ( ! WORK ( ! UNIV]SITY /UD5T ISN'T NECESS>ILY SKILLS AT ALL BUT RA!R A QUALIFICATION1 ! PO9T ( :I* IS JU/ TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO MORE PRIVILEG$ OCCUPATIONS4 ,:AT IS BE+ REPRODUC$1 !RE=E1 IS HI]>*Y )9 ! WORK=CE -- A DIVISION ( LABOR TO 5HANCE COMPETITION4 ,?IS PROCESS IS ALSO IDEOLOGICAL TO ! EXT5T ?AT ITS B5EFICI>IES 9T]NALIZE & ID5TIFY ) ! RESULTANT HI]>*ICAL DIVISION -- BELIEV+ ?AT !Y DES]VE !IR PRIVILEGE1 & ?AT ONLY A TAL5T$ & H>D-WORK+ M9ORITY CAN A*IEVE !IR K9D ( /ATUS4 ,SECOND1 ! 'SKILLS' ?AT >E REPRODUC$ ?R\< UNIV]SITY $UCATION >E NOT ONLY ?OSE ( SUP]VISION & MANAGEM5T1 BUT ALSO 7= ?OSE GRADUAT+ 9 ! HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCI5CES7 ?OSE ( CLASSIFY+1 BULL%ITT+ & PLAY+ A ROLE -- ALL ( :I* DON'T MAKE S5SE \TSIDE ( ALI5AT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,9 FOCUS+ ON AUTONOMY & ITS POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CES = CAPITAL1 ,CLEAV]'S R$EF9ITION ( /UD5T /RUGGLES AS WORK+ CLASS !RE=E LOSES SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES ( ?IS SOCIAL CATEGORY4.<#b#e.> ,IT IS AN OV]LY CYNICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 P]HAPS1 TO /ATE ?AT '/UD5T RADICALS' MO/LY 5D UP PURSU+ ! SAME WELL-PAID E/ABLI%M5T C>E]S AS !IR P>5TS2 BUT ! MOM5T ( TRU? 9 SU* A CLAIM LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO EQUIVAL5T EXPECTATION = Y\NG WORK+ CLASS RADICALS MO/LY TO 5D UP BECOM+ MANAG]S6 ,UNLIKE /UD5TS1 ! Y\NG WORK+ CLASS 79 WORK+ CLASS JOBS7 DON'T USUALLY HAVE ! SAME *OICE4 ,:ATEV] HAPP5$ TO ! MIDDLE CLASS8 ,! 'MIDDLE CLASS' IS A LABEL L>GELY ABS5T FROM ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 :I* IS BECAUSE = ,CLEAV] IT L>GELY DOESN'T EXI/1 EXCEPT P]HAPS SOCIOLOGICALLY4 ,! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' >GUM5T SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 9 CONDITIONS ( ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY'1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E JU/ A SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ,CLEAV]'S ANALYSIS AGA9 REFLECTS REAL T5D5CIES4 ,9 A NUMB] ( DOMA9S1 MIDDLE CLASS WORK HAS BE5 DE-SKILL$ & PROLET>IANIZ$4 ,CASUALIZATION1 ONCE LIMIT$ ONLY TO WORK+ CLASS JOBS1 HAS N[ COME TO MANY 9 ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY SAL>IES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 HAVE 9CREAS+LY LO/ VALUE OV] ! PA/ #b YE>S OR SO4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SAL>IES ( ?OSE AT ! TOP 5D ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR 7E4G41 ACC\NTANTS1 LAWY]S & ! V>I\S TYPES ( 'CONSULTANT'71 HAVE CONT9U$ TO RISE4 ,H5CE1 AS A %>$ ID5TITY ASSUM$ BY PEOPLE :OSE CONDITIONS V>Y WIDELY -- FROM :ITE-COLL> WORK]S 9 9SECURE JOBS ) SAL>IES L[] ?AN !IR BLUE-COLL> C\NT]P>TS1 TO EXECUTIVES & S5IOR MANAG]S -- ! 'MIDDLE CLASS' AS A :OLE IS TO SAY ! LEA/ A PROBLEMATIC CATEGORY IF NOT A MY/IFICATION4 ,9 ! ,U,S,A1 ,CLEAV]'S HOME C\NTRY1 ! T]M IS EV5 MORE PROBLEMATIC DUE TO ! 7SELF7DESCRIPTION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! 7:ITE7 WORK+ CLASS AS 'MIDDLE CLASS'4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO TAKE !SE DISJUNCTIONS1 ANOMALIES & T5D5CIES TO MEAN ?AT ! CATEGORY 'MIDDLE CLASS' CAN BE DISP5S$ ) IS ONE-SID$4 ,! ANALYTIC SUBSUMPTION ( MO/ ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES )9 ! WORK+ CLASS IS ONE-SID$ BECAUSE IT LOSES ! EXPLANATORY P[] ( ! MIDDLE CLASS AS A CATEGORY4 ,H]E AGA91 WE W\LD >GUE1 ,CLEAV]'S ANALYSIS REFLECTS ! LIMITS ( ! APPROA* HE IS HEIR TO4 ,AS ,WRIGUES1 = ALL ITS VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO \R UND]/&+ ( /RUGGLE1 ONE ( ! PROBLEMS ) AUTONOMIA & OP]AISMO MORE BROADLY IS ! WAY IT MISREPRES5TS ONE T5D5CY AS /&+ = ! TOTALITY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,CLEAV] MISREPRES5TS A P>TICUL> T5D5CY AS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! CLASS SITUATION AS A :OLE4 ,:ILE T5D5CIES TO PROLET>IANIZATION MID ?R[+ 9 !IR LOT ) ! WORK+ CLASS1 !RE >E O!R FEATURES ( ! MIDDLE CLASS CONDITION AS SU* :I* OP]ATE 9 ! O!R DIRECTION4 ,:AT IS ABS5T FROM ,CLEAV]'S CLASS ANALYSIS IS AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! TIES ?AT B9D ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL TO HIS ROLE OR CLASS POSITION & H5CE TO ! ALI5AT$ WORLD ?AT GIVES RISE TO ?AT ROLE & CLASS POSITION4 ,ONE FEATURE :I* DI/+UI%ES ! MIDDLE CLASS FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 & :I* HAS CONSEQU5CES = ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE & SUBJECTIVITY1 IS ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( A C>E] /RUCTURE4 ,:ILE WAGES 9 WORK+ CLASS OCCUPATIONS TYPICALLY RISE TO A RELATIVELY E>LY PEAK & !N PLATEAU (F1 MIDDLE CLASS SAL>IES MORE TYPICALLY DEVELOP 9 CONT9UAL 9CREM5TS )9 :I* ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL CAN =ESEE A FUTURE ( CONT9UALLY RIS+ 9COME & 5HANC$ /ATUS4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! LONG] %E C>RIES ON & /ICKS TO ! JOB1 ! RELATIVELY LESS 9T]E/ ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL HAS 9 ESCAP+ S9CE ! GREAT] COM=T ! JOB PROVIDES HIM OR H]4 ,BECAUSE ! WORK+ CLASS JOB TYPICALLY PROVIDES NO SU* PROSPECT1 ! IMP]ATIVE TO ESCAPE REMA9S A LIFESPAN CON/ANT4 ,SECOND1 :ILE PRIDE 9 ONE'S ROLE CAN >ISE 9 MANY TYPES ( OCCUPATION1 MIDDLE CLASS JOBS (T5 5G5D] AN ID5TIFICATION ( A TYPE :I* IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY ABS5T 9 ! CASE ( WORK+ CLASS JOBS4 ,SU* MIDDLE CLASS ID5TIFICATION HAS CONSEQU5CES = ! =M TAK5 BY RESI/ANCE -- & = :E!R RESI/ANCE TAKES PLACE AT ALL4 ,! ACADEMIC1 SOCIAL WORK]1 LAWY] ETC4 MAY WI% TO ATTACK CAPITAL BUT !Y *>ACT]I/ICALLY DO SO BY PREMIS+ !IR RESI/ANCE ON ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( !IR [N ROLE 9 A WAY UN?9KABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?US !RE >E RADICAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 RADICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 RADICAL LAWY]S & SO ON1.<#b#f.> BUT NOT RADICAL BRICKLAY]S OR RADICAL ROADSWEEP]S6 ,! LATT] >E SIMPLY RADICAL PEOPLE :O WI% TO ESCAPE !IR CONDITION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! =M] WI% TO 5GAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE :ILE AT ! SAME TIME RETA9+ !IR MIDDLE CLASS ID5TITIES1 9CLUD+ !IR SPECIALIZ$ SKILLS & ROLES4 ,AS SU*1 !IR P>TICIPATION PRESUPPOSES RA!R ?AN FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5GES ! 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT PROVIDE ! BASIS ( !SE ID5TITIES4.<#b#g.> ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE1 IT SEEMS TO US1 ?AT ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( A PO/-AUTONOMIA SC5E :I* REJECTS 7OR AT LEA/ NEGLECTS7 ! SITUATIONI/S' CRITIQUE ( ROLES & ACADEMIA1 & :I* R$EF9ES ALL >EAS ( LIFE -- 9CLUD+ ACADEMIA -- AS WORK+ CLASS1 >E !MSELVES ACADEMICS4.<#b#h.> ,SOME GR\PS1 SU* AS ! PR(ESSIONALS -- DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 ACADEMICS -- :O RETA9 CONTROL ( 5TRY 9TO !IR PR(ESSION1 %\LD OBVI\SLY BE DEF9$ AS MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R GR\PS = :I* ! SITUATION IS LESS CLE>-CUT4 ,= ! MO/ P>T DEAL+ ) ! ?ORNY ISSUE ( CLASS1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! /ATUS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 IS 9EVITABLE MESSY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE CLASS IS A PROCESS NOT A BOX 9TO :I* WE CAN SIMPLY CATEGORIZE PEOPLE1 AS 9 SOCIOLOGY4.<#b#i.> ,9 ,>G5T9A1 = EXAMPLE1 WE >E SEE+ A PROCESS :]E MIDDLE CLASS ID5TITY BREAKS D[N2 BUT TO UND]/& ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SU* AN ID5TITY EXI/S & HAS A MAT]IAL BASIS4 ,AS WE SEE IT1 ! PROBLEM ) ! WAY ,CLEAV] FLATT5S \T EV]Y?+ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS IS PRECISELY ! ABS5CE ( CLASS COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION AS A PROCESS4 ,CLASS 7COMPOSITION7 9VOLVES A CON/ANT DYNAMIC ( PROLET>IANIZATION & 'EMB\RGEOISM5T'4 ,BUT IF !SE POLES >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ -- & IF ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E UND]/OOD AS ALREADY WORK+ CLASS -- CLASS COMPOSITION APPE>S ONLY AS A /ATIC GIV54 #a4#d ,AUTONOMY AS BASIS OR FUNCTION ( WORK+ CLASS COMPOSITION8 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,CLEAV]'S FUNDAM5TAL PO9T IS ?AT ! UNWAG$1 & H5CE ! O!R SOCIAL CATEGORIES HE REF]S TO1 >E P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS ONLY 9S(> AS CAPITAL HAS S\TICUL> CONDITION1 & S9CE !SE UNWAG$ & O!R CATEGORIES >E N[ FIT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US ! KEY = ,CLEAV] IS AUTONOM\S ACTION AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,AS SU*1 ,CLEAV] IS AGA9 CONSI/5T ) ! TRADITION ?AT HAS COME \T ( WORK]ISM1 :I* S\XISM ?R\< FOCUS+ ON PRECISELY ! 9DEP5D5T OR AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE2 !IR COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION ( RESI/ANCE WAS %[N TO OCCUR )\T ! M$IATION ( ! P>TY OR UNION -- OR EV5 9 OPPOSITION TO !M4 ,ANTAGONISM ITSELF1 9 ! =M ( AUTONOMY1 WAS ?US ! BASIS ( CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,9 ! SIXTIES1 ! WORK]I/S SUBSUM$ ! SPECIFICITY ( DIFF]5T WORK+ CLASS LOCATIONS & EXP]I5CES TO ?OSE ( ! MASS WORK]4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES1 ,NEGRI'S WORK ?REAT5$ TO DISSOLVE EV5 ?IS P>TIALLY CONCRETE UND]/&+ ( CLASS 9TO A G5]IC PROLET>IAT1 ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]'4 ,BOLOGNA 9 ',! TRIBE ( MOLES' ID5TIFI$ NEW SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATIONS ( CLASS3 0,CLASSES HAVE T5D$ TO LOSE !IR 'OBJECTIVE' *>ACT]I/ICS & BECOME DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY04.<#c.> ,= ,BOLOGNA1 QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL & CULTURAL ID5TITY1 ( ACCEPTANCE OR REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! NORMS ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR REQUIR$ BY ! /ATE1 N[ PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( CLASSES4 ,!SE NEW DET]M9ANTS W]E SAID TO BE EVID5C$ 9 0! CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION & 9V5TION ( SY/EMS ( C\NT]-CULTURE & /RUGGLE 9 ! SPH]E ( EV]YDAY LIV+1 :I* HAS BECOME EV] MORE ILLEGAL04 ,9 FACT1 ,NEGRI & O!RS AB&ON$ ! C5TRAL 9VE/IGATIVE APPROA* ( ! WORK]I/S -- ?AT ( EXAM9+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 'MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION' & 'POLITICAL BEHAVIORS'4 ,AS ,WRIIAT1 ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 ,= US1 ! REASON :Y DIFF]5T GR\PS ORGANIZE AUTONOM\SLY AGA9/ CAPITAL IS BECAUSE !Y >E ALREADY PROLET>IAN 7OR1 AT LEA/1 BE+ PROLET>IANIZ$74 ,ANTAGONISM >ISES BECAUSE ( CLASS4 ,IT IS IMPLICIT 9 \R >GUM5TS ABOVE 9 RELATION TO ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL CATEGORIES REF]R$ TO BY ,CLEAV] ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( 'AUTONOMY' MAY BE NECESS>Y BUT IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ',AUTONOMY' REQUIRES1 & !RE=E CANNOT BE ! BASIS (1 A PROP] CLASS ANALYSIS3 ! SUBJECTIVE REQUIRES ! OBJECTIVE4 O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,BEYOND LEFTISM8 #b4 ,BEYOND LEFTISM8.<#c#a.> ,IT WAS A VITAL 9SITICIPATE 9 UNION-SPONSOR$ TOK5 /RIKES NOT AS ! ABS5CE ( CLASS CONFLICT BUT AS EVID5CE ( !IR AUTONOMY4 ,9 DEBATES TODAY AB\T ! /ATE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! DANG] IS TO TAKE SU* 'PASSIVITY' AS JU/ A REFUSAL ( REPRES5TATION :5 IT MIALYZ+ FATALISM4 ,H[EV]1 A WEAKNESS ( WORK]ISM WAS NOT AN EXAGG]AT$ S5SE ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( WORK]S' AUTONOM\S ANTAGONISM NOT ONLY TO CAPITAL BUT TO ! 9/ITUTIONAL LEFT2 RA!R IT WAS AN UNWILL+NESS OR 9ABILITY TO RECONCILE !IR 9SITICUL> /RUGGLES NE$ TO BE L9K$ UP IF !Y >E TO GO BEYOND !MSELVES1 !RE IS A CRUCIAL QUE/ION ( ! NATURE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION & H[ IT MAY >ISE4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! WORK]I/S T5D$ TO FETI%IZE =MAL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE 9 A WAY :I* REFLECT$ !IR ,L59I/ ORIG9S4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE WAS = A LONG TIME AN UNWILL+NESS TO CUT ! TIES TO ! ,P,C,I4 ,?US1 ,TRONTI CONT9U$ TO >GUE = ! NECESSITY ( WORK+ )9 ! ,P,C,I 9 ORD] TO 'SAVE' IT FROM RE=MISM4 ,TRONTI WAS NOT TYPICAL & ULTIMATELY AB&ON$ WORK]ISM2 BUT ,POT]E ,OP]AIO TOO MA9TA9$ L9KS ) ! ,P,C,I UNTIL ! EV5TS ( ,FRANCE #a#i#f#h1 & EV5 !N /ILL SAW ITSELF AS ,L59I/4 ,& ,NEGRI1 DESPITE HAV+ WRITT5 AB\T ! CONTRADICTION )9 AUTONOMIA BETWE5 ?OSE :O PRIVILEG$ '! MOVEM5T' & ! *AMPIONS ( A ',L59I/' CONCEPTION ( ORGANIZATION1 AFFIRM$ HIS COMMITM5T TO ! NECESSITY ( ! ,L59I/ ,P>TY EV5 DUR+ ! EV5TS ( #aigg 7,WRIT1 AUTONOMIA EM]G$ AS A GR\P+ ( MILITANTS :O FELT ! NE$ TO CRITICIZE ,L59I/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION & PRACTICE 79CLUD+ ! =MAL P>TY /RUCTURE71 PLAC+ EMPHASIS 9/EAD ON CLASS NE$S3 0,TO >TICULATE SU* NE$S1 ORGANIZATION WAS TO BE ROOT$ DIRECTLY 9 FACTORIES & NEI5ESS ( PROLET>IAN P[] :I* ! TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DE/ROY$'0 7,COMITATI ,AUTONOMI ,OP]AI1 #a#i#g#f1 CIT$ 9 ,WRIGU$1 AUTONOMIA FAIL$ 9 ?IS REG>D1 REV]T+ TO A VANGU>DISM :I* =GOT ?AT 0ORGANIZATION IS OBLIG$ TO MEASURE ITSELF DAY BY DAY AGA9/ ! NEW COMPOSITION ( ! CLASS2 & MU/ F9D ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM ONLY 9 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! CLASS & NOT 9 SOME SET ( /ATUTES40.<#c#b.> ,DESPITE !IR ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE ! 'POLITICAL'1 ! WORK]I/S !MSELVES W]E 9 FACT CAUTY4 ,AL?\< !Y 9NOVAT$ 9 SOME WAYS1 ) IDEAS LIKE ! >M$ P>TY1 !IR CONCEPTION ( ORGANIZATION REMA9$ ,L59I/ 9 ITS FETI%ISM ( =MAL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 & %[$ LITTLE S5SE ( ,M>X'S QUITE DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( ! 7HI/ORICAL7 P>TY4.<#c#c.> ,AS SU*1 A PROP] CRITIQUE ( ! LEFT & ( LEFTISM WAS /ILL NOT DEVELOP$4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS REPRODUC$ 9 CURR5T V]SIONS ( ! WORK]I/ APPROA*4 ,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT1 IF ! CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY IS 9SUFFICI5T = A CLASS ANALYSIS1 IT IS ALSO 9ADEQUATE -- 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ TOO OP5 OR AMBIGU\S -- = A CRITIQUE ( LEFTISM4 ,:OSE 'AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE' IS IT8 ,! EMPHASIS ON AUTONOMY ITSELF1 & ! CONSEQU5T ABS5CE ( AN ADEQUATE CRITIQUE ( ! LEFT1 HAS MEANT ?AT SOME ( ! 9H]ITORS ( ! TRADITION >E UNCRITICAL ( NATIONALISM4.<#c#d.> ,CLEAV] 7P4 #b#e7 /ATES 0,! .<,VIETNAM.> ANTIW> MOVEM5T JO9$ MANY ( !SE DIV]SE /RUGGLES1 & ITS L9KAGE ) ! PEASANTS ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA BECAME COMPLETE ) ! SLOGAN ( ',VICTORY TO ! ,N,L,F .<,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT.>' & ) ! FLY+ ( ,VIETCONG FLAGS FROM OCCUPI$ CAMPUS BUILD+S40 ,9 RELATION TO ?IS1 ! IDEA ( 'CIRCULATION ( /RUGGLES'1 :I* REF]S TO H[ /RUGGLE 9 ONE >EA 9SPIRES ?AT 9 ANO!R1 C]TA9LY DESCRIB$ SOME?+ ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! '#fS & '#gS 7?\< WE'D ALSO HAVE TO ACKN[L$GE ! REV]SE PROCESS :]EBY DEFEAT ( ONE SECTION AFT] ANO!R DISC\RAG$ ! RE/74 ,BUT SU* A CONCEPT IS 9ADEQUATE 9 ITSELF IF IT MEANS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( ! ,VIETNAMESE PEASANTS >E CONSID]$ )\T REF]R+ TO ! NATIONALI/ & ,/AL9I/ FRAME 9 :I* !Y TOOK PLACE1 & IF IT MEANS TREAT+ UNCRITICALLY ! WAY ?AT AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/ IDEOLOGY DOM9AT$ ! M9DS ( ! /UD5TS 7I4E4 !Y T5D$ TO SEE ! WE/]N PROLET>IAT AS IRRETRIEVABLY 'B\ ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' TREATM5T ( LEFTI/S & NATIONALI/S IS REFLECT$ CURR5TLY 9 HIS UNCRITICAL ATTITUDE TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS4.<#c#f.> ,9 ,CLEAV]'S TEXTS !RE ISN'T A PROP] CRITIQUE ( ! ROLE ( LEFTISM & NATIONALISM 9 /RUGGLES BECAUSE SU* EXPRESSIONS >E CONSID]$ -- EQUALLY ) ! /RUGGLES ( 'H\SEWIVES'1 /UD5TS1 ! UNEMPLOY$ & ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT -- MOM5TS ( AUTONOMY TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y APPE> TO *ALL5GE ! CAPITALI/ /RATEGY ( IMPOS+ WORK )9 P>TICUL> NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS4 ,ANY CRITICISM ( NATIONALISM 9 /RUGGLES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,ZAPATI/AS1 IS DISMISS$ BY HIM AS IDEOLOGICAL OR DOGMATIC4 ,GIV5 !IR NECESS>Y ANTIPA?Y TO ! PROJECT ( ! NEGATION ( CAPITAL1 ! 'AUTONOMY' ( LEFTI/ & NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES MU/ MEAN !IR SUBSUMPTION & 9DE$ CRU%+ ( PROLET>IAN AUTONOMY6 ,?IS ANALYTIC GAP1 ?R\< :I* ! =CES 9H]5TLY OPPOS$ TO WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION CAN EM]GE AS EQUIVAL5TS TO ?AT WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION1 APPE>S TO BE A FUNCTION ( ! FAILURE ( ! AUTONOMIA T5D5CY TO MAKE QUITE ! RADICAL BREAK FROM ,L59ISM :I* IS SOMETIMES CLAIM$ = IT1 & :I* ,CLEAV] HAS 9H]IT$ 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 UNLIKE ,NEGRI1 HE HAS NEV] 5DORS$ ANY P>TY74 ,AT ITS WOR/1 F> FROM BE+ AN ALT]NATIVE TO A LEFTISM 9 :I* POLITICAL REPRES5TATION & NATIONALISM >E SUPPORT$ AS VEHICLES ( 'REVOLUTION'1 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' CAN 5D UP BE+ JU/ ANO!R V>IETY ( SU* UNCRITICAL LEFTISM4 ,:ILE !Y MAY REJECT ! IDEA ( ! =MAL P>TY1 ! 'AUTONOMI/S' /ILL SEEK TO =MULATE POLITICAL DEM&S = AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES 9 A SIMIL> WAY TO ! LEFTI/S4 O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,NEGOTIAT+ ! 'LAW ( VALUE' #c4 ,NEGOTIAT+ ! 'LAW ( VALUE' ,A FUR!R WORK]I/ T5SION REPRODUC$ 9 ,CLEAV]'S BOOK IS ?AT SURR\ND+ ! /ATUS ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! V]Y EMPHASIS ON WORK]S AT ! %>P 5D ( ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION APPE>S TO SPEAK ( A COMMITM5T TO ! C5TRALITY ( VALUE-PRODUCTION 9 ! EXPLANATION ( ! DYNAMIC ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SE$S ( A REVISIONI/ APPROA* W]E SEWN AS E>LY AS #a#i#g1 :5 ,POT]E ,OP]AIO >GU$ ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE HAD BROK5 FREE ( ! B\NDS ( ACCUMULATION2 ! MASS WORK] WAS SAID TO HAVE DISRUPT$ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! LAW ( VALUE1 =C+ CAPITAL TO RELY MORE & MORE ON ! /ATE 7P4 #a#c#g74 ,POT]E ,OP]AIO CIT$ ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN AS ! TURN+ PO9T1 BUT !IR ANALYSIS WAS PROMPT$ BY A REVOLT 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #aig AMONG ! POPULATION ( ,REGGIO ,CALABRIA AGA9/ PROPOS$ *ANGES TO ! CITY'S REGIONAL /ATUS :I* SEEM$ TO SPEAK ( A WIDESPREAD VIOL5T REJECTION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS L9E ( REASON+ WAS DEVELOP$ BY ,NEGRI1 :O WAS L$ BY HIS UND]/&+ ( ! CRISIS AS A PRODUCT ( CLASS ANTAGONISM TO >GUE ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE WAS BE+ SUP]S$$ BY RELATIONS ( DIRECT POLITICAL CONFRONTATION BETWE5 CLASSES1.<#c#g.> & ?AT MONEY N[ NE$$ TO BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ITS FUNCTION AS 'COMM&'4.<#c#h.> ,SUBSEQU5T TO ?IS1 A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY ! AUTONOMIA TRADITION IS ! /RESS ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS A /RUGGLE NOT 9 RELATION TO VALUE BUT = CONTROL OV] WORK3 IMPOS+ IT OR RESI/+ IT4 ,A MAJOR ?RU/ ( ! :OLE ,AM]ICAN 'AUTONOMI/' SC5E HAS BE5 TO >GUE NOT TO FOLL[ ,NEGRI TOO F>4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT TO BO? EMBRACE C]TA9 PO/-AUTONOMIA & 'H]ETICAL' IDEAS ?AT GO 'BEYOND ,M>X' :ILE AT ! SAME TIME CLAIM+ FIDELITY TO ,CAPITAL GIVES RISE TO AMBIGUITIES 9 RELATION TO ?IS QUE/ION ( VALUE4 ,?US1 ON ! ONE H&1 ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY SUGGE/S1 AT LEA/ 9 A FOOTNOTE1 ?AT CONTROL IS ALWAYS TI$ TO VALUE2 & 9 ! SECOND $ITION ( ! BOOK1 AGA9/ ?OSE 7'AUTONOMI/S'7 :O =GET1 ,CLEAV] RE-IT]ATES ?AT ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE IS ! 09DISP5SIBLE CORE0 ( ,M>X'S !ORY 7P4 #a#a74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?R\<\T ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 FOOD & 5]GY 7,CLEAV]'S MA9 EXAMPLES7 APPE> ESS5TIALLY AS MEANS TO /RUGGLE = CONTROL ITSELF RA!R ?AN VALUE-PRODUC+ SECTORS2 & WORK APPE>S AS A MEANS ( CONTROL 9 ITS [N RIBITR>Y S\RCES = VALORIZATION1 CAPITAL CANNOT BE UNCONC]N$ ) ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( USE-VALUES4 ,?US ,CLEAV] IS RIY FEATURES LIKE ! ,COMMON ,AGRICULTURAL ,POLICY & SIMIL> MEASURES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 IT IS TRUE ?AT ! SPECIAL USE-VALUE ( FOOD 7& ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( CLASSES 5GAG$ 9 FOOD PRODUCTION7 HAS L$ TO IT BE+ P]HAPS MORE SUBJECT TO /RATEGIC PLANN+ MEASURES BY CAPITAL-9-G5]AL 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE & SUPRANATIONAL BODIES4 ,RETROSPECTIVELY1 H[EV]1 IT N[ APPE>S TO US ?AT ! POLITICIZATION ( ! PRICES ( FOOD & 5]GY -- !IR APPE>ANCE AS MANIPULAT$ 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 SELF-CONSCI\S CAPITALI/ & WORK+ CLASS SUBJECTS -- WAS A P>TICUL> FEATURE ( ! CRISIS CONDITIONS ( ! #a#i#gS 7E4G4 ! 5]GY CRISIS & ! FOCUS ON 9FLATION /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 B>GA9+ BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & CAPITAL74 ,CLEAV]1 LIKE O!RS 9 ! PO/-AUTONOMIA TRADITION1 USES !SE HI/ORICALLY SPECIFIC MOM5TS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO MAKE G5]IC PO9TS4 ,9 ! PRES5T P]IOD1 !RE HAS BE5 A 'DEPOLITICIZATION' ( !SE PRICE ISSUES 9 CONDITIONS ( L[ 9FLATION2 & ! IDEOLOGICAL MODEL HAS BE5 ?AT '!RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE' TO ! 'GLOBALIZ$' M>KET4 ,AS WE HAVE >GU$ 9 !SE PAGES BE=E1 !RE IS A PROBLEM ) ! AB&ONM5T ( ! LAW ( VALUE BY !ORI/S ID5TIFY+ ) AUTONOMIA4.<#c#i.> ,ON \R READ+ ( ,M>X1 & \R UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL1 CAPITAL AS A :OLE COMES TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS SU* \T ( DISP>ATE & 9DE$ CONFLICT+ ELEM5TS4 ,! CONCEPTUALIZATION ( CAPITAL AS A SUBJECT 9 CONFLICT ) ! WORK+ CLASS SUBJECT1 EA* ) !IR DI/9CTIVE /RATEGIES 7'IMPOSITION ( WORK' V]SUS 'REFUSAL ( WORK'71 :I* ,CLEAV] ULTIMATELY %>ES ) ,NEGRI1.<#d.> IF TAK5 AS MORE ?AN A %OR?& OR METAPHOR1 SUGGE/S AN ALREADY-UNIFI$ CAPITAL4 ,CAPITAL AS A SUBJECT CAN HAVE A /RATEGY ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE IS A 7PRICE-FIX+7 CONSPIRACY AMONG ! DIFF]5T CAPITALS OR ?AT ONE P>TICUL> CAPITAL 7:O8 ,U,S CAPITAL8 ,! ,WORLD ,BANK87 AGREES TO ACT AS CAPITAL-9-G5]AL 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT A NATIONAL GOV]NM5T ACTS = ! NATIONAL CAPITALI/ 9T]E/4 ,CAPITAL AS A TOTALITY ( C\RSE HAS ITS 9T]E/S2 BUT !SE -- ALL F\ND$ ON ! NE$ TO EXPLOIT ! WORK+ CLASS AS H>D AS POSSIBLE -- >ISE FROM & OP]ATE PRECISELY ?R\< ITS CONFLICT+ ELEM5TS3 ! COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS4 ,CAPITAL MAY ATTA9 MORE CONSCI\SNESS AT TIMES ( HEIT #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,GRASP+ RETREAT #d4 ,GRASP+ RETREAT ,TRONTI FAM\SLY >GU$ ?AT EA* SUCCESSFUL CAPITALI/ ATTACK UPON LABOR ONLY DISPLACES CLASS ANTAGONISM TO A HI<]1 MORE SOCIALIZ$ LEVEL 7,WRID4 ,WORK+ CLASS ACTIVITY IS SE5 NOT 7JU/7 AS A RESPONSE TO ! 9ITIATIVES ( CAPITAL BUT AS ! V]Y MOTOR ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T -- ! PRIME MOV]4.<#d#a.> ,9 ?IS ACC\NT1 CAPITALI/ CRISIS -- ! %UTT+ D[N ( 9DU/RIES1 MASS UNEMPLOYM5T & AU/]ITY -- MEANS ?AT WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE SIMPLY *ANGES =M RA!R ?AN RETREATS4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE IS >GU$ TO BE UBIQUIT\S & MANIFOLD 9 =M4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE !RE=E (F]S A VALUABLE CORRECTIVE TO TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM'S OBJECTIVI/ ACC\NT ( ! WORK+S ( CAPITAL4 ,TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM'S FROZ5 & FETI%IZ$ CONCEPTIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE C\LD LEAD ONE TO WOND] :]E RESI/ANCE HAS GONE & :E!R IT WILL EV] REAPPE>4 ,BY CONTRA/1 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' F9DS IT EV]Y:]E4 ,H[EV]1 WE W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT WORK]ISM 9 G5]AL & ,CLEAV] 9 P>TICUL> P]HAPS B5D ! /ICK TOO F> ! O!R WAY4 ,9 >GU+ ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE IS 'EV]Y:]E' & 'ALWAYS'1 !RE IS ! EXPLANATORY PROBLEM ( ! EVID5CE ( HI/ORICAL RETREATS 9 CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS WELL AS ! 'POLITICAL' PROBLEM ( RESPOND+ TO ?IS RETREAT 9 PRACTICE4 ,!SE PROBLEMS >E L9K$4 #d4#a ,CONFRONT+ ! EVID5CE ( DECOMPOSITION ,9 POSIT+ ! 'UNITY ( AB/RACT LABOR' AS ! BASIS = ! RECOMPOSITION ( ! CLASS1 ,NEGRI ALMO/ WELCOM$ ! 'DISAPPE>ANCE' ( ! MASS WORK] & BELIEV$ ! DEF9+ MOM5T ( CONFRONTATION WAS APPROA*+3 0,AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 '! OLD CONTRADICTION' SEEM$ TO HAVE SUBSID$1 & LIV+ LABOR SUBSUM$ TO CAPITAL1 ! 5TIRE =CE ( 9SUBORD9ATION COAGULATES 9 ?AT F9AL FRONT :I* IS ! ANTAGONI/IC & G5]AL P]MAN5CE ( SOCIAL LABOR04.<#d#b.> ,AT A TIME :I* C\LD >GUABLY BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! BEG9N+ ( CAPITAL'S C\NT]-(F5SIVE ( RE/RUCTUR+ :I* RESULT$ 9 A DECOMPOSITION ( ! CLASS1 HE GAVE AN ACC\NT ( A MASSIVE PROCESS ( RECOMPOSITION -- A QUALITATIVE LEAP 9 CLASS UNITY4 ,WRIS LITTLE EVID5CE ( ! CONCRETE UNIFICATION BETWE5 SECTORS UPON :I* ,NEGRI'S :OLE >GUM5T RE/$2 ! FI]CE 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLES 9 ! SMALL FACTORIES ( ! ,NOR? W]E CUT (F FROM O!R SECTORS ( ! CLASS4 ,WRIIAN Y\? CIRCLES RA!R ?AN ! FACTORY /RUGGLES ?AT W]E MAK+ L9KS ACROSS ! WID] WORK+ CLASS4 ,! WORK]S ( ! L>GE FACTORIES W]E 9 A /ATE ( 'PRODUCTIVE TRUCE' AT BE/1 RAMPANT DEFEAT AT WOR/ -- & SUBORD9ATE TO ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD REGA9$ CONTROL 9 ! FACTORIES AFT] ! EXPLOSION ( AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES 9 #aifi & ! YE>S AFT]4 ,! UNIONS' COMMITM5T TO TAILOR LABOR'S DEM&S TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULATION WAS MIRROR$ 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E BY ! ,P,C,I'S 'HI/ORIC COMPROMISE' ) ! RUL+ ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS4 ,! HI/ORIC LEFT1 ,P,C,I & ,C,G,I,L W]E COMMITT$ TO ! 'MANAGEM5T' ( ! NATION'S ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES4 ,BOLOGNA 7#a#i#g#f1 CIT$ 9 ,WRIGU$ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A 0REASS]TION ( RE=MI/ HEGEMONY OV] ! FACTORIES1 ONE ?AT IS BRUTAL & REL5TLESS 9 ITS EF=TS TO DISMEMB] ! CLASS LEFT04 ,NEGRI HAD FAIL$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! DIS>RAY & DEFEAT ( ! MASS WORK] & PREF]R$ 9/EAD TO 0PLY ! TRADITIONAL TRADE ( ! !ORI/ 9 POSSESSION ( SOME GR& SYN!SIS04 ,! ,COMITATI ,AUTONOMI ,OP]AI1 ! ,ROMAN W+ ( AUTONOMIA1 ALSO REJECT$ ,NEGRI'S OPTIMI/IC VISION1 & CRITICIZ$ HIS LACK ( AN EMPIRICAL BASIS = HIS AB/RACTIONS1 SOME?+ :I* HAD BE5 SO IMPORTANT TO ! E>LI] WORK]I/S4.<#d#c.> ,9 ! 9T]V5+ QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 LITTLE HAS HAPP5$1 IT SEEMS TO US1 TO BE> \T ,NEGRI'S OPTIMI/IC PROGNOSIS4 ,! MASS WORK] HAS BE5 DECOMPOS$ ?R\< ! FLEXIBILIZATION ( LABOR1 T]RITORIAL DIS>TICULATION ( PRODUCTION1 CAPITAL MOBILITY 9 ! WORLD M>KET1 ! RATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 DEC5TRALIZATION2 BUT ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]' ?AT HAS SUPPOS$LY EM]G$ FROM ! A%ES ( ! MASS WORK] HAS NOT BE5 VISIBLE AS A NEW UNIV]SAL PROLET>IAT CAPABLE ( FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5G+ ! CAPITAL RELATION4 ,DECOMPOSITION JU/ IS DECOMPOSITION SOMETIMES1 RA!R ?AN NECESS>ILY BE+ ITSELF A RECOMPOSITION4 ,! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' ( ,CLEAV] & ?OSE CLOSE TO HIS P]SPECTIVE >GUES ?AT WE NE$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! VALIDITY ( DIV]SE & 'HIDD5' /RUGGLES 7ABS5TEEISM1 !FT AT WORK1 V>I\S =MS ( WORK TO RULE ETC47 :I* >E ALIVE & WELL1 DESPITE ! DECL9E ( ! OLD] =MS ( OV]T COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE4.<#d#d.> ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ALWAYS RESI/ANCE TO ! SPECIFIC WAY 9 :I* SURPLUS-LABOR IS PUMP$ \T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CURR5TLY T5DS TO RESI/ 9 A MO/LY FRAGM5T$ & 9DIVIDUALIZ$ =M -- ! FACT ?AT RESI/ANCE IS SO FRAGM5T$ OR HIDD5 -- REFLECTS ! HI/ORIC WEAKNESS ( ! CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS IS ?AT IT IS NOT CLE> H[ SU* HIDD5 & 9DIVIDUALIZ$ =MS ( RESI/ANCE CAN 9 !MSELVES NECESS>ILY TAKE US TO ! PO9T ( NO RETURN4 ,UNLESS !Y BECOME OV]TLY COLLECTIVE1 !Y OP]ATE M]ELY AS A =M ( ANTAGONISM ?AT CAPITAL CAN COPE ) IF NOT RECUP]ATE4 ,?IS IS ! MOM5T ( TRU? 9 ,TRONTI & ,PANZI]I'S W>N+S AB\T ! LIMITS ( AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE4 #d4#b ,ESCAP+ ! H>NESS8 ,L9K$ TO ?IS ISSUE ( RETREAT IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! WORK+ CLASS WILL BE DRIV+ CAPITAL =W>D =EV]4 ,DO ! 'AUTONOMI/S' >GUE TOO SUCCESSFULLY ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! MOTOR8 ,IF WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE IS ALWAYS H>NESS$ BY CAPITAL1 H[ DOES IT ESCAPE ! H>NESS8 ,! >GUM5T ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE IS ALIVE & WELL 9 MANIFOLD =MS IS EMP[]+2 BUT IT RISKS 5D+ UP AS A SATISFACTION ) ! CURR5T LIMITS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! FOCUS ON ! VALIDITY & IMPORTANCE ( ! 7PLURALITY (7 AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES !MSELVES CAN MEAN ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION AS A TOTALITY4 ,& AS ! POSSIBILITY & NECESSITY ( TOTAL REVOLUTION FADES1 SO RE=MI/ CAMPAIGNS1 PREMIS$ UPON ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITAL RELATION1 BECOME ! FOCUS4 ,A SYMPTOM ( ?IS WOR/ SIDE ( PO/-AUTONOMIA IS ILLU/RAT$ 9 DEM&S = A GU>ANTE$ 9COME1 :I* HAVE ALL[$ ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY AUTONOMIA TO L9K UP ) O!R RE=MI/S 9 CAMPAIGNS :I* HAVE DOVETAIL$ ) CAPITAL'S CURR5T NE$S = WELF>E RE/RUCTUR+4.<#d#e.> ,AL?\< NOT ALL ! MAJOR FIGURES ( AUTONOMIA OR ! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' SC5E W\LD 5DORSE ?IS ULTIMATELY CONS]VATIVE VIEW ( ! ADEQUACY ( FRAGM5TATION1 IT IS NOT 9CONSI/5T ) AN UND]/&+ ( CLASS /RUGGLE BAS$ >\ND ! CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY4 O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,CAPITAL3 ,FROM #b Y>DS ( L95 TO ! SELF-R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 ONE EASY /EP #e4 ,A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,CAPITAL3 ,FROM #b Y>DS ( L95 TO ! SELF-R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 ONE EASY /EP ,9 HIS ATTEMPT TO R5D] A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,H>RY ,CLEAV] IS AGA9 FOLL[+ 9 ! WORK]I/ TRADITION3 ,NEGRI'S ',M>X ON CYCLE & CRISIS'1 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#f#h1 IS AN E>LI] EXAMPLE ( ! ATTEMPT TO CONNECT ,M>X'S CATEGORIES ) NOTIONS ( /RATEGY & /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 A SUB-TEXT ( ,CLEAV]'S BOOK IS HIS DEF5SE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ,CAPITAL AGA9/ ! >GUM5TS MADE BY 7! LAT]7 ,NEGRI ?AT1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( \R TIME1 ,CAPITAL IS SUP]S$$ BY ! ,GRUNDRISSE4 ,9 ,M>X BEYOND ,M>X1.<#d#f.> ,NEGRI >GUES ?AT ,CAPITAL HAS S]V$ TO R$UCE CRITIQUE TO ECONOMIC !ORY1 ?AT ! OBJECTIFICATION ( ! CATEGORIES 9 ,CAPITAL FUNCTIONS TO BLOCK ACTION BY REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTIVITY & TO SUBJECT ! SUBV]SIVE CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! REORGANIZ+ & REPRESSIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( CAPITALI/ P[]4 ,! PO9T ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE AS :OLE IS NOT '9TELLECTUAL' BUT REVOLUTION>Y2 H5CE ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 :I* IS TRAV]S$ ?R\<\T BY AN ABSOLUTELY 9SURM\NTABLE ANTAGONISM1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEGRI1 ! KEY TEXT & CAN EV5 S]VE AS A CRITIQUE ( ! LIMITS ( ,CAPITAL4 ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY >GUES ?AT ! RIX'S !ORETICAL PROJECT WAS WID] ?AN ! MAT]IAL :I* APPE>S 9 ,CAPITAL1.<#d#g.> ,CAPITAL IS NEV]!LESS ! BETT] PRES5TATION ( ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 7AS ,M>X HIMSELF CLE>LY ?\GU+ ?AT A 'POLITICAL' READ+ ( ,CAPITAL IS USEFUL OR EV5 T5ABLE4 ,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' READ+ ULTIMATELY FAILS4 #e4#a ,AIMS ( ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY ,! FOCUS ( ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY IS ! FIR/ ?REE P>TS ( ,*APT] #a ( ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a4 ,H]E1 ,M>X %[S H[ ! COMMODITY HAS TWO ASPECTS -- USE-VALUE 7A PRODUCT ( ! CONCRETE USEFUL LABOR ?AT CREATES ?AT P>TICUL> COMMODITY7 & VALUE 7A REPRES5TATION ( ?AT LABOR CONSID]$ AS G5]AL AB/RACT LABOR72 HE %[S H[ VALUE MU/ TAKE DIFF]5T =MS2 & FROM ?IS HE D]IVES ! LOGICAL NECESSITY ( MONEY AS ! UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T =M ( VALUE4 ,ALONG ) ! *APT] ON MONEY1 !SE >E UND5IABLY SOME ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT P>TS ( ,CAPITAL4 ,:ILE A LOT ( ! RE/ ( ! BOOK IS FAIRLY /RAID1 ?IS BEG9N+ IS (T5 5\< TO MAKE ! READ] TURN AWAY 9 FRU/RATION4 ,?US IT IS WOR? ACKN[L$G+ ! M]IT ( ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT AT AN ACCESSIBLE COMM5T>Y4 ,! C5TRAL !SIS ( ,CLEAV]'S READ+ IS ?AT ! CATEGORY ( VALUE1 9 ITS V>I\S =MS 7& ASPECTS71 NE$S TO BE RELAT$ TO CLASS /RUGGLES >\ND HUMAN NE$S -- TO ! SUBJECTIVE -- RA!R ?AN 7SIMPLY7 TO ! OBJECTIVE WORK+S ( CAPITAL AS A 'SY/EM'4 ,9 ,CLEAV]'S WORDS1 TO READ ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY IS 0TO %[ H[ EA* CATEGORY & RELATION%IP RELATES TO & CL>IFIES ! NATURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & TO %[ :AT ?AT MEANS = ! POLITICAL /RATEGY ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 7P4 #g#f74 ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT TO R5D] ! SUBJECTIVE 9 ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( VALUE OP]ATES BY %ORT-CIRCUIT+ MO/ ( ,M>X'S M$IATIONS1 LEAP+ DIRECTLY FROM ! COMMODITY-=M TO P>TICUL> /RUGGLES4 ,HE RELATES ! MAT]IAL 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 P>TLY TO LAT] MAT]IAL 9 ! SAME VOLUME OV] ! /RUGGLE = ! WORK+ DAY & PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 BUT MO/ ( ALL TO MORE CONTEMPOR>Y /RUGGLES -- >\ND 5]GY & FOOD PRICES -- 9 A WAY CLE>LY DI/9CT FROM ,M>X'S [N ME?OD4.<#d#h.> ,HE JU/IFIES ?IS BY SAY+ 0TO ! EXT5T !N ?AT ,I BR+ TO BE> ON ! 9T]PRETATION ( C]TA9 PASSAGES MAT]IAL FROM O!R P>TS ( ,CAPITAL1 OR FROM O!R WORKS1 ,I DO SO ) ! AIM ( GRASP+ ,*APT] ,ONE )9 ! L>G] ANALYSIS RA!R ?AN RECON/RUCT+ ! EVOLUTION ( :AT ,M>X WROTE & ?\X SAID V]Y LITTLE AB\T /RUGGLES 9 ,VOLUME #a1 ,*APT] #a4 ,IF IT IS SO NECESS>Y TO READ ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY 9 ! WAY ?AT ,CLEAV] DOES1 !N :Y DIDN'T ,M>X SAVE US ! TR\BLE & SIMPLY WRITE ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY8 ,9 PROMOT+ ,CAPITAL AS A WEAPON = \R /RUGGLES1 ,CLEAV] WANTS TO /RESS ! MOM5TS ( DE-REIFICATION & DE-FETI%IZATION 9 RELATION TO ,M>X'S CATEGORIES4 ,9DE$ HE CLAIMS ?AT ?IS PROJECT ( A POLITICAL READ+ 0IS EXACTLY ! PROJECT CALL$ = 9 ,M>X'S DISCUSSION ( FETI%ISM0 7P4 #g#f74 ,?US = ,CLEAV] !RE IS NO NE$ = A 0SEP>ATE ANALYSIS ( ,SECTION #d ( ,*APT] ,ONE :I* DEALS ) FETI%ISM1 SIMPLY BECAUSE 444 ?IS :OLE ESSAY 9VOLVES GO+ BEH9D ! APPE>ANCES ( ! COMMODITY-=M TO GET AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS0 7P4 #h74 ,CLEAV] IS RIX 9SI/ ON ! TYPE ( PRES5TATION HE DOES DESPITE ! POSSIBLE DIFFICULTY IT 5TAIL$ = HIS 9T5D$ AUDI5CE1 ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,MOREOV] IS ,CLEAV]'S K9D ( POLITICAL READ+ REALLY ! WAY TO UND]/& :AT ,M>X DEALS ) AS COMMODITY FETI%ISM8 ,AN 9T]E/+ COMP>ISON IS ,ISAAK ,RUB9'S ,ESSAYS ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE1.<#d#i.> :I* ,CLEAV] M5TIONS ONLY BRIEFLY & DISMISSIVELY1 9 A FOOTNOTE4.<#e.> ,:ILE ,CLEAV] DOES NOT COMM5T DIRECTLY ON ! SECTION 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 ON FETI%ISM1 ! :OLE FIR/ P>T ( ,RUB9'S BOOK IS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,RUB9'S BOOK WAS SEM9AL PRECISELY = SY/EMATICALLY GRASP+ ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE3 0,! !ORY ( FETI%ISM IS1 P] SE1 ! BASIS ( ,M>X'S 5TIRE ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( HIS !ORY ( VALUE0 7,RUB91 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #e74 ,?US ! VALUE CATEGORIES >E EXPRESSIONS ( A TOPSY-TURVY WORLD 9 :I* PEOPLE'S PRODUCTS DOM9ATE ! PRODUC]S1 :]E PEOPLE >E RELAT$ ?R\< ?+S1 & :]E OBJECTS BEHAVE AS SUBJECTS & SUBJECTS AS OBJECTS4 ,S9CE ,RUB9'S BOOK BECAME AVAILABLE 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD ?R\< ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN'S TRANSLATION1 A :OLE S*OOL ( ,M>XISM HAS DEVELOP$1 9SI/+ LIKE ,RUB9 DOES ?AT ,M>X'S IS NOT A NEO-,RIC>DIAN EMBODI$ LABOR !ORY ( VALUE BUT AN AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE2.<#e#a.> SU* AN ANALYSIS BR+S FETI%ISM TO ! =E & EMPHASIZES ,M>X'S WORK AS A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY RA!R ?AN ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,?US ,RUB9 CAN BE SE5 TO MAKE SIMIL> PO9TS TO ,CLEAV] BUT TO DO SO BY EXPLA9+ & ILLU/RAT+ VALUE-CATEGORIES 9 T]MS ( SU* BASIC M$IATIONS AS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 LABOR & COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! DIRECTLY POLITICAL READ+ FAVOR$ BY ,CLEAV]4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CASE ( ,RUB9 QUE/IONS ! S*EMA ,CLEAV] DEVELOPS 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE3 ,IDEOLOGICAL ,READ+S ,/RATEGIC READ+S ,POLITICAL ECONOMY READ+S ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE ,PHILOSOPHICAL READ+S ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE ,EMPTY SET ,POLITICAL READ+S ,EMPTY SET ,FROM A WORK+ CLASS P]SPECTIVE ,APPROA*ES TO ! READ+ ( ,M>X 7,CLEAV]1 P4 #c#a7 ,CLEAV] 7P4 #c7 DEF9ES ! BOTTOM RIX :I* IS DONE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS A READ+ ?AT SELF-CONSCI\SLY & UNILAT]ALLY /RUCTURES ITS APPROA* TO DET]M9E ! MEAN+ & RELEVANCE ( EV]Y CONCEPT TO ! IMM$IATE DEVELOPM5T ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A READ+ :I* ES*EWS ALL DETA*$ 9T]PRETATION & AB/RACT !ORIZ+ 9 FAVOR ( GRASP+ CONCEPTS ONLY )9 ?AT CONCRETE TOTALITY ( /RUGGLE :OSE DET]M9ATIONS !Y DESIGNATE4 ,?IS ,I W\LD >GUE IS ! ONLY K9D ( READ+ ( ,M>X :I* CAN PROP]LY BE SAID TO BE FROM A WORK+-CLASS P]SPECTIVE BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY ONE :I* SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO ! CLASS'S NE$S = CL>IFY+ ! SCOPE & /RUCTURE ( ITS [N P[] & /RATEGY4 ,?\< ! ,/AL9I/ /ATE RECOGNIZ$ ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,RUB9'S 'AB/RACT REASON+'1.<#e#b.> ,RUB9'S BOOK DOES NOT MEET ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' CRIT]IA4 ,BUT NEI!R DOES ,RUB9'S BOOK SEEM TO BE OBVI\SLY A POLITICAL ECONOMIC OR A PHILOSOPHICAL READ+4 ,WE'D CONT5D ?AT ONE ( ! REASONS ?AT ,RUB9'S IS A SEM9AL WORK IS PRECISELY BECAUSE IT TRANSC5DS SU* A DI/9CTION4 ,PROMPT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ( ! #a#i#aS & #a#i#bS1 ,RUB91 LIKE WRIT]S ( ! SAME P]IOD SU* AS ,LUK,A6CS & ,KORS*1 WAS ABLE TO GO BEYOND ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM & TO UND]/& ,CAPITAL AS A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY -- BUT )\T1 LIKE ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 RETREAT+ 9TO M]E PHILOSOPHY4 ,! F\R? P>T ( ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 ',! ,FETI%ISM ( ! ,COMMODITY & ITS ,SECRET'1 IS CRUCIAL BECAUSE 9 IT ,M>X %[S H[ ! =MS ( VALUE >E AN EXPRESSION ( REIFICATION1 & H5CE FETI%IZ$ 9 \R EXP]I5CE4 ,RUB9'S APPROA* IS KEY = DRAW+ ONE'S ATT5TION TO ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( FETI%ISM & ! !ORY ( VALUE4 ,BY TRY+ TO %ORT-CIRCUIT ! PROCESS1 BY IMM$IATELY MOV+ TO ! DE-FETI%IZ+ ASPECT ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ,CLEAV] JUMPS LEVELS ( AB/RACTION4 ,\R >GUM5T W\LD BE ?AT1 ANALYTICALLY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 REIFICATION BE=E EXAM9+ ITS REV]SAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 ORD] TO RELATE VALUE TO ! K9D ( /RUGGLES ,CLEAV] REF]S TO1 A :OLE S]IES ( M$IATIONS MU/ BE DEVELOP$1.<#e#c.> NOT LEA/ ! CATEGORIES ( ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE1 CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & ! RELATION BETWE5 PRICE & VALUE 7:I* ,M>X 9TRODUCES LAT] 9 ,VOLUME #a71 CIRCULATION 7:I* ,M>X 9TRODUCES 9 ,VOLUME #b7 & ! DI/RIBUTIONAL =MS ( SURPLUS VALUE -- PR(IT1 R5T & WAGES 7:I* DON'T COME UNTIL ,VOLUME #c74 ,VOLUME #a CONC]NS CAPITAL-9-G5]AL1 PRES5T$ AS P>TICUL> EXAMPLES ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES AS AN ANALYTIC DEVICE TO D]IVE ! LAT]1 MORE DEVELOP$1 CATEGORIES4 ,= US IT SEEMS ESS5TIAL TO GRASP :AT ,M>X WAS TRY+ TO DO 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,IF ,M>X'S OV]ALL PROJECT WAS 'CAPITALISM & ITS OV]?R[' IT WAS NEV]!LESS NECESS>Y = HIM FIR/ TO %[ :AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS1 H[ IT WAS POSSIBLE2 ?IS L$ HIM ME?ODOLOGICALLY TO MAKE A PROVISIONAL CLOSURE ( CLASS SUBJECTIVITY 9 ORD] TO GRASP ! LOGIC ( CAPITAL AS AN OBJECTIVE & POSITIVE SY/EM ( ECONOMIC 'LAWS' :I* IS APP>5TLY 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN WILL & PURPOSE4.<#e#d.> ,OBJECTIVI/ ,M>XISM TAKES ?IS PROVISIONAL CLOSURE AS COMPLETE4 ,:AT ,CLEAV] IS DO+ C\LD BE SE5 TO BE AN ATTEMPT AT OP5+ UP ! PROVISIONAL CLOSURE BY BR++ 9 ! SUBJECTIVITY ( CLASS /RUGGLE2 BUT BECAUSE HE DOES NOT PROP]LY EXPLA9 ! M>G9ALIZATION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! PAGES ( ,CAPITAL1 :AT HE DOES COMES ACROSS AS BALD ASS]TION AT V>IANCE ) ! FL[ ( ,M>X'S >GUM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 9 HIS UND]/&ABLE QUE/ = ! CONCRETE & IMM$IATE1 ,CLEAV] AB&ONS ! ANALYTIC RIGOR NE$$ TO MAKE ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,:ILE WE MAY AGREE ?AT ,CAPITAL NE$S TO BE UND]/OOD AS A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS W>1 IT DOES NOT NE$ TO BE ! CRUDELY 9/RUM5TAL READ+ (F]$ BY ,CLEAV]4 #f4 ,:I!R AUTONOMIA8 #f4#a ,NEGRI & ! RETREAT FROM ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT ,! CONT9U+ 9FLU5CE ( OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA IS EVID5T TODAY 9 A NUMB] ( REC5T MOVEM5TS1 MO/ NOTABLY P]HAPS ,YA ,BA/A6 9 ,ITALY1 :O DRAW UPON SOME ( ! IDEAS ( ,NEGRI4 ,NEGRI HIMSELF HAS LATELY CAUS$ 9T]E/ 9 SOME CIRCLES4 ,EMPIRE1 ! BOOK HE HAS COAU?OR$ ) ,MI*AEL ,H>DT1.<#e#e.> HAS /RUCK A *ORD ) ! CONC]NS ( SOME 'ANTI-CAPITALI/'_/'GLOBALIZATION' ACTIVI/S1 ACADEMICS & EV5 A ,NEW ,LABOR POLICY ADVIS]4.<#e#f.> ,:ILE ,NEGRI'S IDEAS W]E SOMETIMES CONTROV]SIAL :5 HE WAS P>T ( ! >EA ( AUTONOMY1 AFT] LOS+ HIS CONNECTIONS TO ! MOVEM5T HE CEAS$ TO PRODUCE WOR?:ILE /UFF1 & 9/EAD SLIPP$ 9TO AN ACADEMIC QUAGMIRE :OSE RE=MI/ POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS >E ALL TOO CLE>4.<#e#g.> ,! DISCONNECTION ( IDEAS FROM ! MOVEM5T1 FOLL[+ ! REPRESSION :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! MASS >RE/S ( #a#i#g#i1 HAS ALSO MEANT ?AT !RE HAS BE5 TO SOME EXT5T A BATTLE = ! H]ITAGE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?R\< J\RNALS LIKE ,Z][ORK & ,MIDNIXISM' GO+4 ,?R\< EMPHASIZ+ ! CONT9U+ IMPORTANCE ( VALUE 7ALBEIT AMBIGU\SLY1 AS WE HAVE SE571 !SE & ,H>RY ,CLEAV] AMONG O!RS HAVE DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES FROM ! LATE ,NEGRI ) HIS EMBRACE ( BO? PO/-/RUCTURALISM & ! IDEAS ( ! 7PRE-,HEGELIAN7 PHILOSOPH] ,SP9OZA4 ,BUT -- & DESPITE HIS 9NUM]ABLE SELF-CONTRADICTIONS -- A CONT9UITY CAN BE TRAC$ FROM ! E>LY ,NEGRI1 ?R\< AUTONOMIA TO ! LATE ,NEGRI4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HIS REC5T >GUM5TS1 ALONG ) O!R RE=MI/S1 = A GU>ANTE$ 9COME CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! DEM& = A 'POLITICAL WAGE' MADE BY ! RADICAL ,NEGRI ( ,POT]E ,OP]AIO4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO BE SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 DESPITE HIS E>LI] VALUABLE 9SIGUM5TS ( ,F\CAULT1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I JU/IFY+ FRAGM5T$ =MS ( RESI/ANCE & D5Y+ ! NE$ TO CONFRONT ! /ATE4 ,EMPIRE CONTA9S ANY NUMB] ( >GUM5TS WE SEE AS PROBLEMATIC IF NOT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y & RECUP]ATIVE1 9CLUD+ ! AB&ONM5T ( VALUE1 ! C5TRALITY ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 ! CALL = 'REAL DEMOCRACY' & POLITICAL PROPOSALS = 'GLOBAL CITIZ5%IP'4 ,:AT /IRR$ PEOPLE'S 9T]E/1 IT SEEM$1 WAS ! !SIS ( 'EMPIRE' ITSELF -- ?AT ( ! EM]G5CE ( A S+LE UNIFI$ GLOBAL POLITICAL-ECONOMIC CAPITALI/ 5TITY -- :I* SEEM$ TO (F] AN ALT]NATIVE TO UNSATISFACTORY OR?ODOX !ORIES ( IMP]IALISM4 ,) ! ,U,S W> ON ,AF ,:AT WE >E LEFT )1 !N1 AS ,NEGRI'S TAKE ON AUTONOMIA1 IS A CELEBRATION ( FRAGM5TATION4 ,! AB&ONM5T ( ! CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAT 7N[ REPLAC$ BY '! MULTITUDE'71 ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT1 IS ! AB&ONM5T ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,NEGRI'S WORK MIE EVID5T 9 ! BOOKS BY ,/EVE ,WRIRY ,CLEAV]4 ,WRI MORE T5D5TI\S4 ,RA!R ?AN FOCUS+1 AS ,WRILY A S+LE HI/ORICAL EPISODE1 ,CLEAV] SELECTS A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T MOVEM5TS & !ORI/S1 GO+ BACK AS F> AS ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES & ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 :I* HE !N DESIGNATES AS REPRES5TATIVES ( :AT HE CALLS 0AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM04 ,AGA91 H]E ,CLEAV] IS CONSI/5T ) ! TRADITION ( WORK]I/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY :I*1 LOOK+ BACK1 F\ND ! MASS WORK] & H5CE A COMMONALITY ) ITS [N P]SPECTIVE 9 E>LI] /RUGGLES1 SU* AS ! ,WOBBLIES & ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,9 ONE S5SE IT MIY USE ( ,M>X AS A P>TICUL> TRADITION4 ,& IF WE LOOK AT ! GR\PS & !ORI/S ?AT HE REF]S TO 7BO? 9 ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY & ALSO 9 HIS UNIV]SITY C\RSE ON 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'.<#e#i.>7 A V]Y GREAT DEAL ( IT CORRESPONDS ) \R [N ASSESSM5T ( ! MO/ VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE >E TWO1 RELAT$1 PROBLEMS4 ,FIR/1 9 GR\P+ ! V>I\S MOVEM5TS & !ORI/S TOGE!R 9 ! WAY ?AT HE DOES !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( ! SAME HOMOG5IZ+ OR FLATT5+ \T -- A NEGLECT ( DIFF]5CES -- ?AT WE SAW 9 ,CLEAV]'S 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! WORK]I/ CONCEPTS ( MASS WORK] & SO ON4 ,SECOND1 IT IS REVEAL+ TO CONSID] :I* T5D5CIES >E EXCLUD$ FROM ,CLEAV]'S CANON1 OR AT LEA/ ADDRESS$ 9 ONLY A CURSORY WAY4 ,H[ MIXISM' SUPPRESS8 ,= US1 AS AN ACC\NT ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 !ORY OV] ! PA/ C5TURY1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ABS5CES FROM ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY >E ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL.<#f.> & ! ,ITALIAN LEFT & ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY IT1 SU* AS ,B>ROT_/,DAUVE & ,CAMATTE4 ,WE CAN GO SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO SPECIFY SU* A ?+ AS 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' IS IDEOLOGICAL1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON 'SIMIL>' IDEAS & ITS CONCEALM5TS 7! GLOSS+ ( ! LIMITS ( ! 'GOOD' !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS1 ! SIL5CE ON ?OSE ?AT DON'T FIT74 ,?IS IS NOT UNUSUAL OR /RANGE4 ,! CAPITALI/ C\NT]-(F5SIVE :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( #aigg SAW A DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! POSSIBILITY ( MASS REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! DE/9ATIONS ( ?OSE COM+ \T ( ! >EA ( AUTONOMY3 MO/ W5T 9TO ! ,P,C,I OR ! >M$ GR\PS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! TURN+ ( ! G5]AL 9SIXISM' CAN BE SE5 AS A REFLECTION ( ! RETREAT ( ! MOVEM5T GIV+ RISE TO ! IDEAS4 ,IDEOLOGY IS ! FREEZ+ ( !ORY2 !ORY FREEZES :5 ! PRACTICE ON :I* IT IS BAS$ IS HALT$4 ',AUTONOMISM' SEEMS TO BE NON-DOGMATIC & DYNAMIC BECAUSE ( ! EMPHASIS ON P>TICUL> NE$S & DIV]SE /RUGGLES ETC42 BUT ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( OP5NESS TO NEW /RUGGLES HAS ITSELF BECOME IDEOLOGICAL AS ! WAVE ( /RUGGLES HAS EBB$4 ,?US ! GLOSS+ ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ?OSE CURR5TS ?AT ,CLEAV] GIVES APPROVAL TO1 & EV5 CITES AS EXEMPLIFY+ AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE 7E4G4 ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK71.<#f#a.> GOES H& 9 H& ) ! EXCLUSION ( ?OSE ?AT W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! CRITIQUE ( ?OSE SAME CURR5TS4 ,ANY RADICAL CURR5T NE$S TO CRITIQUE ITSELF 9 ORD] TRANSC5D ITSELF1 AS 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S SELF-LIB]ATION ?R\< SELF-ABOLITION4 ,CLEAV]'S ID5TIFICATION ( A ?+ ) ! LABEL 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' IS IDEOLOGICAL 9 ?AT IT IS P>TIAL & ATTEMPTS TO CLOSE (F RA!R ?AN OP5 UP A PA?WAY TO ITS [N SELF-CRITIQUE4 #f4#c ,T[>DS A CRITICAL APPRAISAL & APPROPRIATION ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! WORK]I/S ,:ILE ,CLEAV]'S BOOK1 & P>TICUL>LY HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 HAS BE5 IMPORTANT TO MANY ( US 9 ! PA/1 WE W\LD SUGGE/ N[ ?AT ,WRIATE CAMPS1 COLLAPS$ AT ! 5D ( ! '#gS4 ,:]EAS ONE CAMP FAVOR$ LIB]T>IAN !MES ( AUTONOMY1 P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T & ! SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATIONS ( CLASS ID5TITY2 ! O!R 9/EAD TURN$ TO DEBATES OV] ! '>M$ P>TY' & ! FEASIBILITY ( CIVIL W>4 ,BO? CAMPS AB&ON$ ! TRADITIONAL WORK]I/ FOCUS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TE*NICAL & POLITICAL CLASS COMPOSITION -- ?AT IS1 BETWE5 ! CLASS'S MAT]IAL /RUCTURE 9 ! LABOR PROCESS & ITS BEHAVIOR AS A SUBJECT AUTONOM\S FROM DICTATES ( BO? ! LABOR MOVEM5T & CAPITAL4 ,BUT :AT CAN WE TAKE FROM ! :OLE EXP]I5CE8 ,! 0COMPLEX DIALECTIC ( DECOMPOSITION & RECOMPOSITION0 ( CLASS =CES1 FIR/ ELABORAT$ BY ,TRONTI & O!RS1 WAS A SIGNIFICANT DEP>TURE FROM TRADITIONAL LEFTI/ UND]/&+ ( CLASS /RUGGLE2 ! RIE !RE 9 UND]/&+ ! BEHAVIOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS 7REVOLUTION>Y7 SUBJECT8 ,BUT IF ! RILY WORK]I/S W]E RIGE FACTORIES1 & P]HAPS ALSO = SEE+ ! WAGE AS ! PRIVILEG$ LOCUS ( /RUGGLE2 H[EV] !IR AUTONOMIA SUCCESSORS C\LD BE EQUALLY CRITICIZ$ = !IR PROBLEMATIC AB&ONM5T ( ! 'MASS WORK]'4 ,WRIXISM :I* PORTRAY$ ! WORK+ CLASS AS PASSIVE & DEP5D5T4 ,! CONCEPT GREW FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE :5 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ON ! (F5SIVE1 BUT IS HAS COME TO SEEM LESS ADEQUATE :5 RELI$ UPON 9 P]IODS ( CRISIS & RETREAT4 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS !RE A POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION ( ! CLASS ) ! DECL9E ( ! MASS WORK]8 ,WAS ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]' MADE CONCRETE BY ! SELF-R$UCTION /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#gS & ! /UD5T & UNEMPLOY$ MOVEM5TS ( #a#i#g#g8 ,C]TA9LY A MULTIPLICITY ( /RUGGLES ]UPT$ ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL4 ,BUT DID ! /RUGGLES M]GE1 DID ! NEW SUBJECTIVITIES =G$ 9 /RUGGLE COALESCE8 ,CLASS RECOMPOSITION W\LD 5TAIL ! =MATION ( AN 9CREAS+LY SELF-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! DISP]SAL ( WORK]S 7OP]AIO DISSEM9ATO71 & ! DISPLACEM5T ( /RUGGLE TO ! WID] SOCIAL T]RA91 BECAUSE ( ! FLUIDITY ( SITUATIONS & MULTIPLICITY ( MOM5TS ( /RUGGLE1 MAKE IT H>D] = A SELF-CONSCI\S MOVEM5T TO EM]GE4 ,BUT SOME 9 ! >EA ( AUTONOMY PO9T TO ! V]Y SAME FACTORS AS HAV+ ! POT5TIAL = RAPID TRANSMISSION ( /RUGGLES TO ALL SECTORS ( ! CLASS4 ,BUT1 :ILE ! REFUSAL ( WORK & ! LIB]ATION ( NE$S MANIFE/$ !MSELVES 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! '#gS 7PROLET>IAN Y\? CIRCLES1 RIOTS1 'FREE %OPP+' OR REAPPROPRIATIONS1 SQUATT+1 ORGANIZ$ 'SELF-R$UCTION' ( R5T1 UTILITY BILLS & TRANSPORT F>ES ETC471 !Y DID NOT DEVELOP 9TO ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T >\ND ! WAGE 7R$EF9$ AS A GU>ANTE$ SOCIAL 9COME7 ?AT ,NEGRI !ORIZ$ -- LET ALONE 9TO ANY COH]5T CLASS MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( OV]TURN+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IF ?IS REVIEW >TICLE HAS DEVOT$ SO MU* SPACE TO ! PROBLEMS ( WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE ( ?IS CURR5T4 ,TODAY1 IDEAS SU* AS ! NON-NEUTRALITY ( MA*9]Y & FACTORY ORGANIZATION1 ! FOCUS ON IMM$IATE /RUGGLES & NE$S 7RA!R ?AN A SEP>ATE 'POLITICS'71 & ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ NATURE ( /RUGGLES \TSIDE 7AS WELL AS )97 ! WORKPLACE >E *>ACT]I/IC ( MANY RADICAL CIRCLES1 NOT ALL ( :I* W\LD CALL !MSELVES ,M>XI/4 ,! WORK]I/S W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO !ORIZE !SE ISSUES4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* !IR >GUM5TS HAVE BE5 E*O$ BY RADICALS D[N ! YE>S 7AS WELL AS CO-OPT$ & DI/ORT$ BY RECUP]ATORS7 IS AN 9DEX ( !IR >TICULATION ( ! NEGATION ( ! CAPITAL RELATION4 O ,P>T #b1 ,9TRODUCTION ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTIVE ,PRODUCTION ,9TRODUCTION ,ONE ( ! MA9 CONT5TIONS AT ! CORE ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM IS ?AT ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 EI!R ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION OR 9 CIRCULATION & REPRODUCTION IS POT5TIALLY PRODUCTIVE1 ?AT IS1 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ! VALORIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! WORK ( REPRODUCTION1 :I* IS ! WORK DONE ON \RSELVES & ON \R FAMILIES TO REPRODUCE \RSELVES1 REPRODUCES \R LABOR P[]1 I4E4 \R CAPACITY TO WORK = CAPITAL -- 9 ?IS S5SE1 ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ !ORI/S >GUE ?AT ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION IS PRODUCTION = CAPITAL4 ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI'S ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,ITALY 9 #aiha & 9 ! ,U,S 9 #a#i#i#e1.<#f#b.> SEEMS TO BE ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS !ME SO F>4 ,:ILE REPRODUCTIVE LABOR MAY COV] ANY?+ FROM PLAY+ VIDEO GAMES1 ATT5D+ C\RSES1 GO+ TO A GYM1 WAT*+ TELEVISION1 LOOK+ = A JOB1 ETC41 9 H] PAMPHLET ,=TUNATI DEALS ) CULTURALLY SPECIFIC FEMALE ACTIVITIES \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION3 H\SEWORK & PRO/ITUTION4.<#f#c.> ,=TUNATI COMES FROM A TRADITION ( ,M>XI/ FEM9ISM CONNECT$ TO ! ,AUTONOMI/ >EA4 ,ONE CAN TRACE A /UDY ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 FEMALE WORK & CAPITAL TO #gS' ,ITALY = EXAMPLE 9 ,M>I>OSA ,DALLA ,CO/A4 ,9 H] SEM9AL WORK ,WOM5 & ! ,SUBV]SION ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 WRITT5 9 #a#i#g#a1 ,DALLA ,CO/A 'AFFIRMS444 . ! FAMILY UND] CAPITALISM IS444 A C5T] ESS5TIALLY ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION'2 & ?AT H\SEWORK IS NOT JU/ PRIVATE WORK DONE = A HUSB& & *ILDR54.<#f#d.> ,H\SEWORK IS !N AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL ACTIVITY ON :I* CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?RIVES4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ,DALLA ,CO/A SAYS ?AT ACTIVITIES DONE )9 REPRODUCTION >E 'IF NOT IMM$IATELY1 !N ULTIMATELY PR(ITABLE TO ! EXPANSION444 ( ! RULE ( CAPITAL'1 ,=TUNATI ATTEMPTS ! !ORETICAL LEAP ( DEMON/RAT+ ?AT H\SEWORK DOES PRODUCE VALUE )9 A ',M>XIAN' APPROA* & TRIES TO EXPRESS ?IS VALUE-CREATION MA!MATICALLY4.<#f#e.> ,?IS IS BRAVE 9DE$1 AS ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL W\LD APPE> TO %[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE -- ?US 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE H] AIM ,=TUNATI HAS TO REVISE ,M>X'S CATEGORIES -- OR1 9 H] WORDS1 'COMB9E !M ) FEM9I/ CRITICISM' 7P4 #a7 SO ?AT !Y CAN BECOMES SUITABLE TOOLS = ?IS AIM4 ,=TUNATI'S CLAIM ?AT REPRODUCTION PRODUCES VALUE IS A *ALL5GE TO ! ,M>XI/ 'OR?ODOXY' ?AT AGREES ?AT ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION IS A PRECONDITION ( A FUTURE CREATION ( VALUE & S]VES TO KEEP ! CO/ ( LABOR P[] L[1 BUT DOES NOT ACTUALLY CREATE VALUE ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS 'OR?ODOX' VIEW ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION IS JU/ CONCRETE LABOR1 NOT AB/RACT LABOR4 ,S9CE IT IS ONLY CONCRETE & NOT AB/RACT LABOR1 ?IS LABOR DOES NOT ADD ANY FRE% VALUE BUT PRES]VES ! VALUES ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE CONSUM$ BY ! FAMILY AS ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]4 ,?IS VALUE MANIFE/S ITSELF AS ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[]4 ,=TUNATI'S MA9 >GUM5TS AGA9/ ?IS VIEW >E C5T]$ ON H] CONCEPT ( LABOR P[]1 :I* IS ! SPECIFIC PRODUCT ( ! WOMAN'S WORK AS A H\SEWIFE OR PRO/ITUTE3 9 FACT1 ,=TUNATI CLAIMS ?AT LABOR P[] IS1 )\T O!R SPECIFICATIONS1 'A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS'1 :I* IS 'CONTA9$ )9' ! P]SON ( ! HUSB&4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT :5 WE HIRE \RSELVES TO ! CAPITALI/1 \R SUBMISSION TAKES ! =M ( A SALE1 ! SALE ( LABOR P[]4 ,BUT1 AS WE WILL >GUE 9 DETAIL LAT]1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT PRODUC+ & SELL+ LABOR P[] IS NOT LIKE PRODUC+ & SELL+ O!R COMMODITIES1 & ?IS DIFF]5CE EMBODIES ! ESS5CE ( \R CONDITION AS PROLET>IAT & DISPOSSESS$4 ,) H] ASSUMPTION ( LABOR P[] AS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS' ,=TUNATI ELIM9ATES ?IS IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R H& %E IS ABLE TO CONCLUDE /RAI ,IF ACCORD+ TO ?IS D$UCTION H\SEWORK PRODUCES VALUE1 H[ CAN ,=TUNATI EXPLA9 ! FACT ?AT NO VALUE APPE>S AS A RESULT ( H\SEWORK8.<#f#g.> ,?IS IS BECAUSE1 %E SAYS1 9 CAPITALISM ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS BE5 'DISVE/$ ( ALL VALUE'1 DEVALU$1 I4E4 D5I$ ! PROP]TY ( BE+ A C>RI] ( VALUE AS A P]SON4 ,?IS IS A DEVALUATION 9 T]MS ( MONET>Y VALUE3 ':ILE A SLAVE OR S]F1 I4E4 AS ! PROP]TY ( ! MA/] OR ! FEUDAL LORD1 ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS A C]TA9 VALUE444 ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS NO VALUE' TODAY 7P4 #a74 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT 'C>RY' ! VALUE PRODUC$ BY HIS WIFE1 ?IS VALUE DOES NOT APPE> 9 ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 LABOR P[] & CAPITAL1 & SLIPS ?R\< ! WORK] /RAI ,& ONLY :5 ! HUSB&'S LABOR P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/1 :5 ! WORK] ACTUALLY WORKS1 DOES ?IS VALUE MANIFE/S ITSELF AS VALUE CREAT$ DUR+ PRODUCTION4 ,H\SEWORK ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY IS !N P>T ( ! AGGREGATE LABOR 9 SOCIETY ?AT VALORIZES CAPITAL1 BUT S9CE ! '9DIVIDUAL' IS 'DEVALU$'1 ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CAPITAL IS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 ,9 ! SAME WAY AS ,=TUNATI CLAIMS ?AT REPRODUCTION REALLY CREATES VALUE1 'BUT APPE>S O!RWISE'1 %E ASS]TS ?AT ! REAL /ATUS ( ! H\SEWIFE IS ?AT ( A WAG$ WORK]1 BUT 'APPE>S O!RWISE'4 ,9 FACT1 ,=TUNATI SAYS1 ! DIRECT RELATION BETWE5 ! WIFE & ! HUSB& HIDES A REAL RELATION ( WAGE-WORK EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! WIFE & CAPITAL1 :I* IS M$IAT$ BY ! HUSB& AS ! WOMAN'S WORK 'SUP]VISOR'4.<#f#i.> ,AL?\<1 AS WE WILL SEE BEL[1 ,=TUNATI'S >GUM5TS SEEM TO DIV]GE FROM O!R !ORETICAL ,AUTONOMI/ APPROA*ES1 IT HAS 5C\NT]$ SOME APPRECIATION )9 ! ,AUTONOMI/ >EA4 ,DALLA ,CO/A M5TIONS IT = EXAMPLE2 & ,H>RY ,CLEAV] HAS IT 9 ! READ+ LI/ = HIS ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' C\RSE4.<#g.> ,\TSIDE ! >EA ( ,AUTONOMIA1 H] PAMPHLET HAS BE5 PRAIS$ BY ,A,K DI/RIBUTION AS 'AN EXCELL5T BOOK WOR? READ+ V]Y C>EFULLY & A GOOD EXAMPLE ( IMMAN5T CRITIQUE ( ,M>X'S WORK'4.<#g#a.> ,SURELY NO READ] CAN MISS ,=TUNATI'S 9 BE+ ABLE TO DEAL ) 'COMPLEXITIES'3 9 H] PAMPHLET ! WORDS 'COMPLEX' & 'COMPLEXITY' APPE> AT LEA/ #bf TIMES4.<#g#b.> ,H] 'D5SE' /YLE1 NOTIC$ BY ,A,K DI/RIBUTION1 :I* = EXAMPLE CALLS HAV+ SEX A 'WORK ( SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ( ! MALE WORK]' IS CONSI/5T ) ?IS FASC9ATION ) 'COMPLEXITY'4 ,NO D\BT ?IS HAS 9SPIR$ AWE & RESPECT 9 H] READ]S4 ,ONE REASON = ! PRES5T CRITIQUE IS FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE ! DISP>ITY BETWE5 ! MALE & FEMALE CONDITION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS A REAL PROBLEM4 ,IF \R REALIZATION AS 9DIVIDUALS HAV+ 'VALUE' 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS ONLY ?R\< \R ROLES AS BUY]S & SELL]S ( COMMODITIES 7OR SPECIFICALLY AS SELL]S ( LABOR P[] & E>N]S ( A WAGE71 BE>+ & RE>+ *ILDR5 IS AN OB/ACLE TO ?IS REALIZATION4 ,AL?\< P>T ( ! TOLL ( BE+ P>5TS CAN BE %>$1 BE>+ ! *ILD CANNOT -- &1 :ATEV] H] CLASS1 ! WOMAN IS DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ ) RESPECT TO ! MALE 9 CAPITALISM4 ,A /UDY ( ! PROBLEM CONNECT$ TO FEMALE WORK IS !N 9T]E/+ = ITS POT5TIAL CRITICISM ( B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE -- SPECIFICALLY ( ! FRAGM5TATION ( SOCIETY 9TO B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALS :O RECOGNIZE EA* O!R ONLY AS BUY]S & SELL]S ( COMMODITIES4 ,=TUNATI'S WORK IS ! PRODUCT ( H] 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ',WAGES = ,H\SEWORK' MOVEM5T 9 ,ITALY 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,?IS MOVEM5T PRODUC$ PL5TY ( RADICAL !ORY CLOSE TO ,AUTONOMIA 7SU* AS ,DALLA ,CO/A'S WORK7 & RECEIV$ ATT5TION & RESPECT FROM ,U,S ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM1 ESPECIALLY ,H>RY ,CLEAV]4.<#g#c.> ,H[EV] 9 ! PRES5T CRITIQUE WE HAVE *OS5 TO DEAL ONLY ) ! P>TICUL> !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T BY ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI & NOT ) ! WID] ISSUE ( ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK -- A TREATM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE TO TAKE ON ! RA!R CULT-LIKE BEHAVIOR ( ! MOVEM5T ESP\S+ ?IS DEM&4 ,9 FACT1 BESIDES ! 9T]E/+ ISSUES RELAT$ TO WOM5'S CONDITION 9 \R SOCIETY1 ! PR9CIPAL FOCUS = ?IS CRITIQUE ( ,=TUNATI'S WORK IS ! SPECIFIC ISSUE ( REPRODUCTION AS 'PRODUCTIVE WORK'1 :I* ,=TUNATI %>ES ) ! BROAD] >EA ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE WANT TO ADDRESS ! ,AUTONOMI/ ELABORATION ( ! CONCEPT ( VALUE 9 ! PRES5T MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ?IS DISCUSSION WE WILL /RESS NOT ONLY ! SIMIL>ITIES AMONG V>I\S AU?ORS1 BUT ALSO !IR1 SOMETIMES IMPORTANT1 DIFF]5CES 9 !IR !ORETICAL POSITIONS4 ,WE WILL DISCUSS 9 P>TICUL> ! FOLL[+ ?REE PO9TS3 ! IMPORTANCE1 )9 ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM1 ( DEMON/RAT+1 AT EV]Y CO/1 EV5 ) ! AID ( '=MULAS'1 ?AT ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION IS PRODUCTIVE & A CREATOR ( VALUE ! ,AUTONOMI/ CONCEPT ( ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION AS WORK :I* IS1 AS ,=TUNATI W\LD PUT IT1 'CAPITALI/ICALLY ORGANIZ$'2 I4E41 9DIRECTLY CONTROLL$ BY CAPITAL & HAV+ ! *>ACT] ( WAG$ WORK4 ! CONCEPT ( CAPITAL AS IMPOSITION ( WORK1 DISCIPL9E & REPRESSION1 & ! P>ALLEL CONCEPTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ANTAGONISM AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,9 DISCUSS+ !SE PO9TS1 WE WILL MAKE P>ALLELS & REF]5CE TO SOME ( ! MA9 AU?ORS :O WRITE1 OR WROTE1 )9 ,AUTONOMIA OR ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM1 & 9 P>TICUL> ,H>RY ,CLEAV] 7,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY.<#g#d.>71 ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS 7,BEYOND ! ,TE*NOLOGICAL & ! ,SOCIAL ,P>ADIGMS3 ,A ,POLITICAL ,READ+ ( ,AB/RACT ,LABOR AS ! ,SUB/ANCE ( ,VALUE.<#g#e.>71 & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI 7,PIPEL9E1 ,LETT]E DA ,REBIBBIA.<#g#f.>7 & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT 7,EMPIRE.<#g#g.>74 ,WE WILL MAKE CLE> ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !SE AU?ORS1 :O ON ! ONE SIDE %>E SOME BASIC T5ETS ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION1 BUT ON ! O!R SIDE MAY DIV]GE ON FUNDAM5TAL PO9TS & 9 !IR UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS WE WILL ANALYZE ! DETAILS ( ,=TUNATI'S [N TREATM5T ( REPRODUCTION AS PRODUCTIVE WORK & H] 9ITIAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,= SIMPLICITY'S SAKE WE ONLY DEAL ) ,=TUNATI'S APPROA* TO H\SEWORK1 & AVOID ! ISSUE ( PRO/ITUTION4.<#g#h.> O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! QUE/ = VALUE #a4 ,! QUE/ = VALUE ,NO ,M>XI/ W\LD D5Y ?AT H\SEWORK & REPRODUCTIVE WORK >E FUNCTIONAL & NECESS>Y = ! :OLE PROCESS ( CAPITAL'S SELF-VALORIZATION4 ,:AT MAKES ,=TUNATI'S BOOK NEW OR *ALL5G+ IS ?AT IT AIMS TO CONV9CE ! READ] ?AT H\SEWORK IS A REAL EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT LABOR TIME1 & A REAL CREATOR ( VALUE1 & ?AT ?IS CAN BE QUANTIFI$4 ,9 FACT1 ! >GUM5T ?AT WORK DONE \TSIDE PRODUCTION IS PRODUCTIVE IS A RECURR5T FOCUS 9 ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY4 ,9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY1 ,CLEAV] REM9D$ ! READ] ?AT AB/RACT LABOR & AB/RACT LABOR TIME 'MU/ BE GRASP$ 9 ! TOTALITY ( CAPITAL' 7P4 #a#a#h7 & ?AT 9 ! 'TOTAL SOCIAL MASS' ( AB/RACT LABOR & VALUE PRODUC$ 9 CAPITALISM !RE IS 'A DIRECT OR 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTION' FROM ANYBODY :O IS CO]C$ 9TO ANY =M ( WORK1 EI!R WAG$ OR UNWAG$1 9CLUD+ H\SEWORK 7PP4 #a#b#b-#a#b#c74 ,AL?\< ANY CO]C$ ACTIVITY CAN BE FUNCTIONAL TO ! VALORIZATION ( CAPITAL1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS AB/RACT LABOR & PRODUCES VALUE4 ,9 SAY+ ?AT1 ?IS CONTRIBUTION CAN BE '9DIRECT'1 ,CLEAV] LEAVES ! QUE/ION AMBIGU\SLY OP54.<#g#i.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS SUGGE/ION WAS LAT] TAK5 OV] & EXPLICITLY DEVELOP$ BY HIS /UD5T ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS4 ,9 HIS >TICLE M5TION$ ABOVE1 ,DE ,ANGELIS ATTEMPT$ A LOGICAL 'DEMON/RATION' ?AT ANY ALI5AT$1 CO]C$ & B\NDLESS WORK AM\NTS TO AN EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT LABOR & ?US CREATES VALUE = CAPITAL4 ,:Y IS IT SO IMPORTANT TO >GUE = ! CREATION ( VALUE \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION8 ,! REASON EXPRESSLY GIV5 BY ,=TUNATI &1 = EXAMPLE1 ,DE ,ANGELIS IS SIMIL>3 ?IS IS SOMEH[ ESS5TIAL TO EXPLA9 ! /RUGGLES ?AT MAY DEVELOP \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION AS WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,AS ,DE ,ANGELIS PUTS IT1 ! RECOGNITION ( A PRODUCTIVE ROLE ( ALL PROLET>IANS IS IMPORTANT = A !ORY ?AT CAN EXPLA9 & GIVE 'AN APPROPRIATE 9T]PRETATIVE FRAMEWORK' TO ! /RUGGLES ( ! NON-WAG$ AS WELL AS ! WAG$1 AS /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITAL 7P4 #a#b#b74 ,! CATEGORIES ( PRODUCTIVE1 UNPRODUCTIVE1 VALUE1 AB/RACT LABOR1 SEEM !N TO BE ESS5TIAL 9 ! POLITICAL 7OR MORAL87 EVALUATION ( ! ROLE & ANTAGONISM (F]$ BY SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4.<#h.> ,TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S W\LD ?9K ?AT IT IS RA!R ODD TO USE ! CATEGORIES ?AT DESCRIBE ! DYNAMIC ( CAPITAL AS ANALYTICAL TOOLS TO 9T]PRET ! CLASS /RUGGLE OR AS 9DICATORS ( CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,CAPITAL1 VALUE1 USE VALUE1 ! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT1 ! LAWS ( ! M>KET1 ETC4 >E = !M CON/ITUTIVE ( AN OBJECTIVE REALITY ?AT CONDITIONS ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT >E 9DEP5D5T ( \R /RUGGLES & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,YET ,M>X HAD EXPLA9$ 9 ,CAPITAL ?AT !SE '?+S'1 REAL CON/RA9TS ON \R LIVES1 >E AN EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL RELATION1 :I* APPE>S TO US 9 A MY/IFI$ =M1 AS 9DEP5D5T ( US4 ,A M]IT ( ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY WAS TO TRY TO OV]COME ?IS OBJECTIVI/IC UND]/&+ BY EMPHASIZ+ ! SUBJECTIVE DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 BY CRITICIZ+ ! PURELY OBJECTIVI/IC & ECONOMICI/IC UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM1 !Y OPPOSE TO ?IS READ+ ONE :I* IS PURELY SUBJECTIVI/IC3 CLASS /RUGGLE AS A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 TWO OPPOS+ & ,AUTONOM\S CONSCI\SNESSES1 CAPITAL & ! PROLET>IAT4.<#h#a.> ,9 ?IS READ+ CAPITAL & ITS OBJECTIVE CATEGORIES BECOME M]E OBJECTIFI$ PHANTOMS ( A PURELY SUBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,?US = EXAMPLE1 ,DE ,ANGELIS W>NS ! READ] ?AT :5 HE M5TIONS '! LAW ( VALUE' HE ACTUALLY MEANS ! 'IMPOSITION ( WORK & WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE 9 & AGA9/ CAPITAL' 7P4 #a#a#i74 ,= ,CLEAV]1 'USE VALUE'1 BEYOND BE+ ! PHYSICAL BODY ( ! COMMODITY 7:I* IS ! 'ECONOMICI/IC' PHANTOM71 HAS TO BE UND]/OOD PRIM>ILY AS A COMB9ATION ( QUALITIES SUBJECTIVELY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! COMMODITY BY ! TWO SUBJECTS 9 /RUGGLE1 ! WORK+ CLASS & CAPITAL4 ,?IS WAY ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL BECOMES A COD$ MANUSCRIPT ?AT HAS TO BE DECIPH]$ BY LOOK+ AT ! SUBJECTIVE CLASS-/RUGGLE 'MEAN+S' ( ! CATEGORIES EMPLOY$ 9 IT2 :I* IS PRECISELY :AT ,CLEAV] ATTEMPT$ TO DO 9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY4 ,P]HAPS ?IS ONE-TO-ONE-RELATION ( SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE CATEGORIES CAN EXPLA9 ! ,AUTONOMI/ OBSESSION = ! MO/ IMPROBABLE QUE/ AFT] ?AT ( ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE4 ,IF AB/RACT LABOR IS ! EXPRESSION ( A RELATION ( ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! DISPOSSESS$ & ! B\RGEOISIE1 !N PO9T+ AT ! VALUE PRODUC$ BY SECTORS ( ! PROLET>IAT BECOMES ESS5TIAL TO UND]/& !IR ANTAGONISM ) CAPITAL & !IR /RUGGLES4 ,9DE$1 H[ CAN Y\ EXPLA9 ! ANTAGONISM ( SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT :O DO NOT CREATE VALUE1 IF ! EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT VALUE1 ?US ! PRODUCTION ( VALUE1 IS Y\R LITMUS PAP] = DETECT+ CLASS ANTAGONISM8 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 RECOGNIZ+ ALL ! PROLET>IAT AS 'PRODUCTIVE' BECOMES 9DISP5SABLE2 CONV]SELY1 A CATEGORIZATION ( WORK AS PRODUCTIVE OR UNPRODUCTIVE BECOMES A 'POLITICALLY DANG]\S' ?+ TO DO4.<#h#b.> ,! LIB]AT+ REALIZATION ?AT ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( VALUE & ITS LAW IS ULTIMATELY RELAT$ TO \R SUBJECTIVITY1 ANTAGONISM & /RUGGLE1 IS !N TURN$ 9TO A !ORETICAL RIDDLE4 ,9 ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION ,=TUNATI SIMPLY APPLIES ?IS ,AUTONOMI/ APPROA* TO UND]/&+ & EVALUAT+ CLASS /RUGGLE AS AN AB/RACT RULE TO ! CASE ( FEMALE WORK & GIVES H] [N PECULI> CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS !ORETICAL RIDDLE1 AS WE WILL SEE LAT]4 ,!RE IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T ?AT ONE HAS TO /RESS H]E4 ,! !ORETICAL PROBLEM FAC$ BY ,=TUNATI1 ,CLEAV] & ,DE ,ANGELIS >ISES FROM !IR ATTEMPT TO SALVAGE ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( VALUE TOGE!R ) A SUBJECTIVI/IC CONCEPT ( 'VALUE' AS EXPRESSION ( POLITICAL P[] & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS DIFF]5T FROM ! POSITION ( ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI1 :O 9 ! '#gS />T$ TO !ORIZE VALUE AS A PURELY SUBJECTIVE POLITICAL =CE1 '! COMM& ( CAPITAL'4 ,UNLIKE ,=TUNATI & ! O!RS1 ,NEGRI EXPLICITLY DI/ANCES HIMSELF FROM ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPTION ( VALUE4 ,HE JU/IFIES ?IS MOVE BY CLAIM+ ?AT !RE HAS BE5 AN HI/ORICAL *ANGE3 9 ! '#gS1 HE SAYS1 VALUE & ITS LAW W]E EFFECTIVELY SUPPRESS$ & REPLAC$ BY A POLITICAL1 DIRECT1 COMM& BY CAPITAL4.<#h#c.> ,9 HIS REC5T WORK ,EMPIRE1 ,NEGRI REIT]ATES HIS VIEW ?AT TODAY WE LIVE 9 A 'PO/MOD]N' WORLD 9 :I* CAPITAL IS NO LONG] 'ABLE TO R$UCE VALUE TO MEASURE' OR TO MAKE A 'DI/9CTION BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE1 REPRODUCTIVE & UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR' -- A WORLD :]E VALUE IS NOT ANYMORE ! RESULT ( AN EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT LABOR1 BUT ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( 'PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE' & ( ! P[] ( ! SY/EM1 ( ,EMPIRE 7P4 #d#b74 ,?IS 'VALUE' IS OBVI\SLY 'PRODUC$' BY ANYBODY :O CONTRIBUTES TO A G5]AL 'REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE'4 ,!RE IS NO?+ TO 'DEMON/RATE' 9 ?IS CASE1 NO '=MULAS' TO CALCULATE1 NO COMPLEXITIES TO DIS5TANGLE4 ,BY DI/ANC+ HIMSELF FROM ,M>X & ADOPT+ A NON-,M>XIAN1 PO/MOD]NI/ DISC\RSE1 ,NEGRI HAS 9DE$ MADE HIS LIFE EASI] ?AN HIS ,AUTONOMI/-/ILL-,M>XIAN COLLEAGUES4.<#h#d.> ,DESPITE ! !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ?AT WE HAVE JU/ SE51 IS !RE SOME?+ TRUE 9 ! ,AUTONOMI/ 9SIE ?IS 9SIT #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! SUBSUMPTION ( SOCIETY BY CAPITAL & CLASS ANTAGONISM #b4 ,! SUBSUMPTION ( SOCIETY BY CAPITAL & CLASS ANTAGONISM ,AS WE HAVE SE5 9 ,SECTION #a1 ! >CANE ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ 9T]E/ 9 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! WORK ( REPRODUCTION1 OR ANY WORK DONE \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 IS PRODUCTIVE WORK1 LIES 9 A READ+ ( ,M>XI/ CATEGORIES1 :I* MAKES ! CATEGORIES ( VALUE1 AB/RACT LABOR1 ETC4 HAVE 'MEAN+S' 9 T]MS ( SUBJECTIVE CATEGORIES3 ! IMPOSITION ( WORK BY CAPITAL & ! RESI/ANCE TO WORK BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! WAY VALUE & ITS LAWS CAN IMM$IATELY MEAN A CLASS RELATION ( ANTAGONISM IS EXPLA9$ BY ,DE ,ANGELIS4 ,AB/RACT LABOR1 ! CREATION ( VALUE1 BE+ TANTAM\NT TO IMPOS$1 B\NDLESS & ALI5AT$ LABOR1 IS ! '=M' ( WORK 9 CAPITALISM4 ,= ,DE ,ANGELIS !N ANY WAG$ OR UNWAG$ WORK1 9S(> AS IT IS ALI5AT$1 B\NDLESS & CO]C$1 IS AB/RACT LABOR & CONSEQU5TLY A CREATION ( VALUE4 ,& S9CE ANTAGONISM & RESI/ANCE NECESS>ILY COME \T ( ! CO]CIVE & ALI5AT$ NATURE ( ?IS WORK1 !N ANTAGONISM IS ONE ) ! EXP5DITURE ( AB/RACT LABOR & ! CREATION ( VALUE 9 CAPITALISM1 & IT CAN MANIFE/ ITSELF AMONG ! WAG$ AS WELL AS ! UNWAG$ PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A GOOD DEAL ( ANTAGONISM TO CAPITAL IS EXP]I5C$ \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION3 !RE >E PL5TY ( EXAMPLES ( /RUGGLES ( ! UNEMPLOY$1 /UD5TS1 ETC4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ANTAGONISM IS EXP]I5C$ )9 A SOCIETY :]E CAPITAL EFFECTIVELY SUBSUMES MANY ( ! ACTIVITIES ?AT >E DONE \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE1 SO ?AT NOT ONLY >E !SE ACTIVITIES FUNCTIONAL TO CAPITAL1 BUT !Y ALSO ACQUIRE AN IMPOS$1 B\NDLESS & ALI5AT$ *>ACT]4 ,! :OLE ( SOCIETY MAY !N WELL BE SE5 AS AN EXT5D$ FACTORY :]E DIRECT OR SELF-IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E1 HA/E1 BOR$OM1 MIS]Y & SWEAT >E ! SUBJECTIVE ASPECTS ?AT NECESS>ILY COMPLEM5T ! MOTION ( SELF-VALORIZATION ( CAPITAL4.<#h#e.> ,TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 ! RELATION ( ANTAGONISM \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION 9 RELATION TO ! WAY CAPITAL SUBSUMES UNWAG$ WORK 9 ?IS SPH]E IS IMPORTANT & DESIRABLE2 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION IS3 IS IT NECESS>Y = ?IS UND]/&+ TO ASSUME ?AT !RE MU/ BE CREATION ( VALUE \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION8 ,LET US CONSID] FIR/ ! RELATION BETWE5 ANTAGONISM & ! SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL )9 PRODUCTION4 ,PRODUCTIVE LABOR HAS A D\BLE NATURE1 AS WORK ?AT IS AIM$ TO MAKE SOME?+ OR HAVE SOME SPECIFIC EFFECT 7CONCRETE LABOR71 & AS ! CREATION ( VALUE 7AB/RACT LABOR74 ,?IS D\BLE NATURE ( LABOR IS ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] ( LABOR 9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ! CAPITALI/'S AIM ( PRODUCTION IS ! VALORIZATION ( HIS CAPITAL1 = HIM PRODUCTION IS PR9CIPALLY AN EXTRACTION ( AB/RACT LABOR1 A CREATION ( VALUE4 ,?IS AIM1 & ! MOVEM5T ( VALUE1 AS ,M>X EXPLA9S 9 ,CAPITAL1 IMPLIES ! SUBSUMPTION ( ! CONCRETE PRACTICE ( LABOR1 ! DESPOTIC ORGANIZATION & COMM& 9 PRODUCTION1 ! FRAGM5TATION ( ITS TASKS1 ITS RATIONALIZATION1 ETC4 ,! CAPITALI/ SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR 9 ITS CONCRETE ASPECT IMPLIES1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! WORK]1 BOR$OM1 EXHAU/ION1 MIS]Y1 PA91 -- ! *>ACT] ( ALI5ATION & CO]CION ( WORK !N IMPLIES AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ! WORK]'S REACTION AGA9/ IT4.<#h#f.> ,! CONCRETE ACTIVITIES 7CONCRETE LABOR7 ?AT >E DONE \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION CAN BE SUBSUM$ & %AP$ BY CAPITAL TOO4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL ME*ANISM = ! SUBSUMPTION ( ACTIVITIES \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION IS !IR COMMODIFICATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 S9CE A FUR!R $UCATION C\RSE CAN ONLY BE RUN ) MONEY1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO ATTRACT F9ANCE IF IT %[S TO BE 'USEFUL'1 I4E4 TO MAKE PEOPLE MORE 'USEFUL' TO CAPITAL 7OR TO A SPONSOR74 ,?IS 9FLU5CES ! NATURE1 AIM & QUALITY ( ! C\RSES & T5DS TO RELATE !M TO ! NE$S ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL 7OR ! NE$S ( !IR SPONSORS74 ,CAPITAL ALSO %APES ! =M ( ! C\RSE BESIDES ITS CONT5T1 S9CE ! NE$ TO PAY = HIR+ /AFF1 R5T+ PREMISES1 ETC4 WILL IMPOSE PACE1 DEADL9ES1 ORGANIZATION1 :I* WILL MAKE ! COLLEGE MORE LIKE A WORKPLACE4 ,! CONCRETE SUBSUMPTION ( ! C\RSE IS !N LIKELY TO IMPLY HA/E1 BOR$OM1 & ANTAGONISM 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! /UD5T4 ,?IS ANTAGONISM CAN BE EXPLA9$ )\T NECESS>ILY ASSUM+ ?AT ! WORK ( !SE /UD5TS IS A CREATION ( VALUE4 ,! FAMILY IS %AP$ BY CAPITAL1 TOO4 ,! 9DIVIDUALIZATION BR\Y = ! SATISFACTION ( \R NE$S & \R SOCIAL RECOGNITION4 ,! FAMILY WAGE1 PAID BY ! EMPLOY] TO ! MALE *IEF FAMILY 9COME E>N]1 BECOMES ! ECONOMIC BASIS = A PATRI>*AL DESPOTISM :I* IS 9TOL]ABLE )9 B\RGEOIS RELATIONS -- & ! DIRECT RELATIONS ( ! FAMILY !N BECOME REAL OB/ACLES TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4.<#h#g.> ,IF ON ! ONE H& ! /ABILITY ( ! FAMILY IS USEFUL = ! RUNN+ ( CAPITALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! SAME RELATIONS BR\E HIDD5 WAG$-WORK RELATIONS4 ,H\SEWORK IS %AP$ BY CAPITAL1 TOO4 ,ONCE TIME IS MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( ! MONEY IT IS WOR? AS H\RLY WAGE1 EV]Y H\R SP5T 9 ! KIT*5 ACQUIRES ! *>ACT] ( A444 NEGATIVE H\RLY WAGE1 :I* IS AS REAL = ! WOMAN 9S(> AS H] POSSIBILITY ( E>N+ A WAGE \TSIDE HOME IS REAL = H]4 ,CONFUS+ ! TWO DIFF]5T FACTS ( E>N+ A WAGE & PRODUC+ VALUE1 ,=TUNATI MANAGES TO ANALYZE ! PH5OM5ON DESCRIB$ ABOVE AS ! CREATION ( A NEGATIVE VALUE1 A 'NON-VALUE'1 I4E4 A VALUE ?AT CAPITAL DOES NOT REW>D4.<#h#h.> ,:AT IS 9T]PRET$ BY ,=TUNATI AS ! CREATION ( NON-VALUE IS 9 FACT SOME?+ SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT CAPITAL IMPOSES ! =M ( WAG$ WORK ON NON-WAG$ ACTIVITIES -- 9 ?IS CASE H\SEWORK -- ?R\< ! 'NATURAL' NE$ TO E>N A WAGE & [N MONEY AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ TEMPORALITY EXT5DS ITSELF FROM ! IMM$IATE PRODUCTION PROCESS TO ! RE/ ( NONPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4.<#h#i.> ,?US ! *>ACT] ( H\SEWORK IS MADE TO CON=M ) ?AT ( ANY WAG$ WORK1 EI!R PRODUCTIVE OR UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! CONCRETE ASPECTS ( ?IS IMPOSITION4 ,! TIME ATTRACT$ BY WAG$ WORK \TSIDE HOME WILL IMPOSE QUALITY1 =M1 PACE1 TO H\SEWORK1 %AP+ IT CONCRETELY4 ,! MORE CAPITAL SUBSUMES H\SEWORK1 ! MORE IT WILL REQUIRE ! PUR*ASE ( APPLIANCES 7WA%+ MA*9ES1 FOOD PROCESSORS4447 9 ORD] TO FREE TIME = PRODUCTIVE WORK2 ! MORE ! KIT*5 WILL LOOK LIKE A SCI5CE-FICTION 'FACTORY'2 ! MORE ! WORK 9 IT WILL HAVE ! PACE ( A WORKPLACE2 ! MORE BOR+1 UNSKILL$1 & ALI5 ! WORK 9 ! KIT*5 WILL BECOME -- JU/ ! EV5+ *ORE ( TURN+ ! MICR[AVE ON & HEAT UP SOME PRE-MADE FOOD4 ,AGA91 IT IS ! CONCRETE LABOR ( H\SEWORK ?AT IS %AP$ BY CAPITAL1 & ?IS WILL IMPLY CO]CION1 BOR$OM1 & MIS]Y4 ,?US CAPITALISM CAN AFFECT ANY CONCRETE LABOR 9 SOCIETY1 & G5]ATE ANTAGONISM ALSO :]E NO VALUE IS ACTUALLY CREAT$4.<#i.> ,IF WE CONSID] ! 9T]RELATION ( AB/RACT LABOR1 CONCRETE LABOR1 VALUE & IT LAWS1 ) ANTAGONISM 7I4E4 OBJECTIVITY & SUBJECTIVITY7 WE CAN HAVE A '!ORETICAL FRAMEWORK' TO EXPLA9 ! V>I\S /RUGGLES ( ! DISPOSSESS$ )\T ANY NE$ :ATSOEV] TO DEMON/RATE ?AT EV]Y PROLET>IAN MU/ PRODUCE VALUE4 ,AL?\< ,AUTONOMIA HAD ! GREAT M]IT ( HAV+ HID AS AN EQUATION ANTAGONISM "7 AB/RACT LABOR 7VALUE74 ,LET US N[ CONSID] ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ABOVE ,AUTONOMI/ APPROA* & ?AT ATTEMPT$ 9 ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION4 ,TO ! /UD5TS 9 MOVEM5T1 SOMEONE LIKE ,DE ,ANGELIS W\LD SAY3 ',IT %\LD BE CLE> = US !ORI/S SOME?+ ?AT IS TRUE 9 Y\R REAL EXP]I5CE3 ! FACT ?AT Y\ >E 9 MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITAL BECAUSE1 AL?\< Y\ >E UNWAG$1 Y\ >E SUBJECT$ TO CAPITALI/ WORK1 & TO ! BOR$OM & PA9 IT IMPLIES'4 ,! /UD5TS FEEL ! REAL EFFECTS ( A REAL ALI5AT$ 'CAPITALI/ WORK'2 !Y DO NOT NE$ ,DE ,ANGELIS TO TELL !M ?AT !Y DO ALI5AT$ CAPITALI/IC WORK4 ,! /UD5TS REALLY FEEL ANTAGONI/IC1 BECAUSE ( !IR REAL EXP]I5CE ( ALI5ATION2 !Y DO NOT NE$ ,DE ,ANGELIS TO REVEAL ANY?+ TO !M 9 ORD] TO GIVE !M A SPACE & AIM = /RUGGLE4 ,ONLY1 ,DE ,ANGELIS TELLS ! ,M>XIAN WORLD ?AT !Y \E1 ?IS ANALYSIS /ILL HAS A MOM5T ( TRU? 9 ! UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM AS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ,=TUNATI DOES NOT SAY ?IS6 ,9 ! CASE ( H\SEWORK %E CLAIMS3 CAPITAL HAS CONTRIV$ TO 'CAM\FLAGE' ! WOMAN'S WORK AS A NON-WAG$1 NONPRODUCTIVE1 NON-FACTORY-LIKE WORK 'TO R$UCE ! SPACE = /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT' 7P4 #a#a2 SEE ALSO P4 #a#h74.<#i#a.> ,TO ! H\SEWIFE1 ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI W\LD SAY3 'Y\ CANNOT F9D ! SPACE = Y\R /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL BECAUSE CAPITAL HAS DUP$ Y\ 9TO BELIEV+ 9 APPE>ANCES'4 ,BUT ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI IS !RE TO REVEAL ! 'REALITY' BEH9D !SE 'APPE>ANCES' & REMOVES ! IDEOLOGICAL H9DRANCES ON CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,ONE ( ! /R5G?S ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM IS ! WAY IT L9KS AN EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE ( ANTAGONISM 7BOR$OM1 HATR$ ( WORK1 CONFLICT ) \R BOSSES1 ETC47 ) A !ORY ( H[ CAPITALISM FUNCTIONS4 ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM G5]ALLY HAS 9TUITIVE APPEAL -- IT SEEMS TO CAPTURE & EXPLA9 H[ WE EXP]I5CE ! WORLD & :Y WE FIP DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! WORLD ( EXP]I5CE 7'ILLUSION'7 & ! REAL WORLD ( CAPITAL & ITS NE$S 7:I* ONLY ! 9TELLECTUAL LIKE ,=TUNATI CAN REVEAL74 ,?IS IS ONLY EXAC]BAT$ BY H] EXCESSIVE USE ( J>GON & AVOIDANCE ( 'EV]YDAY' LANGUAGE 9 RELATION TO ,M>XIAN !ORY4 O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! DIALECTIC ( CAPITAL AS DESPOTISM & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM #c4 ,! DIALECTIC ( CAPITAL AS DESPOTISM & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ,9 ! PREVI\S SECTION WE ACKN[L$G$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ >GUM5T ?AT HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 SOCIETY CAN BE SUBSUM$ BY CAPITAL1 & ?AT ?IS SUBSUMPTION 5TAILS ANTAGONISM4 ,WE APPRECIAT$ ?AT ?IS UND]/&+ IS A MOM5T ( TRU? 9 ! UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,YET WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY ?AT ATT5D+ A VOCATIONAL C\RSE1 HOOV]+1 MAK+ LOVE1 SLEEP+1 SMIL+ AT A P>5T1 ETC4 >E PRODUCTIVE LABOR = CAPITAL & CREATE VALUE4.<#i#b.> ,9 ?IS SECTION WE WILL SEE ?AT !RE >E 9 FACT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE ACTIVITIES & ?OSE DONE )9 A WAGE-WORK RELATION1 & ?AT A VIEW ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS SIMPLY A SOCIAL FACTORY MISSES \T A DIALECTIC UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL4 ,9DE$1 :5 ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY AS A 'SOCIAL FACTORY' WAS US$ AS A POLEMICAL DEVICE1 IT HAD SOME POIGNANCY2 BUT ITS OV]LIT]AL USE AS A !ORETICAL MODEL = CAPITALISM IS TOO DRA/IC & R$UCTIVE4 ,!RE >E 9 FACT IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 WAG$ WORK & REPRODUCTION 'WORK'1 9 ! WAY ! 'COMM&' IS GIV5 TO US & H[ IT RELATES TO CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,9 ! WORKPLACE1 WE >E SUBJECT$ TO EXPLICITLY IMPOS$ ORD]S1 & WE OBEY !M CONSCI\SLY4 ,ALSO1 :AT WE DO IS NEV] '= \RSELVES'1 BUT IT IS DONE = ! SAKE ( \R EMPLOY]'S BUS9ESS4 ,! SUBSUMPTION ( \R ACTIVITY & ( \R AIMS1 AS WELL AS ! SUBSUMPTION ( ! RESULT ( \R ACTIVITY & AIM1 IS A REAL SUBSUMPTION4 ,\TSIDE ! WORKPLACE WE >E 'FREE' TO *OOSE :AT TO DO1 & H[ TO DO IT4 ,& WE DO :AT WE DO '= \RSELVES'4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS FRE$OM HIDES AN 9DIRECT COMM& ( CAPITAL3 9 A WORLD :]E ':AT ,I AS A MAN CANNOT DO1 I4E4 :AT ALL MY 9DIVIDUAL P[]S CANNOT DO1 ,I CAN DO ) ! HELP ( MONEY' EV]Y NE$ BECOMES NECESS>ILY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! NE$ TO PLAY ALONG ) ! M>KET & ITS LAWS4.<#i#c.> ,EV5 LEISURE IS CONDITION$ BY :AT WE CAN AF=D1 BO? 9 T]MS ( MONEY1 & TIME1 S9CE TIME IS MONEY4 ,IF WE >E 9 A POSITION TO SP5D TIME & RES\RCES 9 LEISURE &_/OR $UCATION1 WE MAY T5D TO SP5D MORE TIME 9 LEISURE &_/OR C\RSES ?AT >E USEFUL TO IMPROVE OR MA9TA9 \R CAPACITY TO E>N A WAGE4 ,! M9D EXHAU/ION IMPLI$ BY ALI5AT$ LABOR IS LIKELY TO DICTATE ! M9DLESS & ALI5AT$ QUALITY ( LEISURE -- AFT] A DAY'S WORK \R BRA9 CANNOT SU/A9 MORE ?AN A BOR+ & NON-9VOLV+ NIN ! MONEY !Y NE$ TO LIVE4.<#i#d.> ,! 9T]NALIZATION IMPLI$ BY COMMODITY FETI%ISM MEANS ?AT ACTIVITY OR WORK \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION IS A SPECIAL 'WORK' 9 A SPECIAL 'FACTORY'1 :]E ! 'WORK]' IS ! '=EMAN' ( HIMSELF4.<#i#e.> ,9 ?IS SPECIAL FACTORY ! COMM& ( CAPITAL IS ! OPPOSITE ( ! DESPOTISM1 ORGANIZATION & DISCIPL9E ( ANY O!R FACTORY3 IT IS A COMM& BAS$ ON FRE$OM4 ,?IS SITUATION IMPLIES CONTRADICTIONS4 ,P>ADOXICALLY 5\<1 ! COMM& :I* ,I IMPOSE ON MYSELF IS 9DISP5SABLE = MY SUBMISSION TO ! EXPLICIT DESPOTISM ( CAPITAL 9 ! WORKPLACE -- H[ W\LD ! CAPITALI/ KEEP ME 9 ! WORKPLACE1 IF ,I DID NOT SEE MY JOB AS 9 MY [N 9T]E/8 ,MY UNFRE$OM1 MY =C$ LABOR1 MY PA9FUL EXP]I5CE ( BE+ DESPOTICALLY COMM&$ )9 PRODUCTION IS !N ONE SIDE ( ! SAME CO9 ( MY B\RGEOIS FRE$OM \TSIDE PRODUCTION4 ,A !ORY ?AT SEES ! WORK+ CLASS ONLY AS A *A9 GANG =C$ TO WORK UND] A DESPOTIC COMM& MISSES ?AT O!R FACE ( CAPITAL1 \R DOM9ATION ?AT IS ONE ) ! NATURALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 ( ! NECESSITY TO EX*ANGE AS AN OBVI\S & 9EVITABLE CONDITION ( LIFE -- ! '>CANE' BEH9D ! FACT ?AT WE REPRODUCE CAPITAL ) \R 'FREE' ACTIONS & 'FREE' *OICES4.<#i#f.> ,TO SUMM>IZE3 EV5 IF ! ,AUTONOMI/S >GUE CORRECTLY ?AT CAPITAL SUBSUMES ALL SOCIETY )9 OR \TSIDE PRODUCTION1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ALL ACTIVITIES >E ! SAME1 & ?AT SOCIETY IS A MEGA FACTORY4 ,?IS VIEW IS NOT USEFUL1 S9CE IT DOES NOT EXPLA9 ! DIFF]5CES4 ,IT IS REALLY MORE USEFUL TO CONSID] ! TWO DIALECTICAL ASPECTS ( CAPITAL1 AS DESPOTISM-(-PRODUCTION_/FRE$OM-(-EX*ANGE1 & CONSID] !M 9 !IR 9T]RELATION4.<#i#g.> ,9 ! NEXT SECTION WE %[ H[ ?IS UNDIALECTIC APPROA* TO CAPITAL CAN LEAD TO POLITICALLY DANG]\S CONSEQU5CES & CONSID] ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI'S CASE4 O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,CONSEQU5CES ( ! UNDIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( CAPITAL AS 'JU/ IMPOSITION ( WORK' #d4 ,CONSEQU5CES ( ! UNDIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( CAPITAL AS 'JU/ IMPOSITION ( WORK' ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! ,AUTONOMI/ UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL AS 'IMPOSITION ( WORK' /RESSES ONLY ONE ASPECT ( CAPITAL1 ?AT ( DISCIPL9E1 ORGANIZATION1 DESPOTISM4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! O!R ASPECT ( CAPITAL1 ! FRE$OM TO EX*ANGE & [N Y\R [N VALUE 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION IS NOT SPELL$ \T4 ,?IS UNDIALECTIC APPROA* ALL[S = TWO POSSIBLE !ORETICAL UND]/&+S4 ,ONE1 CLE>LY FOLL[$ BY ,CLEAV] & ,DE ,ANGELIS1 IS ?AT ( 9CORPORAT+ ! LATT] ASPECT ( CAPITAL 9 ! FIR/1 EV5 IF !Y >E OPPOSITE4 ,9 ORD] TO =CE TWO OPPOSITE DIALECTIC ASPECTS 9TO ONE 'IMPOSITION ( WORK'1 ! CONCEPTS ?AT DESCRIBE ?IS IMPOSITION 7WORK1 COMM&1 =EMAN1 ETC47 MU/ BECOME EXTREMELY AB/RACT -- AS ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO GIVE ! SAME NAME TO OPPOSITE SITUATIONS6 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF WE AB/RACT 5\< ! CONCEPT ( '=EMAN'1 WE MAY >GUE ) ,DE ,ANGELIS ?AT ! M>KET IS ! '=EMAN' ( ! FREELANCE LORRY DRIV]1 9 ! SAME WAY AS A =EMAN IS = ! BLUE-COLL> WORK]4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 BUT 9 SU* AN AB/RACT WAY ?AT \R !ORY BECOMES AS USEFUL AS ,HEGEL'S NOTORI\S BLACK NIE BLACK3 IF VALUE IS PRODUC$ ANYH[2 IF ANY?+ IS PRODUCTIVE WORK2 IF ANTAGONISM IS ANY:]E2 IF ANYBODY :O IS UND] ! PRESSURE ( A =EMAN EV5 :5 HE IS NOT BECAUSE ! M>KET CAN BE CALL$ A =EMAN2 :AT DOES ALL ?IS CL>IFY OR EXPLA9 BESIDES BE+ ONLY A MORALI/IC /ATEM5T ?AT WE >E ALL 'DOM9AT$' BY CAPITAL8 ,H[EV]1 ?IS APPROA* /ILL MA9TA9S A CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM AS A :OLE & A REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDE T[>DS B\RGEOIS RELATIONS4 ,BUT !RE IS A SECOND UND]/&+ ?AT IS POSSIBLE ONCE ! OPPOS$ ASPECTS ( CAPITAL >E NOT BO? SPELL$ \T3 ONE ?AT TAKES ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! DIALECTIC1 & CONSID]S CAPITAL JU/ 9 ITS ASPECT ( DESPOTISM1 ( 'IMPOSITION ( WORK_/ CO]CION_/ DISCIPL9E'4 ,! O!R SIDE ( CAPITAL1 B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 :OSE EXP]I5CE IS ROOT$ 9 ! FRE$OM TO EX*ANGE1 *OOSE1 CONSUME1 ETC41 IS SIMPLY P]CEIV$ AS A =CE ?AT POT5TIALLY OPPOSES ! DESPOTISM ( CAPITAL & :I* IS POT5TIALLY LIB]ATORY4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO HAVE ADOPT$ SU* A VISION ( CAPITALISM AS SIMPLY ! IMPOSITION ( A 'DISPLIPL9>Y REGIME' OV] BO? ! SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION4.<#i#h.> ,9 ,EMPIRE !Y DESCRIBE ! PRES5T CLASS /RUGGLE AS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! SO CALL$ 'MULTITUDE'1 A MULTICULTURAL MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O WANT TO BE FREE TO 'FL['1 & A DESPOTIC P[] 7,EMPIRE1 OR 'ALL ! P[]S ( ! OLD WORLD'7 :I* TRIES TO IMPOSE 'DISCIPL9>Y' LOCAL CONDITIONS ON ! PROLET>IAT 7PP4 #b#a#b1 #b#a#c1 & #d74 ,!Y ADMIT ?AT ?IS 'FREE FL[' IS =C$ ON 'MANY' PEOPLE BY 'DIRE CIRCUM/ANCES' & ?AT ITS EFFECT 'IS H>DLY LIB]ATORY' 9 ITSELF 7P4 #b#e#c74 ,NEV]!LESS = !M IT IS ! LIB]AL SPIRIT & ! AB/RACT DESIRE = FRE$OM ?AT ?IS 'FREE FL[' REPRES5TS OR SUGGE/S ?AT :AT C\NTS3 MOBILITY 'ALWAYS EXPRESSES444 A SE>* = LIB]ATION444 ! SE>* = FRE$OM444 7P4#b#a#b2 P4 #b#e#b74 ,?US = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT MIGRATION IS 'A P[]FUL =M ( CLASS /RUGGLE' 7P4 #b#a#c74 ,YES1 PEOPLE WANT TO FL[4 ,& ! GOV]NM5TS TRY TO REGULATE !IR FL[4 ,?US FL[+ SEEMS TO BE SOME?+ 9H]5TLY SUBV]SIVE4 ,BUT PEOPLE WANT TO FL[ :]E !Y ?9K !Y CAN SELL !IR LABOR P[] DE>] OR1 SIMPLY & DESP]ATELY1 F9D ANY POSSIBILITY ( 9COME EV5 AT ! PRICE ( SELL+ !IR LABOR P[] *EAP]4.<#i#i.> ,) ! ANALYSIS ( ,DE ,ANGELIS OR ,CLEAV] PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ 9 M9D1 WE W\LD RA!R UND]/& ?IS FL[ ( ! UNWAG$ AS IMPOSITION ( WORK \TSIDE PRODUCTION1 & NOT AS SOME?+ SUB]SIVE 9 ITSELF4 ,! FRE$OM ( ! LABOR M>KET UND]LY+ ! WORK]S' MOBILITY IS 9 FACT A CONTRADICTORY FACE ( CAPITAL1 ! O!R FACE BE+ EXPLOITATION1 X5OPHOBIC H>ASSM5T1 /ATE CONTROL1 ! DE/RUCTION ( TRADITIONAL PEASANT PRODUCTION 9 MANY >EAS ( ! WORLD BY ! M>KET ETC4 ,! SAME CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >ISE FROM ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITAL & FROM ! FRE$OM ( ! M>KET >E ?US MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = ! CON/ITUTION ( MOVEM5TS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION & SOLID>ITY AMONG ! DISPOSSESS$4 ,SO IT IS NOT SO MU* ! PRES5T BL9D1 R&OM1 9DIVIDUALI/ICALLY SPONTANE\S FRE$OM-TO-FL[-=-!-SAKE-(-AN-9COME ?AT HAS TO BE CELEBRAT$ AS A 'P[]FUL' EXAMPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,RA!R WE HAVE TO CELEBRATE ! OPPOSITE3 ! R$ISCOV]Y ( A HUMAN REALITY ( DIRECT RELATIONS ?AT COMES \T NOT FROM ! FL[ 9 ITSELF BUT FROM ! /RUGGLES ( ! MIGRANTS4.<#a.> ,COH]5TLY ) !IR UNCRITICAL VIEW1 ! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! 'MULTITUDE' = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT MU/ PIVOT >\ND ! DEM& = ! RECOGNITION ( CIVIL RIANTE$ 9COME 7P4 #d#c74 ,CRUCIALLY1 = ,NEGRI ! MORAL 5TITLEM5T TO CITIZ5%IP & GU>ANTE$ 9COME LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT EA* ( US 'PRODUCES' & CONTRIBUTES ) WAG$ OR UNWAG$ 'WORK' TO ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 ,A SIMIL> DIRECTION IS TAK5 BY ,=TUNATI4 ,ON P4 #bd %E EXPLA9S ?AT B\RGEOIS FRE$OM IS ILLUSORY4 ,& %E ALWAYS USES APO/ROPHES >\ND ! WORDS 'FREE' & 'FRE$OM'4 ,WE AGREE ) ?IS1 DO WE8 ,WE AGREE BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT \R B\RGEOIS FRE$OM IS ONE ) B\RGEOIS RELATIONS M$IAT$ BY EX*ANGE1 ?US ) \R FRAGM5TATION & ) ! OBJECTIFICATION ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS AS VALUE & CAPITAL & ! CONSEQU5T P[] ( CAPITAL OV] US444 ,WELL1 =GET IT4 ,?IS IS NOT ! ISSUE = ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI4 ,9 FACT1 = ,=TUNATI EX*ANGE IS APP>5TLY AN EXI/5TIAL1 UNIV]SAL & AHI/ORICAL CONDITION ( HUMANITY S9CE ! PRE-CAPITALI/ PA/3 ! RELATION BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 ! PA/ WAS 9 FACT A =M ( EX*ANGE1 IF NOT ( MONEY = COMMODITIES1 ( 'WORK = WORK' 7E4G4 P4 #b#g72 & VALUE WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL MEASURE 9 HUMAN RELATIONS & A MEASURE ( HUMAN PRIORITIES 9 EV]Y =M ( SOCIETY1 S9CE AS %E SAID1 9 ! PA/ WE 'HAD VALUE' 9S(> WE W]E SLAVES1 ?US EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,VALUE AS MEASURE ( WOR?9ESS WAS A UNIV]SAL & AHI/ORICAL FEATURE ( HUMANITY6 ,ALSO1 ,=TUNATI CALLS ALL 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS 'EX*ANGES' & CLAIMS ?AT 'EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES = EX*ANGE' 'SEEM TO (F] POT5TIALLY MORE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES' 7:I* APPE> AS SOME?+ DESIRABLE74 ,BUT1 %E ADDS1 ?IS FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE IS OB/RUCT$ & FETT]$ BY CAPITAL AS PRODUCTION4 ,LET US LOOK AT ?IS 9 DETAIL4 ,= ,=TUNATI IT IS CAPITAL-AS-PRODUCTION ?AT %APES ! =M ( ! FAMILY & OB/RUCTS ! FREE RELATION ( EX*ANGE AMONG 9DIVIDUALS -- & IT IS ?IS 7NOT EX*ANGE67 ?AT IS ! V]Y REASON = ! FRAGM5TATION ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 CAPITALISM3 ,IT IS ?IS R$UCTION ( 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS TO RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7I4E4 ! FAMILY7 ?AT UND]LIES ! GR[+ ISOLATION ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 CAPITALISM4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES ISOLAT$ NOT ONLY FROM \TSIDE SOCIETY BUT ALSO FROM O!R FAMILY MEMB]S ) :OM HE_/%E HAS A RELATION BAS$ ON PRODUCTION & NOT ON ! 9DIVIDUAL HIM_/H]SELF4 7P4 #b#e7 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* IS SAID TO BE ONE ) ! MALE-WOMAN RELATION%IP 9 ! FAMILY1 NEGATIVELY AFFECTS O!R 'EX*ANGES'1 LIKE ?OSE BETWE5 GAYS1 & MAKE !IR POT5TIAL = LIB]ATION1 = AN 'ESCAPE'1 DIFFICULT OR 9 VA93 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( V>I\S ALT]NATIVE EX*ANGES 7LESBIAN1 GAY MALE1 COMMUNAL1 ETC47 SEEMS TO (F] POT5TIALLY MORE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES = EX*ANGE1 BUT AT ! SOCIAL LEVEL ! MALE_/FEMALE RELATION%IP IS SO 9FLU5TIAL ?AT 9 PRACTICE IT IS DIFFICULT TO MODIFY OR ESCAPE FROM IT1 TO CREATE A MORE EQUAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE EX*ANG+ 7P4 #c#d74 ,FRE$OM ( *OICE & EX*ANGE1 :I* IS ! GOOD ?+ ?AT CAPITALISM (F]S TO 'EA* 9DIVIDUAL'1 IS ILLUSORY ONLY BECAUSE ! FAMILY AS A NUCLEUS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION B9DS ! 9DIVIDUALS & LIMITS \R 'REAL OPPORTUNITY = 9DIVIDUAL RELATION%IPS' -- I4E41 LIMITS ! P]FECT$ B\RGEOIS FRE$OM BAS$ ON EX*ANGE AMONG 9DIVIDUALS3 ,?US :ILE CAPITALISM444 (F]S EA* 9DIVIDUAL GREAT FRE$OM ( *OICE ) :OM TO EX*ANGE )9 ! RELATIONS ( REPRODUCTION1 IT IS ILLUSORY1 BECAUSE . ?IS 'FRE$OM' IS MAT*$ BY M9IMAL REAL OPPORTUNITY = 9DIVIDUAL RELATIONS 7P4 #b#e74.<#a#a.> ,= ,=TUNATI !N1 'CAPITAL' AS PRODUCTION IS AN EVIL 5TITY ?AT FACES US - FAC+ CAPITAL'S & ! FAMILY'S DESPOTISM1 WE1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 /RIVE TO DEVELOP 'ALT]NATIVE EX*ANGES' & LOOK = 'OPPORTUNT9TIES' = EX*ANGE4 ,CAPITAL WANTS TO CONTROL \R 'FREE' MOVEM5TS1 *OICES & EX*ANGES 9 ORD] TO COMPEL US TO WORK )9 AU?ORIT>IAN RELATIONS & ONE ( ! WAYS TO DO ?IS IS ?R\< ! FAMILY4 ,?IS IS :Y 'FRE$OM' 9 \R SY/EM IS ILLUSORY6 ,& ?IS IS :Y %E PUTS QUOTE M>KS R\ND ! WORD6 ,WE MAY AGREE ON ! ONE H& ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM (F]$ BY CAPITALISM1 :I* IS LIB]ATORY FROM ! CON/RA9S ( ! PA/1 IS ! C>ROT ( ?IS SY/EM :OSE /ICK IS PRODUCTION -- & NONE ( US W\LD SACRIFICE \R B\RGEOIS FRE$OM TO GO BACK TO A SUFFOCAT+ ,M$IEVAL SOCIAL RELATION4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& IF WE WANT TO MAKE A COH]5T CRITICISM ( CAPITAL AS PRODUCTION1 WE CANNOT & MU/ NOT AVOID CONSID]+ ITS ASPECT ( B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 ! FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE1 AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( CAPITAL & ( ITS P[] OV] US4 ,IT IS WRONG TO SEP>ATE ! TWO ASPECTS & OPPOSE PRODUCTION TO B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 OR ASSUME EX*ANGE AS AN AHI/ORICAL CONDITION ( LIFE4 ,=TUNATI'S /RESS ON EQUAL OPPORTUNITY = WOM5 & LACK ( EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 IS AMBIGU\S TOO1 S9CE H] >GUM5TS SEEM TO PIVOT ON ! RECOGNITION ( US AS 'VALUE' 9 A MORAL S5SE 9 RELATION TO \R ROLE AS VALUE OR NON-VALUE-CREAT+ = CAPITAL4.<#a#b.> ,AL?\< ADMITT+ ?AT EV]YBODY1 BO? M5 & WOM51 >E EXPLOIT$ 9 CAPITALISM1 ,=TUNATI COMPLA9S ?AT 'UND] CAPITALISM M5 & WOM5 >E NOT EXPLOIT$ EQUALLY' 7P4 #c#i71 & ?AT ! H\SEWIFE IS NOT A 'VALUE' )9 CAPITALISM3 ' UNLIKE ! MALE WORK]444 . IS POSIT$ AS NON-VALUE2 %E CANNOT OBTA9 MONEY = H] WORK1 %E RECEIVES NO WAGE 9 EX*ANGE444 %E CANNOT HOLD MONEY444' 7P4 #c#g7 ,& ?AT1 )9 ! FAMILY1 ! H\SEWIFE & H] HUSB& '5T] 9TO RELATION444 )\T EQUAL RI ,! ONE-SID$ VISION ( CAPITALISM AS PRODUCTION1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! POT5TIAL REAL OPPORTUNITY = EQUALITY & FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE1 HAS CONSEQU5CES :5 IT COMES TO ANALYZ+ 'CLASS /RUGGLE'1 AS A 'REFUSAL ( 7ANY7 WORK'1 A REFUSAL TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) CAPITAL AS PRODUCTION & DESPOTISM1 BUT /ILL )9 CAPITALISM AS F> AS EX*ANGE & CONSUMPTION ( COMMODITIES >E CONC]N$4 ,9 FACT = ,=TUNATI A MAJOR DEM& AGA9/ CAPITAL IS ?AT H\SEWIVES %\LD 'BE ALL[$ TO CONSUME' 7P4 #g#f7 -- SO MAJOR ?AT1 9 ,=TUNATI'S P]CEPTION1 SU* A DEM& 'W\LD FREE EV]YONE1 NOT JU/ WOM51 FROM ! IRON LAWS ( ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE' 7P4 #g#f74 ,:ILE PRODUCTION IS CAPITAL1 CONSUMPTION IS SOME?+ AGA9/ PRODUCTION & AGA9/ CAPITAL68 ,PROLET>IAN %OPP+1 AS ! RECLAIM+ ( \R 'RIY 9DE$ -- BUT ONLY )9 A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS CONSCI\SLY PUT ! SAME CONCEPT ( B\RGEOIS EX*ANGE 9TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY1 NOT ONE ?AT UNCRITICALLY RETA9S IT6 ,9 ,=TUNATI'S UNDIALECTIC VISION1 CAPITAL BECOMES A SUBJECT ?AT IMPOSES PRODUCTION & REPRESSION ON US1 :O >E FREE FROM CAPITAL IF WE 'REFUSE' ?IS DISCIPL9E1 IF WE /EP '\TSIDE PRODUCTION'4 ,CAPITAL TOTALLY 9CORPORATES US 9S(> AS WE >E LABOR P[] & WORK = IT1 OR WE >E TOTALLY ,AUTONOM\S FROM IT IF WE REFUSE ITS DISCIPL9E4 ,)9 A VIEW ?AT FOCUSES ON ! ASPECT ( PRODUCTION & NEGLECTS ! CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL AS DESPOTISM & FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE1 !RE IS A RISK ( DEVELOP+ AN UNCRITICAL ATTITUDE TO :AT IS '\TSIDE' PRODUCTION & IMPOSITION ( DISCIPL9E4 ,?IS ALSO APPE>S TO BE TRUE = ,NEGRI4 ,9 ,PIPEL9E ,LETT]E DA ,REBIBBIA ,NEGRI PRAISES ! REBELLI\S ATTITUDE ( ?OSE :O 9 ! '#gS AVOID$ A JOB 9 9DU/RY TO F9D A NI*E 9 PETTY B\RGEOIS SEMI-LEGAL ACTIVITY2 & ( ?OSE :O GOT A SECOND JOB \TSIDE !IR MA9 JOB 9 9DU/RY4 ,NEGRI CALL$ ?IS A 'RE9V5TION ( DAILY LIFE' 7P4 #c#b74.<#a#d.> ,CONSI/5T ) ?IS1 9 ,EMPIRE ,NEGRI CELEBRATES 'DROPP+ \TS' & REFUSALS ( WORK DONE '9 EV]Y WAY POSSIBLE' 7P4 #b#g#d71 )\T ANY CRITICISM ( CONTEXT1 AIM1 MEAN+S OR \TCOMES ( !SE DROPP+-\TS4 ,=TUNATI TOO PRAISES EXAMPLES ( 'REFUSAL ( WORK' )\T ANY CRITICAL 9SIT A DIRECT EXPRESSION ( ! REFUSAL ( ! FEMALE H\SEWIFE TO TAKE ON ! EXTRA H\SEWORK ?AT *ILDR5 REQUIRE'4 ,A REFUSAL ( HAV+ *ILDR5 CAN HAVE MANY MEAN+S 9CLUD+ BE+ P>T ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE1 BUT IT CAN ALSO BE ! RESULT ( ! NATURALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE1 & ( ! DOM9ATION ( VALUE OV] \R LIVES3 MILLIONS ( WOM5 HAVE REFUS$ TO HAVE *ILDR5 9 ORD] TO BECOME FULL-TIME WAGE SLAVES4.<#a#e.> ,:AT IS 9T]E/+ IS ACTUALLY TO CONSID] H[ ?IS FACT IS CONTRADICTORY = CAPITAL1 & H[ !SE CONTRADICTIONS ACT )9 IT4 ,! MO/ NOTICEABLE EXAMPLE ( ,=TUNATI'S COMP>TM5TALIZ$ VISION ( 'REFUSAL ( WORK' AS /RUGGLE-AGA9/-CAPITAL-BY-DEFAULT IS ! FOLL[+3 = H] ! WAVE ( AB&ONM5T ( *ILDR5 ?AT WAS CAUS$ BY ! EMPLOYM5T ( WOM5 9 L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY IS AS AN EXAMPLE ( 'WOM5'S' 9DISCIPL9E' & !IR 'REFUSAL444 TO TAKE ON ! EXTRA H\SEWORK ?AT *ILDR5 BR+' 7P4 #a#g#a74 ,AGA9/ ,M>X :O CALL$ ?IS PH5OM5ON AN 'UNNATURAL E/RANGEM5T BETWE5 MO!R & *ILD' 7P4 #a#g#b7 %E LAUN*ES A FEM9I/ ATTACK1 S9CE IS IT NOT EGALIT>IAN TO ATTRIBUTE P>5TAL AFFECTION TO WOM5 AS 'NATURAL'3 'H]E'1 %E SAYS1 ',M>X HIMSELF IS BL9D$ BY CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY' 7P4 #a#g#b74 ,BUT 9 H] FEM9I/ PASSION1 ,=TUNATI DOES NOT UND]/& ?AT H]E ,M>X SPEAKS AB\T A FUNDAM5TAL FEATURE ( CAPITAL AS ALI5ATION3 ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ?AT MAKES MONEY EV]Y?+ = ! B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUAL & ! 9DIVIDUAL AS P]SON NO?+4 ,:5 ! REAL NE$ TO E>N A WAGE BECOMES MORE IMPORTANT = Y\R SURVIVAL ?AN Y\R [N *ILD1 CAPITAL HAS COMPLET$ ! ULTIMATE DIS9TEGRATION ( SOCIETY 9TO ALI5 9DIVIDUALS1 OB/ACLES TO EA* O!R'S HAPP9ESS1 SUBMITT$ TO CAPITAL AS WAGE E>N]S = ALL \R NE$S & DESIRES4 ,AGA9/ CAPITAL AS ! UNITY & OPPOSITION ( DESPOTISM & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN ONLY *ALL5GE BO? PRODUCTION TOGE!R ) ! RELATIONS ( FREE EX*ANGE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! :OLE CON/RUCTION ( \R DISPOSSESSION4 ,! PROCESS ( DEFETI%ISATION ( VALUE & CAPITAL IS ! REAL ABOLITION ( A MAT]IAL SOCIAL RELATION1 ( EX*ANGE2 & ?US ! REAL REPOSSESSION ( ! CONTROL OV] \R LIVES1 '! COMPLETE RE/ORATION ( MAN TO HIMSELF AS SOCIAL -- I4E4 HUMAN -- BE+1 A RE/ORATION :I* HAS BECOME CONSCI\S'4.<#a#f.> ,9 ! /RUGGLE DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS WILL NECESS>ILY ABOLI% ! M$IATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< M>KET RELATIONS4 ,ONLY )9 DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS WILL VALUE BE ABOLI%$ & ! REAL 9DIVIDUAL1 :O IS HIMSELF BECAUSE ( :O HE IS & :AT HE DOES ) ! O!RS1 & NOT BECAUSE ( :AT HE HAS 9 HIS POCKETS1 WILL BE CONFIRM$4 ,ONLY )9 DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS :AT ! 9DIVIDUAL WORKS T[>DS1 I4E4 ! :OLE ( HIS CONSCI\S ACTIVITY1 WILL BE ONE ) HIS RESULT4 ,& ?IS IS REAL FRE$OM1 BECAUSE IF WE DESIRE OR DISLIKE SOME?+ WE >E REALLY ABLE TO CONSCI\SLY WORK T[>DS A*IEV+ IT OR *ANG+ IT1 S9CE NO?+ WILL RULE OV] US DESPITE US & BEH9D \R BACKS4.<#a#g.> O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,! NATURE ( LAB\R P[] #e4 ,! NATURE ( LABOR P[] ,! ABOVE LEADS US N[ /RAIN] ( ! FAMILY1 MU/ BE AB/RACT VALUE & MU/ CREATE VALUE4 ,!RE IS A G5]AL T5D5CY 9 ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY TO GLOSS OV] ! NATURE ( LABOR P[] AS A SPECIAL COMMODITY DIFF]5T FROM O!RS4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY ,CLEAV] TREATS LABOR P[] 9 ! SAME WAY AS O!R COMMODITIES1 7FOOD & 5]GY7 )\T ANY SPECIFICATION4 ,9 FACT1 AFT] HAV+ DISCUSS$ LABOR P[]1 HE SAYS3 'LET US N[ TURN TO FOOD AS A COMMODITY & APPLY ! SAME APPROA*' 7P4 #a#a74 ,SURELY1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,CLEAV] DOES NOT KN[ ?AT !RE >E IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 FOOD & LABOR P[] AS COMMODITIES -- IT MEANS ONLY ?AT HE NEGLECTS ! RELEVANCE ( !SE DIFF]5CES = A 'POLITICAL READ+' ( ,CAPITAL4 ,=TUNATI IS SURELY MORE 'COMPLEX' ?AN ,CLEAV]4 ,BY MA9TA9+ ?AT1 AS F> AS ITS CONT5T 9 VALUE IS CONC]N$1 LABOR P[] IS LIKE ALL O!R COMMODITIES1 %E ADMITS ?AT IT IS NEV]!LESS A SPECIAL COMMODITY1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE3 ,ITS USE VALUE IS PRODUC$ & CONSUM$ SEP>ATELY FROM ITS EX*ANGE VALUE2 ITS USE VALUE IS PRODUC$ )9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION & CONSUM$ )9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 ITS EX*ANGE VALUE IS PRODUC$ )9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUM$ )9 ?AT ( REPRODUCTION 7PP4 #g#h-#g#i74 ,BUT ?IS 'COMPLEXITY' DOES NOT T\* UPON ! REAL REASON :Y LABOR P[] IS A SPECIAL COMMODITY1 & IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT IT CANNOT CONTA9 VALUE AS ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( AB/RACT LABOR6 ,LET US SEE :Y4 ,9 ORD] TO EXI/1 CAPITAL NE$S A PRECONDITION3 ! MAT]IAL DISPOSSESSION ( ! PRODUC]S FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT DOES ?IS DISPOSSESSION MEAN8 ,?AT ,I DO NOT HAVE ! MEANS TO PRODUCE :AT ,I NE$4 ,BECAUSE \R RELATIONS >E M$IAT$ BY ! M>KET1 ! WAY 9 :I* \R DISPOSSESSION MANIFE/S 9 \R SOCIETY IS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT AS PROLET>IAT WE CANNOT PRODUCE VALUE BY \RSELVES1 A FACT ?AT APPE>S TO ,=TUNATI 9TRIGU+LY CONTRADICTORY4 ,DISPOSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS A SPECIFIC FEATURE ( WAGE-WORK RELATIONS4 ,9 PREVI\S MODES ( PRODUCTION1 A %AMAN OR A HUNT] WAS ONE ) HIS H]BS OR WEAPONS4 ,!RE WAS NO SU* A ?+ AS A %AMAN )\T H] H]BS OR A HUNT] )\T HIS >R[S 'LOOK+ = EMPLOYM5T' BECAUSE A %AMAN OR A HUNT] W]E NOT UND] WAG$-WORK RELATIONS4 ,9 CAPITALISM1 :]E ! WAGE-WORK RELATION IS ! BASE ( PRODUCTION1 ! UNITY ( MAN & HIS ACTIVITY IS SPLIT 9TO3 LABOR P[] ON ! ONE SIDE & CAPITAL 7! RESULT ( HUMAN ACTIVITY TURN$ AGA9/ ! HUMAN7 ON ! O!R4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! %AMAN1 A BAK] )\T AN OV5 CANNOT MAKE CAKES4 ,! BAK] HAS ! LABOR P[]1 ! FACULTY ( MAK+ CAKES1 BUT IF ! OV5 IS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( SOMEONE ELSE1 ! BAK]'S FACULTY IS SUSP5D$ 9 ! AIR4 ,IT IS USELESS -- UNLESS IT IS REUNIT$ ) ! OV54 ,BUT ?IS REUNION CAN BE POSSIBLE ONLY IF ! CAPITALI/1 [N] ( ! OV51 HIRES ! BAK]1 & ONLY ?R\< ?IS REUNION CAN VALUE BE PRODUC$4 ,! VALUE ?AT ! BAK] !N SUBSEQU5TLY PRODUCES WILL BELONG TO ! CAPITALI/1 ! [N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 AS HIS CAPITAL4 ,?IS DISPOSSESSION IS EV5 MORE /RIK+ IF WE ?9K ?AT \R SAME SKILLS >E %AP$ 9 ORD] TO BE USEFUL )9 A CAPITALI/ PROCESS1 & F9D NO REASON ( EXI/+ \TSIDE IT4 ,BAK]Y IS /ILL AN EXAMPLE ( A TRADITIONAL CRAFT1 :OSE SKILLS HAVE BE5 DEF9$ )9 A NON-CAPITALI/IC CONTEXT4 ,BUT IF WE ?9K1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ! SKILLS ( WORK+ ) A COMPUT]IZ$ SPREAD%EET1 WE CAN UND]/& H[ TRAGICALLY \R SKILLS >E NOT ONLY USELESS BUT EV5 UNIMAG9ABLE )\T CAPITAL4 ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EX*ANGE1 ! FACT ?AT \R DISPOSSESSION OBLIGES US TO HIRE \RSELVES TO A CAPITALI/ = A WAGE TAKES ! =M ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ( A PUR*ASE & SALE ( LABOR P[]4 ,?IS IS :Y LABOR P[] IS NOT A COMMODITY LIKE A CAKE1 BUT JU/ ! WAY \R DISPOSSESSION & \R EXPLOITATION BY ! CAPITALI/ APPE>S1 & ! EXPRESSION ( ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ?AT MAKES CAPITAL 5RI*M5T1 KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE1 CREATIVITY & US ! OPPOSITE ( ALL ?IS3 NO?+ )\T CAPITAL4.<#a#h.> ,?IS IS :Y SAY+ TO ! PROLET>IAT1 AS ,=TUNATI DOES1 ',ALL RIAT$ FROM ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS REALIZATION AS PRODUCTION1 IS ONE ) ! V]Y FACT ?AT WE CANNOT PRODUCE ANYMORE BY & = \RSELVES1 BUT WE CAN PRODUCE VALUE ONLY AS APP5DAGES ( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ONE ) \R EXP]I5CE ( ALI5ATION BO? 9 PRODUCTION1 9 \R RELATION ) \R PRODUCTS1 & 9 ANY O!R ACTIVITY %AP$ BY CAPITAL4 ,IF WE WANT TO SCREAM ! TRU?1 WE HAVE TO SCREAM ?AT WE >E DISPOSSESS$1 ?AT WE CANNOT CREATE VALUE ) \R REPRODUCTION1 & ?AT LABOR P[] IS NOT A COMMODITY LIKE ANY O!R4 ,!SE >E ASPECTS ( ! SAME TRU?3 ( \R CONDITION AS PROLET>IAT6 ,! IDEA ?AT WE PRODUCE LABOR P[] 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! 9DEP5D5T BAK] PRODUCES CAKES TO SELL IS A PETTY-B\RGEOIS DELUSION1 & NOT A CONTRIBUTION TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AT ALL4 O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,9VISIBLE VALUE #f4 ,9VISIBLE VALUE ,?US ,=TUNATI />TS ) A MI/AKE1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT LABOR P[] IS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ANY O!R'1 ?AT IT MU/ CONSEQU5TLY C>RY SOME VALUE CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE4 ,/>T+ FROM AN 9ITIAL MI/AKE1 IT IS NO WOND] ?AT A !ORY IS B\ND TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY FACTS3 ,=TUNATI'S !ORY CLA%ES ) ! FACT ?AT ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] DOES NOT REFLECT ANY H\SEWORK-CREAT$ VALUE AT ALL4 ,BUT = ,=TUNATI1 ?IS IS NOT BECAUSE !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ WRONG 9 H] ASSUMPTIONS1 BUT BECAUSE ( A HIDD5 PECULI>ITY ( LABOR P[]1 ?AT IT CAN CONTA9 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 = ,=TUNATI1 LABOR P[] IS SU* ?AT ITS VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE >E RELAT$ TO TOTALLY DIFF]5T ME*ANISMS1 ?IS GIV+ VALUE ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ 9VISIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS ?AT >E NOT REFLECT$ 9 EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,:ILE ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] ACC\NTS ONLY = ! VALUE ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE CONSUM$ BY ! WORK] & HIS FAMILY1 ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] CAN HAVE A CONTRIBUTION ON TOP ( ?IS1 :I* REPRES5TS ! AB/RACT LABOR ( H\SEWORK4.<#a#i.> ,?IS EXTRA 'VALUE' ON ! TOP HAS NO MANIFE/ATION AS EX*ANGE VALUE & NO REPRES5TATION 9 T]MS ( MONEY3 IT IS VALUE 9 AN 9VISIBLE /ATE DUR+ ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! WORK] & ! CAPITALI/1 I4E4 9VISIBLE ON ! LABOR M>KET4.<#a#a.> ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT !ORETICAL *ALL5GE1 :I* NE$S TO BE SUPPORT$ BY SOLID >GUM5TS4 ,BUT ! ONLY >GUM5T ,=TUNATI BR+S AB\T IS ?AT ,M>X SAID ?AT EX*ANGE VALUE & VALUE >E DIFF]5T CONCEPTS4 ,H[EV]1 %E SEEMS TO BE OBLIVI\S ?AT 9 ! SAME QUOTE ,M>X SAYS ?AT !SE VALUES >E RELAT$1 EX*ANGE VALUE BE+ ! MANIFE/ATION ( VALUE 7PP4 #h#b-#c74.<#a#a#a.> ,9DE$1 ! QUOTE BY ,M>X SAYS3 ',) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! MAGNITUDE ( VALUE 9TO ! PRICE ?IS NECESS>Y RELATION APPE>S AS ! EX*ANGE-RATIO BETWE5 A S+LE COMMODITY & ! MONEY COMMODITY :I* EXI/S \TSIDE IT444 ,H[EV]444 ! POSSIBILITY444 ( A QUANTITATIVE 9CONGRUITY BETWE5 PRICE & MAGNITUDE ( VALUE444 IS 9H]5T 9 ! PRICE =M ITSELF4 ,?IS IS NOT A DEFECT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MAKES ?IS =M ! ADEQUATE ONE = A MODE ( PRODUCTION :OSE LAWS ASS]T !MSELVES AS BL9DLY OP]AT+ AV]AGES BETWE5 CON/ANT IRREGUL>ITIES' 7P4 #h#c74 ,= ,=TUNATI ?IS MEANS ?AT ,M>X W\LD AGREE ) H] !ORY -- ?AT PRICE C\LD DIV]GE FROM VALUE = GIV51 MA!MATICALLY EXPRESSIBLE1 LUMPS ( 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,BUT ,M>X DID NOT SAY ?IS6 ,M>X SIMPLY MEANS ?AT PRICE1 A REAL EXPRESSION ( VALUE 7I4E4 ITS 'APPE>ANCE'71 IS REALIZ$ ?R\< ! BL9D WORK+ ( ! M>KET1 9 :I* PRICES NECESS>ILY FLUCTUATE >\ND VALUE4 ,!RE IS A TRAGIC MISUND]/&+ H]E4 ,=TUNATI DOES NOT REALIZE ?AT = ,M>X ! WORD 'APPE>ANCE' MEANS 'BE+ A REAL EXPRESSION ( AN ESS5CE'4 ,GROSSLY MISUND]/&+ ?IS1 ,=TUNATI R$EF9ES ?IS WORD 9 H] [N WAY 7& USES ?IS 9T]PRETATION ?R\<\T H] PAMPHLET73 'APPE>ANCE' AS 'BE+ AN ILLUSION TOTALLY UNRELAT$ TO A HIDD5 REALITY'4 ,ONLY ) ?IS MISUND]/&+ CAN %E CLAIM ?AT ,M>X W\LD SUPPORT H] !ORY & AGREE ?AT ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] CAN BE AN ILLUSION :I* HIDES ! REALITY ( AN 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,:ILE = ,M>X ESS5CE & APPE>ANCE HAVE A RELATION1 APPE>ANCE BE+ P>T ( ! SAME REALITY AS ESS5CE1 9 ,=TUNATI'S CONSPIRATORIAL UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM ! CONCEPT ( APPE>ANCE IS BANALIZ$ 9TO ! CONCEPT ( A SIMPLE LIE1 A CURTA9 ?AT COV]S A TOTALLY DIFF]5T REALITY1 A MY/IFICATION & A DECEPTION BY NA/Y CAPITAL4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! REALITY BEH9D AN APPE>ANCE 7! VALUE ( LABOR P[] BEH9D ITS EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ?IS CASE7 CANNOT BE GRASP$ ?R\< ! /UDY ( ?IS APPE>ANCE4 ,SO H[ CAN WE KN[ ! REALITY ( ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 ! REALITY BEH9D ITS PRICE8 ,?IS CAN BE F\ND ONLY BY FEM99E 9TUITION1 :I* CAN NEGLECT ALL ! LIES & 'APPE>ANCES' ( ?IS MAN-MADE CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,! REALITY ( '9VISIBLE VALUE' ,LET US SEE !N H[ ,=TUNATI PROCE$S ) %[+ H[ ! 'REALITY' ( ! 9VISIBLE VALUE ( LABOR P[] MANIFE/S ITSELF4 ,IF ?IS 9VISIBLE VALUE DOES NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 H[ & :]E DOES IT MANIFE/ ITSELF !N8 ,9 ! FUTURE CREATION ( VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ,=TUNATI1 ! 9VISIBLE VALUE CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE IS A 'VALUE .<:I*.> RAISES ! USE-VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 USE-VALUE BE+ ! ELEM5T :I* CREATES VALUE' 7P4 #e#b74 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,9 ! CASE ( ANY O!R COMMODITY ?AN LABOR P[]1 ONE W\LD NOT MIX ! CONCEPT ( USE VALUE & VALUE ( A PRODUCT 7E4G4 A CAKE AS A LUMP ( FL\R1 BUTT]1 SUG>1 ETC4 & ITS VALUE1 EXPRESS$ BY ITS PRICE74 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( ! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] ONE CAN BE TEMPT$ TO MIX VALUE & USE VALUE UP BECAUSE ( ! P>TICUL> NATURE ( LABOR P[]3 ?AT ( BE+ ! CAPACITY TO CREATE VALUE = CAPITAL4 ,! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] IS ! POT5TIAL CREATION ( VALUE1 ?US1 ! ,=TUNATEAN SYLLOGISM CONCLUDES1 IF SOME?+ HAS ! CAPACITY TO CREATE VALUE1 ?IS SOME?+ MU/ BE VALUE ITSELF4.<#a#a#b.> ,! FACT ?AT LABOR CREATES VALUE BUT IS NOT VALUE ITSELF IS A FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPT TO UND]/& CAPITALISM4 ,) ! SEP>ATION ( PROP]TY FROM LABOR1 LABOR IS POSIT$ AS 'NOT-RAW-MAT]IAL1 NOT-9/RUM5T-( LABOR1 NOT-RAW-PRODUCT444 . LABOR SEP>AT$ FROM ALL MEANS & OBJECTS ( LABOR1 FROM ITS 5TIRE OBJECTIVITY4 ,?IS LIV+ LABOR . AS AN AB/RACTION FROM !SE MOM5TS ( ITS ACTUAL REALITY 7ALSO1 NOT-VALUE72 . COMPLETE D5UDATION444 /RIPP$ ( ALL OBJECTIVITY4 .<,IT IS.> LABOR AS ABSOLUTE POV]TY3 POV]TY NOT AS %ORTAGE1 BUT AS TOTAL EXCLUSION ( OBJECTIVE WEAL?4 ,OR ALSO AS ! EXI/+ NON-VALUE1 & H5CE PURELY OBJECTIVE USE VALUE444 LABOR NOT AS AN OBJECT1 BUT AS AN ACTIVITY2 NOT AS ITSELF VALUE1 BUT AS LIV+ S\RCE ( VALUE444' .<#a#a#c.> ,BUT = ,=TUNATI IF SOME?+ IS ABLE TO CREATE VALUE1 IT IS VALUE ITSELF4 ,IT IS AN EXTRA VALUE1 :OSE EXI/5CE IS MY/IFI$ AS NON-VALUE BY CAPITALISM1 & :I* IS CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE4 ,?IS EXTRA VALUE IS REAL & ALREADY EXI/+1 9 AN 9VISIBLE /ATE1 BUT IT NE$S ! WORK ( ! HUSB& WORK] 9 HIS WORKPLACE TO 'RE-TRANS=M ITSELF' 9TO VISIBLE VALUE 7PP4 #i#e-#f74 ,BUT IF VALUE IS ! EXPRESSION ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS M$IAT$ BY ?+S1 I4E41 M$IAT$ BY A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 \R COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET1 H[ CAN ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] EXI/ & AT ! SAME TIME BE 9VISIBLE ON ! LABOR M>KET8 ,& H[ CAN ! 9VISIBLE 'AB/RACT' LABOR TIME ( H\SEWORK BE A REALITY8 ,=TUNATI ANSW]S3 ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] 'IS DET]M9$ BY ! TIME NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE & REPRODUCE IT'1 BECAUSE ?IS IS 'LIKE ?AT ( ANY O!R COMMODITY' 7P4#c#e7 ,IS IT8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,! FACT ?AT AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS 'MEASUR$' BY CONSID]+ LABOR TIME IS NOT TRUE = 'ANY COMMODITY' AT ALL6 ,AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS NOT 9 FACT ! SAME ?+ AS ! ACTUAL LABOR TIME1 ?AT IS ! TIME ACTUALLY SP5T DO+ ! WORK4 ,WE CAN ONLY SPEAK AB\T AB/RACT LABOR ONLY )9 A PRODUCTION PROCESS :I* IS AIM$ AT EX*ANGE1 I4E4 AT ! M>KET4.<#a#a#d.> ,SO1 H[ CAN AB/RACT H\SEWORK BE ONLY DEF9$ BY ! QUANTITY ( WORK PRODUC$ BY ! H\SEWORK] 9 ! PRIVACY ( \R HOMES1 AS %E SAYS ON PAGE #c#e8 ,H[ CAN WE 'MEASURE' ! AB/RACT LABOR TIME ( TIDY+ UP ! H\SE1 VACUUM CLEAN+1 HAV+ SEX1 TOTALLY DIFF]5T CONCRETE WORKS1 )\T A PROCESS ( AB/RACTION & COMP>ISON ?AT CAN OCCUR ONLY ?R\< ! M>KET8 ,NO M>KET1 NO PRODUCTION = A M>KET1 NO AB/RACT VALUE4 ,=TUNATI'S IDEA ?AT AB/RACT H\SEWORK TIME CAN BE MEASUR$ BY TIM+ H\SEWORK IS A MISCONCEPTION ( :AT AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y ROOT ( ALL !SE !ORETICAL PROBLEMS !RE IS SOME?+ WRONG 9 ,=TUNATI'S BASIC UND]/&+ ( ! SAME CONCEPT ( VALUE4 ,ON P4 #a#f1 9 ORD] TO DEMON/RATE ?AT REPRODUCTION WORK IS VALUE-PRODUC+ WORK1 %E SAYS ?AT 'DESPITE BE+ 9DIVIDUAL LABOR1 . IS WORK 9 ITS IMM$IATE SOCIAL =M1 LIKE ! WORK ?AT PRODUCES COMMODITIES4' ,WRONG4 ,:Y IS ?IS WRONG8 ,VALUE IS ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! WAY SOCIETY REW>DS MY WORK DONE = O!RS1 I4E4 MY CONTRIBUTION TO ! TOTAL LABOR ( SOCIETY4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS 'REW>D' IS 9DIRECT4 ,PRODUCTION 9 CAPITALISM1 UNLIKE ?AT 9 ! PA/1 IS A PRIVATE & NOT IMM$IATELY SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & ! SOCIAL RELATION AMONG PRODUC]S IS M$IAT$ BY EX*ANGE ( ! ?+S !Y PRODUCE4 ,\R PRODUCTS1 !N1 5GAG$ 9 A SOCIAL RELATION ON ! M>KET1 ACQUIRE ! PROP]TY ( POSSESS+ VALUE1 AS SOME?+ '/AMP$ UPON !M'4 ,?US ! SAME EXI/5CE ( VALUE IS FUNDAM5TALLY RELAT$ TO ! FACT ?AT \R WORK1 :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES1 IS ,N,O,T IMM$IATELY SOCIAL4 ,IF ,=TUNATI HAS NO CLUE ( ! ME*ANISM ?AT PRODUCES VALUE1 :AT CR$IT CAN WE GIVE TO H] WEIRDE/ /ATEM5TS AB\T 9VISIBLE VALUE8 ,! REAL ISSUE HIDD5 BY ! !ORY ( 9VISIBLE VALUE ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION REPRODUCES ! >CANE ( H\SEWORK BY ANALYZ+ IT 9 A /YLE ?AT ALL[S MORE ?AN ONE 9T]PRETATION4 ,A FIR/ SUP]FICIAL READ+ IS B\ND TO APPEAL TO ! LIB]AL FEM9I/ READ]4 ,IT SPEAKS EXPLICITLY AB\T ! 9EQUALITY ( M5 & WOM5 '9 ! EYES ( ! LAW'1 OR AB\T QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL P[] BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAN MAN & WOMAN 7P4 #c#i74 ,H[EV]1 O!R P>TS 9SI/ ?AT ! ISSUE IS 'EXPLOITATION'1 ?AT IT IS A ,M>XIAN ISSUE4 ,BUT LET US CONSID] ,=TUNATI'S ',M>XIAN' >GUM5TS AB\T ! H\SEWIFE'S 'EXPLOITATION'4.<#a#a#e.> ,= ,=TUNATI1 ?IS 'EXPLOITATION' CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME ( ! H\SEWIFE 'IS CALCULAT$ ONLY ) RESPECT TO ! MALE WORK]'S WORK+ DAY' 7P4 #i#a74 ,?IS IS A BIT AMBIGU\S4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN8 ,9 ,=TUNATI'S WORDS3 '! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME SUPPLI$ BY ! MALE WORK] ALREADY CONTA9S ! .444 ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ( ! FEMALE H\SEWIFE TOO444 . MU/1 ) H] WORK1 RE-E>N .' 7P4 #i#c74 ,?AT IS1 IF ! HUSB&'S WAGE 9CLUDES ! MEANS ( ! WIFE'S REPRODUCTION1 ?IS IMPLIES ?AT ) H] H\SEWORK ! WIFE WORKS AGA9 ON TOP ( :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 E>N$ BY H] HUSB& DUR+ HIS DAY ( WORK4 ,! FACT ?AT ! H\SEWIFE MU/ RE-E>N SOME MONEY ) H] WORK1 IS NOT ! EXPLOITATION BAS$ ON EQUAL & FAIR EX*ANGE ( WAGE = WORK ?AT ,M>X DISCOV]$4 ,IT IS RA!R AN 'EXPLOITATION' DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ LEFT UNPAID1 AGA9/ ! SACR$ B\RGEOIS RULES ( FAIR & EQUAL EX*ANGE4 ,EXPLOITATION BY MAK+ PEOPLE RE-E>N SOME?+1 I4E4 NOT PAY+ A FULL HONE/ WAGE1 NOT EX*ANG+ EQUIVAL5TS1 IS ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( EXPLOITATION ?AT ONE HE>S :5 ,NIKE'S SWEAT%OPS >E UND] LEFT LIB]AL CRITICISM4 ,H[EV]1 IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ,=TUNATI'S !ORY REVEALS ?AT ! H\SEWIFE HAS TO DO A SECOND BAT* ( WORK = NO?+ AFT] ?AT DONE BY H] HUSB&1 ?IS W\LD BE AN 9T]E/+ DISCOV]Y ANYWAY4 ,NOBODY HAS EV] NOTIC$ ?IS BE=E1 & WE %\LD N[ WOND] :E!R ,=TUNATI'S !ORY ( 9VISIBLE VALUE IS REALLY FIT TO EXPOSE ?IS BAD ACC\NTANCY ( CAPITALI/ REW>D ( WAGES = WORK4 ,LET US !N =CE \RSELVES TEMPOR>ILY TO ADOPT ,=TUNATI'S !ORY & *ECK H] [N CLAIM1 BY EVALUAT+ ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME 9VOLV$ 9 ! HUSB&'S WAGE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY1 ! H\SEWIFE DOES SOME AB/RACT LABOR1 :I* MAT]IALIZES 9 H] CONTRIBUTION ( VALUE LH 7VALUE FROM H\SEWORK72 & ! HUSB& WORK] DOES SOME AB/RACT LABOR1 :I* RESULTS 9 HIS CONTRIBUTION ( VALUE LW 7VALUE FROM WORK74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,=TUNATI'S 9/RUCTIONS1 '! TWO VALORIZATION PROCESSES MU/ ADD UP' 7P4#h#i74 ,?IS MEANS ?AT1 IF 9VISIBLE VALUE LH IS NOT B\ND TO BE 9VISIBLE =EV]1 IT MU/ EV5TUALLY MANIFE/ AS A CONTRIBUTION 9 ! TOTAL VALUE LTOT 7TOTAL VALUE7 ( ! PRODUCT2 OR1 BETT]1 9 ,=TUNATI'S WORDS1 'RE-TRANS=MS ITSELF'1 9 ! F9AL VALUE CREAT$ = ! CAPITALI/4 ,?US TOTAL VALUE IS ! SUM ( ! VALUE CREAT$ BY H\SEWORK & ?AT CREAT$ BY WORK3 LTOT "7 LH "4 LW4 ,! CAPITALI/1 :O HAS NEV] HE>D ( ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI1 DOES NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ! 9VISIBLE VALUE LH4 ,:AT HE ?9KS IS ?AT HE HAS ACQUIR$ A QUANTITY ( VALUE LTOT DUR+ ! DAY4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ! CAPITALI/ GIVES ! WAGE TO HIS WORK]4 ,?IS WAGE IS ! MONEY NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! WORK] AS WORK] & HIS WIFE AS H\SEWIFE4 ,! CAPITALI/ IS AW>E ( ?IS NECESSITY1 & HAS TO GIVE UP P>T ( ! VALUE ?AT HE GA9$ DUR+ ! DAY -- LET US SAY = EXAMPLE1 ONE QU>T] ( IT4 ,SO1 ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME CO9CIDES ) A QU>T] ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ?AT IS A QU>T] ( LTOT4 ,BUT1 S9CE WE >E TEMPOR>ILY ,=TUNATI1 WE KN[ ?AT '9 REALITY' LTOT IS ! SUM ( ! TWO CONTRIBUTIONS ( AB/RACT LABOR 7LH "4 LW74 ,?US1 EV5 IF ! CAPITALI/ DOES NOT SEE IT1 WE SEE ?AT ! WAGE ACTUALLY PAID CORRESPONDS TO NECESS>Y LABOR TIME1 :I* IS ONE QU>T] ( ! AB/RACT LABORS ( BO? WORK & H\SEWORK3 ,WAGE PAID "7 7#a_/#d7 ' 7 LH "4 LW 7 "7 NECESS>Y LABOR TIME4 ,N[1 BE+ ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI1 ,I W\LD CONCLUDE3 ',! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! WAGE PAID TO ! WORK] 9CLUDES ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME EXP5D$ BY ! H\SEWIFE AT HOME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI 7?AT IS1 ME7 IS WRONG 9 CLAIM+ ?AT ! H\SEWIFE'S WORK CON/ITUTES A RE-E>N+4 ,9DE$1 IT IS CLE> FROM ! =MULAS ?AT ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME SUPPLI$ BY ! H\SEWIFE DOES CONTRIBUTE P>T ( ! WAGE1 ?US H] WORK AT HOME IS NECESS>Y = ?IS E>N+ & DOES NOT AM\NT TO A RE-E>N+4 ,IT IS WOR? /RESS+ ?AT WE HAVE JU/ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,=TUNATI'S [N !ORY CONTRADICTS H] [N CLAIMS4 ,AFT] HAV+ 5JOY$ ! ABOVE EX]CISE1 :I* %[$ ! 9CONSI/5CY BETWE5 ,=TUNATI'S !ORY & H] [N CLAIMS1 LET US REMEMB] ?AT IT WAS ONLY AN EX]CISE1 & ?AT WE HAVE ALREADY >GU$ ?AT H\SEWORK DOES NOT PRODUCE VALUE4 ,IS ! H\SEWIFE REW>D$ OR NOT BY CAPITAL = H] WORK1 !N1 & IF %E IS 9 :AT S5SE IS %E8 ,ASSUM+ ?AT ! MAN'S WAGE COV]S ! REPRODUCTION ( HIS :OLE FAMILY1 ! MALE WORK] IS PAID 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! EXI/5CE & REPRODUCTION ( HIMSELF AS WORK]1 HIS WIFE AS H\SEWIFE1 & HIS *ILDR5 AS *ILDR54 ,9 ! 'G5]OSITY' ( ! CAPITALI/ TO PAY A FAMILY WAGE TO ! M>RI$ & FA!R WORK]1 ! CONCRETE EXI/5CE & ACTIVITY ( ! H\SEWIFE IS TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 AS WELL AS ! CONCRETE EXI/5CE ( ! *ILDR5 & !IR ACTIVITY4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ ! ELABORATION ( ,=TUNATI TO SEE ?AT H\SEWORK IS FUNCTIONAL TO CAPITALISM1 & ?AT %E1 AS WELL AS H] HUSB&1 IS PAID ONLY = H] MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE :ILE CAPITAL ?RIVES ON !IR LIVES4 ,AL?\< ! WOMAN IS 'REW>D$' ?R\< H] HUSB&'S WAGE & %E IS NOT A WAG$ WORK]1 ?IS 'REW>D' HAS SOME?+ 9 COMMON ) ! 'REW>D' RECEIV$ BY H] HUSB& = HIS WORK3 9DE$1 BO? HUSB& & WIFE RECEIVE MONEY = ! VALUE ( !IR SURVIVAL4 ,! CONDITION ( ! WOMAN MAY !N BE DISCUSS$ 9 RELATION TO A S\ND CRITICISM ( ! WAGE =M4 ,BUT ALSO 9 ?IS RESPECT ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION IS DISAPPO9T+4 ,:5 ! QUE/ION ( ! WAGE =M IS CONSID]$1 ,=TUNATI DEPLOYS ALL H] SKILLS ( COMPLEXIFICATION & R5D]S ! >GUM5T 7DELIB]ATELY87 OBSCURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE READ ?AT3 ,9 PRODUCTION1 ! ELEM5TS1 :I* >E COMMODITIES1 APPE> AS SU*1 & ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 WORK]S >E LABOR P[]1 !RE=E COMMODITIES1 BUT !Y >E ALSO ! WORK+ CLASS2 WORK IS WAG$ WORK2 ! EX*ANGE IS AN EX*ANGE ORGANIZ$ CAPITALI/ICALLY2 ! RELATION ( PRODUCTION IS ! WAG$ WORK RELATION4 ,?US IT IS NOT AT ?IS LEVEL ?AT CAPITAL HIDES ITS VORACITY 9 ! APPROPRIATION ( VALUE OR ! VIOL5CE ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT AT ! LEVEL ( ! CAPITAL WORK] RELATION%IP1 :I* IS 9 REALITY A RELATION%IP BAS$ ON ! EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 TAK+ PLACE 9 AN EX*ANGE :I*1 :ILE APPE>+ TO BE ONE BETWE5 EQUALS1 IS 9 FACT AN EX*ANGE ( NON-EQUIVAL5TS BETWE5 NON EQUALS 7PP4 #b-#b#a74 ,9 ?IS 'COMPLEX' P>AGRAPH WE LE>N ?AT IT IS NOT AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION ?AT CAPITAL HIDES ITS VORACITY = VALUE & NOT 9 ! FACT ?AT 'WORK IS WAG$ WORK'68 ,BUT 9 AN 'EX*ANGE ( NON-EQUIVAL5TS'1 9 'UNFAIR EX*ANGE'4 ,! WOMAN IS EXPLOIT$ BECAUSE H] HUSB&'S LABOR P[] IS EX*ANG$ )\T REG>D = ITS 9VISIBLE VALUE SO ?AT '! CAPITALI/ BUYS . BEL[ CO/' 7P4 #h#d74 ,DESPITE ,=TUNATI'S ,M>XIAN MAKE-UP1 AT ! 5D ( ! DAY H] >GUM5TS PIVOT >\ND ! CRITICISM ( A MALE-C5T]$ SOCIETY :]E ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK]1 I4E4 ! MASCUL9E CROSS-CLASS SIDE ( SOCIETY1 %>E ! TACIT ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WAGE IS JU/ ! M]IT ( ! MALE WORK]'S DAY WORK4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT IT IS ! HUSB& :O CA%ES ! *ECK1 & ! WOMAN IS NOT 'EQUAL TO HIM 9 FRONT ( ! LAW' & CANNOT 'HOLD MONEY H]SELF'4 ,TALKS ( '/RUGGLE' >E ECLIPS$ BEH9D COMPLA9S AB\T ECONOMIC & LEGAL 9EQUALITY4 ,=TUNATI'S LIB]AL 'REALITY' BEH9D H] ,M>XIAN 'APPE>ANCE' SEEMS TO BE CONNECT$ ) ! MA9 PROBLEM ( ! BOOK1 HI ,LEOPOLD9A'S ,MA!MATICAL SKILLS 7NOTE SCANN$ PICTURES ( =MULAS FROM ! BOOK >E CURR5TLY MISS+ FROM ?IS ONL9E V]SION7 ,TO F9I%1 LET US CONSID] PAGE #ih ( ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION1 :I* MU/ HAVE UND\BT$LY 9SPIR$ ! DEEPE/ AWE 9 ITS READ]S4 ,?IS PAGE CONTA9S ! 'CALCULATION' (444 SOME?+4 ,BUT :AT8 ,?IS IS A GOOD QUE/ION 9DE$4 ,=TUNATI 9TRODUCES !SE =MULAS BY DEF9+ A QUANTITY P' AS '! AM\NT ( ! SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ 9 ! PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION' & A QUANTITY ,P AS '! AV]AGE SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ BY ! S+LE LABOR P[]' 7P4 #i#h7 BUT !N %E PRES5TS A '=MULA' = A MY/]I\S QUANTITY ,P' ?AT HAS NEV] BE5 9TRODUC$ AT ALL4 ,! 'COMPLEXITY' ( ?IS =MULA IS ALREADY BREW+ 9 ?IS MY/]I\S 9TRODUCTION4 ,BUT LET US LOOK AT H[ %E PROCE$S 7SEE P4 #i#h7 ,BESIDES ! CLUMSY 9TRODUCTION 7IS ,P' EQUAL TO P'87 & ! CONFUS+ USE ( UNNECESS>Y LABEL+ 7:Y N' 9/EAD ( N8 ETC471 9 !SE '=MULAS' !RE IS SOME?+ MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN JU/ A QUE/ION ( SLOPP9ESS4 ,:AT IS WRITT5 ON ! RIE JU/ PIL$ UP ONE ON ! TOP ( ! O!R8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS' ON ! BOTTOM RI CONNECTION8 ,MA!MATICS IS SOME?+ 'SCI5TIFICALLY TRUE'1 BLACK & :ITE1 ONLY BECAUSE1 BY ITS [N DEF9ITION & NATURE1 IT TALKS A LANGUAGE ?AT DOES NOT LEAVE ! READ] ANY?+ TO GUESS4 ,BUT LET US ALSO LOOK AT ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS' AT ! BOTTOM RIE SEP>AT$ BY A MY/]I\S EMPTY SPACE4 ,AGA91 WE >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE A GUESS1 :ILE ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( MA!MATICS TURN 9 !IR GRAVE4.<#a#a#g.> ,>E P]HAPS !SE TWO =MULAS MULTIPLI$ BY EA* O!R -- I4E41 IS !RE A MISS+ 'X' SIGN BETWE5 !M8 ,BUT ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT ! MY/]I\S QUANTITY ,P' W\LD BE PROPORTIONAL TO ! SQU>ES ( A RATE ( SURPLUS & ! NUMB] ( WORK]S -- :I* IS RA!R UNLIKELY :ATEV] ,P' IS1 & ABOVE ALL IF WE HAVE GUESS$ RIE PURE NUMB]S3 SO ! FIR/ '=MULA' IS VALUE4 ,! SECOND '=MULA' CONTA9S ONLY 7A0_/A'7 & N'1 SO IT IS A PURE NUMB]4 ,VALUE CANNOT BE ADD$1 SUBTRACT$ OR EQUAT$ TO A NUMB]4.<#a#a#h.> ,SO :AT IS ?IS RELATION BETWE5 ?OSE TWO '=MULAS'8 ,! ONLY SOLUTION ( ?IS RIDDLE IS3 IT IS AN UNBELIEVABLY BAD TYPO4 ,PROBABLY A :OLE *UNK ( =MULA 7"7 F' X7 HAS BE5 UNWITT+LY MISS$ BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS'4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT JU/ A TYPO2 IT IS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( A :OLE *UNK ( LOGICAL CONNECTIONS4 ,IT TURNS ! :OLE LOT 9TO AN EVID5T NONS5SE1 & IT %\LD HAVE BE5 SPOTT$ BY ! AU?OR4 ,IF ,=TUNATI HAD AVOID$ '=MULAS'1 NOT ONLY W\LD %E HAVE AVOID$ EMB>RASSM5T = !IR MISMANAGEM5T1 BUT %E W\LD ALSO HAVE MISS$ NO?+ 9 H] >GUM5TS4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS USE ( MA!MATICS IS ONLY A RHETORICAL EX]CISE4 ,LET US CONSID] ! LOGIC ( ?IS =MULAIC MESS3 %E CLAIMS %E WANTS TO 'CALCULATE' ! TOTAL SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ TO ! CAPITALI/S BY BO? WORK]S & H\SEWIVES4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS1 %E JU/ TAKES ! KN[N EXPRESSION = ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE & FE$S H] 9VISIBLE LABOR QUANTITIES 9TO IT4 ,?IS IS LIKE CLAIM+ TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL A MAGIC =CE ,M1 & !N1 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BELIEVE 9 ITS EXI/5CE1 %[ !M ! LAW ( ,NEWTON 7,F "7 MA2 ! =CE APPLI$ TO A BODY ( MASS M IS EQUAL TO ITS ACCEL]ATION MULTIPLI$ BY ITS MASS7 AS3 7,F "4 ,M7 "7 MA ,! USE ( A =MULA H]E DOES NOT ADD ANY?+ TO MY CLAIM ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! MAGICAL =CE ,M1 & DOES NOT TELL ! READ]S H[ TO MEASURE IT4 ,IT ALSO DOES NOT AFFECT ! ACCEL]ATION A1 IF WE DEF9E ,F TO BE SU* TO GIVE ! CORRECT ACCEL]ATION IF ADD$ TO ,M4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS '=MULA' HAS ! ONLY AIM ( GIV+ MY /ATEM5TS SOME RESPECTFUL 'MA!MATICAL' DECORATION4 ,( MAK+ MY READ]S SAY3 ',IF IT IS 9 A =MULA1 IT MU/ BE TRUE6' ,H[EV]1 =MULA #a LOOKS /ILL TOO READABLE & IT IS NOT 9TIMIDAT+ 5\<4 ,9 ORD] TO SORT ?IS \T1 ,I CAN DO A BIT ( CUT-&-PA/E & H]E Y\ GO3 7,F"4,M7 7,F"4,M'7 X MA "7 7#b7 "4,F ,F' X7,F"4,M7 ,?IS IS MU* MORE COMPLEX1 ?US MORE AU?ORITATIVE1 & SC>Y 5\< TO DET] ANY CRITICISM ( MY MAGIC =CE4.<#a#a#i.> ,:5 IT COMES TO 'MA!MATICAL' DEMON/RATIONS1 GO+ FUZZY SEEMS TO BE A G5]AL FEATURE ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION4 ,CLEAV] 9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY1 PAGE #a#b#c1 (F]S US A BRILLIANT EXAMPLE ( ! USE ( MA!MATICS 9 ORD] TO COMPLICATE & EV5 CONTRADICT1 :AT HE SAYS 9 PLA9 WORDS4 ,DISCUSS+ ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! H\SEWIFE TO CAPITAL'S PR(ITS1 ,CLEAV] CORRECTLY >GUES ?AT H\SEWORK S]VES TO L[] ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 ?US 9CREAS+ ! VALUE POCKET$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS SURPLUS4 ,?IS IS CLE>1 & AN 9T]E/+ PO9T4 ,BUT !N HE TRIES TO EXPRESS ?IS PO9T ) ! FOLL[+ UN=TUNATE '=MULA'3 ,H[ DO WE READ ?IS '=MULA'8 ,! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS ! SECOND L9E1 SAYS ?AT AT ! BEG9N+ ( A CYCLE ! CAPITALI/ 9VE/S MONEY 7,M7 TO BUY SOME LABOR P[] 7,L,P7 & SOME MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7,M,P72 !N ! WORK] PRODUCES 7,P71 & ! \TCOME ( PRODUCTION IS A NEW COMMODITY ,C'1 :I* IS WOR? MORE VALUE & IS EX*ANG$ = A HI<] SUM ( MONEY 7,M'7 ?AN ! ONE 9ITIALLY 9VE/$4 ,?IS CYCLE REPEATS4 ,! EXTRA MONEY1 CYCLE BY CYCLE1 IS POCKET$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 CORRESPOND5CE TO ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION1 !RE IS A CYCLE ( REPRODUCTION 7FIR/ L9E74 ,LET US READ IT /EP BY /EP4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CYCLE 7DAY #a ( WORK71 ! WORK] SELLS TO ! CAPITALI/ ! LABOR P[] ,L,P = A QUANTITY ( MONEY ,M4 ,) ?IS MONEY1 ! FAMILY BUYS !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ,C7,M,S74 ,!N ! WORK]'S WIFE DOES SOME H\SEWORK 7,P74 ,AFT] ! H\SEWORK IS DONE1 ! WORK] F9DS HIMSELF TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( ! LABOR P[] ,L,P"94 ,CLEAV] /ATES3 ,L,P"9 IS DIFF]5T FROM ,L,P & IT IS WOR? LESS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! LABOR P[] ?AT ! WORK] HAS AFT] HIS WIFE'S WORK IS WOR? LESS ?AN ! LABOR P[] HE SOLD TO ! CAPITALI/ ! DAY BE=E4 ,=TUNATELY ?IS IS NOT V]Y BAD = HIM BECAUSE 9 ! NEXT CYCLE 7DAY #b ( WORK71 HE IS ABLE TO RIP (F ! CAPITALI/1 & APP>5TLY SELL ,L,P"9 = ! SAME AM\NT ( MONEY ,M HE HAD RECEIV$ ! DAY BE=E :5 HE SOLD ,L,P1 AL?\< ,L,P"9 IS WOR? LESS444 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS IS JU/ LUDICR\S & IF ,CLEAV] HAD LEFT ?IS '=MULA' \T HIS >GUM5TS AB\T H\SEWORK W\LD HAVE BE5 CLE>]4 ,CLEAV]'S '=MULA' ALSO CONFIRMS ! G5]AL & UNAVOIDABLE CURSE ( H\SEWORK3 ?AT ( HAV+ ALWAYS TO CONTRIBUTE TO CAPITAL VALORIZATION 9 AN 9VISIBLE WAY -- NO MATT] H[ MU* ONE TWI/S MA!MATICS1 ?IS VALUE SEEMS TO BE JU/ UNABLE TO APPE> 9 NUMB]S1 BLACK & :ITE6 ,! SECOND L9E 9 ! =MULA1 I4E4 ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION1 CONFIRMS ?AT = ! CAPITALI/ NO?+ HAS *ANG$ FROM DAY #a3 ON DAY #b1 HE BUYS ! SAME LABOR P[] ,L,P AS ! DAY BE=E1 :ATEV] ! AM\NT ( WORK DONE BY ! H\SEWIFE1 & HE IS APP>5TLY UNAW>E ( ,L,P"91 :I* DOES NOT PLAY ANY ROLE 9 ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 O ,P>T #b1 ,CONCLUSION ,CONCLUSIONS ,AS WE SAID 9 ! ,9TRODUCTION1 ! PRES5T CRITIQUE ( ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION WAS PR9CIPALLY AIM$ AT COMM5T+ ON A FEW QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE BE5 C5TRAL 9 ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION3 ,DOES REPRODUCTIVE WORK 7& 9 G5]AL ANY WORK \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION7 CREATE VALUE8 ,IS ! :OLE SOCIETY A L>GE FACTORY :]E ANY WORK OR ACTIVITY NOT ONLY PRODUCE VALUE BUT >E ALSO ORGANIZ$ AS WAG$ WORK8 ,CAN WE SEE CLASS RELATION 9 CAPITALISM AS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CAPITAL1 I4E4 A SUBJECT ?AT M]ELY WANTS TO IMPOSE 7WORK7 DISCIPL9E1 & ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,9 ,SECTION #a WE EXPLOR$ ! REASONS BEH9D ! ,AUTONOMI/ >GUM5T ?AT WORK \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION CREATES VALUE4 ,WE %[$ ?AT ?IS 'QUE/' = VALUE IS CONSI/5T ) ! ,AUTONOMI/ SUBJECTIVI/ READ+ ( ,M>X'S CATEGORIES1 E4G4 VALUE & AB/RACT LABOR3 IF VALUE & AB/RACT LABOR HAVE IMM$IATE MEAN+S 9 T]MS ( SUBJECTIVE ANTAGONISM ) CAPITAL1 !Y MAY BE EXT5D$ TO EXPLA9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! UNWAG$3 ! UNEMPLOY$1 /UD5TS1 ETC4 ,/>T+ FROM ,=TUNATI'S CLAIM ?AT ! FAMILY IS A HIDD5 FACTORY ORGANIZ$ 'CAPITALI/ICALLY'1 9 ,SECTION #b WE EXPLOR$ ! ,AUTONOMI/ !SIS ?AT ALL WAG$ & UNWAG$ WORK IS ORGANIZ$ BY CAPITAL AS 9 AN EXT5D$ FACTORY4 ,WE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ?IS !ORIZATION HAS A MOM5T ( TRU? -- IT IS TRUE ?AT CAPITAL T5DS TO IMPOSE ! DISCIPL9E ( WAG$ WORK ONTO UNWAG$ ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS CAN EXPLA9 ! ANTAGONISM ( ! UNWAG$4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ANY DISRUPTION ( REPRODUCTION OR CIRCULATION IS A DISRUPTION ( ! WORK+S ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE -- ?US /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE CAN BE EFFECTIVE AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN1 NOR REQUIRES AS A PRECONDITION1 ?AT UNWAG$ WORK MU/ CREATE VALUE4 ,9 ,SECTION #c WE DISCUSS$ ! WAY 9 :I* CAPITAL IMPOSES 'DISCIPL9E' ON UNWAG$ ACTIVITY4 ,WE CONSID]$ ! DIALECTICAL 9T]PLAY ( CAPITAL'S DESPOTISM )9 ! WORKPLACE & B\RGEOIS EX*ANGE1 :I* REGULATES ! DIVISION ( LABOR & DEF9ES ! HORIZONS = 9DIVIDUAL *OICE & POSSIBILITY 9 SOCIETY4 ,WE /RESS$ ?AT B\RGEOIS FRE$OM & EQUALITY & CAPITAL'S DESPOTISM >E TWO SIDES ( ! SAME CO94 ,9 ,SECTION #d WE >GU$ ?AT ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION LACKS ?IS DIALECTICAL UND]/&+4 ,WE QUOT$ A FEW S5T5CES1 AMONG MANY1 :I* SUGGE/ ?AT FRE$OM1 EQUALITY 7& ,B5?AM7 >E ILLUSORY 9 CAPITALISM ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E CON/RA9$ BY DESPOTISM & DI/ORT$ BY UNEQUAL EX*ANGE -- AN OLD ,PR\DHONIAN IDEA4 ,!RE IS NO CLE> ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE ! ROLE ( B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE & VALUE 9 CAPITAL'S RULE -- 9/EAD1 ! C5TRALITY ( EX*ANGE & VALUE 9 HUMAN RELATIONS IS UNCRITICALLY ASSUM$ AS NATURAL & AHI/ORICAL4 ,WE F\ND A SIMIL> ONE-SID$NESS 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT4 ,9 ,EMPIRE ! AU?ORS DREAM AB\T 'REPUBLICANISM'1 & CLAIM ?AT 'A K9D ( SPONTANE\S & ELEM5T>Y COMMUNISM' IS POSSIBLE ON ! BASIS ( ! ALREADY EXI/+ WEAL? ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & PRODUCTIVE CREATIVITY4.<#a#b.> ,& !Y D5\NCE CAPITAL'S IMPOSITION ( DISCIPL9E & CONTROL OV] ?IS FRE$OM & CREATIVITY4 ,ALL ?IS MEANS IS TO !ORIZE ONLY ONE POSSIBLE FRE$OM OR CREATIVITY3 ! ONLY ONES DEF9$ )9 ! B\RGEOIS RELATIONS AS GIV54.<#a#b#a.> ,SECTION #e W5T TO ! CORE ( ,=TUNATI'S [N !ORY 9 ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION1 I4E4 ?AT LABOR P[] IS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS' ?US IT MU/ CONTA9 VALUE AS ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( AB/RACT LABOR ( H\SEWORK4 ,WE DISAGRE$ & >GU$ ?AT 9 WAGE-WORK RELATIONS LABOR P[] IS SOLD AS A COMMODITY1 BUT IT IS A SPECIAL COMMODITY1 DIFF]5T FROM ALL O!RS -- ?IS DIFF]5CE EXPOSES ! 9EQUALITY 9H]5T 9 ! WAGE-WORK RELATION4 ,WE >GU$ ?AT CONCEPTUALIZ+ LABOR P[] AS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS' & ?9K+ ?AT WE ALL PRODUCE VALUE MEANS TO CONCEPTUALIZE SOCIETY AS BE+ MADE UP ( 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S3 PRODUC]S ( CAKES1 PRODUC]S ( LABOR P[]444 & WE FELT ?AT ?IS BETRAY$ A PETTY B\RGEOIS DELUSION4 ,9 G5]AL1 WE NOTIC$ A COMMON T5D5CY 9 ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM TO CONSID] )9 ! SAME !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK LABOR P[] & O!R COMMODITIES 7E4G4 5]GY & FOOD72 OR A T5D5CY TO CONFLATE ! DESPOTISM ( ! =EMAN ON ! WAG$ WORK] ) ! PRESSURE ( ! M>KET ON ! 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]4.<#a#b#b.> ,9 ,SECTION #f WE DISCUSS$ ! NATURE ( VALUE & AB/RACT LABOR & %[$ ?AT ,=TUNATI'S UND]/&+ ( !SE CONCEPTS IS FUNDAM5TALLY FLAW$4 ,9 G5]AL1 ONE MAY BE TEMPT$ TO WID5 ,M>X'S ORIG9AL CONCEPT ( VALUE 9 ORD] TO EMBRACE BO? WAG$ & UNWAG$ WORK 7/UD5TS1 H\SEWIVES44471 OR BO? PRODUCTIVE & UNPRODUCTIVE WORK 7F9ANCIAL1 ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY44471 )9 ! SAME '!ORETICAL FRAMEWORK'4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS QUE/IONABLE ?AT 'LABEL+' EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S UND] ! SUN ( CAPITAL AS 'PRODUCTION ( VALUE' IS A USEFUL WAY ( EXPLA9+ H[ CAPITAL WORKS & DOM9ATES4.<#a#b#c.> ,9 FACT1 ! ,AUTONOMI/ ATTEMPT TO 'VALORIZE' ALL ACTIVITY T5DS TO MIX UP A MORAL CONCEPTION ( 'VALORIZATION' ) AN ECONOMIC ONE4 ,! CLAIM ( A SOCIAL REW>D :I* SOCIETY SUPPOS$LY '[ES' ! UNWAG$ BECAUSE ( SOME ALLEG$ ROLE 9 'PRODUC+ VALUE' IS P>T ( A TRADITION ( /RUGGLES ( ! UNEMPLOY$ & H\SEWIVES ( ! '#gS :I* CONFRONT$ !IR ,/ATES & 5D$ UP DEM&+ SOCIAL SUPPORT FROM !M4 ,?IS TRADITION HAS SURVIV$ 9 SOME !ORI/S :O BELONG$ OR /ILL BELONG TO ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION4.<#a#b#d.> ,AS WE DISCUSS$ E>LI]1 9 ,EMPIRE ! CLAIM ?AT UNWAG$ WORK CREATES VALUE IS EXPLICITLY AIM$ AT JU/IFY+ MORALI/ICALLY ! DEM& = A 'REW>D'1 A 'CITIZ5'S WAGE'1 = ! UNWAG$4 ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION CONTRIBUTES TO ?IS T5D5CY & !ORIZES ?AT H\SEWIVES >E D5I$ RECOGNITION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /ATUS )9 ! PRES5T SOCIAL RELATIONS AS PRODUC]S ( 'VALUE'4 ,%E CANNOT IMAG9E ANY REALITY BEYOND ?AT (F]$ BY B\RGEOIS RELATIONS & CANNOT ?9K OR CLAIM ANY?+ BEYOND ?IS RE/RICT$ HORIZON4 ,?IS IS :Y %E CLAIMS ?AT DEM&+ ?AT ! H\SEWIFE BE 'ALL[$ TO CONSUME' OR PRAIS+ P>5TS' PRACTICE 9 GIV+ POCKET MONEY TO *ILDR5 IS 'V]Y ANTI-CAPITALI/'6.<#a#b#e.> ,AS IT WAS DISCUSS$ ?R\<\T ?IS >TICLE1 SOME AU?ORS )9 ! ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ TRADITION /ILL RETA9 A CRITICISM ( ! COMMODITY =M1 E4G4 ,DE ,ANGELIS & ,CLEAV]4 ,:ILE IT WAS IMPORTANT TO CONSID] ?AT ,=TUNATI %>ES !MES & J>GON ) !SE AU?ORS1 IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y TO /RESS !IR DIFF]5CES4.<#a#b#f.> ,ONLY A FEW WORDS AB\T ,=TUNATI'S /YLE & ME?ODOLOGY4 ,=TUNATI'S 'D5SE' /YLE IS ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = \R DISAPPO9TM5T AS READ]S4 ,A TEXT 9T5D$ TO PRES5T A NEW !ORY %\LD HAVE ! QUALITY ( RIGOR1 A QUALITY ?AT ?IS PAMPHLET DOES NOT HAVE4 ,:AT CAN WE MAKE ( H] !ORY IF WE READ ONE ?+ ON ONE PAGE & ! OPPOSITE ON ! NEXT8 ,9 FACT WE %[$ ?AT ,=TUNATI'S CONVOLUT$ /YLE ACTUALLY HIDES CONTRADICTIONS & ! LACK ( CONCEPTUAL CL>ITY 9 H] CONT5T4 ,IF READ]S >E NOT 9TIMIDAT$ 5\< BY ,=TUNATI'S /YLE1 !Y WILL SURELY BE BY H] ME?ODOLOGY4 ,=TUNATI'S ANALYSIS />TS ) AN AXIOM1 A 'TRU?'1 :I* ! READ] HAS TO ACCEPT )\T >GUM5TS OR JU/IFICATIONS = IT3 'LABOR P[] IS A COMMODITY LIKE ALL O!RS1 CONTA9$ )9 ! P]SON ( ! WORK]'4 ,?IS 'TRU?' & ITS 'LOGICAL' CONSEQU5CES CONTRADICT FACTS & PREVI\S !ORIES1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ WRONG -- ONLY ?AT ?OSE FACTS >E 'APP>5T' & ?OSE !ORIES >E 'MISCONCEIV$' -- %E SAYS ) AN AU?ORITATIVE TONE :I* DOES NOT ADMIT REPLY4.<#a#b#g.> ,! RESULT ( ?IS ME?ODOLOGY IS A 'NEW !ORY' :I* NE$S PL5TY ( SUSP5D$ DISBELIEF BECAUSE IT IS AT ODDS ) REALITY1 !ORIES1 LOGIC1 COMMON S5SE1 OR CONCRETE EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS ME?ODOLOGY EXPLA9S !444 >CANE ( ALL ! 'COMPLEXITIES' ?AT ,=TUNATI SEEMS TO F9D 9 H] SUBJECT MATT] PAGE BY PAGE4.<#a#b#h.> ,9DE$1 EV5 V]Y SIMPLE FACTS BECOME 'EXTREMELY COMPLEX' IF !Y >E ANALYZ$ ?R\< A !ORY ?AT IS AT ODDS ) REALITY & :I* HAS REJECT$ !ORIES PREVI\SLY DEVIS$ TO EXPLA9 REALITY /RAIDLY4 ,SO !N1 DOES H\SEWORK CREATE VALUE1 OR NOT8 ,WE HAVE SE5 9 ! PREVI\S SECTIONS ?AT ! ANSW] IS3 NO4 ,H\SEWORK DOES NOT PRODUCE COMMODITIES1 & ! LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 IT CANNOT BE AB/RACT$ & MEASUR$ AS AB/RACT LABOR1 AS A CONTRIBUTION TO VALUE4 ,BUT WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ! VALUE SUPPOS$LY CREAT$ BY H\SEWORK CANNOT BE P9N$ D[N ANY:]E4 ,9 ! ,T,V COM$Y ,! ,FA/ ,%[ :I* WAS POPUL> 9 ,U,K AT ! 5D ( ! '#iS ONE ( ! SKET*ES WAS A /UDIO 9T]VIEW1 :]E A J\RNALI/ 9VIT$ AN EXPLOR] TO TALK AB\T A DISCOV]Y HE HAD MADE1 ( A MON/] 9 ! WILD4 ,BUT1 QUE/ION BY QUE/ION1 ! EXPLOR] REVEALS ?AT HE DID NOT SEE ! MON/] BECAUSE IT WAS 9VISIBLE2 ?AT ! MON/] MADE A T]RIFY+ SIL5CE2 & ?AT IT DID NOT LEAVE TRACES BECAUSE IT HOV]$ AB\T4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! J\RNALI/ GETS UP 9 ANG] & *ASES ! EXPLOR] \T ( ! /UDIO4 ,=TUNATI'S 9VISIBLE VALUE1 :I* DOES NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF ON ! M>KET1 :I* FLOATS 9 ! AIR1 & ?AT NE$S TO BE CREAT$ AGA9 BY ! HUSB& WORK] DUR+ ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION :ILE IT HAD ALLEG$LY ALREADY BE5 CREAT$ BY HIS WIFE 9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION1 HAS EXACTLY ! SAME QUALITIES ( ! ,FA/ ,%['S MON/]3 I4E41 IF IT IS REALLY !RE OR NOT1 IF Y\ SWE> AB\T ITS EXI/5CE OR NOT1 IT DOES NOT MAKE ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD4 O ,P>T #c1 ,9TRODUCTION 3 ,A ,COLORFUL ,NECKLACE ,KEEP ON ,SMIL+ -- ,QUE/IONS ON ,IMMAT]IAL ,LABOR ,9TRODUCTION3 A COLORFUL NECKLACE ,TONI ,NEGRI & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT'S REC5T WORKS1 ,EMPIRE.<#a#b#i.> & ,MULTITUDE1.<#a#c.> HAVE E>N$ !SE AU?ORS GREAT POPUL>ITY 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON WORLD4 ,NEGRI IS KN[N 9 ,ITALY = BELONG+ TO AUTONOMIA OP]AIA 9 ! '#gS & = BE+ ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( POLITICAL P]SECUTION BY ! ,ITALIAN /ATE AT ! 5D ( ?AT DECADE4 ,HIS E>LI] WORK 7ABOVE ALL ,M>X ,BEYOND ,M>X7.<#a#c#a.> WAS A VALID CONTRIBUTION TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM & 9FLU5C$ MANY AMONG US :O S\XI/ OBJECTIVISM & A !ORY ( HI/ORY BAS$ ON CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 ,NEGRI'S E>LI] WORK CIRCULAT$ AMONG A RE/RICT$ PUBLIC1 VIA OBSCURE PUBLI%]S4 ,! NEW ,TONI ,NEGRI = ! 'NEW' ]A EM]GES 9 #b ) ,EMPIRE4 ,A TOME WRITT5 ) LIT]ATURE PR(ESSOR ,MI*AEL'S ,H>DT1 ,EMPIRE WAS W>MLY WELCOM$ EV5 BY ! B\RGEOIS PRESS4.<#a#c#b.> ,NEGRI'S POPUL>ITY IS TO BE F\ND ABOVE ALL 9 ! FACT ?AT HIS NEW WORK ADDRESSES IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 OP5$ BY ! 5D ( ! CYCLE ( /RUGGLES ( ! '#gS4 ,9 P>TICUL>3 CAN WE /ILL SPEAK AB\T COMMUNISM1 ! REVOLUTION1 CLASSES1 9 A WORLD :]E ! CONDITIONS = WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DISMANTL$8 ,! NEW ,NEGRI PROCLAIMS ! ADV5T ( A NEW1 PO/MOD]N1 PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 9 :I* OR?ODOX ,M>XISM NO LONG] APPLIES2 & :I* NE$S A NEW !ORY3 !IRS4 ,AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY3 ,SOCIAL REALITY *ANGES444 !N ! OLD !ORIES >E NO LONG] ADEQUATE4 ,WE NE$ NEW !ORIES = ! NEW REALITY444 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS *ANG$444 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d7 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK TO F9D A NEW !ORY = ! 'NEW' WORLD PROCE$S ALONGSIDE O!R ACADEMICS1 SU* AS ,PAOLO ,VIRNO OR ,MAURIZIO ,LAZZ>ATO4 ,!IR EF=T CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW CONCEPTS SU* AS ?AT ( 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR' & ! 'MULTITUDE'4 ,AN IMPORTANT REASON = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S POPUL>ITY IS ?AT !IR WORK SEEMS TO 9TEGRATE ! MO/ FA%IONABLE !ORIES ( ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S3 PO/MOD]NISM1 !ORIES ( PO/-,=DISM1 WEIY & ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT REASON = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S SUCCESS IS ?AT !IR !ORY IS ABLE TO COV] AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( POPUL> & URG5T ISSUES3 GLOBALIZATION1 ! RETREAT ( TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE1 ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ RE/RUCTUR+1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS OR ! ANTI-,G,M PEASANT /RUGGLES 9 ,9DIA4 ,WE MAY P]HAPS BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ONE BOOK 7OR TWO3 ,MULTITUDE APPE>S MA9LY TO CL>IFY ,EMPIRE'S >GUM5TS.<#a#c#c.>7 CAN CONTA9 ALL ?IS4 ,BUT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT HAVE A SECRET3 !Y EMPLOY A NEW1 PO/MOD]N /YLE SUITABLE1 AS ,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO COMM5TS1 '= ZAPP+' RA!R ?AN = A SY/EMATIC READ+4.<#a#c#d.> ,?ANKS TO ?IS /YLE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAN SWIFTLY T\* UPON A BROAD RANGE ( LOOSELY 9T]RELAT$ ISSUES1 (T5 9 PASS+1 (T5 ADDRESS+ ! IMM$IATELY OBVI\S & ! IMM$IATELY AGREEABLE4 ,& 9DE$1 = EXAMPLE1 ,AUTONOMY @& ,SOLID>ITY NOTICES ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S ATTRACTIV5ESS IS 9 ! UNQUE/IONABLE POSITIVITY ( !IR 'DEM&S = TRUE DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM FROM POV]TY & AN 5D TO ! W>'4.<#a#c#e.> ,AL?\< IT HAS G5]AT$ 9NUM]ABLE CRITICISMS & COMM5TS1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY ( EV]Y?+ ESCAPES A COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE SIMPLY BECAUSE ( ?IS FRACTALIC NATURE4.<#a#c#f.> ,WE1 TOO1 >E OBLIG$ TO FOCUS1 ( C\RSE4 ,BUT WE *OOSE AN ISSUE ?AT SEEMS TO BE ! BACKBONE ( !IR :OLE CON/RUCTION3 ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR_/PRODUCTION4 ,9 ,EMPIRE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CLAIM !Y CONTRIBUT$ TO AN 9T]NATIONAL !ORETICAL EF=T ( DEF9ITION & UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 ! NEW LABOR = ! 'NEW' ]A4.<#a#c#g.> ,9ITIALLY CONCEIV$ AS LABOR BAS$ ON ! USE ( ?\DT ) ! ASPECT ( 'MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS'4 ,& IT WAS R$EF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS AIMS RA!R ?AN ! NATURE ( ITS MAT]IAL ACTIVITY 9 ORD] TO DODGE OBVI\S OBJECTIONS 7ANY LABOR1 LET ALONE 'AFFECTIVE' LABOR LIKE C>E1 ALWAYS 9VOLVES PHYSICAL ACTIVITY1 ETC474 ,BY ,EMPIRE !N1 ! NEWE/ DEF9ITION ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR WAS3 LABOR :OSE AIM IS TO PRODUCE IMMAT]IAL GOODS 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#d74 ,AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT EXPLA9 9 ,MULTITUDE3 ,! LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 ALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 WE %\LD EMPHASIZE1 REMA9S MAT]IAL444 :AT IS IMMAT]IAL IS ITS PRODUCT4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#a#a7 ,SO DEF9$1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS TWO MA9 ASPECTS3 A7 IT IS 'MANIPULATION ( SYMBOLS' 7I4E4 ,I,T WORK1 PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE1 PROBLEM-SOLV+1 ETC47 &_/OR B7 IT IS 'MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS' 7PRODUCTION ( EMOTIONS1 WELL-BE+1 SMILES1 ETC474.<#a#c#h.> ,DESPITE ?IS /RESS1 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR WORK ,NEGRI & ,H>DT FREELY USE BO? ! DEF9ITIONS CONSID]$ ABOVE3 IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS ! CREATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS & AS ANY LABOR IMPLY+ 'IMMAT]IAL' PRACTICES 7E4G4 PO/-,=DISM & COMPUT]IZATION74 ,IF ?IS CONCEPTUAL FRE$OM MAY CONFUSE US1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE WE /ILL ?9K ( PRODUCTION 9 A TRADITIONAL WAY3 AS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,A MORE OP5 M9D LIKE !IRS1 :I* SEES PRODUCTION AS ANY?+ DONE 9 SOCIETY1 CAN EASILY CONCEIVE ! COMMUNICATION BETWE5 /AFF 9 A C> FACTORY AS A PRODUCT 9 ITS [N RIDT REPEAT MANY TIMES1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS %AP$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DEF9ES ! WAY WE SEE ! WORLD & ! WAY WE ACT 9 ! WORLD -- 9 ,H>DT'S WORDS1 IT HAS 'AN?ROPOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS'4.<#a#c#i.> ,AS WE READ 9 ,MULTITUDE1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION %APES SOCIETY 9 ITS IMAGE4 ,IT MAKES SOCIETY MORE 9=MATIONALIS$1 9TELLIG5T1 AFFECTIVE3 ,\R CLAIM444 IS ?AT IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS BECOME HEGEMONIC 9 QUALITATIVE T]MS & HAS IMPOS$ A T5D5CY ON O!R =MS ( LABOR & SOCIETY ITSELF444 ,JU/ AS 9 . SOCIETY ITSELF HAD TO 9DU/RIALIZE ITSELF1 TODAY 'SOCIETY HAS TO 9=MATIONALISE1 BECOME 9TELLIG5T1 BECOME AFFECTIVE4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#i7 ,D>+ MORE1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >GUE ?AT NOT ONLY DOES IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9FLU5CE SOCIETY1 BUT IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES IT4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 !Y SAY1 BECAUSE ?IS NEW PRODUCTION MA9LY AIMS AT ! PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS4 ,DAILY1 TONS ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS >E CREAT$ BY S]VICES1 BY SELL+ ') A SMILE'1 BY ! ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY1 & VIA ! ,9T]NET -- NOT TO SPEAK AB\T ALL ! COMMUNICATION 5C\RAG$ BY ,TOYOTISM4 ,TAK+ ?IS PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATIONS & AFFECTS AS A PRODUCTION ( 'SOCIAL RELATIONS & SOCIAL LIFE' 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION A 'BIOPOLITICAL PRODUCTION'1 I4E4 A PRODUCTION ( LIFE3.<#a#d.> ,IT MI AS 'BIOPOLITICAL LABOR'1 ?AT IS LABOR :I* CREATES NOT ONLY MAT]IAL GOODS BUT ALSO RELATION%IPS & ULTIMATELY SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#a#a7 ,AS WE WILL SEE LAT] 9 DETAIL1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DEF9ES A 'NEW' =M ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION BY ! NEW GLOBAL CAPITALI/ REGIME1 ,EMPIRE4 ,BUT IT ALSO MAKES A REVOLUTION AGA9/ ?IS REGIME POSSIBLE4 ,H[8 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BE+ BAS$ ON ! P[]S ( \R ?\TS1 IS ALREADY POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S FROM ! CAPITALI/ !Y SAY4 ,ONLY A LITTLE /EP !N SEP>ATES US FROM TAK+ ?IS PRODUCTION OV] FROM ! P>ASITIC CAPITALI/ & SELF-MANAGE IT4 ,WE CAN APPRECIATE !N H[ IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION SU/A9S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S >GUM5TS & !IR POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,&1 AS WE %ALL SEE BEL[1 IT ALL[S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO CON/RUCT A BROAD1 UNIV]SAL !ORY ?AT CAN PRES5T ITSELF AS RADICAL4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y WE WILL FOCUS ON IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ?IS >TICLE4 ,IF WE WANT TO CRITIQUE A MULTICOLOR$ NECKLACE IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO SPEAK AB\T ! NECKLACE AS A :OLE & MISS ! BEADS -- BUT IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TOO1 TO FOCUS ON ONE BEAD4 ,:AT WE TRY TO DO IS TO HAVE A GO AT ! /R+4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE WE WILL >GUE ?AT UND] ! APPE>ANCE ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK HIDES A SUBTLE APOLOGY = CAPITAL & CON/ITUTES AN 9V]T$ V]SION ( ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ?AT IT WAS SET TO OPPOSE4 ,9 ,SECTION #a WE SEE H[ ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR SUB/ANTIATES ALL ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY & KEEPS APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY OR 9COMPATIBLE ELEM5TS ( IT TOGE!R 9 AN ELEGANT UNITY4 ,9 ,SECTION #b WE EXPLORE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S IDEA ( HI/ORY AS CLASS /RUGGLE1 SPECIFICALLY1 ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 ,SECTION #c WE COMM5T ON ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S >GUM5T ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS 9H]5TLY AUTONOM\S FROM ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/1 ?US POT5TIALLY FREE FROM CAPITAL & AM5ABLE TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ,SECTION #d WE CONSID] ! ORIG9 ( CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ! CASE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE4 ,9 ,SECTION #e WE CONSID] ! ISSUE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ! CASE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( AFFECTIONS & COMMUNICATION4 O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & A NEW !ORY = ! 'NEW ]A' #a4 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & A NEW !ORY = ! 'NEW ]A' ,9 ?IS SECTION WE %[ ?AT ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 OR BETT]1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 IS ! PIVOTAL ELEM5T = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S ANALYSIS & = !IR POPUL>ITY4 ,ON ! ONE H& IT ALL[S !M TO SUBSUME ! B\RGEOIS !ORIES :I*1 9 ! '#hS1 *ALL5G$ TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& IT ALL[S !M TO SUBSUME !SE !ORIES 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y1 SUBJECTIVE1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ !ORY4 ,& IT SEEMS TO (F] AN EXPLANATION = ! NEW MOVEM5TS :I* S\NDS REASONABLE 7& FLATT]+7 TO ! P>TICIPANTS4 #a4#a ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & ! MILL5NIAL !ORIES ,AS WE ANTICIPAT$ 9 ! ,9TRODUCTION1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR PLAYS A FUNDAM5TAL ROLE 9 A C5TRAL QUALITY ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY3 ITS 9TELLECTUAL UNIV]SALITY4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 BO? ,EMPIRE & ,MULTITUDE1 AS WELL AS ,NEGRI'S PRE-,EMPIRE WORK1 SUCCESSFULLY APPROPRIATE A L>GE RANGE ( !ORIES ( ! PRES5T AMONG ! MO/ FA%IONABLE ( ! '#hS & E>LY '#iS4.<#a#d#a.> ,AS WE WILL SEE1 IT IS PRECISELY ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ?AT 5ABLES ?IS APPROPRIATION )\T MAK+ ! RESULT APPE> OBVI\SLY ECLECTIC4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ADOPT 'TRU?S' FROM 'MILL5NIAL' VIEWS ( ! PRES5T WORLD :I*1 9 DIFF]5T WAYS & = DIFF]5T REASONS SAY ?AT WE LIVE 9 A 'NEW ]A'3 A PO/-9DU/RIAL1 PO/MOD]N1 PO/-,=DI/1 SOCIETY4 ,LET US MAKE A %ORT LI/ ( SU* !ORIES3 ,A7 ,T,O,Y,O,T,I,S,M ,& ,P,O,/-,=,D,I,S,M ,A WIDESPREAD MILL5NIAL !ORY IS ?AT WE LIVE 9 A 'NEW' ]A DOM9AT$ BY ! TRANSITION FROM 9DU/RIAL_/,=DI/1 PRODUCTION TO PO/-9DU/RIAL_/PO/-,=DI/ PRODUCTION -- ) ,TOYOTISM AS ! *AMPION ( A NEW VISION 7'P>ADIGM'7 ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IDEA WAS !ORIZ$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REGULATION ,S*OOL AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#gS4.<#a#d#b.> ,BY ! 5D ( ! '#hS SU* IDEAS W]E WIDESPREAD 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD1 HAV+ P]HAPS LO/ RIGOR BUT GA9$ 9T]-CULTURAL1 MULTIDISCIPL9>Y BREAD?4 ,IT WAS WIDELY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! 'NEW' P>ADIGM ( PO/-,=DI/ PRODUCTION DICTAT$ A NEW VIEW ( LIFE AS 'OP5 NETWORKS' & HAD BURI$ L9E> OR /RUCTUR$ VIEWS ( SEE+ ! WORLD1 CONNECT$ TO 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,! WE/]N BUS9ESS WORLD WAS 9TRIGU$ BY ,TOYOTISM 9 ! '#hS & E>LY '#iS4 ,TOYOTA'S ME?ODS SU* AS 'JU/-9-TIME' 7Z]O-/OCK7 PRODUCTION & TEAM WORK1 TOGE!R ) PL5TY ( IDEOLOGICAL FRIPP]IES AB\T '9TEGRAT+' ! WORK+ CLASS & W9N+ !IR HE>TS & M9DS1 W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 A NUMB] ( FACTORIES E4G4 ,ROV] AT ,LONGBRIDGE1 ,U,K1 OR ,F,I,A,T AT ,MELFI1 ,ITALY 9 ! E>LY '#iS4.<#a#d#c.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS 9T]E/ IS 9 DECL9E1 IF IT HAS EV] BE5 ?AT IMPORTANT AT ALL4.<#a#d#d.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,F,I,A,T'S REC5T TR5DS >E TO SPE$ UP CONVEYOR BELT WORK4 ,!IR NOTORI\S H>% ME?OD ,T,M,C#b HAS TRIGG]$ REC5T FI]CE /RUGGLES 9 ALL !IR PLANTS 9CLUD$ ,MELFI6.<#a#d#e.> ,AL?\< TIME MOVES ON = ! BUS9ESS1 IT DOES NOT = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 :O /ILL CONSID] ,TOYOTISM AS 'HEGEMONIC' 9 PRODUCTION -- EV5 :5 EV]YBODY ELSE HAS GIV5 UP ! IDEA4 ,B7 ,9,=,M,A,T,I,O,N ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y ,!,O,R,I,E,S ,& ,K,N,[,L,$,G,E ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y ,!,O,R,I,E,S ,*AMPION$ BY ACADEMICS 7OR POPUL>IZ]S7 SU* AS ,BRZEZ9SKI1 ,T(FL] & ,OHMAE '9=MATION SOCIETY !ORIES' CLAIM ?AT ! 'NEW' HI-TE* PRODUCTION HAS L$ TO A 'NEW' PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4.<#a#d#f.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ACADEMICS &_/OR POPUL>IZ]S SU* AS ,ROB]T ,REI* 9SI/ ?AT WE LIVE 9 A 'NEW ]A' :]E KN[L$GE & ANALYTICAL LABOR IS C5TRAL 9 A NEW WEIXI/ CONCEPT ( VALUE AS MEAN+LESS1 &_/OR ABOLI%$ ! DIVISION ( WE/]N SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES4.<#a#d#g.> ,C7 ,M,I,L,L,5,N,I,A,L ,%,I,F,T ,T,O ,S,],V,I,C,E ,W,O,R,K ,EXTRAPOLATIONS ( SOME TR5DS 9 PRODUCTION HAVE LONG L$ TO ! CLAIM ?AT WE LIVE 9 A 'NEW ]A' :]E PRODUCTION HAS MOV$ TO ! S]VICE SECTOR1 TAK+ ! LEAD FROM 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION & *ANG$ ! P>ADIGMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ?IS 'NEW' ]A :]E S]VICE IS C5TRAL1 IT IS >GU$1 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( LABOR & VALUE CANNOT BE APPLI$ ANYMORE -- A VIEW :I* WE F9D 9 ,RIFK91 = EXAMPLE4.<#a#d#h.> ,D7 ,P,O,/,M,O,D,],N,I,S,M ,PO/MOD]NISM SUGGE/ WE LIVE 9 A 'NEW' SOCIETY *>ACT]IZ$ BY A NUMB] ( OV]LAPP+ ASPECTS1 ALL ( :I* IMPLY ?AT :AT HAS BE5 SAID AB\T CAPITALISM IS \TDAT$4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ! PO/-MOD]N SOCIETY IS ! FRAGM5TATION ( ID5TITY &1 CRUCIALLY1 ! 5D ( A WORK+ CLASS ID5TITY4 ,ANO!R ASPECT1 :I* WE F9D = EXAMPLE 9 ! WORK ( ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 IS ?AT S9CE TODAY PRODUCTION IS C5T]$ ON ! SYMBOLIC MEAN+S ( COMMODITIES1 ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPT ( 'USE VALUES'1 ?US ALL ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS1 IS \TDAT$4.<#a#d#i.> ,E7 ,N,E,G,R,I ,& ,H,>,D,T',S ,S,U,M,M,>,Y ,( ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S ,?,\,<,T ,LET US SE5 N[ H[ ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ALL[S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO APPROPRIATE ALL ! DIV]SE !ORIZATIONS OR OBS]VATIONS ABOVE 9 :AT APPE>S ONE1 ELEGANT1 UNIFI$ !ORY4 ,FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS APPROPRIATELY DEF9$ TO 9CLUDE ALL ! DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES 7FROM ,I,T TO S]VICES7 CONSID]$ ABOVE4 ,SECOND1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION APPE>S TO EXPLA9 ,BAUDRILL>D'S OBS]VATION ?AT GOODS >E 9CREAS+LY PRODUC$ & B\LI]1 UND] ! 'HEGEMONY' ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL GOODS IS 9CREAS+LY ! PRODUCTION ( IMAGES1 IDEAS OR AFFECTS4.<#a#e.> ,?IRD1 UND] ! 'HEGEMONY' ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 :I* /RESSES 'COMMUNICATION' & 'COOP]ATION'1 ALL MAT]IAL PRODUCTION T5DS TO ADOPT PO/-,=DI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION SU* AS1 ]444 ,TOYOTISM4 ,9 FACT ,TOYOTISM 9VOLVES LOTS ( COMMUNICATION1 COOP]ATION1 USE ( 'SYN]GY' ETC4 -- AT LEA/ IF WE BELIEVE 9 ! ,JAPANESE-MANAGEM5T-9SPIR$ BUS9ESS PLANS ( ! LATE '#hS4 ,LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 ! HEGEMONY ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ON SOCIETY EXPLA9S ! PO/MOD]NI/ OBS]VATION CONC]N+ ! PRES5T FRAGM5TATION ( WORK]S' ID5TITY4 ,! NEW ORGANIZATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 FACT DEF9ES A NEW WAY1 9 G5]AL1 ?AT WE 9T]RELATE 9 SOCIETY3 AS NETWORKS ( FREE 'S+UL>ITIES'4 ,! P>TY1 & O!R SU* RIGID /RUCTURES MADE S5SE ONLY )9 A P>ADIGM ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 & N[ >E REJECT$4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT /ICK TO ! IDEOLOGY ( PO/MOD]NISM1 BY CELEBRAT+ ! ISOLATION ( REC5T /RUGGLES1 & SUGGE/ ?AT !IR FAILURE TO SPREAD C\LD MEAN ?AT !Y W]E 'IMM$IATELY SUBV]SIVE 9 !MSELVES' 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #e#h74 ,= ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 A NEW CYCLE ( /RUGGLE WILL NOT BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN EXT5SION ( /RUGGLES1 BUT BY A CON/ELLATION ( 9DIVIDUAL /RUGGLES1 :I* WILL BE FLEXIBLY & LOOSELY CONNECT$ 9 NETWORKS 7,EMPIRE1 P4#e#h474.<#a#e#a.> ,?US 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR' HAS ELEGANTLY EMBRAC$1 EXPLA9$ & SURPASS$ ALL ! ABOVE !ORIES & OBS]VATIONS 9 ONE ,UNIFI$ ,!ORY4.<#a#e#b.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S APPROPRIATION ( SU* PO/MOD]NI/ & PO/-,=DI/ B\RGEOIS !ORIES1 NO D\BT E>NS !M RESPECT 9 ! ACADEMIC WORLD4 ,9DE$ 9 ! '#hS & E>LY '#iS1 GRIM TIMES ( RETREAT ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! BALANCE ( ACADEMIC PRE/IGE TILT$ ON ! SIDE ( B\RGEOIS1 TRIUMPHANT !ORIES4 ,IT WAS ! RIXISM'2.<#a#e#c.> & PROPOSE 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 PO/MOD]N1 PO/-9DU/RIAL1 'NEW' !ORIES = ! 'NEW' WORLD4 ,UNLIKE ! ,M>XI/S ?AT TRI$ TO REFUTE !IR !ORIES1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT RA!R APPROPRIATE !M4 ,9 DO+ ?IS !Y DO NOT SIDE ) ! LOS]1 ) ! PALEO-,M>XI/ -- !Y SIDE ) ! 9TELLECTUAL W9N]S :O HAVE HI/ORY ON !IR SIDE4 #a4#b ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL ,:ILE ON ! ONE H& ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TAKE ONBO>D ! B\RGEOIS CELEBRATIONS ( ! 5D ( HI/ORY & CLASS /RUGGLE1 ON ! O!R !Y >E ABLE TO 9CORPORATE !SE VIEWS 9 A !ORY :I* /ILL SPEAKS AB\T CLASS /RUGGLE & /ILL SEES CAPITAL AS A CONTRADICTION4.<#a#e#d.> ,?IS AGA9 IS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS ITSELF A CONTRADICTION = CAPITAL1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS IMMAT]IAL NATURE4 ,UNLIKE MAT]IAL ACTIVITY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SUGGE/1 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION1 IDEAS OR AFFECTS ESCAPE CAPITAL'S CONTROL & MAKE LABOR 9CREAS+LY AUTONOM\S FROM CAPITAL4 ,CAPITAL IS ?US TRAPP$ 9 A DILEMMA3 ON ! ONE H& IT NE$S TO 5C\RAGE HE>T & M9D ACTIVITIES1 ON ! O!R ITS CONTROL IS UND]M9$ BY !M4 ',IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION' CREATES ALSO ANO!R CONTRADICTION3 IT UND]M9ES PRIVATE PROP]TY4.<#a#e#e.> ,9DE$1 REPEAT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT AD NAUSEAM1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS1 :I* >E PRODUCTS ( ?\E NECESS>ILY CREAT$ 9 COMMON AS COMMONS -- 'NO ONE ?9KS ALONE'1 !Y 9SI/1 & ADD3 NO PRODUCTION ( IDEAS CAN EXI/ )\T A SOCIALLY %>$ WORLD ( IDEAS1 %>$ LANGUAGES & CULTURE 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#g74 ,FAC+ ?IS ?REAT5+ =M ( PRODUCTION1 CAPITAL1 IT IS >GU$1 HAS TO /RIVE TO REE/ABLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY BY APPROPRIAT+1 5CLOS+1 CONTROLL+1 :AT IT IS CURR5TLY PRODUC$ '9 COMMON' 7,MULTITUDE1 PP4 #a#d#i2 #a#a#c74 ,9 TRY+ TO 9T]F]E & RE/RA9 ! FRE$OM ( 'COMMON' PRODUCTION1 H[EV]1 CAPITAL H9D]S ITS PRODUCTIVITY4 ,CAPITAL !N IS TRAPP$ 9 A CONTRADICTION3 ?AT BETWE5 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! =CES ( 7IMMAT]IAL7 PRODUCTION & ! LOGIC ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 #a4#c ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & SUBJECTIVITY ,! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION S]VES ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO HAVE ! CAKE ( ADOPT+ B\RGEOIS OBJECTIVI/IC !ORIES & TO EAT !M 9 A SUBJECTIVI/IC CU/>D4 ,! PO/-,=DI/ & 9=MATION !ORIES :I* >E TAK5 ONBO>D BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >E 9 FACT ESS5TIALLY DOCTR9ES ( AUTONOM\S TE*NOLOGY OR AUTONOM\S =MS ( PRODUCTION :]E TE*NOLOGY OR ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION >E ! PRIME MOV] ( HI/ORY & CAPABLE ( %AP+ SUBJECTIVITY & SOCIETY AS A :OLE4.<#a#e#f.> ,WE CAN APPRECIATE H[ ATTA*$ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >E TO !SE !ORIES :5 WE READ1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! PRES5T 'P>ADIGM' ( PRODUCTION 'DICTATES'444 '\R WAYS ( UND]/&+ ! WORLD & ACT+ 9 IT' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#b74 ,OR ?AT3 'PO/MOD]NISATION OR 9=MATIONALISATION TODAY M>KS A NEW WAY ( BECOM+ HUMAN' 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#h#i74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE TOY+ ) SU* OBJECTIVI/IC IDEAS1 ,NEGRI NE$S TO GIVE !M A RADICAL TWI/1 9 ORD] TO MAKE HIS !ORY EXCIT+ & TO BE TRUE TO HIS REVOLUTION>Y PA/4 ,BUT H[ CAN ,NEGRI REALIZE ?IS TWI/8 ,?ANKS1 WE SAY1 TO ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 FIR/ ( ALL1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( SUBJECTIVITY & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 FACT IT WAS BORN 9 ! '#fS & '#gS1 AS ! CLASS'S SUBJECTIVE1 AUTONOM\S1 EXP]IM5TATION ) 'NEW WAYS ( PRODUC+'4 ,CAPITAL WAS =C$ TO MOVE 9TO IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION TO DOM9ATE A NEW LABOR P[] ?AT HAD R$EF9$ ITSELF1 AUTONOM\SLY1 AS CREATIVE1 COMMUNICATIVE & AFFECTIVE 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#g#f74 ,SECOND1 ONCE E/ABLI%$ AS DOM9ANT PRODUCTION1 9 ITS ONGO+ PRACTICE IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION HAS A SUBJECTIVE1 AUTONOM\S1 DRIVE4 ,IT IS IMMAT]IAL1 IT IS ! RESULT ( \T ?\ ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM 444 ! WORK] IS ! ACTIVE SUBJECT ( PRODUCTION1 ! WELL-SPR+ ( ! SKILLS1 9NOVATION & COOP]ATION ON :I* CAPITAL MU/ DRAW444 ,CAPITAL NE$S LABOR BUT LABOR DOES NOT NE$ CAPITAL4 ,LABOR444 CAN DISP5SE ) ! WAGE RELATION444 IT IS POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S4 7,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 P4 #h#i7 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR H5CE PRODUCES A 'NEW' CONDITION 9 :I* SUBJECTIVITY HAS A C5TRAL ROLE AS A PRIME MOV] ( CAPITAL'S 9NOVATIONS1 TODAY4 ,HAV+ PROCLAIM$ ?AT PRODUCTION IS TODAY DRIV5 BY \R AUTONOM\S SUBJECTIVITY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAN CLAIM )\T APPE>+ OBJECTIVI/IC ?AT ! P>ADIGM ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION %APES \R SUBJECTIVITY 9 TURN4 ,:AT'S WRONG 9 SAY+ ?AT \R SUBJECTIVITY IS DET]M9$ BY SOME?+1 IF WE HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT1 ULTIMATELY1 ?IS SOME?+ WAS CREAT$ BY \R SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF8 ,LA/LY1 CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL IS L$ BY SUBJECTIVITY TOO4 ,WE >E %AP$ BY PRODUCTION1 BUT1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ADD 9 A G5]OSITY ( OV]DET]M9ATION1 'WORK]S' SUBJECTIVITY IS ALSO CREAT$ 9 ! ANTAGONISM ( ! EXP]I5CE ( EXPLOITATION' 7,MULTITUDE1 PP4 #a#e#a1 \R ITALIC74 ,EXPLOITATION8 ,DID !Y NOT SAY ?AT TODAY IMMAT]IAL LABOR IS DONE '9 COMMON1 AUTONOM\SLY FROM CAPITAL8 ,NEGRI IS CLE> 9DE$3 9 ! 'NEW' ]A ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION WE CAN NO LONG] SPEAK ( ! REAL SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR4 ,TODAY WE >E ALL FREE1 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSM51 ALL PRODUC+ ) \R [N MEANS ( PRODUCTION3 \R BRA94 ,IF N[1 ,NEGRI SAYS1 'WE HAVE ALL ! TOOLS WE NE$ TO WORK 9 \R HEADS444 . CAPITALISM TODAY NE$S TO MAKE FREE M5 WORK -- FREE M5 :O HAVE !IR [N MEANS1 !IR [N TOOLS'4.<#a#e#g.> ,BUT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CANNOT D5Y ! UND5IABLE4 ,EXPLOITATION & CAPITALI/ CONTROL /ILL EXI/ -- ONLY1 !Y EXPLA9 TO ! 9CREAS+LY CONFUS$ READ]1 9 A NEW =M4 ,CAPITAL TODAY SUP]IMPOSES & APPROPRIATES :AT WE PRODUCE '9 COMMON'1 AS FREE & 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S4 ,AS ,NEGRI SAYS3 ,CAPITAL MU/444 SUP]IMPOSE ITSELF ON ! AUTONOM\S CAPABILITY ( MANUFACTUR+ KN[L$GE4444 ,?IS IS ! =M :I* EXPROPRIATION TAKES 9 ADVANC$ CAPITALISM 7,TONI ,NEGRI1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SUBV]SION3 ,A ,MANIFE/O = ! ,TW5TY ,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 ,POLITY1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#i1 P4 #a#a#f7 ,9 ?IS CONCEPTION1 WE >E PETTY PRODUC]S -- OR IF WE PREF]1 AUTONOM\S PEASANTS -- :ILE CAPITAL ONLY ACTS AS A PR$ATOR1 AN >I/OCRAT :O COMES TO ! VILLAGE & APPROPRIATES A P>T 7'OR ALL'7 ( :AT WE HAVE PRODUC$4.<#a#e#h.> ,?IS NEW =M ( EXPLOITATION IS ! CAUSE ( ANTAGONISM1 A SUBJECTIVE SPR+ ( /RUGGLE4 #a4#d ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & VIABILITY ( REVOLUTION -- SELF-MANAGEM5T ,& :AT AB\T ! FUTURE COMMUNI/ WORLD8 ,ALSO H]E ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,?ANKS TO IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 REVOLUTION BECOMES SOME?+ FEASIBLE & RATIONAL4 ,H[8 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT EXPLA93 UNLIKE PREVI\S PRODUCTION1 ! RATIONALE & MEANS NECESS>Y = IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION >E 9CREAS+LY 9H]5T 9 LABOR PRACTICE ITSELF -- ?IS MEANS ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS ALREADY UND] \R CONTROL & ! CAPITALI/ ALREADY P>ASITICAL4 ,REVOLUTION AS SELF-MANAGEM5T IS ONLY ! NEXT FEASIBLE & RATIONAL /EP 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#f74 ,BEYOND PRODUCTION \R NEW SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS ALSO 9CREAS+LY AM5ABLE TO POLITICAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ?ANKS TO IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,?IS HAPP5S BECAUSE1 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S VIEW1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS ALSO PRODUCTION ( LIFE1 BIOPOLITICAL PRODUCTION4 ,!IR LOGIC IS /RAID3 IF IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+LY AUTONOM\S FROM CAPITAL1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS TOO1 BECAUSE PRODUCTION IS ONE ) PRODUCTION ( LIFE & SOCIETY4 ,?IS1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TELL US1 HAPP5S N[1 UND] \R UNBELIEV+ EYES6.<#a#e#i.> ,9DE$ TODAY1 ,! BALANCE HAS TIPP$ SU* ?AT ! RUL$ N[ . T5D TO BE ! EXCLUSIVE PRODUC]S ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION444 ! RUL]S BECOME EV5 MORE P>ASITICAL ! RUL$ BECOME 9CREAS+LY AUTONOM\S1 CAPABLE ( =M+ SOCIETY ON !IR [N4444 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#f7.<#a#f.> ,9 ?IS OPTIMI/IC VIEW1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BE ! LIB]ATION1 REA*$ AT A POLITICAL LEVEL1 ( ALREADY DEVELOP+ IMMAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL RELATIONS FROM ! P>ASITIC CONTROL ( ALREADY R$UNDANT CAPITALI/ RUL]S4 ,?IS K9D ( REVOLUTION APPE>S RATIONAL & VIABLE1 BE+ BAS$ ON SOME?+ ALREADY PRES5T4 #a4#e ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & A REASSUR+ NEW WORLD ,REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES >E NORMALLY RA!R SC>Y -- BUT ?IS ONE IS REASSUR+1 ?ANKS TO IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS A !ORY :I* SPEAKS AB\T A FUTURE ?AT IS IMAG9ABLE1 ?US ACCEPTABLE3 ! REVOLUTION WILL NOT REQUIRE RADICAL SUBV]SIONS1 JUMPS 9 ! D>K1 TOO MU* IMAG9ATION OR O!R SU* UNCOM=TABLE ?+S4 ,9 ?IS VIEW ! FUTURE WILL SIMPLY BE ! COMPLETION ( ! PRES5T1 BAS$ ON ALREADY EXI/+ CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION N[4.<#a#f#a.> ,CRUCIALLY WE >E REASSUR$ ?AT ! FUTURE WILL BE DEMOCRATIC & EGALIT>IAN4 ,! PRES5T UN-DEMOCRACY & 9EQUALITY >E EFFECTS ( A DI/ORTION -- ( ! FACT ?AT CAPITAL OV]LAPS & *ANNELS \R PRODUCTION1 CREAT+ DESPOTISM & SPURI\S SELECTIVITY ON \R CAPACITIES1 ?US 9EQUALITY ( REW>DS4.<#a#f#b.> ,BUT ?IS IS NOT1 !Y 9SI/1 9H]5T 9 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 ! RELATIONS CURR5TLY CREAT$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION >E 'CIVIL PROCESSES ( DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGE'1 DEMOCRATIC 9 NATURE 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#a#a7 & CONF] ON US 'EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ( /RUGGLE' -- & ?US ! EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO NEGOTIATE P[] 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,! MO/ ATTRACTIVE ASPECT ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY IS ?AT 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS ! QUALITY TO BE AB\T UNQUE/IONABLY POSITIVE ?+S3 DEMOCRACY FIR/1 BUT ALSO CREATIVITY1 AFFECTIONS1 COMMUNICATION1 & SO ON4 ,COMMUNISM AS ! SELF MANAGEM5T ( ! PRES5T WILL BE BAS$ ON ALL !SE UNQUE/IONABLY GOOD ?+S4 ,:O W\LD NOT LIKE ! IDEA ( COMMUNISM IF ?IS MEANS LOTS ( GOOD ?+S8 #a4#f ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 & ! NEW MOVEM5TS ,! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR ALSO S]VES ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO APPEAL TO ?OSE FROM ! ADVANC$ WE/]N C\NTRIES 9VOLV$ 9 CURR5T ANTI-CAPITALI/ PROTE/S1 ! MOVEM5TS = GLOBAL 'SOCIAL JU/ICE'1 ETC4 ,9 ! PRES5T TIMES ( DEFEAT & WEAKNESS1 ! DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,G5OA & ,SEATTLE1 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T1 & MANY L>GE OR SMALL RADICAL ACTIVITIES >E 9DE$ A DEMON/RATION ( P[]1 BUT !Y DO NOT1 BECAUSE !Y CANNOT1 *ALL5GE \R DAILY WORK RELATIONS & REPRODUCTION AS AN IMM$IATE T>GET4 ,?IS AUDI5CE WANTS TO HE> AB\T ! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ?R\< DEMOCRATIC VALUES & PRACTICES :I* >E ! ONLY VALUES & PRACTICES ?AT SEEM CONCEIVABLE 9 \R CONDITIONS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 ALREADY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAN SATISFY !M ) !IR /RESS ON 'IDEAL' DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS AUDI5CE WANT A !ORY :I* EXPLA9S !IR /RUGGLES1 :I* >E NOT /RUGGLES = BREAD & BUTT]4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT FIT ! BILL4 ,9 A 'NEW ]A' :I* FOCUSES ON IMMAT]IAL RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL GOODS1 IT IS NO SURPRISE ?AT ! NEW /RUGGLES >E NOT AB\T BREAD & BUTT] ISSUES ANYMORE1 BUT OV] ! CONTROL ( 'COMMUNICATIONAL RES\RCES'2 OV] '! COMMUNAL APPROPRIATION ( COMPUT] & M$IA NETWORKS1 OV] ! FREE+ ( $UCATIONAL & RESE>* RES\RCES444'4 7,WI!=D1 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XSIM'1 P4 #a#a7 ,OR WE CAN ALWAYS SEE ANY PRES5T /RUGGLE AS AN EXPRESSION ( 'BIOPOLITICAL' PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS1 IF WE WANT TO4 ,9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY !SE 'NEW /RUGGLES' HAVE !N A C5TRALITY 9 HI/ORY1 !Y >E P>T ( ! V]Y REVOLUTION :I* LEADS US TO COMMUNISM4 ,= A PROTE/] :O IS TOLD BY ! ,M>XI/ ?AT :AT HE DOES IS HI/ORICALLY EPIPH5OM5AL1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY IS ! BE/ DOCTR9E >\ND4 ,:AT CAN BE MORE EXCIT+ TO BE TOLD3 ',WELL DONE1 Y\ >E 9 ! DRIV+ SEAT ( ,HI/ORY'8 O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL LAB\R AS CLASS /RUGGLE #b4 ,! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS CLASS /RUGGLE ,9 ?IS SECTION WE COMM5T ON ONE ( ! C5TRAL ISSUES 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS ITSELF ! RESULT ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! '#fS & '#gS1 :5 ! CLASS EXP]IM5T$ ) 'NEW PRODUCTIVITY'1 & AUTONOM\SLY R$EF9$ ITSELF AS CREATIVE1 FLEXIBLE1 COMMUNICATIVE LABOR P[]4 ,WE AGREE ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( :AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION %\LD BE ANALYZ$ AS CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT WE >GUE ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS AN ASPECT ( ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 ?\< CONTRADICTORY & UN/ABLE4 ,WE !N QUE/ION ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S VISION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS HAV+ 9H]5T ANTI-CAPITALI/ ASPECTS 9 ITSELF & !IR VIEW ( A COMMUNI/ FUTURE BAS$ ON ITS SELF-MANAGEM5T4 #b4#a ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS ! RESULT ( SUBJECTIVITY & CLASS /RUGGLE -- MY? & REALITY ,H[ DID IMMAT]IAL LABOR COME AB\T8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,EMPIRE1 DUR+ ! /RUGGLES 9 ! '#fS & '#gS AGA9/ L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY1 ! WORK+ CLASS PRODUC$ ITS 'P>ADIGM'4 ,! MASS WORK] WAS SO /RONG ?AT !Y C\LD FOLD ITS >MS & /OP CAPITAL EXPLOIT+ !M4 ,MANY PROLET>IANS1 /ILL /UD5TS1 REFUS$ TO 5T] ! FACTORY4 ,?IS FREE PEOPLE1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY1 EMBRAC$ ,BOHEMIAN LIFE1 >TI/IC ACTIVITY & PSY*$ELIC PRODUCTION 9 ,L,S,D 7:I* IS1 WE ADMIT1 IMMAT]IAL P] EXCELL5CE74 ,?US1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CONCLUDE1 ! CLASS R$EF9$ ITSELF1 AUTONOM\SLY1 AS CREATIVE1 COMMUNICATIVE1 FLEXIBLE LABOR P[]1 =C+ CAPITAL TO ADOPT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT IT4 ,?IS M>KS ! BIR? ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT3 CAPITAL HAD TO AB&ON ! L>GE SCALE FACTORY1 ITS L9E> PRODUCTION1 ITS 9FLEXIBLE WORK+ DAY & ITS ME*ANI/IC LOGIC & EMPLOY OP5 NETWORKS & FLEXI-TIME & GIVE SPACE TO CREATIVITY4 ,S9CE !N IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION BECOMES 'HEGEMONIC'4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY IS UNPROBLEMATICALLY SUBJECTIVE1 EXCIT+ & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT TELLS US ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ 9H]5TLY POSITIVE 9 ! PRES5T HEGEMONIC PRODUCTION1 & ?AT ?IS IS ! RESULT ( \R AUTONOM\S VITALITY4 ,DO WE AGREE ) ?IS EXCIT+ HI/ORY ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS CLASS /RUGGLE8 ,WE AGREE1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT HI/ORY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ?AT ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITAL >E ASPECT ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 BUT WE >E SKEPTICAL AB\T ! SPECIFIC WAY 9 :I* ,EMPIRE SEEMS TO APPLY ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,LET US !N CONSID] ! EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION MORE CLOSELY1 & SEE H[ ?IS >TICULATES ) CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,:AT WE WILL SEE WILL NO D\BT 9SPIRE LESS FEEL-GOOD EFFECTS TO \R READ]S ?AN ,TONI ,NEGRI'S 9SPIR+1 ROSE T9T$ OPTIMISM4 ,BUT1 AS WE WILL DISCUSS LAT]1 ! REALITY ( CAPITAL AS A CONTRADICTION IS NOT ?AT WE FEEL GOOD 9 IT BUT ?AT WE 9ESCAPABLY FEEL BAD4 #b4#b ,A CLASS /RUGGLE ANALYSIS ( ! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS ! CREATION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE ,LET US CONSID] FIR/ ! ASPECT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! CREATION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE4 ,AGA9/ TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 :I* SAW HI/ORY AS DRIV5 BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ,AUTONOMIA1 ) ,M>IO ,TRONTI 9 P>TICUL>1 RE-PROPOS$ 9 ! '#gS ?AT HI/ORY IS A HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE & ?AT ! OBJECTIVITY ( CAPITAL IS A RESULT ( ?IS /RUGGLE4.<#a#f#c.> ,! LAWS ( CAPITAL HIDE ! CONT9UAL NECESSITY TO UND]M9E WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE1 ITS 5TR5*M5T 9 !IR EXI/+ SKILLS4 ,?IS IS :Y CAPITAL NE$S TO CONT9UALLY 9NOVATE & RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] TO DESKILL LABOR & WEAK5 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS CLASS /RUGGLE :I* APPE>S1 PO/ FACTO1 CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! OBJECTIVE LAWS ( CAPITAL OR 9 ! OBJECTIVE RATIONALE ( 9NOVATION1 PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS OBJECTIFICATION IS ! RESULT ( A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( IMPOSITIONS & REBELLIONS1 :I* OBLIGES CAPITAL 9TO COMPROMISES & MAKES IT VULN]ABLE TO FUR!R /RUGGLES4 ,! EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! PRODUCTION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE CAN BE EXPLA9$ AS P>T ( ?IS PROCESS4 ,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( CAPITALISM1 ?IS CONT9U\S BATTLE HAS L$ TO ! NE$ TO SEP>ATE M5TAL FROM MANUAL LABOR4 ,) ,W$GWOOD'S POTT]Y MANUFACTURE1 WE HAVE AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE ( H[ CRAFT WORK WAS SEP>AT$ FROM ITS ELEM5TS ( AUTONOMY & CREATIVITY4 ,MAK+ POTS BECAME A PA9T+-BY-NUMB]S ACTIVITY1 :ILE DESIGNEM]G$ AS AN ALI5 RUL]1 A TOOL = ! SUBSUMPTION ( ! WORK]'S LABOR4 ,:ILE 9 ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM ! CAPITALI/ ,W$GWOOD HAS A ROLE ( MA/] CRAFTSMAN1 LAT] ! CAPITALI/S F>M$ \T HIS CREATIVE ROLE TO 9DEP5D5T OR WAG$ DESIGN]S1 SPECIALI/S1 5G9E]S & MANAG]S4 ,WE HAVE N[ ! NEW FIGURE ( A CREATIVE PR(ESSIONAL WORK]1 UN?9KABLE 9 ! PA/4 ,9CREAS+LY1 ! PLACE :]E IDEAS & ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKS W]E DEVIS$ WAS SEP>AT$ (F4 ,?IS EV5TUALLY GAVE RISE TO :AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION3 ! PRODUCTION ( DESIGNS1 ,I,T SY/EMS1 ETC4 AS 'COMMODITIES' 9 !IR [N RIE SOLD TO O!R CAPITALI/S = ! SECOND /AGE ( PRODUCTION3 EXECUTION4 ,) ! COMMODIFICATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS WE HAVE ! BEG9N+ ( A TR5D TO RATIONALIZE IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,?IS IS ! NEXT /AGE ( CLASS /RUGGLE3 9CREAS+LY1 WE SEE ! MULTIPLICATION ( FIGURES SU* AS ! 5G9E] :O JU/ CALCULATES ELA/ICITY FACTORS )9 A PROJECT ON :I* HE HAS NO CONTROL4 ,9CREAS+LY1 BE+ A QUALIFI$ DESIGN] MAY NOT MEAN TO HAVE A HIATES CREATIVE FROM EXECUTIVE LABOR 9VOLVES ANTAGONISM4 ,?US ?IS PROCESS />TS & 5DS ) CLASS /RUGGLE4 #b4#c ,A CLASS /RUGGLE ANALYSIS ( ! IDEOLOGY ( WEIE SEP>AT$ & ! LATT] DESKILL$1 ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/ CORRECTLY CONSID]S ! PRODUCTION ( IDEAS & DESIGN AS ! MO/ VALUABLE & CO/LY P>T ( ALL PRODUCTION4 ,9 TURN1 ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGUE CAN G5]ALIZE ?IS 9T]E/ & CONCLUDE ?AT :AT IS 'MA9LY' PRODUC$ TODAY IS IDEAS & DESIGN4 ,9 FACT IF WE CONSID] ! MAT]IAL REPRODUCTION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 WE CAN BE SATISFI$ ?AT \R REPRODUCTION CANNOT HAPP5 ONLY ?\< ! PRODUCTION ( PURE IDEAS4 ,WE DO NOT EAT1 DRIVE OR WE> IDEAS4 ,PURE IDEATION CAN EXI/ AS SU* ONLY BECAUSE !RE IS A /AGE ( PURE EXECUTION SOME:]E ELSE4 ,?US BEH9D ! P>TIAL TRU? ( ! B\RGEOIS 7& ! ,M>XIAN SIMPLETON7 WE DISCOV] A MORE CONCRETE1 IMPORTANT1 TRU?3 :AT IS MA9LY PRODUC$ & REPRODUC$ TODAY IS NOT IDEAS & KN[L$GE1 BUT A SPECIFIC DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT UNCRITICALLY ADOPT ! PO/MOD]N & B\RGEOIS FETI%ISM ( WEIXISM -- & TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 9CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! IMPOSITION ( A SPECIFIC DIVISION ( LABOR LEADS !M TO SEE IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS SOME?+ NATURAL1 & POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S FROM CAPITAL4 ,TO !M WE RAISE ! SAME OBJECTION ?AT ,ITALIAN WORK]I/S RAIS$ TO TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S4 ,AGA9/ A VISION ( PRODUCTION AS NEUTRAL & POT5TIALLY GOOD = SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ,RANI]O ,PANZI]I W>N$ ?AT ?IS CONCEPTION HID AN UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( CAPITALISM4 ,( SOCIALI/ BACKGR\ND1 ,PANZI]I ACCEPT$ SELF-MANAGEM5T AS A REASONABLE /EP 9 ! REVOLUTION1 BUT HE GAVE A W>N+3 COMMUNISM NE$S A RE?9K+ ( SOCIETY :I* NECESS>ILY LEADS TO A RUPTURE ) ITS PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION4.<#a#f#d.> ,( C\RSE1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT W\LD SAY3 HI/ORY MOVES & ?+S *ANGE4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS DIFF]5T FROM ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ TIMES4 ,WE MAY NOT >GUE 7H]E7 ) ?IS 'TRU?'1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT *ANGE :AT WE HAVE SAID4 ,RA!R1 IT MAKES :AT WE SAID MORE COMPELL+4 ,IF \R 'NEW' TIMES >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION !N ! NEW REVOLUTION = ! 'NEW' TIMES WILL HAVE TO IMPLY A RUPTURE1 PRECISELY1 FROM IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION6.<#a#f#e.> #b4#e ,A CLASS /RUGGLE ANALYSIS ( ! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS ! CREATION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS ,WE HAVE SO F> FOCUS$ ON ! EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! CREATION ( KN[L$GE & IDEAS4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO ACC\NT = ! EM]G5CE ( PO/-,=DI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9 T]MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! /R5G? ( ! MASS WORK]S C5T]$ 9 ! L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY 9 ! '#gS1 RE/RUCTUR+ MEANT TO FRAGM5T 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,TEAM WORK WAS A WAY TO SEP>ATE ! WORK]S )9 ! SAME 9DU/RY & DIS9TEGRATE !IR SOLID>ITY4 ,\TS\RC+1 MOV+ PRODUCTION ABROAD1 RE-DIVID$ LABOR ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,?IS PROCESS1 TOO1 SEP>AT$ ! WORK]S NOT ONLY PHYSICALLY BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY 9 T]MS ( !IR 9T]E/S1 EMPLOYM5T CONTRACTS & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACC\NT = ! REC5T %IFT ( CAPITAL 9TO ! S]VICE SECTOR AS CLASS /RUGGLE1 TOO4 ,WE CAN SEE H[ ! RE/RUCTUR+ AT ! 5D ( ! '#gS 9DE$ L$ TO A SUB/ANTIAL %IFT ( CAPITAL 9TO S]VICE1 :]E WORK]S W]E /ILL UNORGANIZ$ & ?US MORE COMPLIANT4 ,AGA91 \R ACC\NT ( ! ORIG9 ( IMMAT]IAL IS MILES AWAY FROM ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 FROM ! FAIRYTALE ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION EM]G$ 9 RESPONSE TO \R AUTONOM\S R$EF9ITION AS 'FLEXIBLE' & IMMAT]IAL4 #b4#f ,TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM OR AUTONOM\S SUBJECTIVITY8 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S RA!R PECULI> ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS BAS$ ON A PECULI> AXIOM3 ?AT HI/ORY IS MOV$ BY AN AUTONOM\S WILL1 ! WILL ( ! AUTONOM\S CLASS4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION1 :I* TRACES ITS 9TELLECTUAL AU?ORITY TO ONE ( ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY 7,SP9OZA71 HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N TO BE UNDIALECTICAL4.<#a#f#f.> ,ALLEGATIONS ( BE+ NON-DIALECTICAL %\LD NOT BE TAK5 AS A BANAL 9SULT4 ,BE+ NON-DIALECTICAL W\LD NOT BE TOO BAD 9 ITSELF1 IF ?IS DID NOT CREATE S]I\S PROBLEMS 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORIZATION4 ,9DE$1 A VIEW ( HI/ORY AS PURE WILL & SUBJECTIVITY IS B\ND TO SMA% ITS HEAD AGA9/ ITS NON DIALECTICAL C\NT]P>T3 A VIEW ( HI/ORY AS PURE OBJECTIVITY -- ! B\RGEOIS IDEA ?AT WE >E '%AP$' BY ! P>ADIGMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,TO ! NON-DIALECTICAL M9D ?IS SECOND ASPECT ( REALITY APPE>S AS COMPELL+ AS ! FIR/1 & /ILL CANNOT F9D A PLACE 9 !IR !ORIZATION EXCEPT AS A JUXTAPOSITION4 ,EMPIRE & ,MULTITUDE CONFUSE ! READ] ) CONTRADICTORY ASS]TIONS :I* >E PRES5T$ )\T ANY S]I\S EF=T TO RESOLVE !IR CONTRADICTIONS4 ,DO WE CREATE HI/ORY AS AUTONOM\S SUBJECTS8 ,OR >E \R ?\ADIGMS ( PRODUCTION -- !N IS HI/ORY DET]M9$ AT EV]Y P>ADIGMATICAL MOM5T8.<#a#f#g.> ,! CLA% ( ONE TRU? & ITS ANTI-TRU? & ! CONSEQU5T EXPLOSIVE ANNIHILATION ( ! :OLE !ORETICAL CON/RUCTION IS H[EV]1 SAFELY & CLEV]LY PREV5T$ BY KEEP+ !SE 'TRU?S' SEP>AT$ 9 TIME & SPACE4 ,?US1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY3 TODAY1 9 ! MUNDANE PRES5T1 WE >E %AP$ BY PRODUCTION 9 \R HE>TS1 M9DS & ACTIONS 7?IS WILL PLEASE \R ACADEMIC COLLEAGUES 9 ! LIT]ATURE DEP>TM5T72 YE/]DAY1 DUR+ ! MY?ICAL '#f#h1 WE LIV$ A MOM5T ( ABSOLUTE FRE$OM TO R$EF9E \RSELVES \TSIDE EXI/+ P>ADIGMS 7?IS WILL PLEASE ,NICK ,WI!=D74 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S ME?OD ( JUXTAPOSITION1 H[EV]1 IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO CONV9CE ! EXP]I5C$ & KN[L$GEABLE READ]S :O HAVE ASSOCIAT$ TALKS AB\T P>ADIGMS ( PRODUCTION & TE*NOLOGY ) B\RGEOIS & CONS]VATIVE LIT]ATURE4 ,TO CONV9CE US ?AT !RE IS A REVOLUTION>Y LOGIC 9 SAY+ ?AT WE >E %AP$ BY P>ADIGMS ( PRODUCTION1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT MANIPULATE \R S5SE ( RESPECT = \R ELD]S & 9VOKE ! AU?ORITY ( OLD ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,= ,M>X TOO1 !Y SAY1 '( C\RSE . EV]Y?+ />TS ) PRODUCTION' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#c74 ,= HIM TOO1 !Y SAY1 'PRODUCTION MAKES A SUBJECT = ! OBJECT' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#i74 ,?IS NO D\BT WILL DEFUZE MO/ OBJECTIONS4 ,S9CE WE 9 ,AUFHEB5 >E NOT CONFUS$ BY ANY S5SE ( RESPECT = \R ELD]S1 WE BO!R$ TO *ECK ON OLD ,M>X4 ,WE F\ND SIMPLY ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT HAD CUT QUOTES \T ( !IR CONTEXT & TWI/$ !IR ORIG9AL MEAN+S6 ,9 FACT = ,M>X EV]Y?+ />TS ) '! REAL 9DIVIDUALS & !IR 9T]C\RSES'4.<#a#f#h.> ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL DOES NOT />TS FROM MOD]N 9DU/RY TO EXPLA9 SOCIETY BUT IT />TS FROM \R RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE TO EXPLA9 MOD]N 9DU/RY4.<#a#f#i.> ,M>X HIMSELF W\LD AGREE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ALL />TS ) PRODUCTION2 BUT ONLY IF WE 9T5D PRODUCTION AS SOME?+ CONCRETE1 EMB$D$ 9 A SOCIAL RELATION3 AS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES = ! M>KET4 ,AS SU*1 PRODUCTION IS ! REPRODUCTION ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS AS M>KET RELATIONS & AS SU* IT REPRODUCES US AS PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS MILES AWAY FROM :AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SIMPLI/ICALLY MEANT4 ,BY DISMISS+ 7& REWRIT+7 ,M>X'S !ORY ( LABOR1 SADLY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DISMISS A !ORY ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY OPPOSE TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM AS WELL AS UND]/& ITS ASPECTS ( TRU?4 ,?IS !ORY SEES ! REAL 9DIVIDUAL 9 !IR SOCIAL RELATION ) O!RS AS ! CONCRETE REALITY BEH9D BO? ! APP>5T OBJECTIVITY ( PRODUCTION & \R CONT9UAL *ALL5GE TO ?IS OBJECTIVITY4 ,?IS VIEW1 IMPORTANTLY1 DOES NOT NE$ ANY DESP]ATE SEP>ATIONS ( MY?ICAL PA/ & MUNDANE PRES5T1 BECAUSE IT SEES HI/ORY AS A CONT9U\S PROCESS & A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE4 O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION #c4 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION ,9 ?IS SECTION WE COMM5T ON ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !SIS ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS RIPE = SELF-MANAGEM5T S9CE ?IS 'NEW' PRODUCTION IS 9H]5TLY 9DEP5D5T FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 ,WE >GUE ?AT ! APP>5T OBJECTIVITY & AUTONOMY ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR FROM ! CAPITALI/ IS ONLY EVID5CE ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS AN ASPECT ( CAPITAL4 ,WE >GUE ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S UNCRITICAL NATURALIZATION ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION SY/EM D]IVES FROM !IR LACK ( UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL AS AN OBJECTIFI$ SOCIAL RELATION4 ,WE WILL SEE ?AT ?IS PROBLEM IS MIRROR$ BY A P>ALLEL1 OPPOSITE ONE3 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S LACK ( CRITICAL UND]/&+ 7& CELEBRATION7 ( CAPITAL AS ! PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS SUBJECTIVITY4 #c4#a4 ,PRODUCTION AS 9H]5T 9 ! PRACTICES ( LABOR ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TELL US ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ 9T]E/+LY NEW 9 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ?AT MAT]IAL PRODUCTION DID NOT HAVE -- SOME?+ ?AT CAN REALLY *ANGE \R FUTURE & ALL[ US TO CREATE A COMMUNI/ WORLD BAS$ ON ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 WE READ1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION HAS DISPOS$ ( EXT]NAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( ! DESPOTIC DIRECTION ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,BY ITS NATURE1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS 9 FACT 9CREAS+LY 9H]5T 9 ! SAME PRACTICE ( LABOR3 ,! C5TRAL =MS ( PRODUCTIVE COOP]ATION >E NO LONG] CREAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS P>T ( ! PROJECT TO ORGANIZE LABOR BUT RA!R EM]GE FROM ! PRODUCTIVE 5]GIES ( LABOR ITSELF4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#a#c7.<#a#g.> ,9 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 CONT9UE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ! CAPITALI/ IS 9CREAS+LY R$UNDANT AS ! ORGANIZ] ( PRODUCTION & ! ONE RESPONSIBLE = 9NOVATION3.<#a#g#a.> .<,:ILE 9 ! PA/.> ! CAPITALI/ CALLS WORK]S TO ! FACTORY444 DIRECT+ !M TO COLLABORATE & COMMUNICATE 9 PRODUCTION & GIV+ !M ! MEANS TO DO SO1 9 ! P>ADIGM ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 9 CONTRA/1 LABOR ITSELF T5DS TO PRODUCE ! MEANS ( 9T]ACTION1 COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION = PRODUCTION 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#g74 ,IS !RE AN ELEM5T ( TRU? 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S CLAIM ?AT TODAY LABOR ITSELF PRODUCES ! MEANS = PRODUCTION8 ,?AT PRODUCTION BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 9H]5T 9 ! PROCESS ( LABOR ITSELF & AUTONOM\S FROM ! CAPITALI/8 ,! ANSW] IS3 YES1 BUT ?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 TRUE6 ,IT IS TRUE 9 FACT ?AT 9 CAPITALISM LABOR ITSELF PRODUCES ! MEANS = O!R LABOR & PRODUCTION4 ,9 CAPITALISM1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R PREVI\S =M ( PRODUCTION1 NOBODY CAN PRODUCE )\T US+ ! RESULT ( O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR4 ,! FIGURE ( ! AUTONOM\S CRAFTSMAN :O USES HIS [N SELF-CREAT$ TOOLS IS UN?9KABLE TODAY4 ,?IS IS :AT TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM US$ TO CALL ! 'SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR'4 ,ALSO1 IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 CAPITALISM ! LOGIC ( PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+LY 9H]5T 9 ! PRACTICES ( LABOR4 ,?IS WAS NOT OBVI\S 9 PREVI\S MODES ( PRODUCTION1 :]E LABOR WAS DEPLOY$ BECAUSE ( SOME HUMAN NE$ 7(T5 ! NE$ ( ! RUL+ CLASS7 -- ONLY 9 CAPITALISM DO WE HAVE ?IS PECULI> FACT3 LABOR IS DEM&$ & NECESSITAT$ BY PREVI\S LABOR1 PRODUCTION /IMULATES PRODUCTION1 9V5TION DEM&S 9V5TION1 ACCORD+ TO A LOGIC ( EXPANSION & DEVELOPM5T ?AT GOES BEYOND ! WILL & CONTROL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+4 ,CRUCIALLY1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS1 ?IS LOGIC GOES BEYOND \R [N WILL & CONTROL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 \R CALL C5T] LABOR IS COMM&$ BY PHONES R++ & A COMPUT] PROGRAM ?AT TELL US :AT TO SAY4 ,?IS IS ! RESULT ( PREVI\S WORK4 ,! LABOR ( AN ,I,T WORK] IS NORMALLY DEM&$ BY A GIGANTIC PROJECT :I* ASKS = WORK DONE 9 A C]TA9 WAY & ) A C]TA9 PACE4 ,?IS IS ! RESULT ( PA/ ,I,T WORK4 ,LABOR 9 A TRADITIONAL FACTORY IS DEM&$ BY A MA*9E4 ,?IS WAS1 TOO1 ! RESULT ( SOMEONE ELSE'S PA/ LABOR4 ,A WORK] 9 A PO/-,=DI/ TEAM WORKS ACCORD+ TO ORGANIZATIONAL SY/EMS :I* W]E DEVIS$ BY ! ?9K+ WORK ( O!R PEOPLE4 ,ALL \R WORK 9 CAPITALISM IS GIV5 A LOGIC1 A PACE1 A NECESSITY1 BY ! RESULT ( O!R PEOPLE'S WORK4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] H[ IMMAT]IAL OR MAT]IAL ?IS LATT] LABOR WAS4 ,:AT MATT]S = US IS ?AT IT IS DEAD LABOR3 PREVI\S LABOR1 ALI5AT$ FROM US1 :I* HAS TURN$ TO BE \R RUL]3 CAPITAL4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO KN[ :AT DEAD LABOR IS = ,M>X4 ,!Y SAY ?AT ,M>X W\LD CALL ,EMPIRE A REGIME ( ACCUMULAT$ DEAD LABOR4 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #f#b7 ,H[EV]1 !Y 9SI/ ?AT LABOR1 IF IMMAT]IAL & 'BIOPOLITICAL'1 HAS A SPECIAL1 FRE%1 EV]LA/+ VITALITY4 ,LIV+ LABOR IS1 !Y SAY1 '! ABILITY TO 5GAGE ! WORLD ACTIVELY & CREATE SOCIAL RELATIONS'4 ,& !Y ADD ?AT LIV+ LABOR IS A 'FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN FACULTY'1 AN 9PUT ( ! HUMAN BE+1 NOT SOME?+ P]T95T TO CAPITAL AS SU*4.<#a#g#b.> ,MORE MUNDANELY1 & LESS POETICALLY1 LIV+ LABOR IS LABOR :I* IS PRES5TLY DONE = CAPITAL1 = DEAD LABOR4.<#a#g#c.> ,LIV+ LABOR CANNOT BE NATURALIZ$ AS AN A-HI/ORICAL 'FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN FACULTY' AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT LIV+ LABOR & DEAD LABOR >E TWO FACES ( ! SAME REALITY3 CAPITALI/ ALI5ATION4 ,9 COMMUNISM !RE WILL BE NO REASON TO SPEAK ( DEAD LABOR1 ?US !RE WILL BE NO REASON TO SPEAK ( LIV+ LABOR EI!R4.<#a#g#d.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 9CAPACITY TO UND]/& CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION ( \R 7LIV+7 LABOR IMPLIES !IR 9CAPACITY TO UND]/& CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION T\T C\RT4 #c4#b ,IT'S CAPITAL3 ?IS IS :Y IT DOES NOT NE$ ! CAPITALI/ ,! OBJECTIFICATION ( CAPITAL IS A REAL OBJECTIFICATION = ALL HUMANS1 9CLUD+ ! CAPITALI/4 ,?IS IS :Y ! CAPITALI/ IS NOT ! 9ITIATOR ( A TE*NICAL 9NOVATION3 9 FRONT ( CAPITAL ) ITS 9H]5T LAWS ( SELF-EXPANSION1 ! CAPITALI/ HAS NO *OICE4 ,HE HAS TO FOLL[ H>D NECESSITY & 9NOVATE 9 ! RU% = COMPETITION :5 O!RS 9NOVATE4 ,OR HE GOES BANKRUPT4 ,WE CAN ALSO SEE H[ ! CAPITALI/ IS 'R$UNDANT' NOT ONLY AS 9ITIATOR BUT AS ORGANIZ] ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,! MORE PRODUCTION IS ADVANC$ ! MORE ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR BECOMES 9TEGRAT$ 9 COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONAL SY/EM -- PRODUCTION IS BETT] RUN BY 'OBJECTIVE' ME*ANISMS1 LAWS OR BUS9ESS PR9CIPLES :I* REFLECT MORE CLOSELY ! LAWS ( CAPITAL4 ,! CAPITALI/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ) HIS :IMS & IDIOSYNCRASIES1 CAN EV5 BE DISRUPTIVE = HIS [N CAPITAL4 ,TOYOTA'S SY/EM IS PRES5T$ 9 ,EMPIRE AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! NEW IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ?AT CAN DISP5SE ) ! CAPITALI/ & :I* 'SEEMS TO PROVIDE ! POT5TIAL = A K9D ( SPONTANE\S & ELEM5T>Y COMMUNISM' 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#i#d74 ,! LURE ( ,TOYOTISM IS ?AT IT PRES5TS ITSELF TO ! PO/-,=DI/ SIMPLETON AS A GIGANTIC AUTOMAT$ FE$BACK SY/EM FROM DEM& TO PRODUCTION4 ,9 ITS ORIG9AL IDEA1 ,TOYOTISM IS SIMIL> TO A FA/-FOOD %OP3 CU/OM] ,A DEM&S A PIECE ( WORK FROM WORK] ,B4 ,WORK] ,B WRITES D[N AN ORD] = ! MAT]IALS HE NE$ TO S]VE ,A ON A TAG 7CALL$ 'KANBAN'7 & PASSES ! TAG TO WORK] ,C UP/REAM4 ,9 TURN1 WORK] ,B BECOMES ! 'CU/OM]' ( WORK] ,C & COMM&S WORK] ,D1 ETC4.<#a#g#e.> ,H5CE ,TOYOTISM MAY SEEM TO BE A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION FREE FROM C5TRALIZ$ COMM&4 ,9 FACT SUBTLY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT.<#a#g#f.> DO NOT SAY ?AT ,TOYOTISM HAS NO AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS4 ,ONLY1 ! ALI5AT+ ASPECTS ( ,TOYOTISM >E CONT+5T1 DUE TO CAPITAL'S CONTROL1 :ILE ! GOOD ASPECTS ( ,TOYOTISM >E 9H]5T 9 ?IS 'NEW' IMMAT]IAL =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,WE CANNOT %>E SU* EXCITEM5T4 ,WE SEE ,TOYOTISM1 FIR/ ( ALL1 AS AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO PRODUCE MORE CLOSELY 9 RESPONSE TO M>KET DEM&4.<#a#g#g.> ,:AT MAKES IT DIFF]5T FROM ,=DISM & SO SPECIAL = ! LIB]AL HE>T IS ?AT IT SIMPLY P]FECTS ! LIB]AL DREAM ( 'CU/OM] SOV]EIGNTY' )9 A P]FECT$ M>KET SOCIETY4 ,HAV+ OBS]V$ ?AT ,TOYOTISM IS A PRODUCTION SY/EM DEVIS$ = SATISFY+ ! M>KET1 WE CANNOT SIMPLI/ICALLY ?9K ?AT ! LIB]AL ASPECTS ( ,TOYOTISM 7! APP>5T AUTONOMY GIV5 TO ! WORK]S7 >E 9H]5T :ILE ! ILLIB]AL ONES 7! OV]ALL CONTROL7 >E CONT+5T4 ,! DEM& ( ! M>KET IS SOME?+ ALI5 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]'S DESIRES1 NE$S OR ASPIRATIONS3 ,TOYOTISM IS NECESS>ILY A SY/EM AIM$ TO RE9 ! WORK]S' WILL & ACTIVITY T[>DS AN ALI5 AIM -- ONLY1 IT IS DEVIS$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY ?AN ,=DISM4.<#a#g#h.> ,ON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 9 FACT1 IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE ?AT ,TOYOTA'S WORK]S >E FREE TO DO OR SUGGE/ ONLY :AT IS ALREADY H>MONIZ+ ) ! /RATEGIES ( PRODUCTION -- & CRUCIALLY ITS OV]ALL SY/EM IS DEVIS$ TO BE /RUCTURALLY 9ACCESSIBLE TO *ANGES FROM ! BOTTOM4 ,ANY FUR!R ILLUSION ( ! 9H]5T LIB]ALISM 9 ,TOYOTISM IS EXPOS$ BY ITS DEVELOPM5T3 ITS 9CREAS+ COMPUT]IZATION1 :I* ALL[S ! ,TOYOTA MANAG]S TO DISPOSE ( ! KANBAN SY/EM & PLAN PRODUCTION 9 DETAIL4 ,?US ,TOYOTISM 9EVITABLY MIRRORS ! NATURE ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,AS SU*1 ?AT IT HAS A LIB]AL FACE & A DESPOTIC FACE DOES NOT SURPRISE US AT ALL3 CAPITAL HAS 9DE$ A DEMOCRATIC FACE & AN AU?ORIT>IAN FACE1 EA* NECESS>Y TO ! O!R4 ,NONE ( !SE TWO FACES IS A DI/ORTION ( ! O!R1 & NONE CAN BE 'RESCU$' FROM ! O!R4 ,! DEMOCRATIC FACE ( CAPITAL1 :I* WE F9D MIRROR$ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC FACE ( ,TOYOTISM1 IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN \R SUBMISSION TO IMP]SONAL =CES1 TO ! M>KET4 ,IT IS \R 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM TO BE SLAVES UND] ! 9TANGIBLE DESPOTISM ( ! CU/OM]'S SOV]EIGNTY4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 9ABILITY TO SEE H[ CAPITAL DOM9ATES US ?R\< IMP]SONAL =CES PREV5TS !M1 P>ADOXICALLY1 FROM SEE+ ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTIONNE$S ! CAPITALI/ 9 ORD] TO /AY 9 EXI/5CE4 ,LET US LOOK CLOSELY AT ?IS PO9T4 #c4#c ,IT'S CAPITAL3 ?IS IS :Y IT NE$S ! CAPITALI/ ,A PRODUCTION SY/EM ?AT DEM&S LABOR FROM US BECAUSE ( ITS [N RATIONALE CANNOT BE NO?+ ELSE BUT \R OLD 5EMY3 CAPITAL AS VALUE VALORIZ+ ITSELF ?R\< ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 9 ,SECTION #b1 CAPITAL'S SELF-VALORIZATION IMPLIES = CAPITAL ! NE$ TO OV]COME WORK]S' RESI/ANCE & ! /RIV+ TO SUBSUME1 RATIONALIZE1 DESKILL & COMM& LABOR4 ,! EXI/5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ITSELF1 WE HAVE SE51 IS ONE ) ?IS /RIV+4 ,9 ,SECTION #d WE WILL SEE 9 DETAIL ?AT ?IS SAME PROCESS IMPLIES1 = ! WORK]1 DAILY PA9 & BOR$OM1 ?US DAILY RESI/ANCE4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS IS ?AT CAPITAL NECESSITATES A 'CAPITALI/' CLASS4 ,OR1 BETT]1 CAPITAL NE$S A CLASS ( PEOPLE :O MAT]IALLY GA9 FROM ! DAILY ALI5ATION ( O!RS & >E READY TO EX]T VIOL5CE 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! O!RS UND] CAPITAL'S COMM&4.<#a#g#i.> ,9 !IR VIEW PRES5T 7IMMAT]IAL7 PRODUCTION 9CREAS+LY DOES NOT NE$ ! CAPITALI/ & ?US DOES NOT NE$ =CE EX]T$ ON US1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM ONLY TO E*O ! B\RGEOIS DELUSIONS ( ! '#hS1 :I* S\LY '#iS4 ,!SE ME?ODS TRI$ TO 5C\RAGE WORK]S TO TAKE 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY 9 IMPROV+ ! QUALITY ( PRODUCTION & ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! BUS9ESS4 ,BUT !Y ALL 9EVITABLY FAIL$4 ,AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS FAILURE WAS ?AT ( ! ,ROV] FACTORY 9 ,LONGBRIDGE4 ,) ! PROJECT ,ROV] ,TOMORR[1 WORK WAS 9ITIALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 TEAMS1 ) LEAD]S ELECT$ AMONG ! TEAM4 ,! IMAG9ABLE RESULT WAS ?AT ! WORK]S NEV] RESPECT$ ! COMM&S ( !IR TEAM LEAD]S1 SO ?AT ! LEAD]S HAD TO BE APPO9T$ BY ! COMPANY AS SOMEONE ABOVE !M 7,PUGLIANO1 ',RE/RUCTUR+ ( ,WORK'1 PP4 #c#h-#i74 ,! WORK]S' DISRESPECT = PE]S ) A LEAD]%IP ROLE WAS NOT JU/ SOME?+ CULTURAL3 IT IS 9 ! CONTRADICTORY NATURE ( CAPITAL ?AT WE CANNOT ID5TIFY \RSELVES ) CAPITAL )\T CONTRADICTIONS4 ,BUT :Y DOES ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S TALK AB\T ! 9CREAS+ POSSIBILITY ( SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEM TO MAKE S5SE8 ,:5 WE SPEAK AB\T 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR'1 NORMALLY \R M9D GOES TO C]TA9 ADM9I/RATIVE1 CREATIVE OR PR(ESSIONAL JOBS :]E !RE IS A REAL EXP]I5CE ( ID5TIFICATION & SELF-DIRECTION4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS REALIZABLE & DESIRABLE1 = EXAMPLE1 = ! HIXISM'1 PP4 #a#c-#d74 ,CAN WE SPEAK AB\T AUTONOMY ( PRODUCTION 9 ?IS CASE8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,9 FACT1 ! EXI/5CE ( AUTONOMY 9 C]TA9 PRIVILEG$ ACTIVITIES DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ?IS ACTIVITY IS AUTONOM\S FROM CAPITAL BUT ! O!R WAY R\ND3 ?AT ! PR(ESSIONAL OR CREATIVE WORK]S ID5TIFY SO MU* ) ! AIMS & 9T]E/S ( !IR BUS9ESS ?AT !Y CAN BECOME ! MANAG]S ( IT !MSELVES1 9 ! SAME WAY AS A PETTY B\RGEOIS IS ! MANAG] ( HIS [N BUS9ESS4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S IDEA ?AT WE CAN ALL BECOME ! MANAG]S ( \RSELVES1 ?AT WE CAN TAKE ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION OV] & SELF-MANAGE IT1 IS !N A PETTY B\RGEOIS DELUSION ?AT DOES NOT ACKN[L$GES ! IMPOSITION ( CAPITAL'S COMM& ONLY BECAUSE IT IS US$ TO 9T]NALIZE IT4 #c4#d ,SUBJECTIVITY & ! 9VISIBLE H& (444 IMMAT]IAL LABOR ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT A D\BT >ISES1 ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CANNOT SEE ?AT ! APP>5T OBJECTIVITY ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN BE+ EVID5CE ( ITS AUTONOMY FROM ! CAPITALI/1 IS 9/EAD EVID5CE ( ITS NATURE AS CAPITAL4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 9CAPACITY TO GRASP OBJECTIVITY 9 CAPITALISM MAKES US SUSPICI\S AB\T !IR 9SIDT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION POT5TIALLY ESCAPES CAPITAL1 BE+ ! RESULT ( \R 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTIVITIES3 ?\ ,! MULTITUDE1 :I* IS \R COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS1 IS ! ULTIMATE RESULT ( ?IS SAME DYNAMIC -- ( 9NUM]ABLE 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS :I* TAKE PLACE )9 ! PRES5T IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY IS H5CE BO? ! !ORIZATION & ! CELEBRATION ( A 'NEW' WORLD :I* IS ULTIMATELY %AP$ 9 ITS COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS1 & DRIV5 9 ITS PRODUCTIVITY1 BY SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,SUBJECTIVITY = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT IS !N NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! 5SEMBLE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S DESIRES & ?\DT HAVE CAUDT DO NOT SPEAK ( A NEW WORLD AT ALL4 ,! ,MULTITUDE1 A BYPRODUCT.<#a#h#a.> ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION SEEMS1 9 FACT TO BE1 M]ELY1 SOCIALLY-%>$ B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS3 ! SOCIALLY-%>$ BELIEF ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO PRODUCE & REPRODUCE \RSELVES IS ?R\< ACTS ( 'DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGE' & ! ONLY WAY TO SEE \RSELVES IS AS FREE 9DIVIDUALS.<#a#h#b.> 5GAG$ 9 SU* EX*ANGE4 ,?IS COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS IS ONLY AN ASPECT ( ! SAME PROCESS ?AT CREATES ! OBJECTIVITY ( CAPITAL6 ,?IS COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS IS OBJECTIFI$ AS CAPITAL ITSELF1 S9CE IT EM]GES AS AN UNCONSCI\S RESULT ( 9NUM]ABLE EX*ANGES & ACTIVITIES1 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! 9VISIBLE H& ( ,ADAM ,SMI? EM]GES FROM 9NUM]ABLE EX*ANGES BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL GRE$4.<#a#h#c.> ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S NATURALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS RELATIONS IS SO UNCRITICAL ?AT !Y EV5 SEE !IR PRES]VATION AS A 'CREATIVE' ASPECT ( /RUGGLES :I* >E NOT ABLE TO GO BEYOND !M6 ,9 ,MULTITUDE1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT HAIL REC5T /RUGGLES :I* >E1 !Y SAY1 'POSITIVE & CREATIVE'4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE1 = EXAMPLE1 AS WE READ ) DISMAY 9 ,>G5T9A PEOPLE 9V5T$ NEW =MS ( MONEY 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #b#a#f74 ,AGA91 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S PROBLEM IS !IR IDEOLOGICAL REJECTION ( DIALECTICS4 ,9 ! DIALECTIC ( CAPITAL1 SUBJECTIVITY & OBJECTIVITY PLAY OPPOSITE BUT 9T]RELAT$ P>TS4 ,AN UNDIALECTICAL APPROA* ?AT TAKES 'SUBJECTIVITY' AS SOME?+ POSITIVE ON ITS [N IS B\ND TO MISUND]/& BO? SUBJECTIVITY & OBJECTIVITY4 ,IT IS B\ND TO CONFUS+LY CELEBRATE CAPITAL AS B\RGEOIS SUBJECTIVITY 7NOT RECOGNIZ+ ?AT CAPITAL IS ! PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL FREE SUBJECTS74 ,& IT IS ALSO B\ND TO CONFUS+LY CELEBRATE PRES5T PRODUCTION AS AUTONOM\S FROM CAPITAL 7NOT RECOGNIZ+ ?AT WE >E RUL$ BY OBJECTIFI$ & IMP]SONAL =CES74 ,SU* AN APPROA* IS ALSO B\ND TO 5C\RAGE PASSIVITY4 ,SEE+ ,EMPIRE 7CAPITAL7 AS SOME?+ ?AT DEVELOPS 9 SEP>ATION FROM US & 'OP5S UP SPACES = /RUGGLE' BY ITSELF1 ,NEGRI PREA*ES TO US NOT TO RESI/ 'GLOBALIZATION' & VOTE 'YES' = ! NEOLIB]AL ,EUROPEAN ,CON/ITUTION 9 ,FRANCE4.<#a#h#d.> ,9 FACT ! 'SPACE = /RUGGLE' IS CREAT$ BY CAPITAL'S DEVELOPM5T & ITS DIALECTICAL C\NT]P>T3 \R RESI/ANCE TO IT -- SU* AS ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ GAS PRIVATIZATION 9 ,BOLIVIA & ! RIOTS 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,TO CONCLUDE1 CONSID]+ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 9ABILITY TO SEE ! RELATION BETWE5 OBJECTIVITY & SUBJECTIVITY 9 CAPITALISM1 WE CANNOT BE TOO SURPRIS$ !N :5 WE SEE !M MOVE ALONG A CONCEPTUAL P>ABOLA3 />T FROM %\T$1 CRASS SUBJECTIVISM & DOVE HEAD D[N 9TO A CRASS OBJECTIVISM1 A NEO-TRADITIONAL-,M>XI/ FETI%IZATION ( ! PRES5T IMMAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4.<#a#h#e.> ,&1 TO CLOSE ! P>ABOLA 9TO AN ELLIPSE1 !Y TEA* US ?AT \R SUBJECTIVITY IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! RESULT ( ! P>ADIGM ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ITSELF -- SOME?+ OBJECTIVE4.<#a#h#f.> O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & ! M9D ( CAPITAL #d4 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & ! M9D ( CAPITAL ,WE N[ CONSID] ! SUBJECTIVE SIDE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION I4E4 H[ IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS RELAT$ TO CLASS ANTAGONISM & ! NECESSITY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY ?AT ANTAGONISM EM]GES FROM \R RESI/ANCE AGA9/ CAPITAL'S EF=TS TO TAMP] ) \R POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S DEPLOYM5T ( CREATIVITY & TO 5CLOSE :AT WE PRODUCE 9 COMMON4 ,TO ?IS VIEW WE OPPOSE ?AT ANTAGONISM >ISES FROM ! UNACCEPTABILITY ( A DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT IMPOSES \R DAILY DEPRIVATION ( CREATIVITY1 & WE EXPLA9 :Y IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS P>T ( IT4 #d4#a ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY HAS ! 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( SPEAK+ AB\T SUBJECTIVITY4 ,AGA9/ B\RGEOIS OBJECTIVISM IT TELLS US ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL & ITS CONTRADICTIONS >E ! RESULT ( ANTAGONISM1 ( SUBJECTIVITY4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 9 ,SECTION #a1 = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ANTAGONISM IS TRIGG]$ BY CAPITAL'S ATTEMPT AT IMPOS+ ITS COMM& & CONTROL OV] IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 :I* IS 9CREAS+LY DONE 9 COMMON & :I* PRODUCES COMMONS4 ,WE :OLEHE>T$LY AGREE ?AT HI/ORY IS MOV$ BY CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE IS TRIGG]$ BY ANTAGONISM4 ,H[EV]1 WE CANNOT F9D \RSELVES AT EASE ) ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S EXPLANATION4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE IS AN ASPECT ( CAPITAL'S P[] TO SUBSUME \R LABOR -- ?AT IS1 AN ASPECT ( ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:AT WE WANT TO EXPLORE N[ IS ! SUBJECTIVE SIDE ( ?IS SUBSUMPTION1 I4E4 H[ ANTAGONISM >ISES4 #d4#b ,! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL IS AN ACC\NT1 *APT] BY *APT]1 ( H[ CAPITAL AS VALUE VALORIZ+ ITSELF IMPLIES ! DEPRIVATION ( LABOR FROM ITS ORGANIZATIONAL1 CREATIVE1 KN[L$GEABLE SIDES4.<#a#h#g.> ,P>ADOXICALLY1 CAPITAL IS PRODUC$ BY US BUT 9 ?IS PRODUCTION WE BECOME ITS APP5DAGE2 IT ACQUIRES \R HUMAN P[]S & WE LOSE !M1 BECOM+ SUBJECTS ( ITS P[]4 ,?IS 9V]SION ( P[]S1 ( :O IS ! SUBJECT ( ! PRODUCTION ( HUMAN ACTIVITY & :O IS ! OBJECT1 :O IS ! RUL] & ! RUL$1 HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 'ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION'4 ,! SOLUTION ( ?IS 9V]SION ONLY LIES 9 A REAL SUBV]SION ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( RE-9T]PRET+ REALITY4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( OBS]V+ ?AT S9CE VALUE IS ACTUALLY CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS !N ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE A PRODUCTIVE & CREATIVE SUBJECT4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( SIMPLY OBS]V+ ?AT 'CAPITAL NE$S LABOR BUT LABOR DOES NOT NE$ CAPITAL'1 SO WE MU/ BE SOMEH[ ! 9ITIATORS ( PRODUCTION & 9NOVATION -- EV5 IF WE >E NOT REALLY AW>E ( IT4 ,9 FACT CAPITAL IS REAL ALI5ATION & REAL P[]4 ,AL?\< CAPITAL NE$S LABOR1 ?IS IS LABOR DONE 9 AN HI/ORICALLY SPECIFIC =M2 A LABOR ?AT IS REALLY SUBSUM$ & REALLY DEPRIV$ ( KN[L$GE1 9ITIATIVE & CREATIVITY4 ,WE WILL SEE ?AT =GETT+ ?IS IMPORTANT PO9T IS =GETT+ ! V]Y DYNAMICS ?AT MAKES ! SUBV]SION ( CAPITALISM A POSSIBLE REALITY4 #d4#c ,:O %>ES ! M9D ( CAPITAL8 ,AS CAPITAL DOES NOT GO TO ! M>KET ) ITS [N LEGS BUT IT NE$S ! CAPITALI/ TO CIRCULATE1 CAPITAL IS 9CAPABLE ( ?9K+1 DESIGN+1 ORGANIZ+1 AS WELL3 IT NE$S MAN = ?IS4 ,?IS1 AT ! BEG9N+1 WAS ! CAPITALI/ HIMSELF3 ,W$GWOOD = EXAMPLE4 ,BUT ,W$GWOOD'S CREATIVITY IS ! CREATIVITY ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS CREATIVITY IS FREE 9S(> IT HAS 9TROJECT$ ! NE$S ( CAPITAL1 ! OBJECTIVE CON/RA9S ( ! M>KET & ITS LAWS4 ,9DE$1 :AT IS ?9KABLE IS :AT IS OBJECTIVELY REALIZABLE )9 A L&SCAPE ( UND5IABLE1 OBJECTIVE CON/RA9TS3 ! F9ANCES AVAILABLE1 ! REALITY ( M>KET DEM&1 ! AVAILABILITY 79 T]MS ( CO/67 ( MEANS1 MAT]IALS1 LABOR]S2 ! REASONABILITY 79 T]MS ( CO/67 ( ! DESIGN ITSELF2 ! /ATE ( COMPETITION1 ETC4 ,?IS IS AN ASPECT ( B\RGEOIS 'ALI5ATION'3 ! NE$ TO ADH]E TO AN 'OBJECTIVE' REALITY EXT]NAL TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,B\RGEOIS ALI5ATION MAY BE EXP]I5C$ AS A BURD51 BUT ALL B\RGEOIS /OP :++ 9 FRONT ( ! WEAL? & SOCIAL P[] ?IS ALI5ATION ALSO MEANS = !M4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ! CAPITALI/ F>M$ \T CREATIVE & ORGANIZATIONAL WORK TO SPECIAL CATEGORIES ( PRIVILEG$ WORK]S3 MANAG]S & PR(ESSIONALS1 :O WORK$ )9 !IR PRODUCTIVE PROJECT OR AS 9DEP5D5T PR(ESSIONALS4 ,TODAY ! /ATE F9ANCES A L>GE P>T ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & ! DEVELOPM5T ( KN[L$GE4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE C\LD ONLY DEVELOP ?R\< ! 9FLUX ( /ATE FUNDS BECAUSE ! CAPITAL NE$$ = ! EXPANSION ( MOD]N SCI5TIFIC RESE>* W\LD BE TOO BIG = ANY REASONABLE CAPITALI/ V5TURE4 ,ALSO ,I,T DEVELOP$ ?ANKS TO G5]\S ,U,S /ATE F9ANCE4.<#a#h#h.> ,)9 !SE FIELDS1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR1 ONE ASPECT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 WAS 5C\RAG$1 :ILE ! FETT]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY W]E OV]RIDD5 BY PUBLIC F9ANCE4 ,SADLY1 ?IS IS NOT ! NORM BUT ! EXCEPTION ?AT CONFIRMS A FUNDAM5TAL NORM 9 CAPITALISM4 ,! PR(ESSIONALS1 ! TOP DESIGN]1 ! RESE>*] %>E ! EFFECTS ( =MAL ALI5ATION ) ,W$GWOOD4 ,!Y HAVE TO FACE COMPETITION4 ,9 A WORLD BAS$ ON EX*ANGE !Y HAVE TO PRODUCE = /RANG]S :O DO NOT %>E A PROJECT OR COMMON 9T]E/S ) !M4.<#a#h#i.> ,BUT !Y NORMALLY FEEL FULFILL$ BY !IR PRACTICE4 ,!Y CAN SEE !IR WORK AS CREATIVE &1 AS F> AS !Y ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! 'OBJECTIVE' REQUIREM5TS ( !IR PR(ESSION1 AUTONOM\S4 ,!Y CAN PRAISE ! PRES5T WORLD AS A WORLD ( 'CREATIVITY' & '9TELLIG5CE' BECAUSE !Y DO CONTRIBUTE TO ! CREATIVITY & 9TELLIG5CE ( CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ! B\RGEOIS1 = ! WAG$ CREATIVE & PR(ESSIONAL WORK]S !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITION 9 SOCIETY IS NOT DUE TO ! P[] ( !IR [N CAPITAL AT ALL3 !Y >E UNABLE TO LIVE )\T SELL+ !IR 7V]Y DE>7 LABOR P[] TO CAPITAL1 OR )\T A WAGE OR GRANT FROM ! /ATE4 ,! REC5T RETREAT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS IMPLI$ A RETREAT ( ! /ATE FROM F9ANC+ ACADEMIA & ! SCI5CES4 ,SQUEEZ$ BY ! LACK ( F9ANCIAL P]SPECTIVE1 SOME ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA HAVE MOV$ TO RADICAL ANTI-CAPITALISM4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ A 'NEW' ]A1 :5 PRECISELY ! 'NEW' GOSPEL BY RADICAL ACADEMICS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAN SELL LOTS ( BOOKS4 ,= ! UNPRIVILEG$1 L>GE MASS ( DONKEY WORK]S :O DO NOT CREATE BUT EXECUTE1 !RE IS ANO!R /ORY4 #d4#d ,! SUBJECTIVE SIDE ( REAL SUBSUMPTION ,! 7EI!R MAT]IAL OR IMMAT]IAL67 DONKEY WORK] :O WORKS UND] ! COMM& ( BLUEPR9TS1 ORGANIZATIONAL ,I,T FRAMEWORKS1 DESIGNS1 ETC4 DOES NOT %>E ! M9D ( CAPITAL OR ANY CREATIVE 'PLEASURE' FROM IT4 ,9 ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION1 ! 9=MATION & KN[L$GE ( CAPITAL MEANS ! OPPOSITE = ! WORK]4 ,!RE IS A GOOD EXAMPLE FROM REC5T NEWS4 ,BY ,JUNE ?IS YE> TRANSPORT & DELIV]Y WORK]S 9 W>EH\SES ACROSS ,BRITA9 HAD />T$ COMPLA9+ ( HAV+ TO WE> COMPUT]S ON !IR WRI/S1 >MS & F+]S :I* 9/RUCT$ !M 9 !IR DAILY WORK4 ,AS ,G,M,B SPOKESMAN ,PAUL ,CAMPBELL SAID3 ',WE >E HAV+ REPORTS ( PEOPLE WALK+ \R ( !IR JOBS AFT] A FEW DAYS WORK1 9 SOME CASES JU/ A FEW H\RS4 ,!Y >E ALL SAY+ ?AT !Y DON'T LIKE ! JOB BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO 9PUT4 ,!Y JU/ FOLL[ A COMPUT]'S 9/RUCTION4'.<#a#i.> ,9=MATIONALISATION HAS NOT MADE DELIV]Y MORE 9TELLIG5T OR AUTONOM\S1 BUT MORE BRA9-NUMB+ & CONTROLL$4 ,AS CLEV] COMPUT]IZ$ SY/EMS >E SOLD AS GADGETS = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION1 SOCIETY AT L>GE T5DS TO BECOME LESS 9TELLIG5T TOO6 ,TRY A TRIP 9 A C> :I* HAS ! NEW-FANGL$ SATELLITE-DRIV5 PILOT 9 IT1 & EXP]I5CE ! FEEL ( DIVE/+ Y\RSELF ( Y\R GEOGRAPHICAL & ORI5TATION SKILLS64 ,?IS ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION IS ONE ) A SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( BOR$OM & PA94.<#a#i#a.> ,MORRIS D5\NC$ ! NEW PA9 CREAT$ BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( CREATIVITY & AUTONOMY FROM CRAFT WORK ) MANUFACTURE1 I4E4 ! BEG9N+ ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ! DAWN ( CAPITALISM MANY PEOPLE EXP]I5C$ HATR$ ( DESIGN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! TYPOGRAPH] ,KO*1 :OSE IDEAS W]E CLOSE TO ,MORRIS'S1 FANTASIZ$ AB\T1 & EXP]IM5T$ )1 A 'DESIGN-LESS TYPOGRAPHY' AS AN UNCONSCI\S REACTION TO ! SUFF]ANCE ( ! PRES5T4 ,9 ! 'NEW' ]A ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 ?IS SAME PA9 HAS COMPELL$ MANY ,BRITI% TRANSPORT WORK]S TO LEAVE !IR JOB AFT] JU/ A FEW H\RS ( COMPUT]-COMM&$ WORK6 #d4#e ,HATR$ AS CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL ,) ,AUTONOMIA & ,M>IO ,TRONTI 9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONCRETE EXP]I5CE ( LABOR UND] SUBSUMPTION WAS SE5 AS ! TRIGG] ( ANTAGONISM4 ,= ,TRONTI ! LABOR :I* IS COMM&$ & MADE MEAN+LESS BY REAL SUBSUMPTION IMPLIES ! DISAFFECTION ( ! WORK] FROM !IR DAILY ACTIVITY3 IT IMPLIES HATR$4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS ASSOCIAT$ BY ,TRONTI ) ! FACT ?AT LABOR UND] CAPITALISM IS AB/RACT LABOR1 ! S\RCE ( VALUE -- CAPITAL AS SELF-VALORIZ+ CAPITAL NE$S !N TO RATIONALIZE & DESKILL CONCRETE LABOR AGA9/ \R RESI/ANCE 9 ORD] TO EXTRACT SURPLUS VALUE4.<#a#i#b.> ,HATR$ IS !N ! SUBJECTIVE ASPECT ( ! OBJECTIVE EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL AS SELF-VALORIZ+ VALUE -- & ( A REAL SUBSUMPTION :I* HAS TO BE REIMPOS$ CONT9UALLY & IS CONT9UALLY *ALL5G$ BECAUSE IT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A FULFILL+ LIFE4 ,HATR$ IS ! 9H]5T UNACCEPTABILITY ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & ! PRES5T DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,HATR$ IS ! FEEL-BAD FACTOR 9 \R OPTIMI/IC VIEW ( CAPITAL AS AN UNSOLVABLE CONTRADICTION4 #d4#f ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S CONCEPTION ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS 'AB/RACT LABOR' & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CANNOT D5Y ! UND5IABLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,EMPIRE !Y CANNOT D5Y ?AT ,I,T IS A MEANS TO CONTROL & DESKILL LABOR 9 ! NEW S]VICE SECTOR4.<#a#i#c.> ,! DESKILL+ BAS$ ON ,I,T1 !Y ADD1 TURNS ALL CONCRETE LABORS 9TO 'AB/RACT LABOR'1 A HOMOG5IZ$ JELLY ( MANIPULATIONS ( SYMBOLS 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #b#i#b74 ,>E WE P]HAPS UNFAIR TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 IF !Y SEEM TO REPEAT WORD BY WORD :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID8 ,NO4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE C>RY ON READ+1 WE F9D A TWI/4 ,?R\< ! PRACTICE ( COMPUT] WORK1 !Y CONT9UE1 ALL LABOR BECOMES AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ JELLY ( ! SAME ACTIVITY3 AN AB/RACT 'MANIPULATION ( . SYMBOLS'4 ,?IS1 !Y CONCLUDE1 IS ! CONCEPT ( 'AB/RACT LABOR'4 ,AL?\< ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO CONSID] DESKILL+ & REAL SUBSUMPTION1 !Y FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON ! MAT]IAL ASPECTS ( LABOR1 ! B>E MANIPULATION ( SYMBOLS4 ,! SOCIAL CONTEXT ( ?IS MANIPULATION 7= :OM1 :Y1 UND] :AT PLANS1 ETC47 BECOMES 9ESS5TIAL4 ,IF WE ALL PRESS COMPUT] KEYS :5 WE WORK1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR BECOMES ! SAME JELLY ( AB/RACT ACTIVITY1 I4E4 ! SAME = ,PR(ESSOR ,NEGRI AS IT IS = EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,! !ORY ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR !N BECOMES UNIV]SAL & DISMISSES ! DI/9CTION AB\T :O %>ES ! M9D ( CAPITAL & :O EXECUTES4 ,HATR$1 :I* H>DLY APPLIES TO ! TOP DESIGN] OR = ,PR(ESSOR ,NEGRI1 HAS NO PLACE 9 ?IS !ORY4 ,IF HATR$ HAS NO PLACE H]E1 ! CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL AS ITS UNACCEPTABILITY HAS NO PLACE EI!R4 ,:]E IS !N ! MA9 CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT8 ,IT >ISES1 !Y EXPLA91 NOT FROM ! 9H]5T UNACCEPTABILITY ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION1 BUT FROM ITS 9H]5T POSITIVITY4 ,ANTAGONISM >ISES1 !Y EXPLA91 FROM \R WILL TO DEVELOP ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & FRAN*ISE IT FROM ! CAPITALI/4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ A !ORY :I* DOES NOT SEE ! NE$ = A RUPTURE1 :I* IS A RUPTURE ) A CONV5I5T DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,NO SURPRISE ?AT = ,NEGRI & HIS FOLL[]S A /RUGGLE = '! SUBV]SIVE RE9TEGRATION ( EXECUTION & CONCEPTION' IS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! /RUGGLES ( ,I,T WORK]S = ! RIXISM'1 P4 #a#d74 ,NO SURPRISE ?AT = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT :AT C\NTS = \R ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES IS NOT A SUBV]SION ( ! PRES5T DIVISION ( LABOR BUT ! BANAL QUE/ION ( :O CONTROLS ! RESULTS ( LABOR 79=MATION1 ! ,G,M CODE1 'COMMUNICATIONAL RES\RCES'1 ETC47 AS IT IS DIVID$ N[6 #d4#g ,AN \TDAT$ !ORY8 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT WILL SAY1 NO D\BT1 ?AT ALL ?AT WE HAVE SAID SO F>1 9 \R ANALYSIS ( ANTAGONISM & HATR$ BAS$ ON ! REAL SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR IS \TDAT$4 ,TODAY1 !Y WILL SAY1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION HAS BROK5 \T ) LABOR CONF9$ 9 ! WORKPLACE & IS DONE 9 ! /REET1 )9 UNSPECIFI$ 'COMMUNITIES'1 BY ANTI-CAPITALI/ PROTE/]S1 EV5 TRIBES ON SMALL ISL&S 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN1 BY CONSUM]S :O COLLECTIVELY HELP CREATE ! MEAN+S ( !IR COMMODITY WORLD1 ETC4.<#a#i#d.> ,! LI/ IS NEV]-5D+4 ,TODAY1 !N1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS REAL SUBSUMPTION ANYMORE4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TODAY SOCIETY AT L>GE ORGANIZES \R COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION1 :ILE CAPITAL ONLY OV]LAPS ON !M & BY OV]LAPP+ IT 'CONTROLS1 COMM&S & *ANNELS \R ACTIONS'4.<#a#i#e.> ,ANO!R REASON :Y WE >E WRONG1 & ,M>XISM IS \TDAT$1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT WILL SAY1 IS BECAUSE NOT ONLY IS PRODUCTION DELOCALIZ$1 BUT ! PRODUCT EXCE$S ! COMMODITY4 ,:AT'S ?IS 'EXCESS'8 ,AS IMMAT]IAL WORK]S 9 ! S]VICE SECTOR1 WE MAY MAKE FRI5DS 9 \R IMMAT]IAL JOB ) ! CU/OM]S1 ABOVE ALL IF WE SMILE A LOT3 ?IS IS AN 'EXCESS'4 ,AS MIGRANTS1 \R FIR/ LANGUAGE & \R L9KS ) \R RELATIVES >E EXCESSES TOO4 ,AS UNEMPLOY$1 \R SKILL 9 MAK+ H\SES ( C>DS IS AN EXCESS TOO4 ,& 9 G5]AL1 AS WORK]S & POOR1 WE PRODUCE LOTS ( EXCESSES 9 ! =MS ( NE$S & DESIRES 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#h74.<#a#i#f.> ,IS ?IS TRUE -- &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS \R !ORY \TDAT$8 ,9 FACT ALL ! ABOVE IS TRUE1 BUT HAS ALWAYS BE5 TRUE 9 CAPITALISM & HAS NEV] D5I$ ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITAL & REAL SUBSUMPTION4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS ALWAYS ?RIV$ ON GIV5 SOCIAL & CULTURAL BACKGR\NDS4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( USE VALUE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ROOT$ 9 SOCIETY & ITS CULTURE4.<#a#i#g.> ,IF ! ABOVE IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT MAKE A LOGICAL LEAP & CLAIM ?AT ?IS BACKGR\ND = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 TODAY1 IS PRODUCTION 9 ITS [N RI AS LIFE T5DS TO BE COMPLETELY 9VE/$ BY ACTS ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION1 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF BECOMES A PRODUCTIVE MA*9E4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d#h7 ,9 ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( PRODUCTION :I* 9CORPORATES NON-PRODUCTION1 !N ALL CAN BE PRODUCTION4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ TO WA/E MORE WORDS ON ?IS DI/ORTION ( REALITY4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S LOGICAL LEAP :I* CONFLATES ALL ACTIVITY ) PRODUCTION HAS ALREADY BE5 CRITICIZ$ BY ,CAFF5TZIS :O /RESS$ ?AT !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LABOR1 AS A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY1 & ANY ODD ACTIVITY4.<#a#i#h.> ,WE ALSO DO NOT NE$ TO WA/E MORE WORDS TO CONV9CE ! READ] ?AT REAL SUBSUMPTION IS /ILL A REALITY TODAY -- EV]YONE CAN EXP]I5CE IT4 ,AS ,GILLES ,DAUVE SAYS3 ,MANAG]S KN[ !IR ,M>X BETT] ?AN ,TONI ,NEGRI3 !Y KEEP TRAC+ & MEASUR+ PRODUCTIVE PLACES & MOM5TS TO TRY & RATIONALIZE !M EV5 MORE4 ,!Y EV5 LOCATE & DEVELOP 0PR(IT C5T]S0 )9 ! COMPANY4 ,WORK IS NOT DIFFUSE4 ,IT IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! RE/ 7',TO ,WORK OR ,NOT TO ,WORK8'7 ,ONLY1 :AT WE >E CONC]N$ ) H]E1 IS ! IDEOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS ( A !ORY ( 'G5]AL 9TELLECT'4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ?IS !ORY SEEMS DEMOCRATIC & EGALIT>IAN BUT HIDES A SNEAK+ CONT5TM5T = ! PRES5T4 ,9 A SOCIETY :]E ALL IS PRODUCTIVE1 !RE IS NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE >E NO CLASSES1 ONLY ONE L>GE CLASS ( PRODUCTIVE PRODUC]S1 SOME ( GOODS & SOME ( NE$S4 ,SECOND1 ?IS !ORY SEEMS TO FLATT] US AB\T \R CREATIVE & KN[L$GEABLE 9PUTS 9TO SOCIETY1 BUT HIDES CONT5TM5T = A SITUATION :]E 9 REALITY WE HAVE NO 9PUT4 ,WE MAY WORK #dc H\RS A WEEK 9 A CALL C5T]1 BUT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT GIVE US A WORD ( CONSOLATION3 9 ! 9=MATION WE EMPLOY1 9 ! SPREAD%EET WE USE1 !RE IS A DROP ( \R SOCIALLY-%>$ CREATIVITY -- WE >E ! CO-CREATORS ( IT4 ,:AT WE NE$ IS ONLY TO BECOME AW>E ( ?IS4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 WE >E CONFID5T ?AT ! QUE/IONS WE PUT =W>D >E NOT \TDAT$6 ,!RE IS NO EASY ESCAPE = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT FROM !SE QUE/IONS 9TO A DREAM WORLD ( HAPPY G5]AL 9TELLECTUAL & EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION4 O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,IMMAT]IAL LAB\R & ! HE>T ( CAPITAL #e4 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR & ! HE>T ( CAPITAL ,WE HAVE FOCUS$ SO F> ON IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE & IDEAS4 ,ANO!R1 C5TRAL1 ASPECT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS DEF9$ BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT IS ! PRODUCTION ( AFFECTS1 COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION4 ,9 ?IS SECTION WE ADDRESS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S VIEW ?AT ?IS PRODUCTION1 :I* IS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 IS 'ELEVAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( HUMAN RELATIONS' & CRITICIZE !IR 9ABILITY TO UND]/& ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ?AT TURNS AFFECTS & COMMUNICATION 9TO AB/RACT P[]S ( CAPITAL & 9TO \R DISEMP[]M5T4 #e4#a4 ',IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS & SUBV]SION ,CAPITAL & AFFECTS1 IT SEEMS1 DO NOT GO ALONG TOO WELL4 ,= ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAPITAL WAS SIMPLY =C$ TO 9CORPORATE AFFECTS & O!R SUBJECTIVE P[]S LIKE COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION 9TO PRODUCTION 7,EMPIRE1 PP4 #b#g#e-#f74 ,)\T ! /RUGGLES ( ! '#fS & '#gS1 !Y SAY1 CAPITAL W\LD HAVE BE5 CONT5T ) CONVEYOR BELTS & ME*ANICAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 WE >E MADE TO BELIEVE1 BY 9CORPORAT+ COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS 9 ITS PRODUCTION1 CAPITAL 9CORPORAT$ ITS [N GRAV$IGG]S3 :AT IS SUBJECTIVE & HUMAN IS 9H]5TLY SUBV]SIVE & ANTI-CAPITALI/ BY NATURE4 ,H>DT CONC$ES ?AT1 9 9CORPORAT+ AFFECTS & HUMAN RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION1 CAPITAL 'CONTAM9AT$' !M4 ,9 HIS >TICLE ',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR' WE READ3 ,9 A FIR/ MOM5T 9 ! COMPUT]IZATION ( 9DU/RY444 ONE MI ,BUT1 ?IS IS NOT ! 5D ( ! /ORY4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS BE5 HUMANIZ$ 9 TURN1 BY ?IS SUBSUMPTION ( HUMAN FACULTIES3 ,?R\< A RECIPROCAL PROCESS444 PRODUCTION HAS BECOME COMMUNICATIVE1 AFFECTIVE1 DE-9/RUM5TALIS$ & ELEVAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 7',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR'7 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO PROPOSE SOME?+ REFRE%+4 ,FROM ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL TO ,F\CAULT1 WE HAVE READ PL5TY ( PESSIMI/IC LIT]ATURE AB\T H[ WE >E HELPLESSLY DE-HUMANIZ$ BY MASS PRODUCTION OR BY ! :OLE CON/RUCTION ( P[]4 ,ADORNO 5DLESSLY MOAN$ ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CREATES FALSE IDEOLOGY ?R\< A SPECIFIC PRODUCTION ( MASS CULTURE4 ,F\CAULT1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE PESSIMI/ICALLY1 OBS]V$ ?AT \R ONLY SUBJECTIVITY IS 9EVITABLY ! ONE CREAT$ BY P[]4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT AGREE ) ,F\CAULT ?AT PRES5T PRODUCTION CREATES \R COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY & SOCIETY1 & ?IS HAPP5S1 !Y ADD1 BECAUSE PRES5T PRODUCTION IS ! PRODUCTION ( AFFECTS1 AFFECTIVE LABOR4 ,AS ,H>DT WRITES3 ,AFFECTIVE LABOR IS ITSELF & DIRECTLY ! CON/ITUTION ( COMMUNITIES & COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITIES444 ! PROCESSES :]EBY \R LABOR+ PRACTICES PRODUCE COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITIES444 SOCIETY ITSELF4 7',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR'7 ,BUT1 !Y ADD1 ?IS PRODUCTION IS NOT NEGATIVE1 IT IS POSITIVE4 ,IT MAKES SOCIETY 'MORE AFFECTIVE' & 'MORE COMMUNICATIVE'4 ,&1 S9CE ?IS IS ! RESULT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 IT IS AT ODDS ) CAPITAL ITSELF1 IT IS HUMAN & POT5TIALLY SUBV]SIVE4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT 9V]T ! PESSIMISM ( GRUMPY ,F\CAULT & ,ADORNO 9TO A EUPHORIC ADH]5CE TO ! PRES5T4 ,DO WE WANT TO %>E ?IS EUPHORIA8 ,LET US CONSID] DEEPLY ! ISSUE ( COMMUNICATIVE & AFFECTIVE LABOR1 & :AT IT MEANS = US4 #e4#b4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS & REAL SUBSUMPTION ,! FIR/ QUE/ION WE ASK IS :AT HAPP5S TO ! NATURE ( C]TA9 ACTIVITIES :I* 9VOLVE PRIM>ILY COMMUNICATIONS & AFFECTS 7E4G4 C>E1 COMMUNICATION & 5T]TA9M5T7 :5 !Y BECOME PRODUCTIVE = CAPITAL4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE ANSW]4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( SU* ACTIVITIES AS PR(IT-MAK+ ACTIVITIES IMPLY REAL SUBSUMPTION & RATIONALIZATION4 ,AS ,TAYLOR DID ) MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 NEW /UDIES N[ ANALYZE HUMAN COOP]ATION 9 T]MS ( AB/RACT PR9CIPLES1 ORGANIZATIONAL S*EMES AM5ABLE TO /&>DIZATION & AUTOMATION4 ,AS ! MA*9E = MANUAL WORK ! NEW TE*NOLOGY ( COMMUNICATION ALL[S = /&>DIZATION1 RATIONALIZATION & CONTROL ( COMMUNICATION4.<#b.> ,&1 IMPORTANTLY1 ! IMPOSITION ( EFFICI5CY 9 CO/ & TIME MEANS ! IMPOSITION ( FACTORY PACE ON AFFECTIVE ACTIVITIES SU* AS HOSPITAL C>E4 #e4#c4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS & ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ,IF WE N[ CONSID] ! EFFECT ( ?IS *ANGE = ! WORK]1 WE WILL NOT BE SURPRIS$ TO DISCOV] ?AT WE WILL F9D A SIMIL> PATT]N AS ! ONE SE5 9 ,SECTION #d = MANUFACTURE3 DE-HUMANIZATION4 ,BUT IS !RE A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SUBSUMPTION ( CRAFT WORK & ! MORE REC5T SUBSUMPTION ( O!R 'COMMUNICATIVE & AFFECTIVE' ACTIVITIES8 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SEEM TO PO9T AT ! FACT ?AT !SE LATT] HAVE SOME?+ SPECIAL 9 !IR ORIG9AL1 NATURAL IMMAT]IALITY1 & ?AT1 UNLIKE CRAFT WORK1 !IR SUBSUMPTION MU/ HAVE A REV]SE HUMANIZ+ EFFECT ON PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT !SE >GUM5TS SEEM TO CONTA9 A BASICALLY WRONG ASSUMPTION4 ,?9K+ ?AT NURS+ HAS SOME?+ MORE SPECIALLY SOCIAL & HUMAN ) RESPECT TO1 = EXAMPLE1 POT MAK+ & ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ITS SUBSUMPTION IMPLIES SOME?+ NEW & DIFF]5T = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 MEANS TO FALL 9TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TRAP4 ,IT MEANS TO TAKE ! E/ABLI%$ RESULT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ON HUMAN ACTIVITY AS SOME?+ NATURAL4 ,9 FACT POT MAK+1 AS ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES 9CLUD+ C>E1 WAS FULLY SOCIAL1 COMMUNICATIVE & AFFECTIVE BE=E ITS SUBSUMPTION BY CAPITAL4 ,IT 9VOLV$ IMAG9ATION & PROBLEM SOLV+1 A SOCIALLY-%>$ CONCEPTION ( ES!TICS & UTILITY & A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 ! CREATOR & ! US]4 ,CAPITAL TOOK OV] ALL !SE HUMAN P[]S &1 TRULY1 '= A RECIPROCAL PROCESS' 7:I* WE CALL ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION67 ASSUM$ !M AS ITS P[]S4 ,?IS 'RECIPROCAL PROCESS' & HUMANIZATION ( CAPITAL IS NOT1 H[EV]1 A SILV] L9+ ( REAL SUBSUMPTION BUT A CURSE = US1 S9CE IT IS ONE ) \R REAL EXP]I5CE ( DE-HUMANIZATION4 ,GO+ BACK TO ! SUBSUMPTION ( S]VICE & COMMUNICATION1 WE WOND] IF WE >E NOT 9 ! PRES5CE ( SOME MORE ( ?IS 9CORPORATION & SUBSUMPTION ( HUMAN ACTIVITY & P[]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ACTIVITY ( 'SPREAD+ 9=MATION' WAS PRACTIC$ 9 ! C\RTY>DS & VILLAGE SQU>ES & BAS$ ON COMMON UND]/&+ & EXP]I5CE4 ,TAK5 OV] BY CAPITAL1 IT BECOMES ! TASK ( HELP+ /RANG]S 9 EX*ANGE = A WAGE -- FIR/ FROM 'HELP DESKS' 9 ! SAME T[N2 LAT]1 BY PHONE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 FROM A DI/ANT C\NTRY4 ,AUTOMATION COMES NEXT3 ROBOTS N[ PHONE US OR ANSW] \R PHONE CALLS2 WEB SITES1 I4E4 AUTOMAT$ 9T]ACTIVE SY/EMS REPLACE \R 9T]ACTION EFFECTIVELY4 ,MEAN:ILE ! CONT5T ( 9=MATION IS MADE 9CREAS+LY ALI5 TO BO? ! ONES :O RECEIVE IT & ?OSE :O CONVEY IT4 ,?IS PROCESS 9CREAS+LY DI/ANCES ! COMMUNICATORS CONCRETELY1 9 'AFFECTS' AS WELL AS 9 LIFE & /RUGGLE4 ,PEOPLE FROM TWO SIDES ( A DESK CAN /ILL F9D COMMON GR\NDS ( UND]/&+ & /RUGGLE1 = EXAMPLE ?R\< %>+ SOCIAL MILIEUS \TSIDE ALI5AT+ CU/OM] RELATIONS4 ,BRIITY AMONG ! MORE MILITANT DOLE WORK]S & ! UNEMPLOY$ 9 A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ DOLE PRIVATIZATION4 ,BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( BUILD+ SOLID>ITY ON COMMON GR\NDS IS MORE DIFFICULT ! MORE PEOPLE >E DELOCALIZ$ & E/RANG$4.<#b#a.> ,9 ! SECTOR ( 5T]TA9M5T1 ! MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS MU/ BE ABLE TO LEAVE ! PRODUC] & BE CONSUM$ BY /RANG]S4 ,?IS TRANS=MS COLLECTIVE EV5TS ( ! PA/ 7FAIRS1 /ORYTELL+ ETC47 :I* 9VOLV$ COMPLEX 9T]PLAY ( FULL HUMAN RELATIONS1 9TO ! CONSUMPTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( AFFECTS 9 C>E IS DE-HUMANIZ$ TOO4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! DIRECT RELATION ( ! VILLAGE DOCTOR & HIS PATI5TS1 OR WOM5 NEIDIZ$ BY PRIVATIZATION4 ,! NURSE :O DEALS ) PATI5TS 9 A CONVEYOR-BELT SY/EM CANNOT KN[ !M P]SONALLY3 HIS 'MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS' IS NECESS>ILY DEP]SONALIZ$4 ,A SURG]Y UND] ECONOMIC PRESSURE N[ T5DS TO ROTATE PATI5TS AMONG DOCTORS SO ?AT EV5 ! FLIMSY RELATION BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL PATI5T & 'HIS' DOCTOR IS SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 HOSPITAL CONSULTANTS WILL BE ASK$ TO 9T]ACT ) !IR PATI5TS ?R\< ,T,V MONITORS ON :EELS4 ,9 FRONT ( ?IS SY/EMATIC D5IAL ( COMMUNICATION & SOCIALIZATION 9H]5T 9 A PR(IT-MAK+ PROCESS1 & 9 FRONT ( ! P>ALLEL BUILDUP ( 'COMMUNICATIVE' & 'AFFECTIVE' P[]S ( CAPITAL1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DO NOT FL9*4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] IF \R CONTACT IS AUTOMAT$ OR VIRTUAL1 ,H>DT SAYS1 'NOT = ?AT REASON IS . ANY LESS REAL' 7',AFFECTIVE ,LABOR'74 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] IF IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TODAY TO REALIZE ! CONDITIONS = COMMUNICATION & SOLID>ITY AMONG 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS 9 /RUGGLE3 ?IS IS COMMUNICATION ANYWAY -- ONLY IT IS A 'NEW' K9D ( COMMUNICATION1 V]TICAL 9/EAD ( HORIZONTAL4.<#b#b.> ,! QUE/ION ?AT IMM$IATELY COMES TO \R M9D IS3 9 A HI/ORICAL MOM5T :5 MO/ ( US HAVE TO KEEP \R HEADS D[N 9 \R 'FLEXIBLE' JOBS AS CALL C5T] WORK]S1 WAIT]S1 C>]S1 BANK EMPLOYES1 RECEPTIONI/S1 ETC41 H[ SUBV]SIVE IS IT TO TELL US ?AT ! ALI5AT$ & ALI5AT+ 'COMMUNICATION' & 'AFFECTIONS' WE PRODUCE >E NONE!LESS REAL8 #e4#d4 ,PO/-,=DISM & ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ,! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE ( H[ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TURN A BL9D EYE TO ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS 9 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS !IR 5?USIA/IC APPROA* TO PO/-,=DI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PO/-,=DISM IS WELCOM$ BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT AS AN ASPECT ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BE+ BAS$ ON EX*ANGE ( 9=MATION & COOP]ATION BETWE5 9T]RELAT$ WORK UNITS -- ?US IT DEM&S & /IMULATES COMMUNICATIVITY 9 ! WORK]4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE >GU$ E>LI]1 PO/-,=DISM AIM$ TO FRAGM5T ! L>GE-SCALE FACTORY PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,?IS FRAGM5TATION NE$S A /RESS ON 'COMMUNICATION' AT A MANAG]IAL LEVEL H[EV]1 S9CE ! COMPANY F9DS ITSELF ) ! NE$ TO S[ ! BITS ( PRODUCTION BACK TOGE!R4 ,( C\RSE ! ,JAPANESE-ORI5T$ BUS9ESS BRO*URES ( ! '#hS MADE A BIG FUSS AB\T 'COMMUNICATION' & 'SYN]GIES'4 ,!Y HAD TO4 ,BUT1 AS IT WAS MORE CLE> TO ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?AN TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ! BREAKD[N ( PRODUCTION 9TO TEAMS 9CREAS$ MANAG]IAL-CONTROLL$ COMMUNICATION TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT R$UC$ ! POSSIBILITY = UNCONTROLL$1 ANTAGONI/IC1 COMMUNICATION ACROSS ! FACTORY4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 ,LONGBRIDGE1 :]E AS WE HAVE SAID E>LI] ,ROV] PRODUCTION WAS RE/RUCTUR$1 ! SEP>ATION ( WORK 9TO UNITS 9CREAS$ FACE-TO-FACE 'COMMUNICATION' BETWE5 ! WORK]S & !IR [N TEAM 7GR\P7 LEAD] :ILE CURTAIL+ ! MOBILITY ( ! %OP /EW>DS 7,PUGLIANO1 ',RE/RUCTUR+ ( ,WORK'1 PP4 #c#i-#d#a74.<#b#c.> ,RA!R ?AN 5C\RAG+ NEW ALT]NATIVE1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ COMMUNICATIONS1 SIMPLY & SADLY1 ?IS SY/EM 9DIVIDUALIZ$ ! WORK]S & 5C\RAG$ !M TO LOOK TO !IR LEAD]S = ! SOLUTIONS TO !IR GRUDGES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT DISC\RAG$ !M TO LOOK = COLLECTIVE & ANTAGONI/IC SOLUTIONS1 EV5 IF 9 ! MILD =M ( UNION DISPUTES4 ,?IS IS ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION1 :]EBY ! DEVELOPM5T & 9CREASE ( CAPITAL'S 'COMMUNICATION' IS REALIZ$ ?R\< ! D5IAL ( \RS4.<#b#d.> #e4#e4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( NETWORKS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & ALT]NATIVE NETWORKS ,BESIDES ! PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS1 ! 'NETWORKS' ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT RESULTS AS A BYPRODUCT ( 'S]V+ ) A SMILE' CANNOT BUT H>MONIZE ) CAPITAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! SOCIAL NIC5ESS PRODUC$ BETWE5 HO/ESSES & AIRPLANE PASS5G]S IS AN EPHEM]AL CONNECTION F\ND$ ON MONEY TRANSACTION4 ,! REAL NATURE ( ?IS RELATION APPE>S 9 FULL :5 IT IS BROK5 D[N DUR+ A /RIKE -- !N ! PASS5G]S AFFECTIVELY TURN AGA9/ ! /RIK]S1 HAV+ LO/ !IR VALUE = MONEY4 ,IF WE ACCEPT ?AT A NEGATIVE AFFECT IS AN AFFECT1 IT IS WOR? :ILE TO P>APHRASE ,H>DT & SAY ?AT CONSUM]S' RES5TM5T IS BY NO MEANS LESS REAL4 ,9DE$1 SOCIAL RELATIONS ( B\RGEOIS EX*ANGE >E REAL & IMPLY REAL OPPRESSION & REPRESSION4 ,NETWORKS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ALT]NATIVE TO ?OSE ( 'DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGE' CAN 9/EAD EM]GE 9 ! V]Y MOM5T 9 :I* WE D5Y CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,?IS CAN EV5 BE A HUMBLE /RIKE OR A /REET PROTE/ LIMIT$ 9 TIME & AIMS4 ,OR IT MAY BE SOME?+ EV5 HUMBL] & MORE LIMIT$4 ,:5 WE /EAL TIME FROM \R 'AFFECTIVE' JOB 9 \R S]VICE (FICE & HANG AB\T 9 ! CORRIDOR ) \R COLLEAGUES1 ?IS IS ! MOM5T 9 :I* WE BUILD UP AFFECTIONS BEYOND WORK RELATIONS1 AFFECTIONS ?AT CAN BE A BASIS = FUTURE SOLID>ITY4 ,ONLY IF WE CAN BUILD UP & RELY ON DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS ALT]NATIVE TO ?OSE ( EX*ANGE CAN WE CONCRETELY DISPOSE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS4 ,! MORE WE BREAK AWAY FROM CAPITAL1 ! MORE WE DEFETI%ISE ITS P[]1 ! MORE IMPORTANT !SE ALT]NATIVE RELATIONS BECOME = \R SURVIVAL & VICTORY4 ,! REVOLUTION1 ! F9AL TRIUMPH & ABOLITION ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE ON ! BASIS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS CONSCI\SLY BUILT ?R\< /RUGGLE -- SURELY NOT ON ! BASIS ( \R SMILES TO PASS5G]S OR HAMBURG] EAT]S4.<#b#e.> #e4#f4 ,H[ SUBV]SIVE IS IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION & :AT DOES ?IS ACTUALLY MEAN8 ,P]HAPS1 AGA91 WE HAVE CONSID]$ ! WRONG EXAMPLE3 I4E4 ?AT ( A 'TRADITIONAL' /RIKE -- OR A 'TRADITIONAL' MICRO-/RUGGLE SU* AS HANG+-\T 9 ! CORRIDOR ) \R COLLEAGUES4 ,9 ! FAM\S CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ,TONI ,NEGRI & ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 9TELLECTUAL1 ,ALEX ,CALL9ICOS1 AT ! ,P>IS ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,=UM 9 #b#c1 ,CALL9ICOS CRITICIZ$ ,NEGRI = ALLEG$LY NOT 9CLUD+ '/RIK]S' 9 ! 'MULTITUDE' & = HAV+ ?US AB&ON$ A WORK+ CLASS P]SPECTIVE4 ,NEGRI EASILY REBUFF$ !SE ALLEGATIONS3 HE NEV] EXCLUD$ /RIK]S1 HE SAID1 & HE ALWAYS SPEAKS AB\T ! ANTAGONI/IC CLASS4.<#b#f.> ,H[EV]1 :AT WE READ AB\T IMMAT]IAL LABOR POSES S]I\S D\BTS AB\T :AT1 PRECISELY1 ,NEGRI'S VIEW ( CLASS /RUGGLE IS4 ,9DE$1 = A !ORY :I* SEES IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ANTI-CAPITALI/ 9 ITSELF1 ! REAL1 EFFECTIVE /RUGGLE CANNOT BE F\ND 9 REFUS+ & DISRUPT+ IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4.<#b#g.> ,! 'NEW' ]A ?US OP5S UP1 9 ?IS VIEW1 POSSIBILITIES = 'NEW' POSITIVE & EXCIT+ /RUGGLES ?AT CREATE & DEVELOP IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,= MANY ( US ?IS IDEA DOES NOT MAKE MU* S5SE4 ,BUT IT MAKES REALLY GOOD S5SE = ! RADICAL ACADEMIC OR ! RADICAL TOP DESIGN]4 ,!Y CAN CONSID] /RUGGLES BAS$ ON !IR WRIT+ & DESIGN+4 ,!Y CAN USE !IR SKILLS AGA9/ CAPITAL1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME IMPROVE !IR ,C,V & 'SELF-VALORIZE' !IR PRIVILEG$ LABOR P[]4.<#b#h.> ,AL?\< ,CALL9ICOS MADE ! MI/AKE ( NOT ACKN[L$G+ ,NEGRI'S SUBTLETIES S]I\SLY 5\<1 9 HIS ALLEGATIONS !RE IS A MOM5T ( TRU?4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,NEGRI /ILL SPEAKS AB\T ! 'ANTAGONI/IC' CLASS1 BUT HE HAS EMPTI$ ?IS CONCEPT ( MEAN+4 ,= HIM CLASS IS SIMPLY A CULTURAL BELONG+1 A RE-GR\PM5T CREAT$ BY 7ANY7 /RUGGLE4 ,:5 ANYBODY CAN BE '! CLASS'1 9CLUD+ TOP DESIGN] ,OLIVI]O ,TOSCANI1 ! CONCEPT ( CLASS BECOMES MEAN+LESS4 ,?US ,NEGRI'S WORLD ( ! MULTITUDE BECOMES 9 PRACTICE A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS :Y ,NEGRI CAN F9D A BASIS = ACADEMIC COLLABORATION1 ) PO/-MOD]NI/S :O HAVE1 MORE OP5LY 7& HONE/LY7 JU/ DIS[N$ A CLASS P]SPECTIVE4.<#b#i.> ,9 ! NEXT & LA/ SUBSECTION WE WILL %[ H[ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 AS NEW IDEOLOGUES = ! 'NEW' ]A1 MANAGE TO PRES5T !IR P>TICUL>I/IC !ORY AS UNIV]SAL4 #e4#g4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! APOLOGY = ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION ,LIKE ALL B\RGEOIS !ORIES1 A !ORY ?AT CAN ONLY REFLECT ! P]SPECTIVE ( A PRIVILEG$ P>T ( SOCIETY MU/ NEV]!LESS PRES5T ITSELF AS UNIV]SAL4 ,! EASIE/ WAY ( A*IEV+ UNIV]SALITY IS TO SPEAK AB\T UNQUE/IONABLY & UNIV]SALLY GOOD ?+S4 ,LIKE :AT8 ,LIKE CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,CAPITAL CAN BE SE5 AS AN UNQUE/IONABLY & UNIV]SALLY GOOD ?+ 9DE$4 ,! SECRET ( ! B\RGEOIS APOLOGI/ ( CAPITAL IS 9 FACT TO EXPLOIT ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION4 ,DOES CAPITAL D5Y \R CREATIVITY1 AFFECTIONS1 COMMUNICATION8 ,NEV] M9D4 ,! O!R SIDE ( ?IS CO9 IS A REAL PRODUCTION ( ! SAME HUMAN P[]S1 BUT N[ ASSUM$ BY CAPITAL AS ITS [N1 & APPE>+ TO US AS 'CREATIVITY'1 'AFFECTIONS' OR 'COMMUNICATION' ( A VAGUELY DEF9$ 'SOCIETY' 7OR 'NEW' ]A74 ,! FACT ?AT NONE ( !M ACTUALLY BELONGS TO ! ,MC,DONALD'S WAIT] CAN BE !N SWIFTLY DISMISS$ AS A CONT+5T DISFUNCTION ( ?IS UNQUE/IONABLY POSITIVE SOCIETY 7OR 'NEW' ]A74 ,:5 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TALK AB\T 'CREATIVITY'1 'AFFECTIONS' OR 'COMMUNICATION' WE CANNOT AVOID ?9K+ ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS APOLOGY = CAPITAL AS 'PROGRESS'1 'CULTURE' OR 'CIVILIZATION'4 ,?IS OLD APOLOGY IS N[ RE-PROPOS$ 9 A 'NEW' ,TOYOTAI/IC & CYB]NETIC SALAD DRESS+4 ,MIT*ELL ,COH5 HAS ALREADY NOTIC$ ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT T5D TO ATTRIBUTE TO US ! P[]S & DYNAMICS ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,COMM5T+ ON !IR 5?USIASM = ! FRE$OM ( CIRCULATION ( MIGRANTS1 HE SAYS1 LUCIDLY3 ,POOR MIGRANTS 9 \R GLOBALIZ+ WORLD DON'T PURSUE 0CONT9U\S MOVEM5T0 AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 !Y SEEK PLACES 9 :I* TO LIVE DEC5T & SECURE LIVES4 ,ONLY CAPITAL PURSU+ PR(ITS CAN LIVE 9 RE/LESS MOVEM5T4 7,WELL1 P]HAPS COSMOPOLITAN 9TELLECTUALS CAN TOO :5 !Y *ASE CONF]5CES & 9T]NATIONAL CELEBRITY4 ,BUT !Y ALSO WANT -- & NE$ -- ! SECURITY ( T5URE74.<#b#a.> ,! BROADNESS & AB/RACT$NESS ( CONCEPTS SU* AS 'COMMUNICATION' & 'AFFECTS' HAS ALSO ANO!R 9T]E/+ FUNCTION4 ,IT S]VES ,NEGRI & ,H>DT 9 ! CREATION ( A *EAP ,!ORY ( ,EV]Y?+ 9 ,ONE ,BOOK ?AT CAN EXPLA9 ANY FACTS EV] OBS]V$ & 9CORPORATE ANY?+ EV] WRITT54 ,IF ?IS SEEMS TOO EASY1 H[EV]1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT PAY A PRICE4 ,! PRICE IS ! APPALL+ MEAN+LESS ( A !ORY ?AT CAN SAY ONLY SOME?+ TOO G5]AL OR TOO AB/RACT4.<#b#a#a.> ,READ+ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 WE F9D LOTS ( AB/RACT TRU?S4 ,\R LABOR IS SO COMMUNICATIVE & AFFECTIVE TODAY4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS TRUE4 ,ALL WE CAN POSSIBLY DO OR WE C\LD HAVE EV] DONE S9CE WE CAME D[N FROM ! TREES CAN BE CATEGORIZ$ AS COMMUNICATION OR AFFECTIONS6 ,\R PRODUCTION CREATES SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS TRUE4 ,ALL PRODUCTION1 AS AN ASPECT ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS1 HAS ALWAYS IMPLI$ ! REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS6 ,TODAY LANGUAGE IS FUNDAM5TAL = PRODUCTION BECAUSE 'WE C\LD NOT 9T]ACT444 9 \R DAILY LIVES IF LANGUAGES444 W]E NOT COMMON' 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#h#h74 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS TRUE TOO & HAS ALWAYS BE54 ,DOES ALL ?IS PROVE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY ( EV]Y?+ IS TRUE1 OR IT IS ONLY ! CASE ?AT WE >E 9 FRONT ( TRANS-HI/ORICAL BANALITIES8 O ,P>T #c1 ,CONCLUSION 3 ,A ,BAD ,/R+ ,MAKES A ,BAD ,NECKLACE ,CONCLUSION3 A BAD /R+ MAKES A BAD NECKLACE ,NEW OLD CATEGORIES = ! 'NEW' ]A ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS >TICLE WE HAVE ADDRESS$ ! 9ADEQUACY ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S CONCEPTS ( MAT]IAL & IMMAT]IAL LABOR = ! UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM & ITS CONTRADICTIONS -- ! /R+ ( !IR FASC9AT+ NECKLACE4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S CATEGORIES ( MAT]IAL & IMMAT]IAL LABOR REPLACE ! OLD CATEGORIES ( MANUAL & M5TAL LABOR ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ TIMES4.<#b#a#b.> ,! LATT] W]E 9T5D$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! 'MANUAL' AS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y AG5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTICE ?AT ! ESS5TIAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE :O CREATE & ?OSE :O EXECUTE )9 PRODUCTION -- ?US A DI/9CTION 9 ROLES & PRIVILEGES -- BECAME CONFLAT$ ) 'M5TAL' & 'MANUAL' WORK1 I4E4 ! TYPE ( WORK DONE4 ,! 9CREAS+ 9VE/M5T ( CAPITAL 9TO :AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ! CONSEQU5T 9CREAS+ RATIONALIZATION ( M5TAL LABOR HAS N[ PUT ?IS CATEGORIZATION 9TO QUE/ION4 ',M5TAL' LABOR N[ CUTS ACROSS ! L9ES ( PRIVILEGES & PROLET>IANIZATION & 9CLUDES1 SIDE BY SIDE1 ! CALL C5T] WORK] & ! TOP DESIGN]4 ,HAV+ ?US LO/ ITS ORIG9AL RATIONALE1 IT IS N[ A BAD CATEGORY4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S 'NEW' CATEGORY ( 'IMMAT]IAL' LABOR1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT SEEM TO BE BETT] ?AN ?IS4 ,LIKE 'M5TAL LABOR'1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT IMMAT]IAL LABOR 9CLUDES1 SIDE BY SIDE1 ! CALL C5T] WORK] & ! TOP DESIGN] TOO4 ,US+ ! WRONG CATEGORY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT GIVE !MSELVES A H>D TIME 9 TRY+ TO CONV9CE US :Y ?IS CATEGORY CORRECTLY 5CIRCLES ! POT5TIALLY SUBV]SIVE 'NEW SUBJECT'3 :Y ! MIGRANT1 AL?\< HE DOES MANUAL WORK1 IS IMMAT]IAL1 & :Y ! TOP DESIGN]1 :O IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! CATEGORY1 IS A REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT4 ,! PROBLEM ( BAD CATEGORIES CAN BE SOLV$ EI!R BY LOOK+ = MORE APPROPRIATE CATEGORIES -- OR BY MAK+ ! BAD CATEGORY ELA/IC 5\< TO PAT* UP ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT *OOSE ! SECOND SOLUTION4 ,! OLD CONCEPT ( M5TAL LABOR EXCLUD$ MANUAL LABOR1 ?US IT WAS F> TOO RIGID4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DEF9E ! NEW CONCEPT1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 9 A MORE COMPREH5SIVE WAY3 AS ANY POSSIBLE HUMAN ACTIVITY -- EI!R MANUAL OR M5TAL1 EI!R DONE 9SIDE OR \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE -- ?AT PRODUCES IDEAS1 COMMUNICATION OR AFFECTIONS1 EI!R AS PRODUCT OR A BYPRODUCT4 ,) ?IS DEF9ITION1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR CAN 9CLUDE ANY?+4 ,9DE$1 :AT HUMAN ACTIVITY IS NOT AN EXP5DITURE ( ?\E 9DE$ HUMAN =MS ( AFFECTS & COMMUNICATION4 ,! CONV5I5T ELA/ICITY.<#b#a#c.> ( ! CATEGORY ( 'IMMAT]IAL' LABOR ALL[S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO SNEAK 9TO & \T ( ! 'SUBJECT' ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR ! 'RIM]S FIE ALL 94.<#b#a#d.> ,BE+ AM5ABLE TO 9CLUDE :AT IS 'COOL' & EXCLUDE :AT IS 'DAT$'1 ! NEW CATEGORIES = ! 'NEW' ]A HAVE ! P[] TO PLEASE & FLATT] A L>GE RANGE ( READ]S4 ,!IR ELA/ICITY IS GOOD = 'EXPLA9+' ANY?+ AS EFFECTS OR ACTS ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS ! SECRET BEH9D ! 9TELLECTUAL UNIV]SALITY ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT4 ,:5 ANY?+ CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS ! CREATION ( 'COMMUNICATION' OR 'AFFECTS'2 :5 ANY?+1 EV5 ! PRODUCTION ( NO?+ AT ALL 7SORRY3 NE$S71 CAN BE CONSID]$ AS 'PRODUCTION'1 WE HAVE F\ND ! ,HOLY ,GRAIL ( ! !ORI/1 ! MAGIC KEY = ! ,!ORY ( ,EV]Y?+ CAPABLE ( ACCOMMODAT+ EV]Y?+ & 9 ! 5D EXPLA9+ NO?+4 ,A NEW FETI%ISM ( PRODUCTION = ! 'NEW' ]A ,BY 9H]IT+ ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ CATEGORIZATION1 AL?\< HAV+ TURN$ !M 9TO /RET*ABLE RUBB]1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT UNCRITICALLY 9H]IT ASSUMPTIONS & VALUES :I* W]E IMPLICIT 9 !IR USE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !Y 9H]IT ! T5D5CY TO ATTRIBUTE SOME =M ( MORAL VALUE TO ! ROLE ( 'PRODUC]' 9 CAPITALISM4 ,= ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ !RE WAS A MORAL VALUE TO BE A PRODUCTIVE MANUAL WORK] -- = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 TURN+ ! SCALE ( MORALI/IC 'VALUE' UPSIDE D[N1 !RE IS A MORAL VALUE 9 BE+ A PRODUCTIVE IMMAT]IAL WORK]4 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TRY V]Y H>D TO CONV9CE ! READ] ?AT TRIBES ( ! ,PACIFIC ISL&S >E PRODUCTIVE 7( H]BAL REM$IES7 & ?AT ?OSE EXCLUD$ FROM ! LABOR M>KET >E PRODUCTIVE 7( NE$S & DESIRES74 ,= PEOPLE LIKE US :O DO NOT %>E ?IS SAME PRODUCTIVI/ MORALISM 79 EI!R ITS /RAI ,WE NOTIC$ ?AT ?IS CON/RUCTION S]VES1 NO D\BT1 AN IDEOLOGICAL AG5DA4 ,BEH9D ! APPE>ANCE TO RECLAIM MORAL 'VALUE' = ! DISPOSSESS$ IT FE$S US 9 FACT ) A PETTY B\RGEOIS VISION ( A SOCIETY ( EQUALLY WOR?Y 'PRODUC]S'3 SOME ( VALUABLE PIECES ( DESIGN1 SOME ( NE$S & DESIRES4 ,TOGE!R ) UNCRITICAL PRODUCTIVISM1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT 9H]IT AN UNCRITICAL FETI%ISM ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES -- AGA91 TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ TRU/S ! DEVELOPM5T ( 79DU/RIAL7 =CES ( PRODUCTION AS NEUTRAL & POT5TIALLY FIT = FUTURE SELF-MANAGEM5T2 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TRU/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 7IMMAT]IAL7 =CES ( PRODUCTION AS 9H]5TLY SUBV]SIVE & POT5TIALLY FIT = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT N[ ! MA*9E IS SUB/ITUT$ BY A LOOSE 5TANGLEM5T ( NETWORKS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,WE HAVE /RESS$ ?AT LIKE TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM & LIKE MU* B\RGEOIS ?\DT CANNOT SEE \R SOCIAL RELATIONS1 I4E4 CAPITAL1 BEH9D ! APP>5T OBJECTIVITY ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS BL9DNESS REA*ES ! CLIMAX :5 !Y MI/AKE ! APP>5T AUTONOMY ( PRODUCTION FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN1 :I* IS EVID5CE ( ITS NATURE AS CAPITAL1 AS EVID5CE ( ITS AUTONOMY FROM CAPITAL6 ,9 FACT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DRAW A CURTA9 ( SIMPLI/IC 5?USIASM OV] REALITY4 ,BY ADDRESS+ IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION OV]LOOK :AT ! EXI/5CE ( PRODUCTION ( PURE IDEAS & COMMUNICATIONAL FRAMEWORKS ACTUALLY IMPLIES3 ! SEP>ATION ( ! CREATIVE SIDE FROM ! EXECUTIVE SIDE ( HUMAN ACTIVITY2 REAL SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR2 ! DAILY BOR$OM & PA9 LIV$ BY ! WORK] :O IS 5GAG$ 9 ACTIVITY ?AT HAS BE5 SUBSUM$4 ,& CRUCIALLY IT IS ONE ) ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVILEG$ PRODUC]S ( DESIGNS1 ,I,T FRAMEWORKS & ALL ! APP>ATUS ( CONTROL OV] ! LABOR ( O!RS4 ,! FACT ?AT MEMB]S ( SOCIETY :O P>TAKE ( SU* PRIVILEGES CANNOT SEE ?IS PROBLEM IS P]HAPS NOT A CO9CID5CE4 ,CONSI/5T ) !IR UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( ! PRES5T1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DO NOT SEE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM 9 ITS 9HUMANITY & UNACCEPTABILITY1 9 ITS D5IAL ( CREATIVITY1 9TELLIG5CE OR AFFECTIONS = US1 & 9 \R HATR$4,9/EAD1 = !M ! MA9 CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM IS 9 ! HUMANITY1 CREATIVITY & AFFECTIONS ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DEVELOPS2 9 ! 9H]5T GOODNESS ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS1 :I* WE %\LD NOT RESI/ BUT 5HANCE4 ,A NEW PALEO-,M>XISM = ! 'NEW' ]A ,BUT LET US BE FAIR TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT4 ,!Y DO NOT REPLICATE OLD ,M>XISM3 !IRS IS A 'NEW' OLD ,M>XISM = A 'NEW' ]A4 ,IT IS A VULG> ,M>XISM TURN$ UPSIDE D[N1 :I* 9V]TS ! 'WOR?9ESS' FROM ! MANUAL WORK] TO ! IMMAT]IAL WORK]4 ,COH]5TLY ) A PREF]5CE = A 'NEW' CATEGORY = ! REVOLUTION>Y 'SUBJECT' :I* 9CLUDES ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ?IS DOCTR9E EMBRACES P]FECT MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]AL VALUES3 ! IDEALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ! DREAM ( CONSUM] SOV]EIGNTY AS ! BE/ SOLUTION = ! FUTURE1 ! REJECTION ( ! DESPOTISM ( PA/ WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 & SO ON4.<#b#a#f.> ,DESPITE TRY+ TO APPE> TO OPPOSE OLD ,M>XISM & TO BE NEW & EXCIT+1 H[EV]1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY SMELLS MU/Y ALREADY6 ,NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON OLD FADS SU* AS ! 5?USIASM = ,TOYOTISM1 ALREADY LONG \T ( FA%ION4 ,BUT ALSO BECAUSE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CANNOT GET \T ( ! IMPASSE ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 S9CE !Y %>E ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS3 A LACK ( UND]/&+ ( CAPITAL AS OBJECTIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & ! CONSEQU5T HOPELESS CUL-DE-SAC ( 9T5D+ REVOLUTION AS SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION4 ,OBJECTIVISM & SUBJECTIVISM = ! 'NEW' ]A ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( APP>5TLY OBJECTIVI/IC IDEAS MAY SURPRISE US1 S9CE !IR BOOKS >E FULL ( SUBJECTIVI/IC ASS]TIONS ( ,AUTONOMI/ 9H]ITANCE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ?IS >TICLE WE HAVE SE5 ?AT AT A CLOS] 9SPECTION ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S CONCEPTION ( SUBJECTIVITY IS AS MI/AK5 & CONFUS$ AS !IR CONCEPTION ( OBJECTIVITY4 ,WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! SUBJECTIVITY ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CELEBRATE AS ! 'MULTITUDE' IS M]ELY B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS1 ! PRODUCT ( \R B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE4 ,?IS SUBJECTIVITY IS PRECISELY ?AT :I* CREATES CAPITAL AS AN OBJECTIVITY4 ,?US ,NEGRI & ,H>DT 5D UP CELEBRAT+ ! CO9 ( CAPITAL 9 BO? ITS TWO FACES3 ! OBJECTIVITY ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ! 9TRIGU+ VITALITY ( B\RGEOIS SUBJECTIVITY & DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGES4 ,?IS %[S1 WE SAID1 A LACK ( DIALECTICAL UND]/&+4 ,?IS IS :Y UND] ! %EEP'S CLO!S ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S %ALL[ SUBJECTIVISM WE DISCOV] ! WOLF ( UNCRITICAL OBJECTIVISM1 :I* IS1 ULTIMATELY1 B\RGEOIS4 ,WE CANNOT BE TOO SURPRIS$ !N IF ,NEGRI & ,H>DT UNCRITICALLY ADH]E TO PO/-,=DI/ TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM1 & PROCLAIM ?AT ! P>ADIGMS ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION CAN %APE US D[N TO \R M>R[S4 ,DESPITE !IR APP>5T SUP]SESSION ( ?OSE B\RGEOIS !ORIES1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SIMPLY ADH]E TO !M & ONLY GIVE !M SOME 9COH]5T & DECORATIVE RADICAL TWI/4 ,! SILV] L9+S ( CAPITAL3 OPTIMISM & PESSIMISM = ! 'NEW' ]A ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >E ABLE TO PRES5T !IR !ORY AS EXCIT+LY SUBJECTIVI/IC4 ',WE' CREAT$ IMMAT]IAL LABOR 9 \R AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE1 'WE' IMPOS$ IT ON CAPITAL4 ,BEH9D ! P[] ( CAPITAL WE HAVE GOT \R [N UN(FICIAL BUT EFFECTIVE P[]4 ,AGA9/ ?IS VIEW WE HAVE PRES5T$ A HI/ORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT SEES RE/RUCTUR+ & CLASS COMPROMISES AS ! RE-IMPOSITION ( ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL ON LABOR4 ,IT WON'T BE ( ANY USE = US TO D5Y ?AT WE /ILL LIVE 9 CAPITALISM AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT DO4.<#b#a#g.> ,BUT = US ! REALITY ( CAPITALISM AS ! PRES5T DOM9ATION IS D\BLE-SID$4 ,! POSITIVE SIDE ( RE/RUCTUR+ IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT D\BLES ITS NEGATIVE SIDE BUT IT IS AN ASPECT ( IT -- IT IS ! 9CREAS+ UNACCEPTABILITY ( CAPITAL1 N[ EXT5D$ MORE DEEPLY TO ! GLOBE4 ,?AT IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 ITSELF IS TRUE1 BUT !Y >E NOT ITS 9H]5T GOODNESS1 BUT ITS POT5TIAL FRAGILITY4 ,! NEW WEAPONS US$ BY CAPITAL TO SUBSUME US MAKE CAPITAL MORE CRUCIALLY DEP5D5T ON \R COMPLIANCE3 )9 ! PRACTICE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! Z]O-/OCK POLICIES OR ! VOLATILITY ( SMILES & S5SE-(-HUMOR REQUIR$ 9 TEAM WORK >E RA!R VULN]ABLE PO9TS4 ,&1 ) ! FLIDT'S /RIV+ TO F9D A HIDD5 SILV] L9+ 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS REAL PESSIMISM 9/EAD4 ,!IR CELEBRATION ( UNQUE/IONABLY GOOD ?+S AS ASPECTS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS 9 FACT ! CELEBRATION ( ! HUMAN P[]S ?AT CAPITAL HAS ASSUM$1 DISEMP[]+ & DEHUMANIZ+ US 9 ! ONTOLOGICAL 9V]SION4 ,?IS CELEBRATION IS AN IDEOLOGICAL CAPITULATION -- :I* WE HAVE EQUAT$ ) B\RGEOIS 5?USIASM = 'PROGRESS' & 'CIVILIZATION'4 ,A 'NEW' RELIGION = A 'NEW' ]A3 ! DOCTR9E ( ,NEGATIVE ,REALITY ,9V]SION.<#b#a#h.> ,ONCE ! /R+ ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S NECKLACE HAS BE5 CUT WE CAN /ILL BE FASC9AT$ BY ! S+LE1 COLORFUL BEADS4 ,WE HAVE READ AB\T A WORLD :]E WE >E OV]:ELM+LY & HEGEMONICALLY SURR\ND$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DONE 9 COMMON1 & ESCAP+ SUBSUMPTION & CONTROL4 ,NO D\BT MANY ASS]TIONS 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S BOOKS >E EXCIT+ & CONSOLATORY4 ,SO EXCIT+ ?AT IT IS H>D TO RAISE \R HEAD FROM !IR BOOKS & LOOK >\ND US4 ,9 FACT :AT IS DESCRIB$ 9 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK IS NOT ! WORLD WE KN[4 ,IT IS NOT \R DAILY EXP]I5CE ( COMMODIFICATION & SUBSUMPTION4 ,BUT WE >E TOLD3 AL?\< :AT WE SEE IS ! OPPOSITE1 WE HAVE TO BELIEVE ?AT :AT WE SEE >\ND IS SIMPLY A DI/ORTION DUE TO CAPITAL'S OV]LAP ) AN O!RWISE FREE & AUTONOM\S PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & IDEAL DEMOCRATIC EX*ANGE4 ,IF WE HAVE TO AB&ON ,M>XISM1 :I* SEEM$ TO CORRECTLY DESCRIBE ! PRES5T WORLD1 = A DOCTR9E :I* CORRECTLY DESCRIBES :AT WE CANNOT ACTUALLY SEE1 WE NE$ FAI?3 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S DOCTR9E IS 9DE$ A NEW RELIGION = A 'NEW' WORLD4 ,LIKE ALL RELIGION1 WE >E TOLD NOT TO LOOK AT ! WORLD & \R EXP]I5CE1 BUT TO SOME?+ BEYOND1 :I* WE CANNOT SEE4 ,9 FACT1 WE CAN 5TIRELY APPLY TO ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ONE BY ONE1 ,M>X'S WORDS AB\T RELIGION3 .<,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK.> IS ! G5]AL !ORY ( ?IS WORLD1 ITS 5CYCLOP$IC COMP5DIUM1 ITS LOGIC 9 POPUL> =M1 ITS SPIRITUAL PO9T D'HONNEUR1 ITS 5?USIASM1 ITS MORAL SANCTION1 ITS SOLEMN COMPLEM5T1 & ITS UNIV]SAL BASIS ( CONSOLATION & JU/IFICATION4 ,IT IS ! FANTA/IC REALIZATION ( ! HUMAN ESS5CE S9CE ! HUMAN ESS5CE HAS NOT ACQUIR$ ANY TRUE REALITY4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ .<,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK.> IS1 !RE=E1 9DIRECTLY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?AT WORLD :OSE SPIRITUAL >OMA IS . 7,K>L ,M>X1 ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI74 ,! NEW RELIGION = ! 'NEW' TIMES1 H[EV]1 CAN PRES5T ITSELF ONLY AS RATIONAL & BAS$ ON 'FACTS'4 ,?US IT CAN BE ONLY BAS$ ON A SKILLFUL CAPACITY TO F9D FACTS AS EVID5CES ( !IR 9V]SE1 & 9DE$ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >E V]Y SKILL$ 9 ?IS4 ,WE CALL ?IS ! ME?OD ( ,NEGATIVE ,REALITY ,9V]SION4 ,DOES \R WORK GET 9CREAS+LY COMM&$ ?R\< ,I,T MEANS8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! '9TELLIG5CE' ( ,I,T 'P]MEATES' US & MAKES US 'MORE 9=MATIONALIS$' & 'MORE 9TELLIG5T'4 ,DO WE 9T]ACT ?R\< AUTOMAT$ SY/EMS8 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT \R COMMUNICATION IS NOT REAL1 IT IS ONLY VIRTUAL4 ,DO SCI5TI/S COMPLA9 AB\T ! REC5T 9CREAS+ PRIVATIZATION ( RESE>*1 PREVI\SLY SUPPORT$ BY /ATE FUNDS -- E4G4 PAT5T+ ,D,N,A1 ETC48 ,?IS IS EVID5CE ?AT PRODUCTION IS '9CREAS+LY' MADE 9 COMMON4.<#b#b.> ,>E S]VICES 9CREAS+LY PRIVATIZ$ & 9CREAS+LY RUN LIKE BUS9ESSES8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT TODAY ALL PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+LY RUN LIKE S]VICES6.<#b#b#a.> ,DOES ,TOYOTISM IMPOSES /RICT] MANAG]IAL CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNICATION BETWE5 WORK]S8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,TOYOTISM HAS 9CREAS$ COMMUNICATION BECAUSE ! CONTROL ( IT IS C5TRAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,>E REC5T /RUGGLES SU* AS ! ,LOS ,ANGELES RIOTS1 ! REVOLT 9 ,*IAPAS1 ETC4 ISOLAT$ EXPLOSIONS ?AT DO NOT COMMUNICATE 9 AN ']A' ( COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !Y >E COMMUNICATIVE -- BUT IT'S A NEW COMMUNICATION1 NOT HORIZONTAL BUT444 V]TICAL 7,EMPIRE1 P4 #e#e74 ,>E ! PROP]TYLESS DEPRIV$ ( ! P[] TO PRODUCE8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !Y >E PRODUCTIVE 7( NE$S74 ,>E ! POOR 'SUBJUGAT$'8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !Y >E 'P[]FUL1 ALWAYS MORE P[]FUL' 7SIC1 ,EMPIRE1 P4 #a#e#g74 ,TO CONCLUDE1 WE 9VITE READ]S TO RECALL !IR HEAL?Y SUSPICIONS AB\T PRIE/S4,! CRITIQUE ( RELIGION IS ! PR]EQUISITE ( ALL CRITIQUE4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,AUTONOMIA -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,AUTONOMIA -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/