,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 
,A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,CAPITAL3 ,FROM #b Y>DS ( L95 TO ! SELF-R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 ONE EASY /EP 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

#e4 ,A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,CAPITAL3 ,FROM #b Y>DS ( L95 TO ! SELF-R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 ONE EASY /EP 

,9 HIS ATTEMPT TO R5D] A POLITICAL READ+ ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,H>RY ,CLEAV] IS AGA9 FOLL[+ 9 ! WORK]I/ TRADITION3 ,NEGRI'S ',M>X ON CYCLE & CRISIS'1 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#f#h1 IS AN E>LI] EXAMPLE ( ! ATTEMPT TO CONNECT ,M>X'S CATEGORIES ) NOTIONS ( /RATEGY & /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 A SUB-TEXT ( ,CLEAV]'S BOOK IS HIS DEF5SE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ,CAPITAL AGA9/ ! >GUM5TS MADE BY 7! LAT]7 ,NEGRI ?AT1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( \R TIME1 ,CAPITAL IS SUP]S$$ BY ! ,GRUNDRISSE4 ,9 ,M>X BEYOND ,M>X1.<#d#f.> ,NEGRI >GUES ?AT ,CAPITAL HAS S]V$ TO R$UCE CRITIQUE TO ECONOMIC !ORY1 ?AT ! OBJECTIFICATION ( ! CATEGORIES 9 ,CAPITAL FUNCTIONS TO BLOCK ACTION BY REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTIVITY & TO SUBJECT ! SUBV]SIVE CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! REORGANIZ+ & REPRESSIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( CAPITALI/ P[]4 ,! PO9T ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE AS :OLE IS NOT '9TELLECTUAL' BUT REVOLUTION>Y2 H5CE ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 :I* IS TRAV]S$ ?R\<\T BY AN ABSOLUTELY 9SURM\NTABLE ANTAGONISM1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEGRI1 ! KEY TEXT & CAN EV5 S]VE AS A CRITIQUE ( ! LIMITS ( ,CAPITAL4 

,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY >GUES ?AT ! RI<T WAY TO READ ,CAPITAL & ITS FUNDAM5TAL CATEGORIES SU* AS VALUE IS '/RATEGICALLY'1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,CLEAV] !RE=E CONT5DS ?AT ANY 'BLOCKAGE' IS DUE ONLY TO ! 9ADEQUATE WAYS 9 :I* ,CAPITAL HAS BE5 READ1 & ?AT ! SOLUTION IS TO READ IT POLITICALLY4 

,WE CAN AGREE ) ,CLEAV] ?AT1 DESPITE ! P[] ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE & ITS CRUCIAL 9DICATIONS ?AT ,M>X'S !ORETICAL PROJECT WAS WID] ?AN ! MAT]IAL :I* APPE>S 9 ,CAPITAL1.<#d#g.> ,CAPITAL IS NEV]!LESS ! BETT] PRES5TATION ( ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 7AS ,M>X HIMSELF CLE>LY ?\<T74 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! SAME AS >GU+ ?AT A 'POLITICAL' READ+ ( ,CAPITAL IS USEFUL OR EV5 T5ABLE4 ,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' READ+ ULTIMATELY FAILS4 

#e4#a ,AIMS ( ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY 

,! FOCUS ( ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY IS ! FIR/ ?REE P>TS ( ,*APT] #a ( ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a4 ,H]E1 ,M>X %[S H[ ! COMMODITY HAS TWO ASPECTS -- USE-VALUE 7A PRODUCT ( ! CONCRETE USEFUL LABOR ?AT CREATES ?AT P>TICUL> COMMODITY7 & VALUE 7A REPRES5TATION ( ?AT LABOR CONSID]$ AS G5]AL AB/RACT LABOR72 HE %[S H[ VALUE MU/ TAKE DIFF]5T =MS2 & FROM ?IS HE D]IVES ! LOGICAL NECESSITY ( MONEY AS ! UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T =M ( VALUE4 ,ALONG ) ! *APT] ON MONEY1 !SE >E UND5IABLY SOME ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT P>TS ( ,CAPITAL4 ,:ILE A LOT ( ! RE/ ( ! BOOK IS FAIRLY /RAI<T=W>D1 ?IS BEG9N+ IS (T5 5\< TO MAKE ! READ] TURN AWAY 9 FRU/RATION4 ,?US IT IS WOR? ACKN[L$G+ ! M]IT ( ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT AT AN ACCESSIBLE COMM5T>Y4 

,! C5TRAL !SIS ( ,CLEAV]'S READ+ IS ?AT ! CATEGORY ( VALUE1 9 ITS V>I\S =MS 7& ASPECTS71 NE$S TO BE RELAT$ TO CLASS /RUGGLES >\ND HUMAN NE$S -- TO ! SUBJECTIVE -- RA!R ?AN 7SIMPLY7 TO ! OBJECTIVE WORK+S ( CAPITAL AS A 'SY/EM'4 ,9 ,CLEAV]'S WORDS1 TO READ ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY IS 0TO %[ H[ EA* CATEGORY & RELATION%IP RELATES TO & CL>IFIES ! NATURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & TO %[ :AT ?AT MEANS = ! POLITICAL /RATEGY ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 7P4 #g#f74 ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT TO R5D] ! SUBJECTIVE 9 ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( VALUE OP]ATES BY %ORT-CIRCUIT+ MO/ ( ,M>X'S M$IATIONS1 LEAP+ DIRECTLY FROM ! COMMODITY-=M TO P>TICUL> /RUGGLES4 ,HE RELATES ! MAT]IAL 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 P>TLY TO LAT] MAT]IAL 9 ! SAME VOLUME OV] ! /RUGGLE = ! WORK+ DAY & PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 BUT MO/ ( ALL TO MORE CONTEMPOR>Y /RUGGLES -- >\ND 5]GY & FOOD PRICES -- 9 A WAY CLE>LY DI/9CT FROM ,M>X'S [N ME?OD4.<#d#h.> ,HE JU/IFIES ?IS BY SAY+ 0TO ! EXT5T !N ?AT ,I BR+ TO BE> ON ! 9T]PRETATION ( C]TA9 PASSAGES MAT]IAL FROM O!R P>TS ( ,CAPITAL1 OR FROM O!R WORKS1 ,I DO SO ) ! AIM ( GRASP+ ,*APT] ,ONE )9 ! L>G] ANALYSIS RA!R ?AN RECON/RUCT+ ! EVOLUTION ( :AT ,M>X WROTE & ?\<T0 7P4 #i#d1 SECOND $ITION74 

#e4#b ,AIMS ( ,CAPITAL 

,A QUE/ION ,CLEAV] DOES NOT ADDRESS IS :Y IS WAS ?AT ,M>X SAID V]Y LITTLE AB\T /RUGGLES 9 ,VOLUME #a1 ,*APT] #a4 ,IF IT IS SO NECESS>Y TO READ ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY 9 ! WAY ?AT ,CLEAV] DOES1 !N :Y DIDN'T ,M>X SAVE US ! TR\BLE & SIMPLY WRITE ,CAPITAL POLITICALLY8 ,9 PROMOT+ ,CAPITAL AS A WEAPON = \R /RUGGLES1 ,CLEAV] WANTS TO /RESS ! MOM5TS ( DE-REIFICATION & DE-FETI%IZATION 9 RELATION TO ,M>X'S CATEGORIES4 ,9DE$ HE CLAIMS ?AT ?IS PROJECT ( A POLITICAL READ+ 0IS EXACTLY ! PROJECT CALL$ = 9 ,M>X'S DISCUSSION ( FETI%ISM0 7P4 #g#f74 ,?US = ,CLEAV] !RE IS NO NE$ = A 0SEP>ATE ANALYSIS ( ,SECTION #d ( ,*APT] ,ONE :I* DEALS ) FETI%ISM1 SIMPLY BECAUSE 444 ?IS :OLE ESSAY 9VOLVES GO+ BEH9D ! APPE>ANCES ( ! COMMODITY-=M TO GET AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS0 7P4 #h74 ,CLEAV] IS RI<T ?AT ! SECTION ON FETI%ISM IS CRUCIAL = 0GETT+ AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS02 BUT :Y DID ,M>X 9SI/ ON ! TYPE ( PRES5TATION HE DOES DESPITE ! POSSIBLE DIFFICULTY IT 5TAIL$ = HIS 9T5D$ AUDI5CE1 ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,MOREOV] IS ,CLEAV]'S K9D ( POLITICAL READ+ REALLY ! WAY TO UND]/& :AT ,M>X DEALS ) AS COMMODITY FETI%ISM8 

,AN 9T]E/+ COMP>ISON IS ,ISAAK ,RUB9'S ,ESSAYS ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE1.<#d#i.> :I* ,CLEAV] M5TIONS ONLY BRIEFLY & DISMISSIVELY1 9 A FOOTNOTE4.<#e.> ,:ILE ,CLEAV] DOES NOT COMM5T DIRECTLY ON ! SECTION 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 ON FETI%ISM1 ! :OLE FIR/ P>T ( ,RUB9'S BOOK IS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,RUB9'S BOOK WAS SEM9AL PRECISELY = SY/EMATICALLY GRASP+ ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE3 0,! !ORY ( FETI%ISM IS1 P] SE1 ! BASIS ( ,M>X'S 5TIRE ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( HIS !ORY ( VALUE0 7,RUB91 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #e74 ,?US ! VALUE CATEGORIES >E EXPRESSIONS ( A TOPSY-TURVY WORLD 9 :I* PEOPLE'S PRODUCTS DOM9ATE ! PRODUC]S1 :]E PEOPLE >E RELAT$ ?R\< ?+S1 & :]E OBJECTS BEHAVE AS SUBJECTS & SUBJECTS AS OBJECTS4 ,S9CE ,RUB9'S BOOK BECAME AVAILABLE 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD ?R\< ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN'S TRANSLATION1 A :OLE S*OOL ( ,M>XISM HAS DEVELOP$1 9SI/+ LIKE ,RUB9 DOES ?AT ,M>X'S IS NOT A NEO-,RIC>DIAN EMBODI$ LABOR !ORY ( VALUE BUT AN AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE2.<#e#a.> SU* AN ANALYSIS BR+S FETI%ISM TO ! =E & EMPHASIZES ,M>X'S WORK AS A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY RA!R ?AN ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,?US ,RUB9 CAN BE SE5 TO MAKE SIMIL> PO9TS TO ,CLEAV] BUT TO DO SO BY EXPLA9+ & ILLU/RAT+ VALUE-CATEGORIES 9 T]MS ( SU* BASIC M$IATIONS AS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 LABOR & COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! DIRECTLY POLITICAL READ+ FAVOR$ BY ,CLEAV]4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CASE ( ,RUB9 QUE/IONS ! S*EMA ,CLEAV] DEVELOPS 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE3 

,IDEOLOGICAL ,READ+S ,/RATEGIC READ+S 

,POLITICAL ECONOMY READ+S ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE 

,PHILOSOPHICAL READ+S ,FROM CAPITAL'S P]SPECTIVE ,EMPTY SET 

,POLITICAL READ+S ,EMPTY SET ,FROM A WORK+ CLASS P]SPECTIVE 

,APPROA*ES TO ! READ+ ( ,M>X 7,CLEAV]1 P4 #c#a7 

,CLEAV] 7P4 #c7 DEF9ES ! BOTTOM RI<T BOX ( ?IS TABLE AS3 

?AT /RATEGIC READ+ ( ,M>X :I* IS DONE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS A READ+ ?AT SELF-CONSCI\SLY & UNILAT]ALLY /RUCTURES ITS APPROA* TO DET]M9E ! MEAN+ & RELEVANCE ( EV]Y CONCEPT TO ! IMM$IATE DEVELOPM5T ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A READ+ :I* ES*EWS ALL DETA*$ 9T]PRETATION & AB/RACT !ORIZ+ 9 FAVOR ( GRASP+ CONCEPTS ONLY )9 ?AT CONCRETE TOTALITY ( /RUGGLE :OSE DET]M9ATIONS !Y DESIGNATE4 ,?IS ,I W\LD >GUE IS ! ONLY K9D ( READ+ ( ,M>X :I* CAN PROP]LY BE SAID TO BE FROM A WORK+-CLASS P]SPECTIVE BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY ONE :I* SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO ! CLASS'S NE$S = CL>IFY+ ! SCOPE & /RUCTURE ( ITS [N P[] & /RATEGY4 

,?\< ! ,/AL9I/ /ATE RECOGNIZ$ ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,RUB9'S 'AB/RACT REASON+'1.<#e#b.> ,RUB9'S BOOK DOES NOT MEET ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' CRIT]IA4 ,BUT NEI!R DOES ,RUB9'S BOOK SEEM TO BE OBVI\SLY A POLITICAL ECONOMIC OR A PHILOSOPHICAL READ+4 ,WE'D CONT5D ?AT ONE ( ! REASONS ?AT ,RUB9'S IS A SEM9AL WORK IS PRECISELY BECAUSE IT TRANSC5DS SU* A DI/9CTION4 ,PROMPT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ( ! #a#i#aS & #a#i#bS1 ,RUB91 LIKE WRIT]S ( ! SAME P]IOD SU* AS ,LUK,A6CS & ,KORS*1 WAS ABLE TO GO BEYOND ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM & TO UND]/& ,CAPITAL AS A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY -- BUT )\T1 LIKE ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 RETREAT+ 9TO M]E PHILOSOPHY4 

,! F\R? P>T ( ,CAPITAL1 ,*APT] #a1 ',! ,FETI%ISM ( ! ,COMMODITY & ITS ,SECRET'1 IS CRUCIAL BECAUSE 9 IT ,M>X %[S H[ ! =MS ( VALUE >E AN EXPRESSION ( REIFICATION1 & H5CE FETI%IZ$ 9 \R EXP]I5CE4 ,RUB9'S APPROA* IS KEY = DRAW+ ONE'S ATT5TION TO ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( FETI%ISM & ! !ORY ( VALUE4 ,BY TRY+ TO %ORT-CIRCUIT ! PROCESS1 BY IMM$IATELY MOV+ TO ! DE-FETI%IZ+ ASPECT ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ,CLEAV] JUMPS LEVELS ( AB/RACTION4 ,\R >GUM5T W\LD BE ?AT1 ANALYTICALLY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 REIFICATION BE=E EXAM9+ ITS REV]SAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 ORD] TO RELATE VALUE TO ! K9D ( /RUGGLES ,CLEAV] REF]S TO1 A :OLE S]IES ( M$IATIONS MU/ BE DEVELOP$1.<#e#c.> NOT LEA/ ! CATEGORIES ( ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE1 CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & ! RELATION BETWE5 PRICE & VALUE 7:I* ,M>X 9TRODUCES LAT] 9 ,VOLUME #a71 CIRCULATION 7:I* ,M>X 9TRODUCES 9 ,VOLUME #b7 & ! DI/RIBUTIONAL =MS ( SURPLUS VALUE -- PR(IT1 R5T & WAGES 7:I* DON'T COME UNTIL ,VOLUME #c74 ,VOLUME #a CONC]NS CAPITAL-9-G5]AL1 PRES5T$ AS P>TICUL> EXAMPLES ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES AS AN ANALYTIC DEVICE TO D]IVE ! LAT]1 MORE DEVELOP$1 CATEGORIES4 

,= US IT SEEMS ESS5TIAL TO GRASP :AT ,M>X WAS TRY+ TO DO 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,IF ,M>X'S OV]ALL PROJECT WAS 'CAPITALISM & ITS OV]?R[' IT WAS NEV]!LESS NECESS>Y = HIM FIR/ TO %[ :AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS1 H[ IT WAS POSSIBLE2 ?IS L$ HIM ME?ODOLOGICALLY TO MAKE A PROVISIONAL CLOSURE ( CLASS SUBJECTIVITY 9 ORD] TO GRASP ! LOGIC ( CAPITAL AS AN OBJECTIVE & POSITIVE SY/EM ( ECONOMIC 'LAWS' :I* IS APP>5TLY 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN WILL & PURPOSE4.<#e#d.> ,OBJECTIVI/ ,M>XISM TAKES ?IS PROVISIONAL CLOSURE AS COMPLETE4 ,:AT ,CLEAV] IS DO+ C\LD BE SE5 TO BE AN ATTEMPT AT OP5+ UP ! PROVISIONAL CLOSURE BY BR++ 9 ! SUBJECTIVITY ( CLASS /RUGGLE2 BUT BECAUSE HE DOES NOT PROP]LY EXPLA9 ! M>G9ALIZATION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! PAGES ( ,CAPITAL1 :AT HE DOES COMES ACROSS AS BALD ASS]TION AT V>IANCE ) ! FL[ ( ,M>X'S >GUM5T4 

,9 %ORT1 9 HIS UND]/&ABLE QUE/ = ! CONCRETE & IMM$IATE1 ,CLEAV] AB&ONS ! ANALYTIC RIGOR NE$$ TO MAKE ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,:ILE WE MAY AGREE ?AT ,CAPITAL NE$S TO BE UND]/OOD AS A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS W>1 IT DOES NOT NE$ TO BE ! CRUDELY 9/RUM5TAL READ+ (F]$ BY ,CLEAV]4 

#f4 ,:I!R AUTONOMIA8 

#f4#a ,NEGRI & ! RETREAT FROM ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT 

,! CONT9U+ 9FLU5CE ( OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA IS EVID5T TODAY 9 A NUMB] ( REC5T MOVEM5TS1 MO/ NOTABLY P]HAPS ,YA ,BA/A6 9 ,ITALY1 :O DRAW UPON SOME ( ! IDEAS ( ,NEGRI4 ,NEGRI HIMSELF HAS LATELY CAUS$ 9T]E/ 9 SOME CIRCLES4 ,EMPIRE1 ! BOOK HE HAS COAU?OR$ ) ,MI*AEL ,H>DT1.<#e#e.> HAS /RUCK A *ORD ) ! CONC]NS ( SOME 'ANTI-CAPITALI/'_/'GLOBALIZATION' ACTIVI/S1 ACADEMICS & EV5 A ,NEW ,LABOR POLICY ADVIS]4.<#e#f.> ,:ILE ,NEGRI'S IDEAS W]E SOMETIMES CONTROV]SIAL :5 HE WAS P>T ( ! >EA ( AUTONOMY1 AFT] LOS+ HIS CONNECTIONS TO ! MOVEM5T HE CEAS$ TO PRODUCE WOR?:ILE /UFF1 & 9/EAD SLIPP$ 9TO AN ACADEMIC QUAGMIRE :OSE RE=MI/ POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS >E ALL TOO CLE>4.<#e#g.> ,! DISCONNECTION ( IDEAS FROM ! MOVEM5T1 FOLL[+ ! REPRESSION :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! MASS >RE/S ( #a#i#g#i1 HAS ALSO MEANT ?AT !RE HAS BE5 TO SOME EXT5T A BATTLE = ! H]ITAGE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?R\< J\RNALS LIKE ,Z][ORK & ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES1 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN !ORI/S HAVE KEPT 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' GO+4 ,?R\< EMPHASIZ+ ! CONT9U+ IMPORTANCE ( VALUE 7ALBEIT AMBIGU\SLY1 AS WE HAVE SE571 !SE & ,H>RY ,CLEAV] AMONG O!RS HAVE DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES FROM ! LATE ,NEGRI ) HIS EMBRACE ( BO? PO/-/RUCTURALISM & ! IDEAS ( ! 7PRE-,HEGELIAN7 PHILOSOPH] ,SP9OZA4 

,BUT -- & DESPITE HIS 9NUM]ABLE SELF-CONTRADICTIONS -- A CONT9UITY CAN BE TRAC$ FROM ! E>LY ,NEGRI1 ?R\< AUTONOMIA TO ! LATE ,NEGRI4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HIS REC5T >GUM5TS1 ALONG ) O!R RE=MI/S1 = A GU>ANTE$ 9COME CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! DEM& = A 'POLITICAL WAGE' MADE BY ! RADICAL ,NEGRI ( ,POT]E ,OP]AIO4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO BE SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 DESPITE HIS E>LI] VALUABLE 9SI<TS1 HIS RELATIVELY REC5T !ORETICAL WORK CAN BE SE5 AS AT ONE ) ! >GUM5TS ( ,F\CAULT1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I JU/IFY+ FRAGM5T$ =MS ( RESI/ANCE & D5Y+ ! NE$ TO CONFRONT ! /ATE4 

,EMPIRE CONTA9S ANY NUMB] ( >GUM5TS WE SEE AS PROBLEMATIC IF NOT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y & RECUP]ATIVE1 9CLUD+ ! AB&ONM5T ( VALUE1 ! C5TRALITY ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 ! CALL = 'REAL DEMOCRACY' & POLITICAL PROPOSALS = 'GLOBAL CITIZ5%IP'4 ,:AT /IRR$ PEOPLE'S 9T]E/1 IT SEEM$1 WAS ! !SIS ( 'EMPIRE' ITSELF -- ?AT ( ! EM]G5CE ( A S+LE UNIFI$ GLOBAL POLITICAL-ECONOMIC CAPITALI/ 5TITY -- :I* SEEM$ TO (F] AN ALT]NATIVE TO UNSATISFACTORY OR?ODOX !ORIES ( IMP]IALISM4 ,) ! ,U,S W> ON ,AF<ANI/AN1 H[EV]1 ! NOTION ( IMP]IALISM HAS RETURN$ TO ! =EFRONT ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE4.<#e#h.> ,:AT WE >E LEFT )1 !N1 AS ,NEGRI'S TAKE ON AUTONOMIA1 IS A CELEBRATION ( FRAGM5TATION4 ,! AB&ONM5T ( ! CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAT 7N[ REPLAC$ BY '! MULTITUDE'71 ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT1 IS ! AB&ONM5T ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,NEGRI'S WORK MI<T !RE=E BE SAID TO EXPRESS ! PR(\ND S5SE ( DEFEAT & DISILLUSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! FAILURE ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g4 

#f4#b ,HI/ORY AS IDEOLOGY 

,TWO DIFF]5T WAYS ( WRIT+ HI/ORY >E EVID5T 9 ! BOOKS BY ,/EVE ,WRI<T & ,H>RY ,CLEAV]4 ,WRI<T'S IS A HI/ORY ( ! POLITICS ( A MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO CRITICAL1 FROM A COMMUNI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,WE !RE=E ?OR\<LY RECOMM5D IT AS AN 9VALUABLE RES\RCE 9 HELP+ \R UND]/&+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T1 CONTRIBUTIONS & T5SIONS ( WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA 9 !IR HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( ,ITALY 9 ! #a#i#eS1 '#fS & '#gS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 = US1 ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT ( ! TRADITION ( AUTONOMIA IS F> MORE T5D5TI\S4 ,RA!R ?AN FOCUS+1 AS ,WRI<T DOES1 ON :AT IS CLE>LY A S+LE HI/ORICAL EPISODE1 ,CLEAV] SELECTS A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T MOVEM5TS & !ORI/S1 GO+ BACK AS F> AS ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES & ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 :I* HE !N DESIGNATES AS REPRES5TATIVES ( :AT HE CALLS 0AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM04 ,AGA91 H]E ,CLEAV] IS CONSI/5T ) ! TRADITION ( WORK]I/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY :I*1 LOOK+ BACK1 F\ND ! MASS WORK] & H5CE A COMMONALITY ) ITS [N P]SPECTIVE 9 E>LI] /RUGGLES1 SU* AS ! ,WOBBLIES & ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! #a#i#bS4 

,9 ONE S5SE IT MI<T SEEM !RE'S NO?+ WRONG ) ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT SIMPLY TO ID5TIFY :AT HE SEES AS ! REVOLUTION>Y USE ( ,M>X AS A P>TICUL> TRADITION4 ,& IF WE LOOK AT ! GR\PS & !ORI/S ?AT HE REF]S TO 7BO? 9 ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY & ALSO 9 HIS UNIV]SITY C\RSE ON 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'.<#e#i.>7 A V]Y GREAT DEAL ( IT CORRESPONDS ) \R [N ASSESSM5T ( ! MO/ VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS4 

,H[EV]1 !RE >E TWO1 RELAT$1 PROBLEMS4 ,FIR/1 9 GR\P+ ! V>I\S MOVEM5TS & !ORI/S TOGE!R 9 ! WAY ?AT HE DOES !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( ! SAME HOMOG5IZ+ OR FLATT5+ \T -- A NEGLECT ( DIFF]5CES -- ?AT WE SAW 9 ,CLEAV]'S 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! WORK]I/ CONCEPTS ( MASS WORK] & SO ON4 

,SECOND1 IT IS REVEAL+ TO CONSID] :I* T5D5CIES >E EXCLUD$ FROM ,CLEAV]'S CANON1 OR AT LEA/ ADDRESS$ 9 ONLY A CURSORY WAY4 ,H[ MI<T !SE NEGLECT$ T5D5CIES BE 9 T5SION ) ! RE/ ( ! MAT]IAL8 ,:AT CONTRADICTIONS MI<T ! =MULATION 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' SUPPRESS8 

,= US1 AS AN ACC\NT ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 !ORY OV] ! PA/ C5TURY1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ABS5CES FROM ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY >E ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL.<#f.> & ! ,ITALIAN LEFT & ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY IT1 SU* AS ,B>ROT_/,DAUVE & ,CAMATTE4 ,WE CAN GO SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO SPECIFY SU* A ?+ AS 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' IS IDEOLOGICAL1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON 'SIMIL>' IDEAS & ITS CONCEALM5TS 7! GLOSS+ ( ! LIMITS ( ! 'GOOD' !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS1 ! SIL5CE ON ?OSE ?AT DON'T FIT74 ,?IS IS NOT UNUSUAL OR /RANGE4 ,! CAPITALI/ C\NT]-(F5SIVE :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( #aigg SAW A DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! POSSIBILITY ( MASS REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! DE/9ATIONS ( ?OSE COM+ \T ( ! >EA ( AUTONOMY3 MO/ W5T 9TO ! ,P,C,I OR ! >M$ GR\PS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! TURN+ ( ! G5]AL 9SI<TS ( ! OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA !ORI/S 9TO 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' CAN BE SE5 AS A REFLECTION ( ! RETREAT ( ! MOVEM5T GIV+ RISE TO ! IDEAS4 ,IDEOLOGY IS ! FREEZ+ ( !ORY2 !ORY FREEZES :5 ! PRACTICE ON :I* IT IS BAS$ IS HALT$4 ',AUTONOMISM' SEEMS TO BE NON-DOGMATIC & DYNAMIC BECAUSE ( ! EMPHASIS ON P>TICUL> NE$S & DIV]SE /RUGGLES ETC42 BUT ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( OP5NESS TO NEW /RUGGLES HAS ITSELF BECOME IDEOLOGICAL AS ! WAVE ( /RUGGLES HAS EBB$4 

,?US ! GLOSS+ ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ?OSE CURR5TS ?AT ,CLEAV] GIVES APPROVAL TO1 & EV5 CITES AS EXEMPLIFY+ AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE 7E4G4 ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK71.<#f#a.> GOES H& 9 H& ) ! EXCLUSION ( ?OSE ?AT W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! CRITIQUE ( ?OSE SAME CURR5TS4 ,ANY RADICAL CURR5T NE$S TO CRITIQUE ITSELF 9 ORD] TRANSC5D ITSELF1 AS 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S SELF-LIB]ATION ?R\< SELF-ABOLITION4 ,CLEAV]'S ID5TIFICATION ( A ?+ ) ! LABEL 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' IS IDEOLOGICAL 9 ?AT IT IS P>TIAL & ATTEMPTS TO CLOSE (F RA!R ?AN OP5 UP A PA?WAY TO ITS [N SELF-CRITIQUE4 

#f4#c ,T[>DS A CRITICAL APPRAISAL & APPROPRIATION ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! WORK]I/S 

,:ILE ,CLEAV]'S BOOK1 & P>TICUL>LY HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 HAS BE5 IMPORTANT TO MANY ( US 9 ! PA/1 WE W\LD SUGGE/ N[ ?AT ,WRI<T'S BOOK IS MORE HELPFUL ?AN ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY 9 ALL[+ US TO APPROPRIATE ! BE/ CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! WORK]I/ TRADITION4 ,WRI<T 5DS HIS BOOK ) ! S5T5CE 0,HAV+ HELP$ TO =CE ! LOCK 444 OB/RUCT+ ! UND]/&+ ( WORK+-CLASS BEHAVIOR 9 & AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ONLY TO DIS9TEGRATE 9 ! PROCESS1 ! WORK]I/ TRADITION HAS BEQUEA!D TO O!RS ! TASK ( MAK+ S5SE ( ?OSE TREASURES :I* LIE )940 ,9 MANY WAYS ,ITALIAN WORK]I/ ANALYZES ( CLASS /RUGGLE PROMIS$ MU*1 BUT DELIV]$ LITTLE4 ,! :OLE T5D5CY1 9CREAS+LY DIVID$ 9TO SEP>ATE CAMPS1 COLLAPS$ AT ! 5D ( ! '#gS4 ,:]EAS ONE CAMP FAVOR$ LIB]T>IAN !MES ( AUTONOMY1 P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T & ! SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATIONS ( CLASS ID5TITY2 ! O!R 9/EAD TURN$ TO DEBATES OV] ! '>M$ P>TY' & ! FEASIBILITY ( CIVIL W>4 ,BO? CAMPS AB&ON$ ! TRADITIONAL WORK]I/ FOCUS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TE*NICAL & POLITICAL CLASS COMPOSITION -- ?AT IS1 BETWE5 ! CLASS'S MAT]IAL /RUCTURE 9 ! LABOR PROCESS & ITS BEHAVIOR AS A SUBJECT AUTONOM\S FROM DICTATES ( BO? ! LABOR MOVEM5T & CAPITAL4 

,BUT :AT CAN WE TAKE FROM ! :OLE EXP]I5CE8 ,! 0COMPLEX DIALECTIC ( DECOMPOSITION & RECOMPOSITION0 ( CLASS =CES1 FIR/ ELABORAT$ BY ,TRONTI & O!RS1 WAS A SIGNIFICANT DEP>TURE FROM TRADITIONAL LEFTI/ UND]/&+ ( CLASS /RUGGLE2 ! RI<T QUE/IONS W]E BE+ ASK$3 :AT MAT]IAL DET]M9ANTS >E !RE 9 UND]/&+ ! BEHAVIOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS 7REVOLUTION>Y7 SUBJECT8 ,BUT IF ! RI<T QUE/IONS W]E BE+ ASK$1 ! ANSW]S ! WORK]I/S PROVID$ W]E NOT ALWAYS SATISFACTORY2 & T5D5CY WAS (T5 CONFUS$ ) TOTALITY4 ,! E>LY WORK]I/S W]E RI<TLY CRITICIZ$ = !IR UNWILL+NESS TO !ORIZE MOM5TS ( CLASS /RUGGLE \TSIDE ! L>GE FACTORIES1 & P]HAPS ALSO = SEE+ ! WAGE AS ! PRIVILEG$ LOCUS ( /RUGGLE2 H[EV] !IR AUTONOMIA SUCCESSORS C\LD BE EQUALLY CRITICIZ$ = !IR PROBLEMATIC AB&ONM5T ( ! 'MASS WORK]'4 

,WRI<T'S BOOK FOCUSES ON ! CONCEPT ( CLASS COMPOSITION1 WORK]ISM'S MO/ DI/9CTIVE CONTRIBUTION4 ,CLASS COMPOSITION WAS IMPORTANT AS AN ATTEMPT TO EXPRESS H[ ! WORK+ CLASS IS AN ACTIVE SUBJECT1 & ?US TAKES US BEYOND ! POV]TY ( OBJECTIVI/ ,M>XISM :I* PORTRAY$ ! WORK+ CLASS AS PASSIVE & DEP5D5T4 ,! CONCEPT GREW FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE :5 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ON ! (F5SIVE1 BUT IS HAS COME TO SEEM LESS ADEQUATE :5 RELI$ UPON 9 P]IODS ( CRISIS & RETREAT4 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS !RE A POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION ( ! CLASS ) ! DECL9E ( ! MASS WORK]8 ,WAS ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]' MADE CONCRETE BY ! SELF-R$UCTION /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#gS & ! /UD5T & UNEMPLOY$ MOVEM5TS ( #a#i#g#g8 ,C]TA9LY A MULTIPLICITY ( /RUGGLES ]UPT$ ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL4 ,BUT DID ! /RUGGLES M]GE1 DID ! NEW SUBJECTIVITIES =G$ 9 /RUGGLE COALESCE8 ,CLASS RECOMPOSITION W\LD 5TAIL ! =MATION ( AN 9CREAS+LY SELF-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! DISP]SAL ( WORK]S 7OP]AIO DISSEM9ATO71 & ! DISPLACEM5T ( /RUGGLE TO ! WID] SOCIAL T]RA91 BECAUSE ( ! FLUIDITY ( SITUATIONS & MULTIPLICITY ( MOM5TS ( /RUGGLE1 MAKE IT H>D] = A SELF-CONSCI\S MOVEM5T TO EM]GE4 ,BUT SOME 9 ! >EA ( AUTONOMY PO9T TO ! V]Y SAME FACTORS AS HAV+ ! POT5TIAL = RAPID TRANSMISSION ( /RUGGLES TO ALL SECTORS ( ! CLASS4 ,BUT1 :ILE ! REFUSAL ( WORK & ! LIB]ATION ( NE$S MANIFE/$ !MSELVES 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! '#gS 7PROLET>IAN Y\? CIRCLES1 RIOTS1 'FREE %OPP+' OR REAPPROPRIATIONS1 SQUATT+1 ORGANIZ$ 'SELF-R$UCTION' ( R5T1 UTILITY BILLS & TRANSPORT F>ES ETC471 !Y DID NOT DEVELOP 9TO ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T >\ND ! WAGE 7R$EF9$ AS A GU>ANTE$ SOCIAL 9COME7 ?AT ,NEGRI !ORIZ$ -- LET ALONE 9TO ANY COH]5T CLASS MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( OV]TURN+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,IF ?IS REVIEW >TICLE HAS DEVOT$ SO MU* SPACE TO ! PROBLEMS ( WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE ( ?IS CURR5T4 ,TODAY1 IDEAS SU* AS ! NON-NEUTRALITY ( MA*9]Y & FACTORY ORGANIZATION1 ! FOCUS ON IMM$IATE /RUGGLES & NE$S 7RA!R ?AN A SEP>ATE 'POLITICS'71 & ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ NATURE ( /RUGGLES \TSIDE 7AS WELL AS )97 ! WORKPLACE >E *>ACT]I/IC ( MANY RADICAL CIRCLES1 NOT ALL ( :I* W\LD CALL !MSELVES ,M>XI/4 ,! WORK]I/S W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO !ORIZE !SE ISSUES4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* !IR >GUM5TS HAVE BE5 E*O$ BY RADICALS D[N ! YE>S 7AS WELL AS CO-OPT$ & DI/ORT$ BY RECUP]ATORS7 IS AN 9DEX ( !IR >TICULATION ( ! NEGATION ( ! CAPITAL RELATION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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