,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,PROMISE & LIMITS ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM 

,ITALY'S ',HOT ,AUTUMN' ( #aifi & ',MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g' W]E TWO ( ! HI< PO9TS ( LATE #b? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! REC5T PUBLICATION ( TWO BOOKS ON WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA TE/IFY TO ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ 9 ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T SURR\ND+ !SE EV5TS4 ,/EVE ,WRI<T'S ,/ORM+ ,HEAV5 PRES5TS A CRITICAL HI/ORY ( ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM2 & ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY HAS BE5 9FLU5TIAL AS AN ACC\NT ( ! 'AUTONOMI/' TRADITION4 ,! REVIEW ( !SE TWO BOOKS GIVES US ! OPPORTUNITY = A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( WORK]ISM4 ,WE SUGGE/ ?AT ,CLEAV] REPRODUCES SOME ( AUTONOMIA'S PROBLEMS AS WELL AS ITS USEFUL !ORETICAL TOOLS4 ,!SE PROBLEMS 9CLUDE ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY = A CLASS ANALYSIS2 ! ABS5CE ( A CRITIQUE ( LEFTISM2 AMBIGUITY OV] ! 'LAW ( VALUE'2 & AN 9ABILITY OR UNWILL+NESS TO !ORIZE RETREAT4 ,WE ALSO >GUE ?AT ,CLEAV]'S 'POLITICAL' READ+ ( ,CAPITAL LACKS ! ANALYTICAL RIGOR NE$$ TO MAKE ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES ( ,CAPITAL & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,FROM ,OP]AISMO TO ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' 

,REVIEW ,>TICLE3 

,/ORM+ ,HEAV53 ,CLASS ,COMPOSITION & ,/RUGGLE 9 ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM BY ,/EVE ,WRI<T 7,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #b#b7 

,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY 7#bND $N47 BY ,H>RY ,CLEAV] 7,LE$S3 ,A,K_/,ANTI-!SIS1 #b7 

,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S REPLY IS LOCAT$ H]E3 WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U 

,! ,ITALIAN ',HOT ,AUTUMN' ( #aifi WAS ONE ( ! HI< PO9TS ( LATE #b? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 & IS ASSOCIAT$ ) OP]AISMO 7'WORK]ISM'71 A ,M>XIAN APPROA* ?AT FOCUS$ ON RANK-&-FILE /RUGGLES 9 CONTRA/ TO :AT WAS SE5 AS ! POLITICS & OPPORTUNISM ( ! DOM9ANT 7,/AL9I/7 LEFT4 ,! WAVE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ?AT YE> WAS E*O$1 AL?\< ) IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES1 9 ! TUMULTU\S ',MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g'4 ,UND] ! BANN] ( AUTONOMIA1 ! WORK]I/S' ANALYSIS ( CLASS /RUGGLE WAS EXT5D$ ?R\< ! ACTIONS ( GR\PS \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE4 ,9T5SE /REET-FI<T+1 SELF-R$UCTION OR \TRI<T REFUSAL ( BILLS & F>ES1 ! EXPLICIT RAIS+ ( RADICAL DEM&S SU* AS ! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR3 ALL ?IS H9T$ AT A MOVEM5T = :I* :AT C\NTS AS 'POLITICAL' HAD BE5 S]I\SLY QUE/ION$ BY /RUGGLES >\ND WID] DESIRES & NE$S4 ,READ]S WILL BE AW>E ( WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA TODAY ?R\< ! WORKS ( ITS MO/ WELL-KN[N !ORI/S1 SU* AS ,NEGRI1 ?R\< ! ,U,S J\RNAL ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES1 & P]HAPS ?R\< ! AUT-OP-SY WEBSITE & DISCUSSION LI/4.<#a.> ,= MANY ( ?OSE DISSATISFI$ ) ! V]SIONS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM AVAILABLE TO !M 9 ! ,U,K1 ! NOTIONS ( 'AUTONOMY' & 'AUTONOMI/' HAVE POSITIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! REC5T 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' MOBILIZATIONS ( ,J#a#h & ,SEATTLE BO? DREW ON !MES & LANGUAGE ASSOCIAT$ ) AUTONOMIA1 SU* AS AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES & DIV]SITY4.<#b.> ,H[EV]1 ! HI/ORY & !ORY SURR\ND+ WORK]ISM & AUTONOMIA >E NOT ALWAYS WELL KN[N4 ,! REC5T PUBLICATION ( TWO BOOKS ON OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA & !IR !ORETICAL H]ITAGE TE/IFY TO ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ 9 ?IS CURR5T4 ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#i1 & HAS N[ BE5 REPUBLI%$1 ) A NEW PREFACE4 ,CLEAV]'S ,9TRODUCTION1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS BE5 A PO9T ( REF]5CE TO MANY 9 GRASP+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( PO/W> DEVELOPM5TS1 9CLUD+ /RUGGLES ?AT DON'T NECESS>ILY EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 TRADITIONAL =MS4 ,/EVE ,WRI<T'S ,/ORM+ HEAV5 PRES5TS A CRITICAL HI/ORY ( ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T'S POLITICAL & !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 RELATION TO ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#eS1 '#fS & '#gS -- A HI/ORY :I*1 WE >GUE1 N[ SUP]S$ES ! ,CLEAV] PRES5TATION4 

,! PUBLICATION ( !SE TWO BOOKS GIVES US ! OPPORTUNITY = A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA1 & ,CLEAV]'S ATTEMPT TO KEEP !M ALIVE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE WILL EXAM9E FIVE ISSUES4 ,FIR/1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! CONCEPT ( 'AUTONOMY' IS ADEQUATE AS A BASIS = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,SECOND1 WE >GUE ?AT ! WORK]I/S & H5CE ?OSE :O HAVE FOLL[$ !M SUFF]$ FROM A LACK ( AN ADEQUATE CRITIQUE ( LEFTISM & NATIONALISM4 ,?IRD1 !RE IS ! ISSUE ( ! AMBIGUITY ( ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY WORK]ISM 9 !IR ACC\NT ( ! /ATUS ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,F\R?1 ! FAILURE ( WORK]ISM & ( AUTONOMIA TO !ORIZE RETREAT 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE CAN BE L9K$ TO AN IMPLICIT 7OR EV5 EXPLICIT7 SATISFACTION AMONG SOME !ORI/S 9 ?IS TRADITION ) ! CURR5T LIMITS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! POLITICAL READ+ ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL (F]$ BY ,CLEAV] ACTUALLY WORKS4 ,WE CONCLUDE ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! MOVEM5TS ?AT SU/A9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK]ISM HAS L$ BO? TO ! AB&ONM5T ( ! PROJECT ( WORLD REVOLUTION & ! IDEOLOGIZATION ( !ORY AMONG !ORI/S 9 ?IS TRADITION4 

#a4 ,PROMISE & LIMITS ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' CLASS ANALYSIS 

,TO UND]/& ! WORK]I/ & ! SUBSEQU5T 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' TAKE ON CLASS WE NE$ TO GO BACK TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! CURR5T'S KEY !ORETICAL CONCEPTS4 

#a4#a ,CLASSICAL ,WORK]ISM 

,! ORIG9S ( OP]AISMO LIE 9 RESE>* C>RI$ \T ON WORK]S' BEHAVIOR 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,! CONC]N ( ! RESE>* WAS ) WORK]S' [N NE$S & P]CEPTIONS3 !IR DEF9ITIONS ( !IR PROBLEMS ON ! %OPFLOOR1 & ! NATURE ( !IR /RUGGLES4 ,WRI<T 7P4 #f#c7 CITES ! FOLL[+ AS ! CORE FEATURES ( ! WORK]I/ P]SPECTIVE EM]G+ FROM ?IS RESE>*3 ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) ! LABOR SUBSUM$ TO ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 AN EMPHASIS ON ! WAGE /RUGGLE AS A KEY T]RA9 ( POLITICAL CONFLICT2 & ! 9SI/5CE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ! DRIV+ =CE )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4.<#c.> ,ALL !SE FEATURES W]E A REACTION AGA9/1 & ! BASIS = A DEVELOP$ ALT]NATIVE TO1 ! PRODUCTIVI/ RE=MISM & 7B\RGEOIS7 POLITICS ( ! TRADITIONAL 7,/AL9I/7 LEFT1 I4E4 ! ,P,C,I 7! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BY F> ! L>GE/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE74 ,= ! ,P,C,I1 'POLITICS' WAS CONDUCT$ PRIM>ILY ?R\< P>LIAM5T 7& ! UNION BUREAUCRACY74 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 /RESS+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( WORK]S' [N /RUGGLES )9 9DU/RIES1 ! WORK]I/S REJECT$ ! CLASSICAL ,L59I/ DI/9CTION BETWE5 'POLITICAL' & 'ECONOMIC' /RUGGLES4 

,?R\< RELAT+ WORK]I/ !ORY TO ! CONTEXT ( ! /RUGGLES ?R\< :I* IT EM]G$1 ,/ORM+ ,HEAV5 EXAM9ES WORK]ISM'S MO/ WELL-KN[N CATEGORY -- ?AT ( CLASS COMPOSITION1 :I* ,WRI<T 7P4 #d#i7 DEF9ES AS ! V>I\S BEHAVIORS :I* >ISE :5 P>TICUL> =MS ( LABOR-P[] >E 9S]T$ 9 SPECIFIC PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION4 OP]AISMO ALSO 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT ( ! MASS WORK]1 :I* DESCRIBES ! SUBJECT ID5TIFI$ ?R\< ! RESE>* ON ! ,F,I,A,T & ,OLIVETTI FACTORIES4 ,:AT *>ACT]IZES ! MASS WORK] IS ITS RELATIVELY SIMPLE LABOR2 ITS PLACE AT HE>T ( IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 & ITS LACK ( ! BONDS :I* HAD TI$ SKILL$ WORK]S TO PRODUCTION 7,WRI<T1 P4 #a#g74 

#a4#b4 ,WORK]ISM BEYOND WORK]S 

,AS ,CLEAV] PO9TS \T1 ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS1 & POLITICAL PRACTICE1 UND]/&S PRODUCTION & WORK ITSELF AS NEUTRAL4 ,! AIM IS TO TAKE OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & RUN !M '9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S'1 TO ! 5DS ( A FAIR] DI/RIBUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! RESE>* ON ,F,I,A,T & ,OLIVETTI HAD %[N ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ! DEF9ITION ( SKILLS1 OP]AT$ AS A PROCESS ( DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN BE+ A TE*NICAL MATT]4 ,! WORK]I/S !RE=E PROPOS$ CONCEPTS 9T5D$ TO GRASP ?IS NON-NEUTRALITY ( FACTORY ORGANIZATION & MA*9]Y4 ,P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT H]E IS ! WORK ( ,PANZI]I1 :O HAD >GU$ ?AT1 UNLIKE ! RE=MI/ ,/AL9I/S1 ! WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZ$ ! UNITY ( ! 'TE*NICAL' & 'DESPOTIC' MOM5TS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4.<#d.> ,SU* CONCEPTS PO9T$ TO ! LIMITATIONS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* C\LD BE SE5 TO BE M]ELY ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ONE'S [N DOM9ATION4 

,TRONTI DEVELOP$ ?IS L9E ( ANALYSIS ) ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY4 ,! IDEA ( ! FACTORY AS LOCUS ( P[] WAS EXT5D$ TO ! WID] SOCIETY AS A :OLE :I* WAS SE5 TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! SAME PR9CIPLES ( DOM9ATION & VALUE 7RE7PRODUCTION4.<#e.> ,! IMPLICATION ( ?IS WAS ?AT1 S9CE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 SOCIETY IS NOT NEUTRAL1 !N RESI/ANCE \TSIDE ! FACTORY C\LD BE A VALID MOM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,YET ! EMPHASIS ON ?OSE 7FACTORY7 WORK]S 9 ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION MEANT ?AT OP]AISMO WAS CAU<T 9 A T5SION IF NOT A CONTRADICTION4 ,TRONTI & O!RS W]E UNABLE TO RECONCILE !IR NOTION ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY ) ! EMPHASIS !Y WANT$ TO PLACE ON :AT HAPP5$ 9 L>GE FACTORIES3 EV5 AS !Y PO9T$ BEYOND ! MASS WORK]1 WORK]I/S CONT9U$ TO PRIVILEGE ! ROLE ( ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT4 

,AUTONOMIA 7! '>EA ( AUTONOMY'71 A LOOSE NETWORK ( GR\P+S 9CLUD+ & 9FLU5C$ BY RADICAL WORK]I/S1 EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( SOME ( ! WORK]I/ GR\PS4 ,?IS NEW MOVEM5T ALSO SAW ! 9FLUX ( A LOT ( Y\NG] PEOPLE2 !Y W]E (T5 UNIV]SITY $UCAT$ OR WORK+ 9 SMALL MANUFACTUR+ OR ! S]VICE SECTOR4 ,!Y *>ACT]I/ICALLY EMPHASIZ$ ! LOCALIZ$ & P]SONAL OV] CLASS-WIDE /RUGGLE1 NE$ OV] DUTY1 & DIFF]5CE OV] HOMOG5EITY 7,WRI<T1 P4 #a#i#g74 ,!Y ?US S\<T TO /RET* ! CONCEPT ( CLASS COMPOSITION BEYOND ! IMM$IATE LABOR-PROCESS 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,!Y W]E ALSO LESS COMMITT$ TO TOTALIZ+ CONCEPTS ( CLASS & TO !IR WORKPLACE ID5TITIES2 & !Y HAD LESS TIME = ! ,P,C,I & ! UNIONS4 ,SOME ( !SE T5D5CIES F\ND !ORETICAL EXPRESSION 9 ,BOLOGNA'S SEM9AL ',! ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES'4.<#f.> 

,! MO/ CONTROV]SIAL !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ?IS P]IOD WAS ,TONI ,NEGRI'S >GUM5T ?AT ! MASS WORK] HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY :AT HE CALL$ ! SOCIALIZ$ WORK] 7OP]AIO SOCIALE74 ,NEGRI'S !SIS WAS ?AT CAPITAL1 :ILE MA9TA9+ ! FIRM AS ! HE>T ( ITS VALORIZATION PROCESS1 DRIVES T[>D A GREAT] SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR1 GO+ BEYOND ! SIMPLE EXT5SION ( ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION T[>DS A COMPLETE R$EF9ITION ( ! CATEGORY ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS CATEGORY1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEGRI1 WAS N[ 0RELATIVE TO ! LEVEL ( ! ADVANCEM5T ( ! PROCESS ( SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR TO CAPITAL444 .<,W.>E CAN N[ SAY ?AT ! CONCEPT ( WAGE LABOR] & ! CONCEPT ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR] T5D T[>DS HOMOG5EITY01 ) ! RESULT+ CON/ITUTION ( 0! NEW SOCIAL FIGURE ( A UNIFI$ PROLET>IAT04.<#g.> ,9 %ORT1 ALL MOM5TS ( ! CIRCULATION PROCESS1 & EV5 REPRODUCTION1 W]E SE5 TO BE PRODUCTIVE ( VALUE2 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE & NONPRODUCTIVE LABOR WAS OBLIT]AT$4 ,:ILE ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a1 ASSUMES ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] 9 ! =M ( ! FAMILY & $UCATION1 ,NEGRI'S !ORETICAL 9NOVATION WAS TO FOCUS ON ?IS AS A LOCUS ( /RUGGLE4 ,NEGRI SUGGE/$ ?AT1 HI/ORICALLY1 !RE HAD BE5 A %IFT 9 EMPHASIS AFT] ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS :]EBY CAPITAL ADOPT$ A /RATEGY TO AVOID EXCLUSIVE DEP5D5CE ON ! TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS & TO RELY MORE HEAVILY ON ! LABOR-P[] ( SOCIAL GR\PS :O W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 M>G9AL & LESS ORGANIZ$4.<#h.> ,?US HE & HIS FOLL[]S LOOK$ TO ! ORGANIZ$ UNEMPLOY$1 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 ! PRACTICE ( SELF-R$UCTION & ! 9CREAS+ 9/ANCES ( ORGANIZ$ LOOT+ ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,MOVEM5T ( #aigg AS VALID MOM5TS ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ PRACTICE2 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS UND]/OOD AS A PLURALISM ( ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-RULE 7,WRI<T1 P4 #a#g#c74 ,AS ,WRI<T DISCUSSES1 ,NEGRI'S ACC\NT WAS CRITICIZ$ AS ULTIMATELY TOO AB/RACT BECAUSE IT ID5TIFI$ P[] AS ! DIM5SION L9K+ ALL ! SOCIAL GR\PS & PRACTICES REF]R$ TO AS CON/ITUT+ ! SOCIALIZ$ WORK]2 ?IS EMPHASIS HAD ! EFFECT ( FLATT5+ \T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T GR\PS & PRACTICES4 ,! R$EF9ITION ( ! CATEGORY ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR IS PROBLEMATIC = ! SAME REASON4 ,MOREOV]1 IT L$ ,NEGRI TO DRAW OV]-OPTIMI/IC CONCLUSIONS AS TO ! CLASS COMPOSITION RESULT+ FROM ! REAL SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR TO CAPITAL4 ,! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]' ALSO SEEM$ TO *ANGE OV] TIME4 ,AT FIR/1 ! SOCIALIZ$ WORK] *>ACT]I/ICALLY REF]R$ TO PREC>I\S WORK]S2 LAT]1 AS ,NEGRI'S P]SPECTIVE WAV]$ ) HIS DISCONNECTION FROM ! MOVEM5T1 IT WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! 'IMMAT]IAL WORK]'1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! COMPUT] PROGRAMM]4.<#i.> 

,! >EA ( AUTONOMY REA*$ ITS Z5I? ) ! ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g4 ,H[EV]1 IT WASN'T JU/ ! WELL-DOCUM5T$ MASSIVE /ATE REPRESSION1 9 ! =M ( VIOL5CE & IMPRISONM5T1 ?AT L$ TO ! BREAK+ ( AUTONOMIA & ! COLLAPSE ( WORK]ISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AUTONOMIA & ! EMPHASIS ON EXTRA-WORKPLACE /RUGGLES W5T H& 9 H& ) ! ISOLATION ( ! RADICAL WORK]I/S FROM ! WID] WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS ?IS ISOLATION & H5CE PESSIMISM 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A WID] MOVEM5T ?AT L$ MANY ULTIMATELY TO 5D UP BACK 9 ! ,P,C,I -- OR TO JO9 ! >M$ GR\PS4 

#a4#c ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT ( ! WORK+ CLASS 

,ONE PROBLEM (T5 RAIS$ AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ PROJECT IS ?AT ( ! SUPPOS$ DISAPPE>ANCE ( ITS AG5T -- ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X'S CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION IS SAID TO BE L9K$ ) A CLASS /RUCTURE ?AT WAS DISAPPE>+4 ,?IS WAS A P>TICUL>LY PRESS+ ISSUE AT ! TIME ,CLEAV] ORIG9ALLY WROTE ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 ) ,GORZ'S ,F>EWELL TO ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & SIMIL> SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYZES BECOM+ FA%IONABLE4 ,CLEAV] (F]S A RESPONSE TO ?IS BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS JU/ *ANG+ %APE & IS 9 FACT EV]Y:]E4.<#a.> ,= MANY ( US1 ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ASPECT ( ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY IS LESS HIS 'POLITICAL' ACC\NT ( ! RELATION BETWE5 VALUE & /RUGGLES 7:I* WE DISCUSS BEL[7 ?AN HIS ,9TRODUCTION1 9 :I* A HI/ORY ( MOVEM5TS & IDEAS IS US$ TO DEVELOP AN 'AUTONOMI/' CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM AS WELL AS TO ?OSE :O WANT$ TO >GUE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DISAPPE>+4 7,9 FACT1 :ILE ,CLEAV]'S BOOK WAS PHOTOCOPI$ & PASS$ >\ND BY LOADS ( PEOPLE1 MO/ PEOPLE WE KN[ ONLY READ ! ,9TRODUCTION67 

,CLEAV]'S CLASS ANALYSIS CAN BE SE5 TO FOLL[ ON FROM ,TRONTI'S CONCEPT ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY & ,BOLOGNA'S ',! ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES'4 ,?US1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,ITALY1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( NON-FACTORY WORK]S -- PR$OM9ANTLY WOM5 9 ?IS CASE -- BO? EMBODI$ & CL>IFI$ ! NEW CLASS COMPOSITION 7P4 #g#a74 ',COMMUNITY' /RUGGLES >\ND ! SELF-R$UCTION ( R5TS & FOOD & UTILITY PRICES1 HE SUGGE/S1 5ABL$ !SE WOM5 P>TICIPANTS TO BECOME MORE CONSCI\S ( !IR [N ROLE 9 VALUE-PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE !IR [N AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY C\LD BE GRASP$ AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 RA!R ?AN BE+ LIMIT$ TO ! AUXILI>Y ROLE ( SUPPORT+ ! WAGE-BAS$ /RUGGLES ( !IR M5FOLK4 ,CLEAV] TAKES ! ,WAGES = ,H\SEWORK CAMPAIGN AS ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 ! NEW PREFACE TO ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 ,CLEAV] 7PP4 #a#f-#a#g7 ELABORATES ON ?IS ACC\NT ( ! NATURE ( CLASS4 ,DESCRIPTIVELY1 AN ESS5TIAL PO9T H]E IS ! EXT5SION ( ! CATEGORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO COV] NOT ONLY ! WAG$ BUT ALSO ! UNWAG$4 ,CLEAV] CLAIMS ?AT ?IS EXP&$ DEF9ITION IS JU/IFI$ BY HI/ORICAL RESE>* 7E4G4 ,L9EBAU<'S ,! ,LONDON ,HANG$.<#a#a.>7 :I*1 IT IS SUGGE/$1 %[S 9 ! POLITICAL CULTURE ( >TISANS & O!RS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS PR$ATES ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! WAGE4 ,CONCEPTUALLY1 ! CRUX ( ,CLEAV]'S >GUM5T IS 9 T]MS ( A SOCIAL GR\P'S EXPLOITATION BY1 & H5CE /RUGGLES AGA9/1 CAPITAL4 ,MOREOV]1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! SOCIAL GR\P AS SU*1 RA!R ?AN !IR SUBSUMPTION )9 A G5]AL WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE1 >E TAK5 TO BE SIGNIFICANT = !IR SELF-TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL4 ,= ,CLEAV]1 ! ABILITY ( SU* SOCIAL GR\PS TO RE-CREATE !MSELVES 9 /RUGGLE PO9TS TO A PROBLEM ) TRADITIONAL 7N>R[7 DEF9ITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* SAID NO?+ AB\T ?IS SELF-RE-CREATION4.<#a#b.> ,9 L9E ) ! TRADITION ( AUTONOMIA1 ,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT RECOGNIZES RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL AS AN 9H]5T FEATURE ( ! MAJORITY ( HUMANITY1 RA!R ?AN -- AS 9 SOCIOLOGICAL & SOME ,M>XI/ ACC\NTS ( ,WE/]N CLASS /RUCTURE -- LIMIT$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,CLEAV]'S ACC\NT ( AN 'AUTONOMI/' TRADITION ( /RUGGLES & !ORIES WAS IMPORTANT = US1 AS = MANY PEOPLE SEEK+ AN ADEQUATE ACC\NT ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! #a#i#hS & '#iS4 ,BUT1 RE-READ+ ,CLEAV]'S DEF9ITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS N[1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! SOCIAL GR\PS HE SEEKS TO 9CLUDE 7AS SOCIAL GR\PS7 )9 ?IS DEF9ITION1 LEADS US TO >GUE ?AT HIS ACC\NT IS NOT SUFFICI5T AS A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R EXPLOITATION IS A FEATURE ( ! SOCIAL GR\P HE REF]S TO AS SU*1 & !RE=E :E!R RESI/ANCE IS 9H]5T = ! GR\P AS SU*4 ,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT !RE >E DIFF]5CES & DI/9CTIONS ?AT MATT] )9 & BETWE5 ! SOCIAL CATEGORIES ?AT ,CLEAV] ID5TIFIES AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WRI<T >GUES ?AT OP]AISMO & AUTONOMIA EMPLOY CONCEPTS :I* S]VE TO FLATT5 \T & LOSE IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES & DI/9CTIONS 9 CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,\R PO9T IS ?AT ,CLEAV] IS HEIR TO ?IS T5D5CY4 

,TO FLE% ?IS >GUM5T \T1 LET US CONSID] EA* ( ! SOCIAL CATEGORIES ?AT ,CLEAV] WANTS TO 7RE-7DEF9E AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,BE=E DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 WE NE$ TO /RESS H]E ! 9ADEQUACY ( PLAY+ ! GAME ( TREAT+ CLASSES AS CATEGORIES 9TO :I* WE PLACE PEOPLE4 ,= US1 CLASS IS NOT A =M ( /RATIFICATION BUT A SOCIAL RELATION2 RA!R ?AN ATTEMPT+ TO CLASSIFY PEOPLE WE NE$ TO UND]/& H[ CLASS IS =M$1 AS A PROCESS1 )9 A RELATION%IP ( ANTAGONISM4.<#a#c.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E SITUAT$ DIFF]5TLY ) REG>DS ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RELATION ( H[ LABOR IS PUMP$ \T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S 7& ?AT ID5TITIES & P]CEPTIONS ( 9T]E/S L9K$ ) !SE ID5TITIES CAN =M >\ND !SE SITUATIONS74 ,BUT \R >GUM5T ) ,CLEAV]'S 7RE7CLASSIFICATIONS IS 9ADEQUATE 9 ITS [N RI<T1 & NE$S TO BE READ )9 A BROAD] >GUM5T AB\T CLASS AS A RELATION NOT 7JU/7 A /RATUM4 

,CLEAV] /ATES 7P4 #g#c73 

,! ID5TIFICATION ( ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! UNWAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS 9 ,ITALY1 & ! EXT5SION ( ! CONCEPT .<( WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION.> TO ! PEASANTRY1 PROVID$ A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK )9 :I* ! /RUGGLES ( ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN /UD5TS & H\SEWIVES1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 E?NIC & RACIAL M9ORITIES1 & ,?IRD ,WORLD .<SIC.> PEASANTS C\LD ALL BE GRASP$ AS MOM5TS ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CYCLE ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! UNEMPLOY$ 

,ORGANIZ$ UNEMPLOY$ /RUGGLES PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! ,ITALIAN EXP]I5CE ( ! '#gS -- ! ,NEAPOLITAN MOVEM5T = EXAMPLE WAS ABLE TO MOBILIZE ?\S&S ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S1 BECOM+ ! REGION'S C5TRAL REF]5CE PO9T = MILITANT ACTIVITY 7,WRI<T1 P4 #a#f#e74 ,9 !SE PAGES & 9 O!R PUBLICATIONS1 WE HAVE GIV5 MU* ATT5TION TO SU* /RUGGLES1 :I* = US >E (T5 OV] B5EFITS1 = ! V]Y SIMPLE REASON ?AT B5EFITS >E ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO9 ( ! WORK+ WAGE.<#a#d.> 7& BECAUSE WE \RSELVES HAVE RELI$ ON B5EFITS SO MU*674 ,! UNEMPLOY$ >E ! L[E/ /RATUM ( ! PROLET>IAT -- ! MO/ DISPOSSESS$ -- & >E LIKELY TO HAVE A BACKGR\ND 9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU*4 ,9 ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a1 ,M>X DEMON/RATES ?AT ! UNEMPLOY$ >E NECESS>Y TO VALUE-PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE !Y >E DEF9$ AS A CATEGORY BY !IR RELATION%IP TO ! WAGE1 ! UNEMPLOY$ >E OBVI\SLY P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ,M>X ALSO MAKES CLE> H[ ! UNEMPLOY$ FUNCTION TO 9/ILL DISCIPL9E 9 ?OSE 9 WORK & H5CE PUT 0A CURB ON !IR PRET5SIONS04.<#a#e.> ,= TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 ! UNEMPLOY$ AS SU* CANNOT PLAY ! SAME ROLE AS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS2 !Y LACK BO? ! LEV]AGE & ! POT5TIAL = REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ?OSE 9 WORK4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 UNEMPLOY$ /RUGGLES MU/ NECESS>ILY BE R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( TAIL-5D+ WORK]S' /RIKES2 ANY UNEMPLOY$ 'AUTONOMY' C\LD TOO EASILY TAKE ! =M ( SCABB+4.<#a#f.> 

,H[EV]1 ! FUNCTIONS ( A SOCIAL /RATUM = CAPITAL DO NOT NECESS>ILY DEF9E ! LIMITS ( ! SUBJECTIVITY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT HAS (T5 BE5 ! LEA/ SELF-ORGANIZ$1 OR ! LEA/ AUTONOM\S1 AMONG ! UNEMPLOY$ :O HAVE SCABB$4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ >E1 AMONG ?OSE ,CLEAV] CITES1 ! SOCIAL GR\P :I* CAN LEA/ CONTROV]SIALLY BE DEF9$ AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

',RACE' 

,9 ! CASE ( 'RACE' & E?NICITY1 :AT IS BE+ REF]R$ TO H]E BY ,CLEAV] IS ! CON/RUCTION BY CAPITAL ( DIVISIONS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ORD] TO CREATE & JU/IFY COMPETITION AMONG WORK]S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 'RACIAL' & E?NIC ID5TITIES >E CON/RUCT$1 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION ITSELF IS 'RACIALIZ$' OR 'E?NICIZ$'4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS BECAUSE RACIALIZATION & E?NICITY IS P>T ( WAY ?AT CLASS DIVISION IS CON/RUCT$ & ! WORK+ CLASS DECOMPOS$ ?AT PEOPLE MI<T USE 'RACIAL' & E?NIC ID5TITIES AS A BASIS = ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,BLACKS & ?OSE O!R E?NIC M9ORITIES :O ORGANIZE & RESI/ AUTONOM\SLY DO SO BECAUSE !Y1 AS A SOCIAL /RATUM1 EXP]I5CE CLASS MORE H>%LY1 & >E MORE (T5 LOCAT$ AT ! PROLET>IAN POLE ( ! CLASS RELATION2 & ?IS IS BECAUSE ( ! WAY 'BLACKNESS' & ':IT5ESS' HAVE BE5 SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ 79 ! ,U,S,A74 ,?OSE E?NIC M9ORITIES :I* DO NOT 5GAGE 9 SU* AUTONOM\S ACTION T5D TO BE ?OSE ?AT >E MORE SOCIALLY MOBILE2 I4E4 9 ,U,S T]MS !Y BECOME ':ITE'4 

,P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,U,S,A1.<#a#g.> BLACKS >E ATYPICAL ( E?NIC & 'RACIAL' GR\PS3 ALWAYS AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PILE1 EV5 9 RELATION TO O!R E?NIC M9ORITIES4 ,BLACKS >E ! PROTOTYPE ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 & ! BLACK MIDDLE CLASS IS ! EXCEPTION ?AT PROVES ! RULE4 

,WOM5 

,! EM]G5CE ( WOM5 AS COLLECTIVE SUBJECTS ( SOCIAL *ANGE CONTRIBUT$ TO A REASSESSM5T ( OP]AISMO'S CLASS ANALYSIS 7,WRI<T1 P4 #a#c#c74 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WOM5'S DEM&S = A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL WAGE W]E SE5 TO PO9T TO A SOLUTION TO ! LIMITS ( ! OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! WORK+ WAGE 7,WRI<T1 PP4 #a#b#c1 #a#c#e74 ,SOME 9 AUTONOMIA1 SU* AS ! ,ROSSO GR\P1 BEGAN TO TALK ( ! EM]G5CE ( A 'NEW FEMALE PROLET>IAT'2 = !M1 ALONG ) ! UNEMPLOY$1 FEM9I/S W]E SE5 AS 9TEGRAL COMPON5TS ( ! NEW SOCIAL SUBJECT -- ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]'4 

,LIKEWISE1 = ,CLEAV]1 WOM5 >E A KEY EXAMPLE ( A SOCIAL CATEGORY ?AT1 ?R\< !IR /RUGGLES1 %\LD BE GRASP$ AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- 9 P>TICUL> 'H\SEWIVES' DEM&+ WAGES = !IR WORK ( REPRODUC+ LABOR-P[]4.<#a#h.> ,FROM \R P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT IT IS WORK+ CLASS WOM5 -- DEF9$ H]E 9 T]MS ( ! CLASS POSITION ( !IR FAMILY -- :O >E MORE LIKELY TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 SU* /RUGGLES4 ,BETT]-(F WOM5 >E LESS LIKELY TO NE$ & WANT ! 'TRANSITIONAL DEM&' ( A WAGE1 & CAN A*IEVE 'AUTONOMY' 9DIVIDUALLY 7?R\< PURSU+ A C>E]7 RA!R ?AN NE$+ TO ORGANIZE COLLECTIVELY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! =M ?R\< :I* WOM5 HAVE *ALL5G$ EXPLOITATIVE G5D] RELATIONS HAS V>I$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,! ID5TIFICATION & QUE/ION+ ( WOM5'S ROLES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#fS WAS P>T ( A !ORIZATION & *ALL5GE TO ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY MORE BROADLY1 & H5CE T5D$ TO BE EXPRESS$ AS A MOVEM5T ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE ! RETREAT ( ! WID] CLASS /RUGGLE1 FEM9ISM HAS 9/EAD T5D$ TO BE AN IDEOLOGY JU/IFY+ EI!R A R$UCTION ( ! POLITICAL TO ! P]SONAL 7) NO L9K TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION7 OR A VEHICLE = MIDDLE CLASS WOM5'S C>E]ISM4 ,)\T BE+ GR\ND$ 9 -- RA!R ?AN TRY+ TO =M ! BASIS ( -- A CLASS ANALYSIS1 ! EMPHASIS ( ! /RUGGLES ( WOM5 AS WOM5 9EVITABLY RISKS ?IS DEAD-5D4 

,PEASANTS 

,CLEAV]'S 9CLUSION ( PEASANT /RUGGLES AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS DIFF]5TIATES HIM FROM /ATEM5TS 9 CLASSICAL WORK]ISM4 ,AL?\< ! E>LY WORK]I/S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT PEASANT /RUGGLES C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO WORK+ CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM1 !Y ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT ! TWO %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$1 & ?AT ! 'SALVATION' ( PEASANTS ULTIMATELY LAY ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! MORE DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD 7,WRI<T1 P4 #f#f74 

,TO /ATE ?AT PEASANT /RUGGLES >E 9 EFFECT WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES AT LEA/ S]VES TO CONVEY SOME?+ AB\T ! SOCIAL LOCATION ( ! PEASANT 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD & ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIONS = ! BROAD] CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,DESPITE NOT DEP5D+ EXCLUSIVELY UPON A WAGE1 PEASANTS' WORK IS (T5 COMMODIFI$2 ! WAY !Y PRODUCE GOODS IS SUBJECT TO ! DEM&S ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,H5CE SOME PEASANTS' ATTEMPTS 9 SOME S5SE TO ACT LIKE '! WORK+ CLASS' -- I4E41 COLLECTIVELY TO RESI/ CAPITAL'S REQUIREM5TS4 

,BUT ,CLEAV]'S R$EF9ITION ( 'PEASANTS' AS P>T ( ! WID] WORK+ CLASS GLOSSES SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES )9 ?IS HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL CATEGORY4 ,! T]M 'PEASANT' COV]S A MULTITUDE ( ECONOMIC POSITIONS3 !RE >E V>Y+ DEGREES ( COMMUNAL RELATIONS1 V>Y+ DEGREES ( PRODUCTION = ! M>KET 7V]SUS = SUBSI/5CE71 V>Y+ EXT5TS TO :I* SOME >E MOV+ T[>DS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & V>Y+ DEGREES TO :I* PEASANTS 5GAGE 9 WAGE LABOR4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT 'PEASANTS' AS SU* DO NOT ACT LIKE & !RE=E CANNOT SIMPLY BE LUMP$ 9 ) A BROAD WORK+ CLASS4 

,EV5 IF WE TAKE IT ?AT ,CLEAV] SIMPLY MEANS ! MAJORITY ( PEASANTS :O HAVE NO *ANCE ( BECOM+ CAPITALI/ F>M]S1 !RE IS NEV]!LESS A LOGIC TO !IR /RUGGLES :I* *>ACT]I/ICALLY PREV5TS !M FROM CON/ITUT+ !MSELVES AS ! NEGATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! PEASANT IS DEF9$ BY A RELATION%IP TO ! L&1 & L& IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY ! ISSUE OV] :I* PEASANTS /RUGGLE4 ,GIV5 ?IS1 ! SUCCESSES ( PEASANT /RUGGLES >E ALSO !IR LIMITS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! WAGE1 A QUANTITATIVE SUCCESS 7MORE MONEY7 PRES]VES ! QUALITATIVE RELATION%IP ( ALI5ATION BUT CAN PO9T TO ITS SUP]SESSION3 VICTORY IS /ILL UNSATISFACTORY BUT ANY SETBACK = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS MAY SUGGE/ ! VULN]ABILITY ( ! CAPITAL RELATION ITSELF4 ,BUT A VICTORY 9 A /RUGGLE OV] L& IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF :I* !REBY IMPELS NO HI<] LEVEL ( /RUGGLE4 ,!RE IS NO ESS5TIAL IMP]ATIVE 9 L& /RUGGLES TO ABOLI% L& [N]%IP ITSELF4 ,AS WE >GU$ 9 A PREVI\S ISSUE ( ,AUFHEB51 :ILE WE MI<T ACKN[L$GE ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTIVITY ( PEASANT-BAS$ /RUGGLES SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,*IAPAS ,9DIANS1 ! PEASANT CONDITION 5TAILS A CONS]VATIVE /ABILITY 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,PEASANT RESI/ANCE T5DS TO REFLECT EXT]NAL ?REAT RA!R ?AN 9T]NAL CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! =M ( ?AT RESI/ANCE MAY (T5 5TAIL ALLIANCES BETWE5 SMALL PRIVATE F>M]S & ?OSE :O DEP5D ON COMMUNAL L&HOLD+S -- OR EV5 BETWE5 A PEASANT MASS & A LEFTI/-NATIONALI/ & URBAN-BAS$ LEAD]%IP4.<#a#i.> ,?US1 WE DO NOT SEE ! RESOLUTION ( '! AGR>IAN 7I4E41 PEASANT7 PROBLEM' SIMPLY 9 'AUTONOM\S' PEASANT /RUGGLES1 NOR1 OBVI\SLY1 9 ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! PEASANTRY2 RA!R1 ) ,M>X.<#b.> 7& ,CAMATTE71.<#b#a.> WE MI<T LOOK TO A REVOLUTION 9 :I* PEASANT COMMUNAL POSSIBILITIES >E AID$ BY A WID] PROLET>IAN UPRIS+ AT ! HE>T ( CAPITALI/ P[]4 

,/UD5TS 

,= WORK]I/ GR\PS SU* AS ,POT]E ,OP]AIO 7,WORK]S' ,P[]71 /UD5T /RUGGLES HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ?OSE ( FACTORY WORK]S4 ,BUT /UD5T MOVEM5TS W]E A P>T ( BO? ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN ( #aifi & ! ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#g1 & W]E IMPORTANT = WORK]ISM'S ATTEMPT TO !ORIZE ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( 9TELLECTUAL LABOR4.<#b#b.> ,ONE ( ! 9T]E/+ DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN WAS ! APPROPRIATION ( A FACULTY BUILD+ AT ! ,TUR9 ,M$ICAL ,COLLEGE = ! PURPOSE ( A P]MAN5T G5]AL ASSEMBLY4.<#b#c.> ,! #aigg ,MOVEM5T 9VOLV$ PRACTICAL ATTEMPTS TO L9K WORK]S & /UD5TS BO? ORGANIZATIONALLY & 9 T]MS ( DEM&S SU* AS ! G5]ALIZ$ WAGE1 :I* WAS SE5 AS A WAY ( 5ABL+ MORE WORK+ CLASS Y\NG PEOPLE ACCESS TO UNIV]SITY4 

,CLEAV]'S CATEGORIZATION ( /UD5TS AS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS MI<T BE SE5 AS SOME:AT PRESCI5T S9CE ! GULF BETWE5 UNIV]SITY /UD5TS & O!RS 9 ! LABOR M>KET HAS N>R[$ 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,AS MORE /UD5TS GA9 DEGREES1 SO ! VALUE ( ! DEGREE DECREASES & ! JOBS ?AT GRADUATES GO 9TO MAY (T5 BE NO MORE PRIVILEG$ OR WELL-PAID ?AN ?OSE ( !IR MORE BASICALLY-$UCAT$ C\NT]P>TS4 ,GRADUATE UNEMPLOYM5T IS HI<] N[ ?AN EV]4 

,H[EV]1 !SE >E ONLY T5D5CIES4 ,/UD5TS >E OV]:ELM+LY MIDDLE CLASS 9 T]MS ( !IR FAMILY BACKGR\ND 79COME1 VALUES & EXPECTATIONS7 & !IR DE/9ATIONS4 ,9 L9E ) ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY1 ,CLEAV] DEALS ) SU* CONSID]ATIONS BY DEF9+ /UD5TS' $UCATION AS WORK TO REPRODUCE ! COMMODITY ( LABOR-P[]4.<#b#d.> ,BUT !IR WORK AS /UD5TS IS MORE ?AN1 & DIFF]5T FROM1 ! SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( JU/ ANY LABOR-P[]4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! 5D PRODUCT ( ! WORK ( ! UNIV]SITY /UD5T ISN'T NECESS>ILY SKILLS AT ALL BUT RA!R A QUALIFICATION1 ! PO9T ( :I* IS JU/ TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO MORE PRIVILEG$ OCCUPATIONS4 ,:AT IS BE+ REPRODUC$1 !RE=E1 IS HI]>*Y )9 ! WORK=CE -- A DIVISION ( LABOR TO 5HANCE COMPETITION4 ,?IS PROCESS IS ALSO IDEOLOGICAL TO ! EXT5T ?AT ITS B5EFICI>IES 9T]NALIZE & ID5TIFY ) ! RESULTANT HI]>*ICAL DIVISION -- BELIEV+ ?AT !Y DES]VE !IR PRIVILEGE1 & ?AT ONLY A TAL5T$ & H>D-WORK+ M9ORITY CAN A*IEVE !IR K9D ( /ATUS4 ,SECOND1 ! 'SKILLS' ?AT >E REPRODUC$ ?R\< UNIV]SITY $UCATION >E NOT ONLY ?OSE ( SUP]VISION & MANAGEM5T1 BUT ALSO 7= ?OSE GRADUAT+ 9 ! HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCI5CES7 ?OSE ( CLASSIFY+1 BULL%ITT+ & PLAY+ A ROLE -- ALL ( :I* DON'T MAKE S5SE \TSIDE ( ALI5AT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,9 FOCUS+ ON AUTONOMY & ITS POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CES = CAPITAL1 ,CLEAV]'S R$EF9ITION ( /UD5T /RUGGLES AS WORK+ CLASS !RE=E LOSES SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES ( ?IS SOCIAL CATEGORY4.<#b#e.> ,IT IS AN OV]LY CYNICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 P]HAPS1 TO /ATE ?AT '/UD5T RADICALS' MO/LY 5D UP PURSU+ ! SAME WELL-PAID E/ABLI%M5T C>E]S AS !IR P>5TS2 BUT ! MOM5T ( TRU? 9 SU* A CLAIM LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO EQUIVAL5T EXPECTATION = Y\NG WORK+ CLASS RADICALS MO/LY TO 5D UP BECOM+ MANAG]S6 ,UNLIKE /UD5TS1 ! Y\NG WORK+ CLASS 79 WORK+ CLASS JOBS7 DON'T USUALLY HAVE ! SAME *OICE4 

,:ATEV] HAPP5$ TO ! MIDDLE CLASS8 

,! 'MIDDLE CLASS' IS A LABEL L>GELY ABS5T FROM ,READ+ ',CAPITAL' ,POLITICALLY1 :I* IS BECAUSE = ,CLEAV] IT L>GELY DOESN'T EXI/1 EXCEPT P]HAPS SOCIOLOGICALLY4 ,! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' >GUM5T SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 9 CONDITIONS ( ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY'1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E JU/ A SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ,CLEAV]'S ANALYSIS AGA9 REFLECTS REAL T5D5CIES4 ,9 A NUMB] ( DOMA9S1 MIDDLE CLASS WORK HAS BE5 DE-SKILL$ & PROLET>IANIZ$4 ,CASUALIZATION1 ONCE LIMIT$ ONLY TO WORK+ CLASS JOBS1 HAS N[ COME TO MANY 9 ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY SAL>IES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 HAVE 9CREAS+LY LO/ VALUE OV] ! PA/ #b YE>S OR SO4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SAL>IES ( ?OSE AT ! TOP 5D ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR 7E4G41 ACC\NTANTS1 LAWY]S & ! V>I\S TYPES ( 'CONSULTANT'71 HAVE CONT9U$ TO RISE4 ,H5CE1 AS A %>$ ID5TITY ASSUM$ BY PEOPLE :OSE CONDITIONS V>Y WIDELY -- FROM :ITE-COLL> WORK]S 9 9SECURE JOBS ) SAL>IES L[] ?AN !IR BLUE-COLL> C\NT]P>TS1 TO EXECUTIVES & S5IOR MANAG]S -- ! 'MIDDLE CLASS' AS A :OLE IS TO SAY ! LEA/ A PROBLEMATIC CATEGORY IF NOT A MY/IFICATION4 ,9 ! ,U,S,A1 ,CLEAV]'S HOME C\NTRY1 ! T]M IS EV5 MORE PROBLEMATIC DUE TO ! 7SELF7DESCRIPTION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! 7:ITE7 WORK+ CLASS AS 'MIDDLE CLASS'4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 TO TAKE !SE DISJUNCTIONS1 ANOMALIES & T5D5CIES TO MEAN ?AT ! CATEGORY 'MIDDLE CLASS' CAN BE DISP5S$ ) IS ONE-SID$4 ,! ANALYTIC SUBSUMPTION ( MO/ ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES )9 ! WORK+ CLASS IS ONE-SID$ BECAUSE IT LOSES ! EXPLANATORY P[] ( ! MIDDLE CLASS AS A CATEGORY4 

,H]E AGA91 WE W\LD >GUE1 ,CLEAV]'S ANALYSIS REFLECTS ! LIMITS ( ! APPROA* HE IS HEIR TO4 ,AS ,WRI<T >GUES1 = ALL ITS VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO \R UND]/&+ ( /RUGGLE1 ONE ( ! PROBLEMS ) AUTONOMIA & OP]AISMO MORE BROADLY IS ! WAY IT MISREPRES5TS ONE T5D5CY AS /&+ = ! TOTALITY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,CLEAV] MISREPRES5TS A P>TICUL> T5D5CY AS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! CLASS SITUATION AS A :OLE4 

,:ILE T5D5CIES TO PROLET>IANIZATION MI<T PU% MANY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES T[>D ?R[+ 9 !IR LOT ) ! WORK+ CLASS1 !RE >E O!R FEATURES ( ! MIDDLE CLASS CONDITION AS SU* :I* OP]ATE 9 ! O!R DIRECTION4 ,:AT IS ABS5T FROM ,CLEAV]'S CLASS ANALYSIS IS AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! TIES ?AT B9D ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL TO HIS ROLE OR CLASS POSITION & H5CE TO ! ALI5AT$ WORLD ?AT GIVES RISE TO ?AT ROLE & CLASS POSITION4 

,ONE FEATURE :I* DI/+UI%ES ! MIDDLE CLASS FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 & :I* HAS CONSEQU5CES = ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE & SUBJECTIVITY1 IS ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( A C>E] /RUCTURE4 ,:ILE WAGES 9 WORK+ CLASS OCCUPATIONS TYPICALLY RISE TO A RELATIVELY E>LY PEAK & !N PLATEAU (F1 MIDDLE CLASS SAL>IES MORE TYPICALLY DEVELOP 9 CONT9UAL 9CREM5TS )9 :I* ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL CAN =ESEE A FUTURE ( CONT9UALLY RIS+ 9COME & 5HANC$ /ATUS4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! LONG] %E C>RIES ON & /ICKS TO ! JOB1 ! RELATIVELY LESS 9T]E/ ! MIDDLE CLASS 9DIVIDUAL HAS 9 ESCAP+ S9CE ! GREAT] COM=T ! JOB PROVIDES HIM OR H]4 ,BECAUSE ! WORK+ CLASS JOB TYPICALLY PROVIDES NO SU* PROSPECT1 ! IMP]ATIVE TO ESCAPE REMA9S A LIFESPAN CON/ANT4 

,SECOND1 :ILE PRIDE 9 ONE'S ROLE CAN >ISE 9 MANY TYPES ( OCCUPATION1 MIDDLE CLASS JOBS (T5 5G5D] AN ID5TIFICATION ( A TYPE :I* IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY ABS5T 9 ! CASE ( WORK+ CLASS JOBS4 ,SU* MIDDLE CLASS ID5TIFICATION HAS CONSEQU5CES = ! =M TAK5 BY RESI/ANCE -- & = :E!R RESI/ANCE TAKES PLACE AT ALL4 ,! ACADEMIC1 SOCIAL WORK]1 LAWY] ETC4 MAY WI% TO ATTACK CAPITAL BUT !Y *>ACT]I/ICALLY DO SO BY PREMIS+ !IR RESI/ANCE ON ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( !IR [N ROLE 9 A WAY UN?9KABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?US !RE >E RADICAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 RADICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 RADICAL LAWY]S & SO ON1.<#b#f.> BUT NOT RADICAL BRICKLAY]S OR RADICAL ROADSWEEP]S6 ,! LATT] >E SIMPLY RADICAL PEOPLE :O WI% TO ESCAPE !IR CONDITION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! =M] WI% TO 5GAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE :ILE AT ! SAME TIME RETA9+ !IR MIDDLE CLASS ID5TITIES1 9CLUD+ !IR SPECIALIZ$ SKILLS & ROLES4 ,AS SU*1 !IR P>TICIPATION PRESUPPOSES RA!R ?AN FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5GES ! 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT PROVIDE ! BASIS ( !SE ID5TITIES4.<#b#g.> ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE1 IT SEEMS TO US1 ?AT ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( A PO/-AUTONOMIA SC5E :I* REJECTS 7OR AT LEA/ NEGLECTS7 ! SITUATIONI/S' CRITIQUE ( ROLES & ACADEMIA1 & :I* R$EF9ES ALL >EAS ( LIFE -- 9CLUD+ ACADEMIA -- AS WORK+ CLASS1 >E !MSELVES ACADEMICS4.<#b#h.> 

,SOME GR\PS1 SU* AS ! PR(ESSIONALS -- DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 ACADEMICS -- :O RETA9 CONTROL ( 5TRY 9TO !IR PR(ESSION1 %\LD OBVI\SLY BE DEF9$ AS MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R GR\PS = :I* ! SITUATION IS LESS CLE>-CUT4 ,= ! MO/ P>T DEAL+ ) ! ?ORNY ISSUE ( CLASS1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! /ATUS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 IS 9EVITABLE MESSY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE CLASS IS A PROCESS NOT A BOX 9TO :I* WE CAN SIMPLY CATEGORIZE PEOPLE1 AS 9 SOCIOLOGY4.<#b#i.> ,9 ,>G5T9A1 = EXAMPLE1 WE >E SEE+ A PROCESS :]E MIDDLE CLASS ID5TITY BREAKS D[N2 BUT TO UND]/& ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SU* AN ID5TITY EXI/S & HAS A MAT]IAL BASIS4 ,AS WE SEE IT1 ! PROBLEM ) ! WAY ,CLEAV] FLATT5S \T EV]Y?+ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS IS PRECISELY ! ABS5CE ( CLASS COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION AS A PROCESS4 ,CLASS 7COMPOSITION7 9VOLVES A CON/ANT DYNAMIC ( PROLET>IANIZATION & 'EMB\RGEOISM5T'4 ,BUT IF !SE POLES >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ -- & IF ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E UND]/OOD AS ALREADY WORK+ CLASS -- CLASS COMPOSITION APPE>S ONLY AS A /ATIC GIV54 

#a4#d ,AUTONOMY AS BASIS OR FUNCTION ( WORK+ CLASS COMPOSITION8 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,CLEAV]'S FUNDAM5TAL PO9T IS ?AT ! UNWAG$1 & H5CE ! O!R SOCIAL CATEGORIES HE REF]S TO1 >E P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS ONLY 9S(> AS CAPITAL HAS S\<T TO EXPLOIT & ALI5ATE !IR UNWAG$ LABOR OR P>TICUL> CONDITION1 & S9CE !SE UNWAG$ & O!R CATEGORIES >E N[ FI<T+ BACK AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,IT IS !IR /RUGGLE NOT !IR SOCIAL CATEGORY MEMB]%IP AS SU* ?AT MAKES !M P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US ! KEY = ,CLEAV] IS AUTONOM\S ACTION AGA9/ CAPITAL4 

,AS SU*1 ,CLEAV] IS AGA9 CONSI/5T ) ! TRADITION ?AT HAS COME \T ( WORK]ISM1 :I* S\<T TO DI/+UI% ITSELF & GO BEYOND ! POV]TY ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ?R\< FOCUS+ ON PRECISELY ! 9DEP5D5T OR AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE2 !IR COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION ( RESI/ANCE WAS %[N TO OCCUR )\T ! M$IATION ( ! P>TY OR UNION -- OR EV5 9 OPPOSITION TO !M4 ,ANTAGONISM ITSELF1 9 ! =M ( AUTONOMY1 WAS ?US ! BASIS ( CLASS ANALYSIS4 

,9 ! SIXTIES1 ! WORK]I/S SUBSUM$ ! SPECIFICITY ( DIFF]5T WORK+ CLASS LOCATIONS & EXP]I5CES TO ?OSE ( ! MASS WORK]4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES1 ,NEGRI'S WORK ?REAT5$ TO DISSOLVE EV5 ?IS P>TIALLY CONCRETE UND]/&+ ( CLASS 9TO A G5]IC PROLET>IAT1 ! 'SOCIALIZ$ WORK]'4 ,BOLOGNA 9 ',! TRIBE ( MOLES' ID5TIFI$ NEW SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATIONS ( CLASS3 0,CLASSES HAVE T5D$ TO LOSE !IR 'OBJECTIVE' *>ACT]I/ICS & BECOME DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY04.<#c.> ,= ,BOLOGNA1 QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL & CULTURAL ID5TITY1 ( ACCEPTANCE OR REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! NORMS ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR REQUIR$ BY ! /ATE1 N[ PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( CLASSES4 ,!SE NEW DET]M9ANTS W]E SAID TO BE EVID5C$ 9 0! CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION & 9V5TION ( SY/EMS ( C\NT]-CULTURE & /RUGGLE 9 ! SPH]E ( EV]YDAY LIV+1 :I* HAS BECOME EV] MORE ILLEGAL04 

,9 FACT1 ,NEGRI & O!RS AB&ON$ ! C5TRAL 9VE/IGATIVE APPROA* ( ! WORK]I/S -- ?AT ( EXAM9+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 'MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION' & 'POLITICAL BEHAVIORS'4 ,AS ,WRI<T DISCUSSES1 ! RADICAL WORK]I/S OV]EMPHASIZ$ ! SUBJECTIVE1 ! 0WILL ( DE/RUCTION0 7,POT]E ,OP]AIO1 #a#i#g#b1 CIT$ 9 ,WRI<T1 P4 #a#c#h71 AS JUDG$1 PO/ FE/UM1 FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! /RUGGLE RA!R ?AN LOCATION 9 ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,! AB&ONM5T ( ! MAT]IAL DET]M9ANTS ( CLASS COMPOSITION LEAVES UNRESOLV$ ! QUE/ION ( H[ ! DIFF]5T SUBJECTS1 OR /RATA ( ! CLASS1 RECOGNIZE !MSELVES & EA* O!R AS PROLET>IAT1 ! UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 

,= US1 ! REASON :Y DIFF]5T GR\PS ORGANIZE AUTONOM\SLY AGA9/ CAPITAL IS BECAUSE !Y >E ALREADY PROLET>IAN 7OR1 AT LEA/1 BE+ PROLET>IANIZ$74 ,ANTAGONISM >ISES BECAUSE ( CLASS4 ,IT IS IMPLICIT 9 \R >GUM5TS ABOVE 9 RELATION TO ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL CATEGORIES REF]R$ TO BY ,CLEAV] ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( 'AUTONOMY' MAY BE NECESS>Y BUT IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ',AUTONOMY' REQUIRES1 & !RE=E CANNOT BE ! BASIS (1 A PROP] CLASS ANALYSIS3 ! SUBJECTIVE REQUIRES ! OBJECTIVE4 

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