,9TRODUCTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,TEXT 3 ,9TRODUCTION3 ,AUTONOMIA ,:E!R WE HAVE LIK$ IT OR NOT1 ,AUFHEB5 HAS (T5 BE5 PIGEON-HOL$ AS AN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ MAGAZ9E4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ,AUTONOMISM HAD BE5 A DEF9+ 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION = ?OSE ( US :O LAUN*$ ,AUFHEB5 9 #a#i#i#b4 ,IT WAS NOT SO MU* ! LUCIDITY ( ! PROSE1 ! RIGOR ( ! LOGIC OR EV5 ! EMPIRICAL ROBU/NESS ( ! >GUM5TS CONTA9$ 9 ! AUTONOMI/ WRIT+S :I* HAD BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% OV] ! PREVI\S DECADE OR SO ?AT IMPRESS$ US4 ,!RE W]E O!R MORE IMPORTANT REASONS :Y WE HAD BE5 9SPIR$ BY ,AUTONOMISM4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 AUTONOMI/ !ORY C\LD CLAIM TO HAVE >IS5 FROM ! PRACTICE ( AN ACTUAL MASS MOVEM5T4 ,FROM ! ACC\NTS WE HAD READ1 IT WAS APP>5T ?AT ! WAVES ( CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT HAD SWEPT ACROSS ! WORLD DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #gS HAD OCCURR$ ON A SIGNIFICANTLY GREAT] SCALE & 9T5SITY 9 ,ITALY 7! HOME ( ,AUTONOMISM7 ?AN ?OSE ?AT HAD OCCURR$ ELSE:]E4 ,BUT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! /RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY -- ) P]HAPS ! BRIEF EXCEPTION ( ,P>IS = A FEW WEEKS 9 #aifh -- C\LD BE SE5 TO HAVE GONE F> FUR!R ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! #gS HAD GIV5 RISE TO A POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 BREAK+ FREE FROM ! FETT]S IMPOS$ BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 PRACTICE & IDEAS ( ! OLD WORK]S MOVEM5T & ! LEFT4 ,BY REFLECT+ ?IS MOVEM5T 9 !ORY IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMISM HAD GIV5 ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ !ORETICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ! WAVES ( /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,SECONDLY1 AUTONOMI/ !ORY PROVID$ US ) A />T+ PO9T FROM :I* TO UND]/& NONTRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 CLASS T]MS4 ,9 \R $ITORIAL TO ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,AUFHEB5 WE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS HAD GIV5 RISE TO A REVIVAL ( MANY ( ! !ORETICAL CURR5TS ( ! CLASSICAL WORK]S MOVEM5T :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SUBM]G$ BY DECADES ( ,/AL9ISM1 SU* AS ,TROTSKYISM1 CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM & C\NCIL COMMUNISM4 ,!SE CURR5TS C]TA9LY PUT =W>D RADICAL CLASS ANALYZES4 ,H[EV]1 WE >GU$ ?AT TO A L>GE EXT5T !SE CURR5TS HAD M]ELY 'REGURGITAT$ AS IDEOLOGY ! !ORIES !Y W]E .DISCOV]+'4#a ,TO ?IS EXT5T !Y HAD FAIL$1 AS WE RA!R OBSCURELY PUT IT1 TO 'ACTUALLY DEVELOP A !ORY ADEQUATE TO MOD]N CONDITIONS'4#b ,9/EAD1 WE ASS]T$ ?AT IT HAD BE5 ! AUTONOMI/S1 ALONG ) ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 ?AT HAD GONE FUR!/ 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !SE 'MOD]N CONDITIONS' -- :I* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#bS & #cS -- HAD RADICALLY ALT]$ ! NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS NEW PROLET>IAT WAS GIV+ RISE TO NEW NE$S1 NEW DEM&S & NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE4 ,!SE NEW NE$S1 DEM&S & /RUGGLES C\LD BE DISC]N$ BO? 9 ! GR[? ( RANK & FILE WORK]S MILITANCY1 & 9 ! 'REFUSAL ( WORK' -- EVID5T 9 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( ABS5TEEISM & SABOTAGE & ! MORE G5]AL DISAFFECTION ) LABOR AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT IT C\LD ALSO BE CLAIM$ TO BE EVID5T \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE BO? ) ! SPREAD ( C\NT]-CULTURE -- ) ITS ANTI-WORK1 H$ONI/IC & LIB]T>IAN E?OS - AS WELL AS 9 ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAD L>GELY GR[N \T ( ?IS C\NT]-CULTURE1 SU* AS ! WOM5'S1 /UD5T1 PEACE & ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT SU* CLAIMS DID NOT APPE> AS P>TICUL>LY OBVI\S1 9 ,BRITA9 AT LEA/4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! C\NT]-CULTURE REMA9$ L>GELY CONF9$ TO LIFE-/YLE POLITICS & V>I\S O!R =MS ( CULTURAL REBELLION4 ,:ILE C\NT]-CULTURE MAY CLAIM TO HAVE CREAT$ 'NEW PROLET>IAN NE$S'1 IT HAD ALSO FACILITAT$ !IR COMMODIFICATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS R>ELY W5T BEYOND ! LIMITS ( AN ULTIMATELY RE=MI/ RADICAL LIB]ALISM4 ,:AT IS MORE1 BO? ! C\NT]-CULTURE & ! DISP>ATE NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HAD 7= ! MO/ P>T7 REMA9$ QUITE SEP>ATE TO MILITANT WORKPLACE /RUGGLES ( ! TIME - & EV5 AT TIMES RADICALLY OPPOS$4 ,BY DEVELOP+ & G5]ALIZ+ ! !ORIES ( WORK]S SELF-CREATIVITY1 CLASS COMPOSITION & PROLET>IAN SUBJECTIVITY -- AS E>LY ,OP]AISMO CURR5TS ( ,AUTONOMISM 9 RELATION TO ! WORKPLACE /RUGGLES ( ! ,FIAT C> WORK]S HAD -- ,TONI ,NEGRI & O!R ,AUTONOMIA !ORI/S PROVID$ A WAY ( UND]/&+ ! DIV]SE =MS ( /RUGGLES & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 :I* HAD EM]G$ \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE1 AS MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( UND]LY+ CLASS ANTAGONISMS DRIV5 BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,:AT IS MORE1 SU* NOTIONS AS ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY' & ! EM]G5CE ( ! 'SOCIAL WORK]' AS ! 'NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT'1 :I* HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMIA1 SEEM$ TO HAVE F\ND !IR CONFIRMATION 9 ! ',MOVEM5T ( '#g#g'1 & HAD APPE>$ AS ASPECTS ( A S+LE MASS POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT HAD OV]TLY *ALL5G$ ! ,ITALIAN /ATE4 ,?IRDLY -- & NO LESS IMPORTANTLY -- AUTONOMI/ !ORY 7P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ,NEGRI & ,AUTONOMIA7 APPEAL$ TO US BECAUSE ( ITS UNABA%$ REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVISM & REALISM ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM1 ! AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S SEEM$ TO PLACE !MSELVES AT ! B>RICADES -- BOL/]+ ! 'OPTIMISM ( ! WILL' ) AN 'OPTIMISM ( ! 9TELLECT' 9 ORD] TO URGE ! MOVEM5T =W>D4 ,= !M1 :AT SEEM$ MO/ IMPORTANT WAS NOT TO PRODUCE A 'BOR+' ANALYSIS ( ! 'EMPIRICAL' REALITY ( ! CURR5T SITUATION1 BUT TO ANTICIPATE & PROCLAIM ITS REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#iS ! WAVES ( /RUGGLES ?AT HAD SWEPT ,ITALY & ELSE:]E 9 DECADE OR SO BE=E HAD REC$$1 BUT !Y W]E V]Y F> FROM BE+ ANCI5T HI/ORY4 ,) ! FALL ( ,?AT*]1 ! RETURN ( ECONOMIC CRISIS ) ! RECESSION ( ! E>LY #a#i#iS & ! UNC]TA9TIES CREAT$ BY ! 5D ( ! COLD W>1 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! TIDE HAD NOT ALTOGE!R TURN$4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES ,AUTONOMISM /ILL REMA9$ FRE% & RELEVANT4 ,EV5 IF ,TONI ,NEGRI1 ALONG ) MANY O!RS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMIA1 HAD 'SOLD \T' & JO9$ ! RANKS ( ! PO/-MOD]NI/S1 ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY WAS /ILL BE+ DEVELOP$1 P>TICUL>LY BY ! L>GELY ,AM]ICAN ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ CURR5T MO/LY ABLY REPRES5T$ BY ,H>RY ,CLEV] & ?OSE SURR\ND+ ! ,MIDNIY RHETORIC1 :I* SO IMPRESS$ US1 WAS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BAS$ ON H]OIC EXTRAPOLATIONS ( AB/RACT SOCIAL PH5OM5A & TR5DS ?AT W]E !N ASS]T$ AS BE+ ALL BUT REALIZ$4#c ,BUT AS ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#gS REC$$1 & ! ANTICIPATIONS ( AUTONOMI/ !ORY W]E DISAPPO9T$1 ! GAP BETWE5 SU* ASS]TIONS & ACTUAL REALITY BECAME EV]MORE WID]4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,NEGRI ! 'DIFFICULTY' & OBSCURANTISM ( MU* HIS WRIT+ - :I* IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ WE (T5 ALL TOO EASILY MI/OOK = PR(UNDITY -S]V$ TO COV] UP ?IS GAP4 ,= \R MORE PLA9 SPEAK+ ,AM]ICAN FRI5DS1 H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE4 ,9 ,AUFHEB5_?#c WE PRES5T$ A REVIEW ( ,MIDNI1 ?AT WE REPUBLI% 9 ?IS VOLUME4 ,:AT IMM$IATELY /RUCK US AB\T ,MIDNI SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( AN UNM$IAT$ & B>ELY DISGUIS$ CLASS CONFRONTATION BETWE5 'CAPITAL' & ! 'OIL PROLET>IAT'4 ,! ASS]TION ?AT ! W> BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,IRAQ WAS REALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A RUSE BY CAPITAL TO DEFEAT ! 'OIL PROLET>IAT'1 ALONG ) ! >GUM5T ?AT 'CAPITAL' HAD BE5 ABLE TO >BITR>ILY RAISE OR L[] OIL PRICES 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ITS /RATEGY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS = US F> FROM CONV9C+4 ,9DE$1 IT EXPOS$ S]I\S PROBLEMS ( ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/'S C5TRAL NOTION ( ! 'TWO /RATEGIES'2 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM C\LD BE SIMPLY EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( AN UNM$IAT$ /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! WORK+ CLASS AS IF !Y W]E TWO ALREADY CON/ITUT$1 CONSCI\S & ANTAGONI/IC SUBJECTS4 ,= US CAPITAL WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SELF-EXPANSION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR ?AT NECESS>Y TOOK ! OBJECTIFI$ SOCIAL =M ( VALUE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 CAPITAL1 LIKE ! PROLET>IAT1 WAS NOT AN ALREADY CON/ITUT$ TOTALITY BUT A PROCESS ( TOTALIZATION ?AT RESULT$ FROM ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS4 ,AS SU* IT WAS NOT ! CASE1 AS ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS S\ 9 \R RESPONSE TO HIS REPLY1#d BY ATTEMPT+ TO ESCAPE ! LAW ( VALUE ,MIDNIY TO DEVELOP AN ADEQUATE UND]/&+ ( ! CONCRETE DEVELOPM5T & HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,! REVIEW ( ,MIDNIXISM REMA9$ L>GELY CONF9$ TO A SMALL & DIM9I%+ CIRCLE ( AN>*I/S & ULTRA-LEFTI/S & SEEM$ TO HAVE LITTLE MORE TO SAY4 ,H[EV]1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS BR\DT 9 #b4 ,= US IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! ATTEMPT BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO FOI/ :AT W]E B>ELY DISGUIS$ PO/-MOD]NI/ IDEAS ON ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T WAS M]ELY AN ATTEMPT TO REFURBI% !IR ?READB>E APPE>ANCE AS RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS BY ATTEMPT+ TO MAKE A T5U\S CONNECTION ) A REAL POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,!IR REJECTION ( CLASS & !IR UNCRITICAL & COMPLAC5T CELEBRATION ( ! DIV]SITY ( ! MOVEM5T ONLY CONFIRM$ = ?AT = ALL !IR APP>5T RADICALISM !Y W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN RADICAL LIB]AL ACADEMICS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,EMPIRE & SUBSEQU5T ! WRIT+S ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 ALONG ) ,AUTONOMISM MORE G5]ALLY1 DID HAVE A SIGNIFICANT RESONANCE 9 ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT WE W]E AT FIR/ P]HAPS A LITTLE T>DY & HAPHAZ>D 9 \R RESPOND+ TO ?IS4 ,9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#a WE TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! PUBLICATION ( A NEW $ITION ( ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY & ! PUBLICATION ( ,/EVE ,WRIRY A JO9T REVIEW COMP>+ !SE TWO ACC\NTS ( ,AUTONOMISM4 ,?IS REVIEW PROV$ TO SOME?+ ( A MISS$ OPPORTUNITY 9 REEVALUAT+ ,AUTONOMISM4 ,DUE TO ITS HAPHAZ>D CONCEPTION1 ! REVIEW 5D$ UP ) A RA!R CONFUS$ BRIEF4#e ,FIR/LY1 IT WAS MEANT TO PROMOTE ?AT ,/EVE ,WRIRY ,CLEAV]4 ,SECONDLY1 IT WAS MEANT TO CRITICIZE ! POLITICAL CONCLUSION USUALLY DRAWN BY AUTONOMI/S 9 G5]AL1 P>TICUL>LY ! WELL WORN GRIPE ( ULTRA-LEFTI/S ?AT AUTONOMI/S W]E 'S(T' ON LEFT NATIONALI/S4 ,?IRDLY1 ! REVIEW WAS TO CRITICIZE ,CLEAV] 9 P>TICUL>1 BO? = HIS READ+ ( ,M>X & HIS DEVELOPM5T ( AUTONOM\S !ORY4 ,AS A RESULT ! REVIEW WAS UNFOCUS$4 ,?IS ALL[$ ,CLEAV] TO MAKE A RA!R PATRONIZ+ & S*OOLMA/]LY REPLY 9 :I* HE ANNOTAT$ A COPY ( \R REVIEW ) HIS 'CORRECTIONS'4 ,?IS PROMPT$ US TO MAKE A MORE FOCUS$ & SU/A9$ CRITIQUE ( AUTONOMI/ !ORY ?AT RECOGNIZ$ & C>EFULLY DI/+UI%$ ITS DI/9CT /R&S ?AT HAD GR[N UP S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,?REE ( ! MORE SUB/ANTIAL >TICLES & REVIEWS ( ?IS CRITIQUE >E RE-PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS VOLUME3 ',! >CANE ( PRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTION'1 ',C>RY ON SMIL+' & ',VALUE /RUGGLES OR CLASS /RUGGLE8'4 ,WE BEGAN1 P]HAPS MORE BY ACCID5T ?AN BY DESIGN ) A REVIEW 9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#c 7#b#e7 ( ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI'S ',! >CANE ( REPRODUCTION'1 9 :I* WE ANALYZ$ ! ,AUTONOMI/ UND]/&+ ( VALUE PRODUCTION & ITS ROLE 9 CAPITALISM4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE TACKL$ ! ,AUTONOMI/ REJECTION ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 WORK]S AS 'PRODUCTIVE' & 'UNPRODUCTIVE' ( VALUE1 & !IR VIEW ( CAPITALISM AS A 'SOCIAL FACTORY' 9 :I* EV]YBODY CONTRIBUTES TO ! OV]ALL PROCESS ( VALUE PRODUCTION4 ,=TUNATI'S BOOK CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A PR9CIPAL ,AUTONOMI/ WORK2 IT WAS A %ORT1 SEMI-OBSCURE PAMPHLET4 ,YET IT (F]$ US ! OCCASION TO CONSID] :Y IT WAS SO CRUCIAL = ,AUTONOMIA TO >GUE ?AT EV]YBODY 9 ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY' WAS 'PRODUCTIVE'4 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION ALL[$ US TO PUT PIECES ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ PUZZLE TOGE!R3 ) ! 'LAW ( COMM&' REPLAC+ ! 'LAW ( VALUE'1 VALUE BECOMES ! IMM$IATE EXPRESSION ( SUBJECTIVE ANTAGONISM4 ,?IS CREATES ! ,AUTONOMI/S' OBSESSION ) VALUE3 S9CE PRODUCTION ( VALUE IS TAK5 AS AN IMM$IATE MEASURE ( ANTAGONISM1 NONPRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 H\SEWIVES1 ETC4 MU/ PRODUCE VALUE - OR !IR /RUGGLE CAN'T BE ACC\NT$ BY !IR !ORY4 ,?US ,AUTONOMIA'S /RESS ON VALUE WAS NOT NECESSITAT$ BY ! PRAXIS ( /RUGGLE1 BUT BY A PROBLEMATIC !ORY3 EI!R ! UNPRODUCTIVE WAS DECL>$ 'PRODUCTIVE' 7EI!R BY MODIFY+ ! CONCEPT ( VALUE OR JU/ BY BUT*]+ LOGIC71 OR ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY HAD PROBLEMS 9 EXPLA9+ REALITY4 ,ALSO1 ! /RESS ON PRODUCTIVITY DID NOT IMPRESS US V]Y MU*4 ,S9CE MO/ ( US 9 ! ,AUFHEB5 $ITORIAL BO>D W]E ON ! DOLE1 WE DIDN'T FEEL ?AT \R ALLEG$ PRODUCTION ( VALUE WAS ESS5TIAL TO EXPLA9 \R ANTAGONISM ) CAPITAL4 ,RA!R1 ) !IR OBSESSION ) VALUE1 ,AUTONOMIA APPE>$ TO UNCRITICALLY REPRODUCE ! ,L59I/ WOR%IP ( PRODUCTIVITY1 AL?\< 9 AN 9V]T$ =M4#f,LIKE ! OLD ,L59I/1 ! Y\NG ,AUTONOMI/ ASSUMES ?AT ! SUBJECT ( /RUGGLE MU/ BE PRODUCTIVE - ONLY1 ! 'FACTORY' 9CLUDES ! /REET1 ! CLASSROOM & ! B$ROOM4 ,=TUNATI TOOK ?IS DOCTR9E TO UNEXPLOR$ HEITICLE WE DID NOT SIMPLY TEASE H] EMB>RASS+ PSEUDO-MA!MATICS - WE ALSO EXPLOR$ ! ROLE ( VALUE 9 ALL ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORY1 & CONSID]$ ,CLEAV]1 ,NEGRI & ,DE ,ANGELIS1 !IR COMMON POSITIONS AS WELL AS !IR DIFF]5CES4#g ,WE ALSO REALIZ$ ?AT ! CLAIM ?AT ALL SOCIETY IS A 'FACTORY' UND]M9$ ! UND]/&+ ( AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION1 ?AT BETWE5 ! SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION 9 CAPITALISM4 ,IF = ,AUTONOMIA A SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( 'CAPITALI/ COMM&' ONLY C\NTS1 CAPITAL CAN BE SE5 AS A P]SONALIZ$ 5EMY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTIVITY4 ,COMM&1 & SO ANTAGONISM1 CAN BE EXP]I5C$ BY ! POORE/ MIGRANT1 BUT ALSO BY ! /RESS$ ,N,H,S MANAG]1 BY ! UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 OR BY ! %OP KEEP]4 ,!Y >E ALL1 EQUALLY1 'COMM&$' BY CAPITAL EI!R 9 ! WORKPLACE OR 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION4 ,:ILE SOME ,AUTONOMI/S LIKE ,CLEAV] & ,DE ,ANGELIS CONT9U$ US+ A ,M>XI/ LANGUAGE AL?\< /RET*+ ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+S1 O!RS1 P]HAPS MORE COH]5TLY1 TOOK !SE POSITIONS TO !IR LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,S9CE ! #hS ,NEGRI & O!R ,AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S W]E ALREADY MOV+ ALONG A TRAJECTORY ?AT W\LD LEAD !M TO REPUDIATE ! 'WORK+ CLASS'4 ,NEGRI 5?USIA/ICALLY ADH]$ TO A PO/MOD]NI/ VIEW ( SOCIETY AS MADE BY A 'SW>M' ( 'FREE' 9DIVIDUALS1 & :I* DISPOSES ( ! NE$ = A CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,) ,EMPIRE & ,MULTITUDE1 ,NEGRI CRITICIZ$ ! CATEGORY ( 'WORK+ CLASS' & ADOPT$ ! PO/MOD]NI/ CONCEPT ( 'MULTITUDE'1 ELABORAT$ BY ,AUTONOMI/ ,PAOLO ,VIRNO4#h ,HAV+ MISS$ ! BOAT SOME:AT 9 REVIEW+ ,EMPIRE 9 #b 9 ,AUFHEB5 _? #a#d1 WE DECID$ TO REVIEW ,NEGRI'S & ,H>DT'S SECOND BOOK1 ,MULTITUDE4 ,9 ?IS REVIEW >TICLE WE CRITIQU$ ,NEGRI'S OPTIMI/IC VIEW ?AT CAPITAL HAS CREAT$ ITS [N GRAVE-DIGG] 9 ITS NEW PROCESS ( PRODUCTION - ! 'IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION'4 ,WE %[$ ?AT ?IS VIEW WAS ROOT$ 9 ,NEGRI'S 9ABILITY TO CONSID] ! TRAG$Y ( PRODUCTION 9 CAPITALISM - I4E4 ?AT 7EI!R MAT]IAL OR IMMAT]IAL7 PRODUCTION 9 A WAGE-WORK RELATION UNAVOIDABLY CREATES ALI5ATION4 ,WE ALSO NOTIC$ ?AT ,NEGRI'S NEW PRODUCTION1 LIKE HIS OLD ONE1 WAS UNABLE TO GO BEYOND ,L59ISM4 ,NEGRI'S CELEBRATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION SIMPLY 9V]T$ ! OLD ,L59I/ PRODUCTIVISM1 :ILE UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT ITS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! REVIEWS ( ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS'S ',! ,BEG9N+ ( ,HI/ORY' & ,PAOLO ,VIRNO'S ',MULTITUDE' 9 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#f CONCLUD$ A LONG P]IOD ( SY/EMATIC ANALYSIS ( ,AUTONOMIA4 ,9 ',! BEG9N+ ( HI/ORY' ,DE ,ANGELIS ADOPT$ A REC5T & POPUL> READ+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS A /RUGGLE TO DEF5D 'COMMONS' AGA9/ CAPITAL'S '5CLOSURE'2 & BUILT UP A GR& !ORY >\ND !SE CONCEPTS4 ,:ILE WE PRAIS$ ,DE ,ANGELIS'S /RONG CRITIQUE ( ,NEGRI'S IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 WE W]E ALSO CRITICAL ( ,DE ,ANGELIS'S 9T]E/ 9 'COMMONS' & '5CLOSURES'4 ,WE SAW !SE CONCEPTS AS ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( A TRAJECTORY :I* HAS />T$ FROM ! IDEA ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 CAPITALISM C\LD BE IMM$IATELY SEE AS A CONFRONTATION ( AUTONOM\S SUBJECTS1 CAPITAL V]SUS ! CLASS4 ,:ILE 9 ! #gS SU* A SUBJECTIVI/ READ+ MADE S5SE1 ! RETREAT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE LEFT ! ,AUTONOMI/ !ORI/S B]EFT - ! AUTONOM\S SUBJECT HAD VANI%$4 ,9 ! REVIEW WE %[$ H[ ?IS PROBLEM L$ ,NEGRI TO DEF9E IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION AS ! LOCUS = AN AUTONOM\S & ANTAGONI/IC SUBJECTIVITY4 ,REJECT+ ,NEGRI1 ,DE ,ANGELIS LOOK$ \TSIDE PRODUCTION = AN UNSPOIL$ AUTONOM\S BUBBLE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 & F\ND IT 9 ! 'COMMUNITIES' /RUGGL+ TO DEF5D !IR 'COMMONS'4 ,:ILE ! CONCEPT ( COMMON & 5CLOSURE APPE> NEW & EXCIT+1 WE ?\E BO? NECESS>Y ASPECTS = A CONSCI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ANTAGONISM & = A /RUGGLE ( ! CLASS ( ! DISPOSSESS$ AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ,AUTONOMISM WAS A DEF9+ 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION ON ?OSE US :O LAUN*$ ,AUFHEB5 SEV5TE5 YE>S AGO WE W\LD C]TA9LY NOT CALL \RSELVES AUTONOMI/S N[4 ,TIMES HAVE *ANG$1 & IT HAS BECOME APP>5T TO US ?AT MANY ( ! ?+S ?AT HAD 9SPIR$ US AB\T ! V>I\S /R&S ( ,AUTONOMISM HAVE ALSO PROV$ TO BE S]I\S WEAKNESSES4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< WE HAVE 9CREAS+LY DI/ANC$ \RSELVES FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 ON \R P>T !RE IS NO REGRET = \R ONGO+ 9T]E/ 9 IT1 AS A !ORY ?AT /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 ANTAGONISM1 ! EXP]I5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE & ?AT OP5$ UP TO /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE4 ,BY LOOK+ AT IT RETROACTIVELY = ?IS AN?OLOGY1 WE CAN SAY ?AT 9 MOV+ AWAY FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 ,AUFHEB5 HAS PRECISELY DONE :AT IT PROMIS$ 9 IT FIR/ ,$ITORIAL3 ',TO RECOGNIZE & SEIZE ! OPPORTUNITY ! *ANG+ SITUATION (F]S WE NE$ TO >M \RSELVES !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY4 ,! !ORETICAL SIDE ( ?IS REQUIRES A PRES]VATION & SUP]S$+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ?AT HAS PREC$$ US' 7_?#a1 P4#a74 ,9 \R DEAL+ ) ,AUTONOMIA WE HAVE UND]GONE A PROCESS ( ,AUFHEBUNG ?AT GOES BEYOND GIV5 IDEAS BUT PRES]VES !IR MOM5T ( TRU?4 ,! URGE = A !ORY ( SUBJECTIVITY /IMULAT$ 9 US A PROCESS ( UND]/&+1 :I*1 UNLIKE ,AUTONOMIA1 SEEKS TO PRES]VE A CLASS VIEW4 ,WE HAVE NEV] AB&ON$ ! IMPORTANCE TO />T FROM A MAT]IALI/IC 7NOT MORALI/IC OR PURELY SUBJECTIVI/7 UND]/&+ ( REALITY4 ,?IS EF=T HAS NOT ONLY L$ US TO DI/ANCE \RSELVES FROM ,AUTONOMIA1 BUT ALSO FROM !ORIES ?AT APPE>$ TO BE AT ITS POL> OPPOSITE1 = EXAMPLE ! ,M>XI/ ,HEGELIANISM ( ,PO/ONE & HIS LIKES1 :I* COLLAPSE ! SUBJECTIVE 9TO ! OBJECTIVE4#i ,IT IS WOR? /RESS+ ?AT ?IS ,AUFHEBUNG WAS NOT ! RESULT ( PURE !ORETICAL ?9K+4 ,\R PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE 9 \R LA/ #ae YE>S WAS C5TRAL 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T3 IT FAC$ US ) QUE/IONS AB\T ! RELATION BETWE5 !ORY & REALITY1 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 '9SIDE' & '\TSIDE'1 IT =C$ US TO ADOPT A CLASS VIEW4 ,& SO IT =C$ US TO CONT9UALLY REASSESS \R FASC9ATIONS & IDEAS CRITICALLY4#a #a4,AUFHEB5 _?#a1 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#b71 P#a4 #b4,AUFHEB5 _?#a1 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#b71 P#a4 #c4,?US = EXAMPLE1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ROBOTICS 9TO ! ,F,I,A,T C> PLANTS1 9 RESPONSE TO ! C> WORK]S /RUGGLES ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 WAS TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ITS 5TIRETY WAS ALL BUT FULLY AUTOMAT$4 ,H5CE1 ,M>X'S PR$ICTION 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE 7P4 #g#e7 ?AT LABOR 9 ! DIRECT =M W\LD CEASE TO BE WELL GREAT SPR+ ( WEAL?' & ?AT AS SU* LABOR-TIME CEASES & MU/ CEASE TO BE ITS MEASURE'1 WAS N[ PROCLAIM$ AS BE+ ALMO/ FULLY REALIZ$4 ,! LAW ( VALUE WAS !RE=E DEAD4 ,LABOR WAS N[ M]ELY A MEANS ( COMM& & CONTROL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! GR[? 9 ! AUTONOMI/S MOVEM5TS1 & ! 'NEW PROLET>IAN NE$S' IT EXPRESS$1 WAS EXTRAPOLAT$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT WAS IMPLICITLY ASSUM$ ?AT IT WAS AB\T TO 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ! REALITY IS ?AT EV5 9 ,ITALY AT ITS HEIIAT4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS DUR+ ! #a#i#gS HAD LITTLE OR NO DIRECT 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5TS4 #d4,! ,ESCAPE FROM ! ',LAW ( ,VALUE'81 ,AUFHEB5 _?#e 7#a#i#i#f74 #e4,ORIG9ALLY ! ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY WAS TO HAVE BE5 P>T ( A JO9T REVIEW ) ,MO%IE ,PO/ONE'S ,TIME ,LABOR & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION4 ,! ,PO/ONE HALF ( ! REVIEW FAIL$ TO MAT]IALIZE1 SO ! ,CLEAV] HALF HAD TO BE REWRITT5 TO BE C\NT] POS$ TO ,/EVE ,WRITS RELAT$ TO ,=TUNATI'S MA!MATICS HAVE BE5 ABRIDG$4 #h4',! LANGUAGE ( RETREAT3 ,PAOLO ,VIRNO'S ,A ,GRAMM> ( ! MULTITUDE'1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#f 7#b#h74 #i4,REVIEW ( ,MOI%E ,PO/ONE'S ,TIME ,LABOR & ,SOCIAL ,DOM9ATION1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#e 7#b#g74 #a4',!ORETICAL CRITICISM & PRACTICAL OV]FL[ FIFTE5 YE>S ON''1 ,AUFHEB5 _?#a#e 7#b#g74 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/