,>T ,& ,9DU/RY ,9 ,! ,F\RTE5? ,C5TURY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,5GL&1 AT LEA/1 IF NOT ON ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 !RE >E SOME 
T[NS & CITIES :I* HAVE 9DE$ A NAME ?AT RECALLS ASSOCIATIONS ) ! 
PA/1 BUT HAVE NO O!R TRACE LEFT !M ( ! C\RSE ( ?AT HI/ORY :I* 
HAS MADE !M :AT !Y >E4 ,BESIDES !SE1 !RE >E MANY MORE :I* HAVE BUT 
A TRACE OR TWO LEFT2 SOMETIMES1 9DE$1 ?IS L9K ) ! PA/ IS SO 
BEAUTIFUL & MAJE/IC 9 ITSELF ?AT IT COMPELS US :5 WE COME ACROSS IT TO 
=GET = A FEW MOM5TS ! LIFE ( TO-DAY ) :I* WE >E SO FAMILI> ?AT 
WE DO NOT M>K ITS WOND]S OR ITS MEANNESSES1 ITS FOLLIES OR ITS TRAG$IES4 ,IT 
COMPELS US TO TURN AWAY FROM \R LIFE ( HABIT :I* IS ALL AB\T US ON \R 
RI<T H& & \R LEFT1 & :I* !RE=E WE CANNOT SEE1 & =CES ON US 
! CONSID]ATION ( PA/ TIMES :I* WE CAN PICTURE TO \RSELVES AS A :OLE1 
RI<TLY OR WRONGLY1 BECAUSE !Y >E SO F> (F4 ,SOMETIMES1 AS WE HAVE BE5 
PASS+ ?R\< ! %ABBY /REETS ( ILL-BURNT BRICKS1 WE HAVE COME ON ONE ( 
!SE L9KS ) ! PA/ & WOND]$4 ,BE=E ! EYES ( MY M9D IS SU* A 
PLACE N[4 ,Y\ TRAVEL BY RAILWAY1 GET TO Y\R DULL HOTEL BY NI<T1 GET UP 9 
! MORN+ & BREAKFA/ 9 COMPANY ) ONE OR TWO M5 ( ! USUAL 
MIDDLE-CLASS TYPES1 :O EV5 AS !Y DR9K !IR TEA & EAT !IR EGGS & 
GLANCE AT ! %EET ( LIES1 9ANITY1 & IGNORANCE1 CALL$ A NEWSPAP]1 BY 
!IR SIDES1 >E OBVI\SLY DO+ !IR BUS9ESS TO COME1 9 A VISION4 ,Y\ GO 
\T 9TO ! /REET & W&] UP IT2 ALL AB\T ! /ATION1 & /RET*+ 
AWAY TO ! LEFT1 IS A WILD]NESS ( SMALL1 DULL H\SES BUILT ( A 
SICKLY-COLOR$ YELL[ BRICK PRET5D+ TO LOOK LIKE /ONE1 & NOT EV5 ABLE 
TO BLU% A FA9T BR[N BLU% AT ! IMPO/URE1 & RO($ ) ?91 COLD1 
PURPLE-COLOR$ SLATES4 ,!Y CRY \T AT Y\ AT ! FIR/ GLANCE1 WORKM5'S 
H\SES2 & A K9D ( 9/9CT ( 9=MATION :ISP]S TO Y\3 RAILWAY WORKM5 
& 5G9E]S4 ,BRI<T AS ! SPR+ MORN+ IS1 A K9D ( SICK FEEL+ ( 
HOPELESS DISGU/ COMES OV] Y\1 & Y\ GO ON FUR!R1 SURE AT ANY RATE ?AT 
Y\ CANNOT F>E WORSE4 ,! /REET BETT]S A LITTLE AS Y\ GO ON2 %ABBYI% 
%OPS 9DE$1 & MEAN H\SES ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( A DULL M>KET T[N1 
EXHIBIT+ 9 !IR %OP FRONTS A %[ ( GOODS A TRIFLE BEL[ ! ,LONDON 
/&>D1 & LOOK+ 0FLA%0 AT ! BE/2 & ABOVE !M DULL H\SES1 GRAYI% 
& R$DI%1 RECALL+ SOME ASSOCIATIONS ( ! /AGE-COA* DAYS & ,MR4 
,PICKWICK & ,SAM ,WELL]1 :I* W\LD *E] Y\ A LITTLE IF Y\ DIDN'T SEE SO 
MANY GAPS 9 !IR L9ES FILL$ UP ) ! SICKLY YELL[-:ITE BRICK & BLUE 
SLATE1 & ) A SI< REMEMB] ?AT EV5 ! ROMANCE SURR\ND+ ,MR4 ,W9KLE 
IS FA/ VANI%+ FROM ! WORLD4 ,Y\ LET Y\R EYES FALL TO ! PAVEM5T & 
/OP & />E A LITTLE1 REVOLV+ MANY ?+S1 AT A GRE5-GROC]'S %OP :OSE 
C\NTRY PRODUCE PROBABLY COMES MO/LY FROM ,COV5T ,G>D51 BUT LOOKS FRE% & 
GRE5 AS A RELIEF FROM ! J]RY BUILD+4 ,!N Y\ TAKE A /EP OR TWO ONW>D 
& RAISE Y\R EYES1 & /& TRANSFIX$ ) WOND]1 & A WAVE ( PLEASURE 
& EXULTATION SWEEPS AWAY ! MEMORY ( ! SQUALIDNESS ( TO-DAY & ! 
%ABBY PRIMNESS ( YE/]DAY2 SU* A FEEL+ AS TAKES HOLD ( ! CITY-DWELL] 
:51 AFT] A NI<T J\RNEY1 HE WAKES & SEES ?R\< HIS W9D[S SOME RANGE 
( GREAT & NOBLE M\NTA9S4 ,& 9DE$ ?IS AT ! /REET'S 5D IS A 
M\NTA9 ALSO2 BUT WR\<T BY ! H& & ! BRA9 ( MAN1 & BE>+ ! 
IMPRESS ( HIS WILL & HIS ASPIRATIONS2 = !RE HEAVES ITSELF UP ABOVE ! 
MEANNESS ( ! /REET & ITS PETTY COMM]CIALISM A MASS ( GRAY /ONE 
TRAC]I$ & C>V$ & MOLD$ 9TO A GREAT TRIPLE PORTICO BESET ) 
P9NACLES & SPIRES1 SO ORD]LY 9 ITS 9TRICACY1 SO ELEGANT AMID ITS 
HUG5ESS1 ?AT EV5 )\T ANY ?\<T ( ITS HI/ORY OR MEAN+ IT FILLS 
Y\R :OLE S\L ) SATISFACTION4 ,Y\ WALK ON A LITTLE & SEE BE=E Y\ AT 
LA/ AN ANCI5T GATE ?AT LEADS 9TO ! CLOSE ( ! GREAT *UR*1 BUT AS IF 
DREAD+ ?AT :5 Y\ COME NE>] Y\ MAY F9D SOME PIECE ( MOD]N PETT9ESS 
OR 9CONGRUITY :I* WILL M> IT1 Y\ TURN AWAY D[N A CROSS /REET FROM :I* 
! HUGE FRONT IS NO LONG] VISIBLE1 ?\< ITS IMAGE IS /ILL 9 Y\R M9D'S 
EYE4 ,! /REET LEADS Y\ 9 NO LONG :ILE TO A SL[-FL[+ RIV] CROSS$ BY 
AN UGLY MOD]N IRON BRIDGE1 & Y\ >E PRES5TLY \T 9 ! FIELDS1 & GO+ 
D[N A LONG CAUSEWAY ) A H9T ( ,ROMAN WORK 9 IT4 ,IT RUNS ALONG ! RIV] 
?R\< A DEAD FLAT ( BLACK1 PEATY-LOOK+ C\NTRY :]E LONG R[S ( M5 & 
WOM5 >E WORK+ ) AN OV]LOOK] NE> !M1 GIV+ US UNCOM=TABLE 
SUGGE/IONS ( ! L& ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC AS IT WAS2 & Y\ 
HALF EXPECT AS Y\ GET NE> SOME ( !SE GR\PS TO F9D !M BLACK & WOOLLY 
HAIR$2 BUT !Y >E :ITE AS WE CALL IT1 BURN$ & GRIM$ TO DIRTY BR[N 
?\<2 FAIR-SIZ$ & /RONG-LOOK+ 5\<1 BO? M5 & WOM52 BUT ! 
WOM5 R\<5$ & SPOIL$1 ) NO REMA9S ( GRACEFULNESS1 OR S(TNESS ( 
FACE OR FIGURE2 ! M5 HEAVY & DEPRESS$-LOOK+2 ALL ?AT >E NOT Y\NG1 
B5T & BEAT51 & TWI/$ & />V$ & WEA!R$ \T ( %APE2 9 %ORT1 
,5GLI% FIELD-LABOR]S4 ,Y\ TURN Y\R FACE AWAY ) A SI< T[>D ! T[N 
AGA91 & SEE T[]+ OV] ITS MEAN H\SES & ! SLUGGI% RIV] & ! 
5DLESS RECLAIM$ F5 ! FLANK ( ?AT HUGE BUILD+1 :OSE FRONT Y\ SAW 
JU/ N[1 PLA9] & SEV]] ?AN ! FRONT1 BUT H>MONI\S & MAJE/IC 
/ILL4 ,A LONG RO( TOPS IT & A L[1 SQU>E T[] RISES FROM ITS MID/4 ,! 
DAY IS GETT+ ON N[1 & ! W9D SETT+ FROM ! NOR?-WE/ IS DRIV+ ! 
SMOKE FROM ! RAILWAY-WORKS R\ND ! LONG RO( & BESMIR*+ IT SOME:AT2 
BUT /ILL IT LOOKS \T OV] ! HUDDLE ( H\SES & ! BLACK F5 ) ITS 
B5T R[S ( POTATO-HO]S1 LIKE SOME RELIC ( ANO!R WORLD4 ,:AT DOES IT 
MEAN8 ,OV] !RE ! RAILWAY-WORKS ) !IR MONOTON\S HIDE\SNESS ( 
DWELL+-H\SES = ! >TISANS2 H]E ! GANGS ( ! FIELD-LABOR]S2 
TWELVE %ILL+S A WEEK = EV] & EV]1 & ! WORKH\SE = ALL DAY ( 
JUDGM5T1 ( REW>DS & PUNI%M5TS2 ON EA* SIDE & ALL >\ND ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & RIS+ SOLEMNLY 9 ! MID/ ( IT1 ?AT TOK5 ( ! 
0D>K AGES10 !IR HOPE 9 ! PA/1 GR[N N[ A W>N+ = \R FUTURE4 

,A ?\S& YE>S AGO \R =EFA!RS CALL$ ! PLACE ,M$EHAM/EAD1 ! 
ABODE ( ! MEAD[S4 ,!Y US$ ! ,ROMAN WORKS & D\BTLESS KNEW LITTLE :O 
WR\<T !M1 AS BY ! SIDE ( ! RIV] ,N5E !Y DREW TOGE!R SOME 
/OCKAD$ COLLECTION ( WOOD5 & WATTL$ H\SES4 ,!N CAME ! MONKS & 
BUILT A *UR*1 :I* !Y D$ICAT$ TO ,/4 ,PET]2 A MU* SMALL] & RUD] 
BUILD+ ?AN ?AT :OSE BEAUTY HAS \TLA/$ SO MANY HUNDR$ YE>S ( WA/E 
& NEGLECT & FOLLY1 BUT :I* SEEM$ GR& TO !M2 SO GR&1 ?AT :AT = 
ITS BUILD+1 :AT = ! RI*NESS ( ITS %R9ES1 ,M$EHAM/EAD GOT TO BE 
CALL$ ! ,GOLD5 ,BURG4 ,D\BTLESS ?AT LONG /RET*+ WAT] !RE KNEW MORE 
?AN ! MONKS' B>GES & ! CORACLES ( ! F5M51 & ! O>S ( ! 
,NORSEM5 HAVE (T5 BEAT5 IT :ITE2 BUT RECORDS ( ! SACK+ ( ! ,GOLD5 
,BURG ,I HAVE NOT GOT TILL ! TIME :5 A VALIANT MAN ( ! C\NTRY1 9 
DESP]ATE CONTE/ ) ,DUKE ,WILLIAM1 ! MAN ( ,BLOOD & ,IRON ( ! DAY1 L$ 
ON ! HO/ ( ! ,DANES TO ?OSE RI* %R9ES1 & BETWE5 !M !Y /RIPP$ 
! ,GOLD5 ,BURG D[N TO ITS /ONE & TIMB]4 ,H]EW>D1 ?AT VALIANT MAN1 WAS 
CONQU]$ & DI$1 & :AT WAS LEFT ( ! OLD TRIBAL FRE$OM ( ,EA/ 
,5GL& SANK L[] & L[] 9TO ! ,ROMANIZ$ FEUDALITY ?AT CROSS$ ! 
,*ANNEL ) ! ,FR5*M54 ,BUT ! C\NTRY GREW RI*]1 & ! CRAFTSM5 
DEFT]1 & SOME ?REE G5]ATIONS AFT] ?AT SACK+ ( ! ,GOLD5 ,BURG1 ,/4 
,PET]'S ,*UR* ROSE AGA91 A GREAT & NOBLE PILE1 ! MO/ P>T ( :I* WE 
HAVE SE5 TO-DAY4 

,TIME PASS$ AGA92 ! FEUDAL SY/EM HAD GR[N TO ITS FULL HEI<T1 & ! 
CL\D AS BIG AS A MAN'S H& WAS RIS+ UP TO OV]%AD[ IT 9 ! 5D4 
,D\BTLESS ?IS T[N PLAY$ ITS P>T 9 ?IS *ANGE3 HAD A GREAT GILD *ANG+ 
TO A COMMUNE1 F$]AT+ ! CRAFT-GILDS UND] IT2 & WAS NO LONG] CALL$ 
,M$EHAM/EAD OR ! ,GOLD5 ,BURG1 BUT AFT] ITS PATRON SA9T1 ,PET]BOR\<4 ,& 
AS A VISIBLE TOK5 ( ?OSE TIMES1 ! GILDS BUILT = ! MONKS 9 ! 
?IRTE5? C5TURY ?AT WOND]FUL PIECE ( ORD]$ BEAUTY :I* Y\ SAW JU/ 
N[ RIS+ FROM \T ! GRUBBY LITTLE /REETS ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 
,!Y ADD$ TO ! GREAT ,*UR* H]E & !RE 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 
TRAC]I$ W9D[S TO ! AISLES1 TWO SPIRELETS TO ! FRONT1 ?AT L[ T[] 9 
! MID/4 ,! FIFTE5? C5TURY ADD$ C]TA9 FR+ES & TRIMM+S1 SO TO 
SAY1 TO ! BUILD+2 & SO IT WAS LEFT TO BE> AS BE/ IT C\LD ! 
SUCCESSIVE WAVES ( DEGRADATION1 ! BL9DNESS ( MIDDLE-CLASS PURITANISM1 ! 
BRUTALITY ( ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY SQUIRE>*Y1 & ! />K IDEALLESS 
/UPIDITY ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY2 & !RE IT /&S N[1 ) ! 
F\L SEA ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION WA%+ AGA9/ IT2 A TOK51 AS ,I SAID1 ( ! 
HOPES ?AT W]E1 & :I* CIVILIZATION HAS DE/ROY$4 ,MI<T IT BUT GIVE A 
LESSON TO ! HOPES ?AT >E1 & :I* %ALL SOME DAY DE/ROY 
CIVILIZATION6 

,= :AT WAS ! WORLD SO UTT]LY DIFF]5T FROM \RS ( ?IS DAY1 ! 
WORLD ?AT COMPLET$ ! GLORIES ( ! ,GOLD5 ,BURG1 :I* TO-DAY IS CALL$ 
,PET]BOR\<1 & IS *IEFLY KN[N1 ,I FE>1 AS ! DEPOT ( ! ,GREAT ,NOR!RN 
,RAILWAY8 ,?IS GLORI\S BUILD+ IS A REMNANT ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 :I* EV5 
YET IS NOT SO WELL UND]/OOD AMONG US AS IT %\LD BE2 & ESPECIALLY1 
PEOPLE SC>CELY UND]/& H[ GREAT A GULF LIES BETWE5 ! LIFE ( ?AT DAY 
& ! LIFE ( \RS4 ,! HYPOCRISY ( SO-CALL$ CON/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5T 
HAS BL9D$ US TO ! GREATNESS ( ! *ANGE :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE2 WE USE 
! WORDS ,K+1 ,P>LIAM5T1 ,COMM]CE1 & SO ON1 AS IF !IR CONNOTATION WAS 
! SAME AS 9 ?AT PA/ TIME4 ,LET US V]Y BRIEFLY SEE1 = ! SAKE ( A 
BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! >T & 9DU/RY EMBODI$ 9 SU* WORKS AS 
,PET]BOR\< ,CA!DRAL1 :AT WAS ! RELATION ( ! COMPLETE FEUDAL SY/EM 
) ITS TWO TRIBES1 ! ONE ! UNPRODUCTIVE MA/]S1 ! O!R ! 
PRODUCTIVE S]VANTS1 TO ! OLD] 9COMPLETE FEUDALITY :I* IT SUP]S$$2 OR 
9 O!R WORDS1 :AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES CAME TO BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
SE$S ( DECAY 9 !M BECAME OBVI\S4 

,ON ! SURFACE1 ! *ANGE FROM ! S]F & B>ON SOCIETY ( ! E>LI] 
,MIDDLE ,AGES TO ! LAT] ,GILD & ,P>LIAM5T ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS BR\<T AB\T BY 
! NECESSITIES ( FEUDALISM4 ,! NECESSITIES ( ! CONQU]+ OR 
UNPRODUCTIVE TRIBE GAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO ! PROGRESSIVE P>T ( ! CONQU]$ 
OR PRODUCTIVE TRIBE TO RAISE ITS HEAD \T ( ! M]E S]FDOM :I* 9 E>LI] 
TIMES HAD BE5 ALL IT C\LD LOOK TO4 ,AT BOTTOM1 ?IS PROCESS ( ! RISE ( 
! T[NS UND] FEUDALISM WAS ! RESULT ( ECONOMICAL CAUSES4 ,! POOR 
REMA9S ( ! OLD TRIBAL LIB]TIES1 ! FOLK-MOTES1 ! MEET+S R\ND ! 
%IRE-OAK1 ! TRIAL BY COMPURGATION1 ALL !SE CU/OMS :I* IMPLY ! 
EQUALITY ( FREEM51 W\LD HAVE FAD$ 9TO M]E SYMBOLS & TRADITIONS ( ! 
PA/ IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = ! IRREPRESSIBLE LIFE & LABOR ( ! PEOPLE1 
( ?OSE :O REALLY DID ! WORK ( SOCIETY 9 ! TEE? ( ! >BITR>Y 
AU?ORITY ( ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y4 ,= Y\ MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ITS V]Y 
>BITR>9ESS MADE ! LATT] HELPLESS BE=E ! PROGRESS ( ! PRODUCTIVE 
P>T ( ?AT SOCIETY4 ,! UPP] CLASSES HAD NOT GOT HOLD ( ?OSE MAT]IAL 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* 5ABLE !M N[ TO MAKE NE$S 9 ORD] TO SATISFY 
!M = ! SAKE ( PR(IT2 ! MIRACLE ( ! WORLD-M>KET HAD NOT YET BE5 
EXHIBIT$4 ,COMM]CE1 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 DID NOT EXI/3 PEOPLE PRODUC$ 
= !IR [N CONSUMPTION1 & ONLY EX*ANG$ ! OV]PLUS ( :AT !Y DID 
NOT CONSUME4 ,A MAN W\LD !N SELL ! RESULTS ( HIS LABOR 9 ORD] TO BUY 
:]E)AL TO LIVE UPON OR TO LIVE BETT]2 :]EAS AT PRES5T HE BUYS O!R 
PEOPLE'S LABOR 9 ORD] TO SELL ITS RESULTS1 ?AT HE MAY BUY YET MORE LABOR1 
& SO ON TO ! 5D ( ! *APT]2 ! M$IEVAL MAN BEGAN ) PRODUCTION1 
! MOD]N BEG9S ) MONEY4 ,?AT IS1 !RE WAS NO CAPITAL 9 \R S5SE ( 
! WORD2 NAY1 IT WAS A MA9 C>E ( ! CRAFTS1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT] ON1 
?AT !RE %\LD BE NONE4 ,! MONEY L5T AT USURY WAS NOT L5T = ! 
PURPOSES ( PRODUCTION1 BUT AS SP5D+-MONEY = ! PROPRIETORS ( L&3 & 
!IR L& WAS NOT CAPITALIZABLE AS IT N[ IS2 !Y HAD TO EAT ITS PRODUCE 
FROM DAY TO DAY1 & US$ TO TRAVEL AB\T ! C\NTRY DO+ ?IS LIKE B&S ( 
AN 9VAD+ >MY1 :I* WAS 9DE$ :AT !Y W]E2 BUT !Y C\LD NOT1 :ILE 
! SY/EM LA/$1 DRIVE !IR N[ T5ANTS1 ]E:ILE S]FS1 (F !IR L&S1 
OR FLEECE !M BEYOND :AT ! CU/OM ( ! MANOR ALL[$1 UNLESS BY %E] 
VIOL5CE OR ILLEGAL SW9DL+2 & ALSO EV]Y FREE MAN HAD AT LEA/ ! USE ( 
SOME PORTION ( ! SOIL ON :I* HE WAS BORN4 ,ALL ?IS MEANS ?AT !RE WAS 
NO PR(IT TO BE MADE \T ( ANY?+ BUT ! L&2 & PR(IT \T ( ?AT WAS 
CONF9$ TO ! LORDS ( ! SOIL1 ! SUP]IOR TRIBE1 ! 9VAD+ >MY1 AS 
REPRES5T$ 9 E>LI] TIMES BY ,DUKE ,WILLIAM & HIS HIREL+S4 ,BUT EV5 !Y 
C\LD NOT ACCUMULATE !IR PR(IT3 ! V]Y S]FDOM ?AT 5ABL$ !M TO LIVE 
AS AN UNPRODUCTIVE CLASS =BADE !M TO ACT AS L& CAPITALI/S3 ! S]FS 
HAD TO P]=M ! CU/OM>Y S]VICES & NO?+ MORE1 & !REBY GOT A 
%>E ( ! PRODUCE OV] & ABOVE ! ECONOMIC R5T1 :I* SURPLUS W\LD 
TO-DAY C]TA9LY NOT GO TO ! CULTIVATORS ( ! SOIL4 ,N[ S9CE ALL ! 
CLASS-ROBB]Y ?AT !RE WAS WAS C>RI$ ON BY MEANS ( ! L&1 & ?AT NOT 
BY ANY MEANS CLOSELY OR C>EFULLY1 9 SPITE ( DI/9CT >BITR>Y LAWS 
DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 :I* AGA9 W]E NEV] FULLY C>RI$ \T1 IT 
FOLL[S ?AT IT WAS EASY = ! PRODUCTIVE CLASS TO LIVE4 ,POOR M5'S MONEY 
WAS GOOD1 SAYS ONE HI/ORIAN2 NECESS>IES W]E V]Y *EAP1 ?AT IS1 ORD9>Y 
FOOD 7NOT ! CAGMAG ( TO-DAY71 ORD9>Y CLO?+ & H\S+2 BUT LUXURIES 
W]E DE>4 ,SPICES FROM ! ,EA/1 =EIGN FRUITS1 CLO? ( GOLD1 GOLD & 
SILV] PLATE1 SILK1 VELVET1 ,>RAS TAPE/RIES1 ,ICEL& G]FALCONS1 ,TURKI% 
DOGS1 LIONS1 & ! LIKE1 D\BTLESS CO/ F> MORE ?AN !Y DO TO-DAY4 ,= 
! RE/1 M5'S DESIRES KEEP PACE ) !IR P[] OV] NATURE1 & 9 ?OSE 
DAYS !IR DESIRES W]E COMP>ATIVELY FEW2 ! UPP] CLASS DID NOT LIVE SO 
MU* MORE COM=TABLY !N ?AN ! L[]2 SO !RE W]E NOT ! SAME GR\NDS 
OR ROOM = DISCONT5T AS !RE >E N[ADAYS4 ,A WORKMAN !N MI<T HAVE LIK$ 
TO POSSESS A CANOPY ( CLO? ( GOLD OR A BIG CUPBO>D ( PLATE2 :]EAS N[ 
! CONTRA/ IS NO LONG] BETWE5 SPL5DOR & SIMPLICITY1 BUT BETWE5 EASE 
& ANXIETY1 REF9EM5T & SORDIDNESS4 

,! ORD9>Y LIFE ( ! WORKMAN !N WAS EASY2 :AT HE SUFF]$ FROM WAS 
EI!R ! ACCID5TS ( NATURE1 :I* ! SOCIETY ( ! DAY HAD NOT YET 
LE>N$ TO CONQU]1 OR ! VIOL5CE ( HIS MA/]S1 ! BUS9ESS ( :OSE LIFE 
WAS !N OP5 W>1 AS IT IS N[ VEIL$ W>4 ,/ORM1 PLAGUE1 FAM9E & BATTLE1 
W]E HIS FOES !N2 SC>CITY & ! DIFFICULTY ( BR++ GOODS FROM ONE 
PLACE TO ANO!R W]E :AT P9*$ HIM1 NOT AS N[1 SUP]ABUNDANCE & ! 
SWIFTNESS ( C>RIAGE4 ,YET1 9 SOME RESPECTS EV5 H]E1 ! CONTRA/ WAS NOT 
SO VIOL5T AS IT IS N[ADAYS BETWE5 RI* & POOR2 =1 IF ! >TISAN WAS 
APT TO F9D HIMSELF 9 A BESIEG$ CITY1 & HAD TO BATTLE AT ALL ADV5TURE = 
HIS DEC5T LIFE & EASY WORK1 !RE W]E VICISSITUDES 5\< 9 ! LIFE ( 
! LORD ALSO1 & ! GREAT PR9CE :O SAT 9 HIS HALL LIKE A GOD ONE DAY1 
SURR\ND$ BY HIS G5TLEM5 & M5-AT->MS1 MI<T F9D HIMSELF PRES5TLY AS 
! RESULT ( SOME LUCKLESS BATTLE RID+ B>EFOOT & B>E-HEAD$ TO ! 
GALL[S-TREE3 DI/+UI%$ POLITICIANS RISK$ MORE !N ?AN !Y DO N[4 ,A 
*ANGE ( GOV]NM5T WAS APT TO TAKE HEADS (F %\LD]S4 

,:AT WAS BRIEFLY ! PROCESS ?AT L$ TO ?IS CONDITION ( ?+S1 A 
CONDITION C]TA9LY NOT 9T5D$ BY ! IRON FEUDALISM :I* AIM$ AT 
EMBRAC+ ALL LIFE 9 ITS RIGID GRASP1 & W\LD NOT1 IF IT HAD NOT BE5 
=C$ TO IT1 HAVE SUFF]$ ! S]F TO ESCAPE FROM S]FDOM1 ! >TISAN TO 
HAVE ANY /ATUS EXCEPT ?AT ( A S]F1 ! GILD TO ORGANIZE LABOR1 OR ! 
T[N TO BECOME FREE8 ,! NECESSITIES ( ! FEUDAL LORD W]E ! OPPORTUNITIES 
( ! T[NS3 ! =M] NOT BE+ ABLE TO SQUEEZE HIS S]F-T5ANTS BEYOND A 
C]TA9 PO9T1 & HAV+ NO MEANS ( MAK+ HIS MONEY GR[1 HAD TO KEEP 
PAY+ = HIS MA9 POSITION BY YIELD+ UP :AT HE ?\<T HE C\LD SP>E ( 
IT TO ! PRODUC+ CLASSES4 ,( C\RSE1 ?AT IS CLE> 5\< TO SEE 9 READ+ 
M$IEVAL HI/ORY2 BUT :AT GAVE ! M5 ( ! T[NS ! DESIRE TO SACRIFICE 
!IR H>D E>N+S = ! SAKE ( POSITION1 = ! SAKE ( OBTA9+ A 
/ATUS ALONGSIDE ?AT ( ! B>ON & ! BI%OP8 ,! ANSW] TO MY M9D IS 
CLE>3 ! SPIRIT ( ASSOCIATION :I* HAD NEV] DI$ \T ( ! PEOPLES ( 
,EUROPE1 & :I* 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE AT LEA/ HAD BE5 KEPT ALIVE BY ! GILDS 
:I* 9 TURN IT DEVELOP$2 ! /RONG ORGANIZATION ?AT FEUDALISM C\LD NOT 
CRU%4 

,! TALE ( ! ORIG9 & DEVELOPM5T ( ! GILDS IS AS LONG AS IT IS 
9T]E/+1 & IT CAN ONLY BE T\*$ ON H]E2 = ! HI/ORY ( ! GILDS 
IS PRACTICALLY ! HI/ORY ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & :AT FOLL[S 
MU/ BE FAMILI> TO MO/ ( MY READ]S4 ,& ,I MU/ BEG9 BY SAY+ ?AT IT WAS 
NOT1 AS SOME W\LD ?9K 7SPEAK+ ALWAYS ( ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE71 ! T[NS ?AT 
MADE ! GILDS1 BUT ! GILDS ?AT MADE ! T[NS4 ,!SE LATT]1 Y\ MU/ 
REMEMB] ONCE MORE1 IMPORTANT AS !Y GREW TO BE BE=E ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 5D$1 
DID NOT />T ) BE+ ORGANIZ$ C5T]S ( LIFE POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 
) TRACTS ( C\NTRY :OSE BUS9ESS IT WAS JU/ TO FE$ & N\RI% !M2 9 
O!R WORDS1 !Y DID NOT />T ) BE+ M]E SECOND-RATE IMITATIONS ( ! 
,GREEK & ,ROMAN CITIES4 ,!Y W]E SIMPLY PLACES ON ! FACE ( ! C\NTRY 
:]E ! POPULATION DRAWN TOGE!R BY CONV5I5CE WAS ?ICK] ?AN 9 ! 
ORD9>Y C\NTRY1 A COLLECTION ( NEI<BORS ASSOCIAT+ !MSELVES TOGE!R 
= ! ORD9>Y BUS9ESS ( LIFE1 F9D+ IT CONV5I5T 9 ?OSE DI/URB$ 
TIMES TO PALISADE ! H\SES & CLOSES :I* !Y 9HABIT$ & LIV$ BY4 ,BUT 
EV5 BE=E ?IS TOOK PLACE1 & :ILE ! UNIT ( HABITATION WAS NOT EV5 A 
VILLAGE1 BUT A HOME/EAD 7OR TUN71 \R ,TEUTONIC & ,SC&9AVIAN =EFA!RS1 
:ILE YET HEA!NS1 W]E US$ TO B& !MSELVES TOGE!R = FEA/S & 
SACRIFICES & = MUTUAL DEF5SE & RELIEF AGA9/ ACCID5T & VIOL5CE 
9TO :AT W\LD N[ BE CALL$ B5EFIT SOCIETIES1 BUT :I* !Y CALL$ GILDS4 
,! *ANGE ( RELIGION FROM HEA!NISM TO ,*RI/IANITY DID NOT MAKE ANY 
DIFF]5CE TO !SE ASSOCIATIONS2 BUT AS SOCIETY GREW FIRM] & MORE 
PEACEFUL1 AS ! COMM]CE ( \R =EFA!RS BECAME SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! 
SELL+ TO ONE T[N :AT ! TRAD]S HAD PLUND]$ FROM ANO!R1 !SE GILDS 
DEVELOP$ 9 ONE DIRECTION 9TO ASSOCIATIONS = ! DEF5SE ( ! C>RI]S 
& SELL]S ( GOODS 7:O Y\ MU/ REMEMB] 9 PASS+ HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON 
) \R M]*ANTS & COMM]CIAL PEOPLE72 & ON ! O!R SIDE BEGAN TO GR[ 
9TO ASSOCIATIONS = ! REGULATION ( ! SPECIAL CRAFTS1 AMONG :I* ! 
BUILD+ & CLO?+ CRAFTS W]E NATURALLY PREEM95T4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( 
!SE TWO SIDES ( ! GILDS W5T ON TOGE!R1 BUT AT FIR/ ! PROGRESS ( 
! TRAD+ GILDS1 BE+ ADM9I/RATIVE OR POLITICAL1 WAS MORE M>K$ ?AN 
?AT ( ! CRAFT-GILDS1 & !IR /ATUS WAS RECOGNIZ$ MU* MORE READILY BY 
! PR9CES ( ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y2 ?\< ,I %\LD SAY ONCE = ALL ?AT ! 
DIRECT DEVELOPM5T ( ! GILDS DID NOT FL\RI% EXCEPT 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES 
:]E ! UND]CURR5T ( ! CU/OMS ( ! FREE TRIBES WAS TOO /RONG TO BE 
QUITE M]G$ 9 ! MA9 /REAM ( ,ROMANIZ$ FEUDALITY4 ,POPES1 BI%OPS1 
EMP]ORS1 & K+S 9 !IR E>LY DAYS FULM9AT$ AGA9/ !M2 = 9/ANCE1 
AN ASSOCIATION 9 ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE = RESI/ANCE TO ! ,NORSE SEA-ROBB]S WAS 
CONDEMN$ UND] F]OCI\S P5ALTIES4 ,9 ,5GL&1 AT ANY RATE1 :]E ! K+ 
WAS ALWAYS C>RY+ ON A /RUGGLE ) HIS B>ONAGE1 HE WAS G5]ALLY GLAD TO 
ACKN[L$GE ! CLAIMS ( ! T[NS OR COMMUNES TO A FREE ADM9I/RATION AS A 
MAKE-WEI<T TO ! P[] ( ! GREAT FEUDATORIES2 & H]E AS WELL AS 9 
,FL&]S1 ,D5M>K1 & ,NOR? ,G]MANY1 ! M]*ANT-GILD WAS READY TO =M ?AT 
ADM9I/RATIVE P[]1 & SO SLID 9S5SIBLY 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! 
GR[+ T[NS UND] ! NAME ( ! ,GREAT ,GILD1 ! ,PORTE1 ! ,L9EAGE1 & SO 
ON4 ,!SE ,GREAT ,GILDS1 ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS1 W]E FROM ! FIR/ 
>I/OCRATIC & EXCLUSIVE1 EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( EXCLUD+ MANUAL WORKM52 9 
! TRUE SPIRIT ( ,ROMANIZ$ FEUDALISM1 SO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( 
! E>LI] TRIBAL COMMUNITIES1 9 ! TALES ( :I* ! GREAT *IEFS >E 
%[N SMI?Y+ >MOR1 BUILD+ H\SES & %IPS1 & S[+ !IR FIELDS1 
JU/ AS ! H]OES ( ! ,ILIAD & ! ,ODYSSEY DO4 ,!Y W]E ALSO EXCLUSIVE 
9 ANO!R WAY1 MEMB]%IP 9 !M BE+ 9 ! MA9 AN H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGE1 
& !Y BECAME AT LA/ V]Y H>% & OPPRESSIVE4 ,BUT !SE BODIES1 DIVORC$ 
FROM LABOR & BE+ NO?+ BUT GOV]NORS1 OR AT MO/ ADM9I/RATORS1 ON ! 
ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R NOT BE+ AN 9TEGRAL PORTION ( ! TRUE FEUDAL 
HI]>*Y1 C\LD NOT LONG HOLD !IR [N AGA9/ ! GILDS ( CRAFT1 :O ALL 
?IS :ILE W]E PRODUC+ & ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION4 ,!RE WAS A CONT9U\S 
& FI]CE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! >I/OCRATIC & DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS 9 ! 
T[NS1 & PL5TY ( D[NRI<T FI<T+1 BITT] & CRUEL 5\< AFT] ! 
FA%ION ( ! TIMES2 BESIDES A GRADUAL PROGRESS ( ! CRAFTS 9 GETT+ HOLD 
( ! P[] 9 ! COMMUNES OR MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS W5T ON ALL ?R\< ! 
?IRTE5? C5TURY1 & 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! F\RTE5? ! >TISANS HAD 
EV]Y:]E SUCCE$$1 & ! AFFAIRS ( ! T[NS W]E ADM9I/]$ BY ! 
F$]AT$ CRAFT-GILDS4 ,?IS BR+S US TO ! CULM9AT+ P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES1 ! P]IOD TO :I* MY REM>KS ON ! CONDITION ( LABOR]S APPLY MO/ 
COMPLETELY2 ?\< Y\ MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! SPIRIT :I* F9ALLY WON ! 
VICTORY = ! CRAFT-GILDS HAD BE5 AT WORK FROM ! FIR/1 CONT5D+ NOT 
ONLY AGA9/ ! M]E TYRANNY & VIOL5CE 9CID5TAL TO ?OSE R\< TIMES1 
BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! HI]>*ICAL SY/EM1 ! ESS5TIAL SPIRIT ( FEUDALITY4 
,! PROGRESS ( ! GILDS1 :I* FROM ! FIR/ W]E SOCIAL1 WAS ! =M 
:I* ! CLASS-/RUGGLE TOOK 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,I WILL N[ TRY TO GO A LITTLE MORE 9 DETAIL 9TO ! CONDITIONS ( >T & 
9DU/RY 9 ?OSE DAYS1 CONDITIONS :I* IT IS CLE>1 EV5 FROM ! SCATT]$ 
H9TS GIV5 ABOVE1 >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( TO-DAY2 SO DIFF]5T 
9DE$1 ?AT MANY PEOPLE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( !M4 ,! RULES ( ! CRAFTS 9 
! GREAT T[NS ( ,FL&]S WILL GIVE US AS TYPICAL EXAMPLES AS CAN BE GOT AT2 
S9CE ! ME*ANICAL >TS1 ESPECIALLY ( WEAV+1 W]E !RE F>!R ADVANC$ 
?AN ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE4 ,LET US TAKE !N ! CLO?-WEAV]S ( 
,FL&]S1 & SEE UND] :AT RULES !Y WORK$4 ,NO MA/] TO EMPLOY MORE ?AN 
?REE J\RNEYM5 9 HIS WORK%OP3 NO ONE UND] ANY PRET5SE TO HAVE MORE ?AN 
ONE WORK%OP3 ! WAGES FIX$ P] DAY1 & ! NUMB] ( H\RS ALSO3 NO WORK 
TO BE DONE ON HOLIDAYS4 ,IF PIECEWORK 7:I* WAS ALL[$71 ! PRICE P] Y>D 
FIX$3 BUT ONLY SO MU* & NO MORE TO BE DONE 9 A DAY4 ,NO ONE ALL[$ TO BUY 
WOOL PRIVATELY1 BUT AT OP5 SALES DULY ANN\NC$4 ,NO MIX+ ( WOOLS ALL[$2 
! MAN :O USES ,5GLI% WOOL 7! BE/7 NOT TO HAVE ANY O!RS ON HIS 
PREMISES4 ,5GLI% & O!R =EIGN CLO? NOT ALL[$ TO BE SOLD4 ,WORKM5 NOT 
BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNE NOT ADMITT$ UNLESS H&S FELL %ORT4 ,MO/ ( !SE 
RULES & MANY O!RS MAY BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ! DIRECT 
9T]E/ ( ! WORKM54 ,N[ = SAFEGU>DS = ! PUBLIC3 ! WORKMAN MU/ 
PROVE ?AT HE KN[S HIS CRAFT DULY3 HE S]VES AS AN APPR5TICE FIR/1 !N AS 
J\RNEYMAN1 AFT] :I* HE IS A MA/] IF HE CAN MANAGE CAPITAL 5\< TO SET 
UP ?REE LOOMS BESIDES HIS [N1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 HE G5]ALLY C\LD DO4 ,WID? 
( WEB IS SETTL$2 COLOR ( LI/ ACCORD+ TO QUALITY2 NO WORK TO BE DONE 9 
A FRO/1 OR 9 A BAD LI<T4 ,ALL CLO? MU/ BE 0WALK$0 OR FULL$ A C]TA9 
TIME1 & TO A C]TA9 WID?2 & SO ON1 & SO ON4 ,& F9ALLY EV]Y PIECE ( 
CLO? MU/ /& ! TE/ ( EXAM9ATION1 & IF IT FALL %ORT1 GOES BACK TO 
! MAK]1 :O IS F9$2 IF IT COME UP TO ! DUE /&>D IT IS M>K$ AS 
SATISFACTORY4 

,N[ Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS IMPOSSIBLE UND] SU* 
REGULATIONS AS ?IS1 & IT WAS MEANT TO BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! !ORY ( 9DU/RY 
AMONG !SE COMMUNES WAS SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 DEM& = 
! GOODS :I* WE CAN MAKE1 & A C]TA9 SETTL$ POPULATION TO MAKE !M3 IF 
! GOODS >E NOT ?OR\<LY SATISFACTORY WE %ALL LOSE \R M>KET = !M 
& BE RU9$3 WE MU/ !RE=E KEEP UP !IR QUALITY TO ! UTMO/4 
,FUR!RMORE1 ! WORK TO BE DONE MU/ BE %>$ AMONG ! :OLE ( ?OSE :O 
CAN DO IT1 :O MU/ BE SURE ( WORK ALWAYS AS LONG AS !Y >E WELL BEHAV$ 
& 9DU/RI\S1 & ALSO MU/ HAVE A FAIR LIVELIHOOD & PL5TY ( LEISURE2 
AS :Y %\LD !Y NOT8 

,WE %ALL F9D PL5TY ( PEOPLE TO-DAY TO CRY \T ON ?IS AS SLAV]Y2 BUT TO 
BEG9 )1 HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT !SE WORKM5 DID NOT FI<T LIKE SLAVES AT 
ANY RATE2 & C]TA9LY A CONDITION ( SLAV]Y 9 :I* ! SLAVES W]E WELL 
F$1 & CLO!D1 & H\S$1 & HAD ABUNDANCE ( HOLIDAYS1 HAS NOT (T5 
BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ! WORLD'S HI/ORY4 ,YES1 SOME WILL SAY1 BUT !IR M9DS W]E 
5SLAV$4 ,W]E !Y8 ,!IR ?\<TS MOV$ 9 ! N>R[ CIRCLE MAYBE2 & YET 
,I CAN'T SAY ?AT A MAN IS ( SLAVI% M9D :O IS FREE TO EXPRESS HIS ?\<TS1 
SU* AS !Y >E2 /ILL LESS IF HE HABITUALLY EXPRESSES !M2 LEA/ ( ALL IF 
HE EXPRESSES !M 9 A DEF9ITE =M :I* GIVES PLEASURE TO O!R PEOPLE1 
:AT WE CALL PRODUC+ WORKS ( >T2 & !SE WORKM5 ( ! COMMUNES DID 
HABITUALLY PRODUCE WORKS ( >T4 

,I HAVE TOLD Y\ ?AT ! *IEF CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! UPP] & L[] CLASSES 
( ?OSE DAYS WAS ?AT ! LATT] LACK$ ! %[Y POMP & CIRCUM/ANCE ( 
LIFE1 & ?AT ! CONTRA/ RA!R LAY !RE ?AN 9 REF9EM5T & 
NON-REF9EM5T4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SOME READ]S MI<T JUDGE FROM \R [N 
CONDITIONS ?AT ?IS LACK 9VOLV$ ! LACK ( >T2 BUT H]E1 9DE$1 !RE 
WAS LITTLE CAUSE = DISCONT5T ON ! P>T ( ! L[] CLASSES 9 ?OSE 
DAYS2 IT WAS SPL5DOR RA!R ?AN >T 9 :I* !Y C\LD FEEL ANY LACK4 ,IT 
IS1 ,I KN[1 SO DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( ?IS N[ADAYS ?AT MANY PEOPLE DON'T 
TRY TO DO SO1 BUT SIMPLY D5Y ?IS FACT2 :I* IS1 H[EV]1 UND5IABLE BY ANY 
ONE :O HAD /UDI$ CLOSELY ! >T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ITS RELATION TO ! 
WORK]S4 ,I MU/ SAY :AT ,I HAVE (T5 SAID BE=E1 ?AT 9 ?OSE TIMES !RE 
WAS NO SU* ?+ AS A PIECE ( H&ICRAFT BE+ UGLY2 ?AT EV]Y?+ MADE 
HAD A DUE & BEFITT+ =M2 ?AT MO/ COMMONLY1 H[EV] ORD9>Y ITS USE 
MI<T BE1 IT WAS ELABORATELY ORNAM5T$2 SU* ORNAM5T WAS ALWAYS BO? 
BEAUTIFUL & 9V5TIVE1 & ! M9D ( ! WORKMAN WAS ALL[$ FULL PLAY & 
FRE$OM 9 PRODUC+ IT2 & ALSO ?AT = SU* >T !RE WAS NO EXTRA *>GE 
MADE2 IT WAS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT SU* & SU* ?+S %\LD BE 
ORNAM5T$1 & ! ORNAM5T WAS GIV5 & NOT SOLD4 ,& ?IS CONDITION ( ! 
ORD9>Y H&ICRAFTS ) REF]5CE TO ! >TS WAS ! F\NDATION ( ALL ?AT 
NOBILITY ( BEAUTY :I* WE W]E CONSID]+ 9 A BUILD+ LIKE ,PET]BOR\< 
,CA!DRAL1 & )\T ?AT ITS BEAUTY W\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$4 ,AS IT WAS1 IT 
WAS NO GREAT TASK TO RE> A BUILD+ ?AT %\LD FILL M5'S M9DS ) AWE & 
ADMIRATION :5 PEOPLE FELL TO DO+ SO ( SET PURPOSE1 9 DAYS :5 EV]Y CUP 
& PLATE & KNIFE-H&LE WAS BEAUTIFUL4 

,:5 ,I HAD ! ,GOLD5 ,BURG 9 MY EYE JU/ N[1 IT WAS BY NO MEANS ONLY ON 
ACC\NT ( ITS EXT]NAL BEAUTY ?AT ,I WAS SO IMPRESS$ BY IT1 & WANT$ MY 
READ]S TO %>E MY ADMIRATION1 BUT IT WAS ALSO ON ACC\NT ( ! HI/ORY 
EMBODI$ 9 IT4 ,TO ME IT & ITS LIKE >E TOK5S ( ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! 
WORK]S FIVE C5TURIES AGO2 ASPIRATIONS ( :I* TIME ALONE SEEM$ TO PROMISE 
FULFILLM5T1 & :I* W]E DEF9ITELY SOCIAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,IF ! LEAD+ 
ELEM5T ( ASSOCIATION 9 ! LIFE ( ! M$IEVAL WORKMAN C\LD HAVE CLE>$ 
ITSELF ( C]TA9 DRAWBACKS1 & HAVE DEVELOP$ LOGICALLY ALONG ! ROAD ?AT 
SEEM$ TO BE LEAD+ IT ONW>D1 IT SEEMS TO ME IT C\LD SC>CELY HAVE /OPP$ 
%ORT ( =M+ A TRUE SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! EQUALITY ( LABOR3 ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES1 SO TO SAY1 SAW ! PROMIS$ L& ( ,SOCIALISM FROM AF>1 LIKE ! 
,ISRAELITES1 & LIKE !M HAD TO TURN BACK AGA9 9TO ! DES]T4 ,= ! 
WORK]S ( ?AT TIME1 LIKE US1 SUFF]$ HEAVILY FROM !IR MA/]S3 ! UPP] 
CLASSES :O LIV$ ON !IR LABOR1 F9D+ !MSELVES B>R$ FROM PROGRESS BY 
!IR LACK ( RELATION TO ! PRODUCTIVE P>T ( SOCIETY1 & AT ! SAME TIME 
HOLD+ ALL POLITICAL P[]1 TURN$ T[>DS AGGR&IZ+ !MSELVES BY 
P]PETUAL W> & %UFFL+ ( ! POLITICAL POSITIONS1 & SO OP5$ ! DOOR 
TO ! ADVANCE ( BUREAUCRACY1 & ! GR[? ( ?AT ?RICE-ACCURS$ SPIRIT 
( NATIONALITY :I* SO HAMP]S US EV5 N[ 9 ALL ATTEMPTS T[>DS ! 
REALIZATION ( A TRUE SOCIETY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ASSOCIATION ( ! TIME1 
9/9CT AS IT WAS ) HOPES ( SOME?+ BETT]1 WAS EXCLUSIVE4 ,! COMMUNE 
( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 LIKE ! CLASSICAL CITY1 WAS UNHAPPILY ONLY TOO (T5 AT 
/RIFE ) ITS SI/]S1 & SO BECAME A FITT+ 9/RUM5T = ! GRE$Y 
NOBLE OR BUREAUCRATIC K+ TO PLAY ON4 ,! GILDSMAN'S DUTIES W]E B\ND$ ON 
! ONE H& BY ! LIMITS ( HIS CRAFT1 & ON ! O!R BY ! B\ND>IES ( 
! LIB]TIES ( HIS CITY OR T[N4 ,! 9/9CT ( UNION WAS !RE1 O!RWISE 
! C\RSE ( ! PROGRESS ( ASSOCIATION W\LD NOT HAVE HAD ! UNITY :I* 
IT DID HAVE3 BUT ! MEANS ( 9T]C\RSE W]E LACK+1 & M5 W]E =C$ TO 
DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( SMALL BODIES AGA9/ ALL CORN]S1 EV5 ?OSE :OM !Y 
%\LD HAVE RECEIV$ AS BRO!RS4 

,BUT1 AFT] ALL1 !SE W]E BUT TOK5S ( ! REAL CAUSES ?AT *ECK$ ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES T[>DS ,COMMUNISM2 ?AT DEVELOPM5T CAN BE 
TRAC$ FROM ! SURVIVAL ( ! PRIMITIVE ,COMMUNISM :I* YET LIV$ 9 ! 
E>LY DAYS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! BIR? ( TRADITION1 /RONG 9 9/9CT1 WAS 
WEAK 9 KN[L$GE1 & DEP5D$ = ITS EXI/5CE ON ITS *ECK+ ! DESIRE 
( MANK9D = KN[L$GE & ! CONQUE/ ( MAT]IAL NATURE3 ITS [N SUCCESS 
9 DEVELOP+ ! RES\RCES ( LABOR RU9$ IT2 IT OP5$ *ANCES TO M5 ( 
GR[+ RI* & P[]FUL IF !Y C\LD SUCCE$ 9 BREAK+ D[N ! 
>TIFICIAL RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ BY ! GILDS = ! SAKE ( ! WELF>E ( 
!IR MEMB]S4 ,! TEMPTATION WAS TOO MU* = ! CRAV+ IGNORANCE ( ! 
TIMES1 ?AT W]E YET NOT SO IGNORANT AS NOT TO HAVE AN 9/9CT ( :AT 
B\NDLESS /ORES ( KN[L$GE LAY BE=E ! BOLD ADV5TUR]4 ,AS ! NE$ = 
! SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ,EUROPE BLOTT$ \T ! RELIGI\S 
FEEL+ ( ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES :I* PRODUC$ ! ,CRUSADES1 SO ! NE$ = 
KN[L$GE & ! P[] OV] MAT]IAL NATURE SWEPT AWAY ! COMMUNI/IC 
ASPIRATIONS ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 & IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E PEOPLE HAD 
=GOTT5 ?AT !Y HAD EV] EXI/$4 

,! WORLD HAD TO LE>N ANO!R LESSON2 IT HAD TO GA9 P[]1 & NOT BE 
ABLE TO USE IT2 TO GA9 RI*ES1 & />VE UPON !M LIKE ,MIDAS ON HIS GOLD2 
TO GA9 KN[L$GE1 & !N HAVE NEWSPAP]S = ITS TEA*]S2 9 A WORD1 TO BE 
SO EAG] TO GA!R ! RESULTS ( ! DE$S ( ! LIFE ( MAN ?AT IT MU/ 
=GET ! LIFE ( MAN ITSELF4 ,:E!R ! PRICE ( ! LESSON WAS WOR? ! 
LESSON WE CAN SC>CELY TELL YET2 BUT ONE COM=T IS ?AT WE >E FA/ GETT+ 
P]FECT 9 IT2 WE %ALL1 AT ANY RATE1 NOT HAVE TO BEG9 AT ! BEG9N+ ( IT 
AGA94 ,! HOPE ( ! R5AISSANCE ( ! TIME :5 ,EUROPE FIR/ OP5$ ITS 
M\? WIDE TO FILL ITS BELLY ) ! EA/ W9D ( COMM]CIALISM1 ?AT HOPE IS 
PASS+ AWAY1 & ! ANCI5T HOPE ( ! WORKM5 ( ,EUROPE IS COM+ TO LIFE 
AGA94 ,TIMES TR\BL\S & R\< 5\< WE %ALL HAVE1 D\BTLESS1 BUT NOT ?AT 
DULL TIME OV] AGA9 DUR+ :I* LABOR LAY HOPELESS & VOICELESS UND] ! 
MUDDLE ( SELF-SATISFI$ COMPETITION4 

,IT IS NOT SO H>D N[ TO PICTURE TO ONESELF ?OSE GRAY MASSES ( /ONE1 
:I* \R =EFA!RS RAIS$ 9 !IR HOPE1 /&+ NO LONG] LO/ & 
MELAN*OLY OV] ! <A/LY MIS]Y ( ! FIELDS & ! SQUALOR ( ! T[NS1 
BUT SMIL+ RA!R ON !IR NEWBORN SI/]S ! H\SES & HALLS ( ! FREE 
CITIZ5S ( ! NEW ,COMMUNES1 & ! G>D5-LIKE FIELDS AB\T !M :]E 
!RE WILL BE LABOR /ILL1 BUT ! LABOR ( ! HAPPY PEOPLE :O HAVE %AK5 
(F ! CURSE ( LABOR & KEPT ITS BLESS+ ONLY4 ,BETWE5 ! TIME :5 ! 
HOPE ( ! WORKMAN DISAPPE>$ 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY & \R [N TIMES1 
!RE IS A GREAT GAP 9DE$1 BUT WE KN[ N[ ?AT IT WILL BE FILL$ UP BE=E 
LONG1 & ?AT \R [N LIVES FROM DAY TO DAY MAY HELP TO FILL IT4 ,?AT IS NO 
LITTLE ?+ & IS WELL WOR? LIV+ =1 :ATEV] ELSE MAY FAIL US4 
     
     
      ,BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE 
     
     
       ,TITLE 
     
     

      ,>T & ,9DU/RY 9 ! ,F\RTE5? ,C5TURY 
     
     
      ,DELIV]Y 
     
  

,?IS IS ! LA/ ( ?REE LECTURES ON ! !ME 0,5GL& ,AS ,IT ,WAS1 ,AS IT ,IS & ,AS IT ,MAY ,BE01 DELIV]$3 
    #ae ,MAY #ahhg AT A MEET+ SPONSOR$ BY ! ,HAMM]SMI? 
,BRAN* ( ! ,S,L AT ,KELMSCOTT ,H\SE1 ,HAMM]SMI?4 
 #bND ,OCTOB] #ahhg AT A MEET+ SPONSOR$ BY ! ,ANCOATS 
 ,RECREATION ,COMMITTEE AT ,NEW ,ISL+TON ,HALL1 ,ANCOATS1 ,MAN*E/]4 
 #be ,M>* #ahhh TO AN AUDI5CE ( #e AT A MEET+ 
 SPONSOR$ BY ! ,GLASG[ ,BRAN* ( ! ,S,L AT ,WAT]LOO ,HALL1 
 ,GLASG[4 
 #ae ,APRIL #ahhh AT A MEET+ SPONSOR$ BY ! ,HAMM]SMI? 
 ,BRAN* ( ! ,S,L AT ,KELMSCOTT ,H\SE1 ,HAMM]SMI?4 
     
      ,PUBLICATION 
     
    ,TIME1 ,JANU>Y #a#h#i1 PP4#b#c-#c#f4 
 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 VOL ,X,X,I,I1 
 PP4#c#g#e-#c#i4 
  

,?IS V]SION SCANN$ & PRO(READ FROM ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS BY 
 ,T$ ,CRAW=D1 ,AUGU/ #ba 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,>T ,& ,9DU/RY ,9 ,! ,F\RTE5? ,C5TURY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,>T ,& ,9DU/RY ,9 ,! ,F\RTE5? ,C5TURY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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