,>MY ( ,ALTRUI/S 
,ON ! ALI5AT$ RI<T TO DO GOOD 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,Y\ KN[1 $UCATION1 IF Y\ MAKE ! MO/ ( IT1 Y\ /UDY H>D1 Y\ DO Y\R HOMEWORK & Y\ MAKE AN EF=T TO BE SM>T1 Y\ CAN DO WELL4 ,IF Y\ DON'T1 Y\ GET /UCK 9 ,IRAQ4 

,JOHN ,K]RY 7,D-,MASS47 

,K]RY [ES AN APOLOGY TO ! MANY ?\S&S ( ,AM]ICANS S]V+ 9 ,IRAQ1 :O ANSW]$ !IR C\NTRY'S CALL BECAUSE !Y >E PATRIOTS & NOT BECAUSE ( ANY DEFICI5CIES 9 !IR $UCATION4 

,JOHN ,MC,CA9 7,R-,>IZ47 

,! ,O,N,E ,F,L,E,E,T,+ ,M,O,M,5,T ,( ,H,O,P,E ,= ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N,S ,D,U,R,+ ! LEAD-UP TO ! #bf CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS CAME WAS AF=D$ BY A LAME JOKE BY ,S5ATOR ,JOHN ,K]RY - A JOKE PRETTY OBVI\SLY AIM$ AT ,GEORGE ,BU% - :I* !Y TOOK TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,K]RY ?\<T ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O FLUNK$ \T ( S*OOL 5D UP 9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,IT WAS ALL V]Y DIS+5U\S4 ,MO/ KNEW P]FECTLY WELL ,K]RY'S REAL PO9T WAS TO SUGGE/ ! ,PRESID5T WASN'T V]Y BRI<T4 

,BUT ! RI<T SMELL$ BLOOD4 ,! PROBLEM ) 0>I/O-SLACK]S0 LIKE ,K]RY1 WROTE ONE ,NATIONAL ,REVIEW BLOGG]1 IS ?AT !Y ASSUME 0! TROOPS >E 9 ,IRAQ NOT BECAUSE !Y >E DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO ! MISSION 7!Y NE$ TO D5Y ?AT7 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( A SY/EM ?AT TAKES ADVANTAGE ( !IR LACK ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES444 ,WE %\LD CLOBB] !M ) ?AT RU?LESSLY UNTIL ! DAY ( ! ELECTION - JU/ LIKE WE DID 9 '#d - BECAUSE IT IS ! MO/ BASIC REASON !Y DES]VE TO LOSE40 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT DIDN'T MAKE A LOT ( DIFF]5CE1 BECAUSE MO/ ,AM]ICANS DECID$ !Y W]E NOT DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO ! MISSION EI!R - 9S(> AS !Y W]E EV5 SURE :AT ! MISSION WAS4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ! QUE/ION WE %\LD REALLY BE ASK+ IS3 :Y DID IT TAKE A MILIT>Y CATA/ROPHE 7& A /RATEGY ( TRY+ TO AVOID ANY ASSOCIATION ) ! K9D ( NOR!A/]N ELITES ,K]RY = SO MANY TYPIFI$7 TO ALL[ ! CONGRESSIONAL DEMOCRATS TO F9ALLY COME \T ( ! POLITICAL WILD]NESS8 ,OR EV5 MORE3 :Y HAS ?IS ,REPUBLICAN L9E PROV$ SO EFFECTIVE8 

,IT /RIKES ME ?AT TO GET AT ! ANSW]1 ONE HAS TO PROBE F> MORE DEEPLY 9TO ! NATURE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY ?AN MO/ COMM5TATORS1 N[ADAYS1 >E WILL+ TO GO4 ,WE'RE US$ TO R$UC+ ALL SU* ISSUES TO AN EI!R_/OR3 PATRIOTISM V]SUS OPPORTUNITY1 VALUES V]SUS BREAD-&-BUTT] ISSUES LIKE JOBS & $UCATION4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?\< ?AT JU/ FRAM+ ?+S ?IS WAY PLAYS 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,RI<T4 ,C]TA9LY1 MO/ PEOPLE DO JO9 ! >MY BECAUSE !Y >E DEPRIV$ ( OPPORTUNITIES4 ,BUT ! REAL QUE/ION TO BE ASK+ IS3 OPPORTUNITIES TO DO :AT8 

,I'M AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ & :AT FOLL[S MI<T BE CONSID]$ AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! QUE/ION4 ,IT FIR/ CAME HOME TO ME A YE> OR TWO AGO :5 ,I WAS ATT5D+ A LECTURE BY ,CA!R9E ,LUTZ1 A FELL[ AN?ROPOLOGI/ FROM ,BR[N :O HAS BE5 /UDY+ ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y BASES OV]SEAS4 ,MANY ( !SE BASES ORGANIZE \TREA* PROGRAMS1 9 :I* SOLDI]S V5TURE \T TO REPAIR S*OOLROOMS OR TO P]=M FREE D5TAL *ECKUPS = ! LOCALS4 ,!SE PROGRAMS W]E CREAT$ TO IMPROVE LOCAL RELATIONS1 BUT 9 ?IS TASK !Y (T5 PROV$ REM>KABLY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,:Y1 !N1 DID ! >MY NOT AB&ON !M8 ,! ANSW] WAS ?AT ! PROGRAMS HAD SU* 5ORM\S PSY*OLOGICAL IMPACT ON ! SOLDI]S1 MANY ( :OM W\LD WAX EUPHORIC :5 DESCRIB+ !M3 E4G41 0,?IS IS :Y ,I JO9$ ! >MY02 0,?IS IS :AT MILIT>Y S]VICE IS REALLY ALL AB\T - NOT JU/ DEF5D+ Y\R C\NTRY1 BUT HELP+ PEOPLE40 ,PR(ESSOR ,LUTZ IS CONV9C$ ?AT ! MA9 REASON !SE PROGRAMS CONT9UE TO BE FUND$ IS ?AT SOLDI]S :O TAKE P>T 9 !M >E MORE LIKELY TO RE5LI/4 ,! MILIT>Y'S [N /ATI/ICS >E NO HELP H]E3 ! SURVEYS DO NOT LI/ 0HELP+ PEOPLE0 AMONG ! MOTIVE = RE5LI/M5T4 ,9T]E/+LY1 IT IS ! MO/ HI<-M9D$ OPTION AVAILABLE - 0PATRIOTISM0 - ?AT IS ! OV]:ELM+ FAVORITE4 

,C]TA9LY1 ,AM]ICANS DO NOT SEE !MSELVES AS A NATION ( FRU/RAT$ ALTRUI/S4 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 \R NORMAL HABITS ( ?\<T T5D T[>DS A R\< & READY CYNICISM4 ,! WORLD IS A GIANT M>KETPLACE2 EV]YONE IS 9 IT = A BUCK2 IF Y\ WANT TO UND]/& :Y SOME?+ HAPP5$1 FIR/ ASK :O /&S TO GA9 BY IT4 ,! SAME ATTITUDES EXPRESS$ 9 ! BACK ROOMS ( B>S >E E*O$ 9 ! HI<E/ REA*ES ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,AM]ICA'S GREAT CONTRIBUTION TO ! WORLD 9 ! LATT] RESPECT HAS BE5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0RATIONAL *OICE0 !ORIES1 :I* PROCE$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL HUMAN BEHAVIOR CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A MATT] ( ECONOMIC CALCULATION1 ( RATIONAL ACTORS TRY+ TO GET AS MU* AS POSSIBLE \T ( ANY GIV5 SITUATION ) ! LEA/ CO/ TO !MSELVES4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 MO/ FIELDS1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR IS CONSID]$ A K9D ( PUZZLE1 & EV]YONE FROM ECONOMI/S TO EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGI/S HAVE MADE !MSELVES FAM\S ?R\< ATTEMPTS TO 0SOLVE0 IT - ?AT IS1 TO EXPLA9 ! MY/]Y ( :Y BEES SACRIFICE !MSELVES = HIVES OR HUMAN BE+S HOLD OP5 DOORS & GIVE CORRECT /REET DIRECTIONS TO TOTAL /RANG]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! CASE ( ! MILIT>Y BASES SUGGE/S ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 9 FACT ,AM]ICANS1 P>TICUL>LY ! LESS AFFLU5T ONES1 >E HAUNT$ BY FRU/RAT$ DESIRES TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 

,IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO ASSEMBLE EVID5CE ?AT ?IS IS ! CASE4 ,/UDIES ( *>ITABLE GIV+1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE ALWAYS %[N ! POOR TO BE ! MO/ G5]\S3 ! L[] ONE'S 9COME1 ! HI<] ! PROPORTION ( IT ?AT ONE IS LIKELY TO GIVE AWAY TO /RANG]S4 ,! SAME PATT]N HOLDS TRUE1 9CID5TALLY1 :5 COMP>+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! RI*3 ONE /UDY ( TAX RETURNS 9 #bc CONCLUD$ ?AT IF ! MO/ AFFLU5T FAMILIES HAD GIV5 AWAY AS MU* ( !IR ASSETS EV5 AS ! AV]AGE MIDDLE CLASS FAMILY1 OV]ALL *>ITABLE DONATIONS ?AT YE> W\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ BY #be BILLION DOLL>S4 7,ALL ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ! WEAL?Y HAVE F> MORE TIME & OPPORTUNITY74 ,MOREOV]1 *>ITY REPRES5TS ONLY A T9Y P>T ( ! PICTURE4 ,IF ONE W]E TO BREAK D[N :AT ! TYPICAL ,AM]ICAN WAGE E>N] DOES ) HIS MONEY ONE W\LD LIKELY F9D !Y GIVE MO/ ( IT AWAY4 ,TAKE A TYPICAL MALE HEAD ( H\SEHOLD4 ,AB\T A ?IRD ( HIS ANNUAL 9COME IS LIKELY TO 5D UP BE+ R$I/RIBUT$ TO /RANG]S1 ?R\< TAXES & *>ITY - ANO!R ?IRD HE IS LIKELY TO GIVE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TO HIS *ILDR52 ( ! REMA9D]1 PROBABLY ! L>GE/ P>T IS GIV5 TO OR %>$ ) O!RS3 PRES5TS1 TRIPS1 P>TIES1 ! SIX-PACK ( BE] = ! LOCAL S(TBALL GAME4 ,ONE MI<T OBJECT ?AT ?IS LATT] IS MORE A REFLECTION ( ! REAL NATURE ( PLEASURE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE 7:O W\LD WANT TO EAT A DELICI\S MEAL AT AN EXP5SIVE RE/AURANT ALL BY !MSELVES87 BUT ITSELF ?IS IS HALF ! PO9T4 ,EV5 \R SELF-9DULG5CES T5D TO BE DOM9AT$ BY ! LOGIC ( ! GIFT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SOME MI<T OBJECT ?AT %ELL+ \T A SMALL =TUNE TO S5D ONE'S *ILDR5 TO AN EXCLUSIVE K9D]G>T5 IS MORE AB\T /ATUS ?AN ALTRUISM4 ,P]HAPS3 BUT IF Y\ LOOK AT :AT HAPP5S OV] ! C\RSE ( PEOPLE'S ACTUAL LIVES1 IT SOON BECOMES APP>5T ?IS K9D ( BEHAVIOR FULFILLS AN ID5TICAL PSY*OLOGICAL NE$4 ,H[ MANY Y\?FUL IDEALI/S ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAVE MANAG$ TO F9ALLY COME TO T]MS ) A WORLD BAS$ ON SELFI%NESS & GRE$ ! MOM5T !Y />T A FAMILY8 ,IF ONE W]E TO ASSUME ALTRUISM W]E ! PRIM>Y HUMAN MOTIVATION1 ?IS W\LD MAKE P]FECT S5SE3 ,! ONLY WAY !Y CAN CONV9CE !MSELVES TO AB&ON !IR DESIRE TO DO RI<T BY ! WORLD AS A :OLE IS TO SUB/ITUTE AN EV5 MORE P[]FUL DESIRE DO RI<T BY !IR *ILDR54 

,:AT ALL ?IS SUGGE/S TO ME IS ?AT ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY MI<T WELL WORK COMPLETELY DIFF]5TLY ?AN WE T5D TO ASSUME4 ,IMAG9E1 = A MOM5T1 ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS IT EXI/S TODAY W]E ! CREATION ( SOME +5I\S SOCIAL 5G9E]4 ,:AT ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN NATURE C\LD WE SAY ?IS 5G9E] MU/ HAVE BE5 WORK+ )8 ,C]TA9LY NO?+ LIKE RATIONAL *OICE !ORY4 ,= CLE>LY \R SOCIAL 5G9E] UND]/&S ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO CONV9CE HUMAN BE+S TO 5T] 9TO ! WORLD ( WORK & ! M>KETPLACE 7?AT IS3 ( M9D-NUMB+ LABOR & CUT?ROAT COMPETITION7 IS TO DANGLE ! PROSPECT ( !REBY BE+ ABLE TO LAVI% MONEY ON ONE'S *ILDR51 BUY DR9KS = ONE'S FRI5DS1 &1 IF ONE HITS ! JACKPOT1 TO BE ABLE TO SP5D ! RE/ ( ONE'S LIFE 5D[+ MUSEUMS & PROVID+ ,A,I,D,S M$ICATIONS TO IMPOV]I%$ C\NTRIES 9 ,AFRICA4 ,:]E \R !ORI/S >E CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO /RIP AWAY ! VEIL ( APPE>ANCES & %[ H[ ALL SU* APP>5TLY SELFLESS GE/URE REALLY MASK SOME K9D ( SELF-9T]E/$ /RATEGY1 9 REALITY1 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS BETT] CONCEIV$ AS A BATTLE OV] ACCESS TO ! RI<T TO BEHAVE ALTRUI/ICALLY4 ,SELFLESSNESS - OR AT LEA/1 ! RI<T TO 5GAGE 9 HI<-M9D$ ACTIVITY - IS NOT ! /RATEGY4 ,IT IS ! PRIZE4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ,I ?9K ?IS HELPS US UND]/& :Y ! ,RI<T HAS BE5 SO MU* BETT]1 9 REC5T YE>S1 AT PLAY+ TO POPULI/ S5TIM5TS ?AN ! ,LEFT4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !Y DO IT BY ACCUS+ LIB]ALS ( CUTT+ ORD9>Y ,AM]ICANS (F FROM ! RI<T TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN H]E BY ?R[+ \T A S]IES ( PROPOSITIONS4 

,P,R,O,P,O,S,I,T,I,O,N ,I3 ,NEI!R EGOISM NOR ALTRUISM >E NATURAL URGES2 !Y >E 9 FACT >ISE 9 RELATION TO ONE ANO!R & NEI!R W\LD BE CONCEIVABLE )\T ! M>KET4 

,F,I,R,/ ,( ,A,L,L1 ,I %\LD MAKE CLE> ?AT ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT EI!R EGOISM OR ALTRUISM >E SOMEH[ 9H]5T TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,HUMAN MOTIVES >E R>ELY ?AT SIMPLE4 ,RA!R EGOISM OR ALTRUISM >E IDEAS WE HAVE AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ONE T5DS TO >ISE 9 RESPONSE TO ! O!R4 ,9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! TIMES & PLACES AS ONE SEES ! EM]G5CE ( MONEY & M>KETS ?AT ONE ALSO SEES ! RISE ( WORLD RELIGIONS - ,BUDDHISM1 ,*RI/IANITY1 & ,ISLAM4 ,IF ONE SETS ASIDE A SPACE & SAYS1 0,H]E Y\ %ALL ?9K ONLY AB\T ACQUIR+ MAT]IAL ?+S = Y\RSELF10 !N IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT BE=E LONG SOMEONE ELSE WILL SET ASIDE A C\NT]VAIL+ SPACE1 DECL>+1 9 EFFECT3 0,YES1 BUT H]E1 WE MU/ CONTEMPLATE ! FACT ?AT ! SELF1 & MAT]IAL ?+S1 >E ULTIMATELY UNIMPORTANT40 ,IT WAS !SE LATT] 9/ITUTIONS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT FIR/ DEVELOP$ \R MOD]N NOTIONS ( *>ITY4 

,EV5 TODAY1 :5 WE OP]ATE \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( ! M>KET OR ( RELIGION1 V]Y FEW ( \R ACTIONS C\LD BE SAID TO BE MOTIVAT$ BY ANY?+ SO SIMPLE AS UNTRAMMEL$ GRE$ OR UTT]LY SELFLESS G5]OSITY4 ,:5 WE >E DEAL+ NOT ) /RANG]S BUT ) FRI5DS1 RELATIVES1 OR 5EMIES1 A MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ SET ( MOTIVATIONS WILL G5]ALLY COME 9TO PLAY3 5VY1 SOLID>ITY1 PRIDE1 SELF-DE/RUCTIVE GRIEF1 LOYALTY1 ROMANTIC OBSESSION1 RES5TM5T1 SPITE1 %AME1 CONVIVIALITY1 ! ANTICIPATION ( %>$ 5JOYM5T1 ! DESIRE TO %[ UP A RIVAL1 & SO ON4 ,!SE >E ! MOTIVATIONS ?AT IMPEL ! MAJOR DRAMAS ( \R LIVES1 ?AT GREAT NOVELI/S LIKE ,TOL/OY & ,DO/OEVSKY IMMORTALIZE1 BUT ?AT SOCIAL !ORI/S1 = SOME REASON1 T5D TO IGNORE4 ,IF ONE TRAVELS TO P>TS ( ! WORLD :]E MONEY & M>KETS DO NOT EXI/ - SAY1 TO C]TA9 P>TS ( ,NEW ,GU9EA OR ,AMAZONIA - SU* COMPLICAT$ WEBS ( MOTIVATION >E PRECISELY :AT ONE /ILL F9DS4 ,9 SOCIETIES :]E MO/ PEOPLE LIVE 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES1 :]E ALMO/ EV]YONE !Y KN[ IS EI!R A FRI5D1 A RELATIVE OR AN 5EMY1 ! LANGUAGES SPOK5 T5D EV5 TO LACK WORDS ?AT CORRESPOND TO 0SELF-9T]E/0 OR 0ALTRUISM10 :ILE 9CLUD+ V]Y SUBTLE VOCABUL>IES = DESCRIB+ 5VY1 SOLID>ITY1 PRIDE & ! LIKE4 ,!IR ECONOMIC DEAL+S ) ONE ANO!R LIKEWISE T5D TO BE BAS$ ON MU* MORE SUBTLE PR9CIPLES4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE CREAT$ A VA/ LIT]ATURE TO TRY TO FA?OM ! DYNAMICS ( !SE APP>5TLY EXOTIC 0GIFT ECONOMIES10 BUT IF IT SEEMS ODD TO US TO SEE1 SAY1 IMPORTANT M5 CONNIV+ ) !IR C\S9S TO F9AGLE VA/ WEAL?1 :I* !Y !N PRES5T AS GIFTS TO BITT] 5EMIES 9 ORD] TO PUBLICLY HUMILIATE !M1 IT IS BECAUSE WE >E SO US$ TO OP]AT+ 9SIDE IMP]SONAL M>KETS ?AT IT NEV] OCCURS TO US TO ?9K H[ WE W\LD ACT IF WE HAD AN ECONOMIC SY/EM :]E WE TREAT$ PEOPLE BAS$ ON H[ WE ACTUALLY FELT AB\T !M4 

,N[ADAYS1 ! WORK ( DE/ROY+ SU* WAYS ( LIFE IS L>GELY LEFT TO MISSION>IES - REPRES5TATIVES ( ?OSE V]Y WORLD RELIGIONS ?AT ORIG9ALLY SPRUNG UP 9 REACTION TO ! M>KET LONG AGO4 ,MISSION>IES1 ( C\RSE1 >E \T TO SAVE S\LS2 BUT ?IS R>ELY 9T]PRET ?IS TO MEAN !IR ROLE IS SIMPLY TO TEA* PEOPLE TO ACCEPT ,GOD & BE MORE ALTRUI/IC4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 !Y 5D UP TRY+ TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BE MORE SELFI%1 & MORE ALTRUI/IC1 AT ! SAME TIME4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y SET \T TO TEA* ! 0NATIVES0 PROP] WORK DISCIPL9E1 & TRY TO GET !M 9VOLV$ ) BUY+ & SELL+ PRODUCTS ON ! M>KET1 SO AS TO BETT] !IR MAT]IAL LOT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y EXPLA9 TO !M ?AT ULTIMATELY1 MAT]IAL ?+S >E UNIMPORTANT1 & LECTURE ON ! VALUE ( ! HI<] ?+S1 SU* AS SELFLESS DEVOTION TO O!RS4 

,P,R,O,P,O,S,I,T,I,O,N ,I,I3 ,! POLITICAL RI<T HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO 5HANCE ?IS DIVISION1 & ?US CLAIM TO BE *AMPIONS ( EGOISM & ALTRUISM SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! LEFT HAS TRI$ TO EFFACE IT4 

,M,I,<,T ,?,I,S ,N,O,T HELP TO EXPLA9 :Y ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! MO/ M>KET-DRIV5 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY ON E>?1 IS ALSO ! MO/ RELIGI\S8 ,OR1 EV5 MORE /RIK+LY1 :Y ! C\NTRY ?AT PRODUC$ ,TOL/OY & ,DO/OEVSKY SP5T MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY TRY+ TO ]ADICATE BO? ! M>KET & RELIGION 5TIRELY8 

,:]E ! POLITICAL LEFT HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO EFFACE ?IS DI/9CTION - :E!R BY TRY+ TO CREATE ECONOMIC SY/EMS ?AT >E NOT DRIV5 BY ! PR(IT MOTIVE1 OR BY REPLAC+ PRIVATE *>ITY ) ONE OR ANO!R =M COMMUNITY SUPPORT - ! POLITICAL RI<T HAS ALWAYS ?RIV$ ON IT4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TY IS DOM9AT$ BY TWO IDEOLOGICAL W+S3 ! LIB]T>IANS1 & ! 0,*RI/IAN RI<T40 ,AT ONE EXTREME1 ,REPUBLICANS >E FREE-M>KET FUNDAM5TALI/S & ADVOCATES ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES 7EV5 IF !Y SEE ?OSE LIB]TIES L>GELY AS A MATT] ( CONSUM] *OICE72 ON ! O!R1 !Y >E FUNDAM5TALI/S ( A MORE LIT]AL V>IETY1 SUSPICI\S ( MO/ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES BUT 5?USIA/IC AB\T BIBLICAL 9JUNCTIONS1 0FAMILY VALUES10 & *>ITABLE GOOD WORKS4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE IT MI<T SEEM REM>KABLE SU* AN ALLIANCE MANAGES TO HOLD TOGE!R AT ALL 7& C]TA9LY !Y HAVE ONGO+ T5SIONS1 MO/ FAM\SLY OV] ABORTION74 ,BUT 9 FACT RI<T-W+ COALITIONS ALMO/ ALWAYS TAKE SOME V>IATION ( ?IS =M4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ! CONS]VATIVE APPROA* ALWAYS HAS BE5 TO RELEASE ! DOGS ( ! M>KET1 ?R[+ ALL TRADITIONAL V]ITIES 9TO DIS>RAY2 & !N1 9 ?IS TUMULT ( 9SECURITY1 (F]+ !MSELVES UP AS ! LA/ BA/ION ( ORD] & HI]>*Y1 ! /ALW>T DEF5D]S ( ! AU?ORITY ( *UR*ES & FA!RS AGA9/ ! B>B>IANS !Y HAVE !MSELVES UNLEA%$4 ,A SCAM IT MAY BE1 BUT A REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE ONE2 & ONE EFFECT IS ?AT ! RI<T 5DS UP SEEM+ TO HAVE A MONOPOLY ON VALUE4 ,!Y MANAGE1 WE MI<T SAY1 TO OCCUPY BO? POSITIONS1 ON EI!R SIDE ( ! DIVIDE3 EXTREME EGOISM & EXTREME ALTRUISM4 

,CONSID]1 = A MOM5T1 ! WORD 0VALUE40 ,:5 ECONOMI/S TALK AB\T VALUE !Y >E REALLY TALK+ AB\T MONEY - OR MORE PRECISELY1 AB\T :ATEV] IT IS ?AT MONEY IS MEASUR+2 ALSO1 :ATEV] IT IS ?AT ECONOMIC ACTORS >E ASSUM$ TO BE PURSU+4 ,:5 WE >E WORK+ = A LIV+1 OR BUY+ & SELL+ ?+S1 WE >E REW>D$ ) MONEY4 ,BUT :5EV] WE >E NOT WORK+ OR BUY+ OR SELL+1 :5 WE >E MOTIVAT$ BY PRETTY MU* ANY?+ O!R ! DESIRE TO GET MONEY1 WE SUDD5LY F9D \RSELVES 9 ! DOMA9 ( 0VALUES40 ,! MO/ COMMONLY 9VOK$ ( !SE >E ( C\RSE 0FAMILY VALUES0 7:I* IS UNSURPRIS+1 S9CE BY F> ! MO/ COMMON =M ( UNPAID LABOR 9 MO/ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES IS *ILD-RE>+ & H\SEWORK71 BUT WE ALSO TALK AB\T RELIGI\S VALUES1 POLITICAL VALUES1 ! VALUES ?AT ATTA* !MSELVES TO >T OR PATRIOTISM - ONE C\LD EV51 P]HAPS1 C\NT LOYALTY TO ONE'S FAVORITE BASKETBALL TEAM4 ,ALL >E SE5 AS COMMITM5TS ?AT >E1 OR \<T TO BE1 UNCORRUPT$ BY ! M>KET4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y >E ALSO SE5 AS UTT]LY UNIQUE2 :]E MONEY MAKES ALL ?+S COMP>ABLE1 0VALUES0 SU* AS BEAUTY1 DEVOTION1 OR 9TEGRITY CANNOT1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE COMP>$4 ,!RE IS NO MA!MATIC =MULA ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY ALL[ ONE TO CALCULATE JU/ H[ MU* P]SONAL 9TEGRITY IT IS RI<T TO SACRIFICE 9 ! PURSUIT ( >T1 OR H[ TO BALANCE RESPONSIBILITIES TO Y\R FAMILY ) RESPONSIBILITIES TO Y\R ,GOD4 7,OBVI\SLY1 PEOPLE DO MAKE !SE K9D ( COMPROMISES ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT !Y CANNOT BE CALCULAT$74 ,ONE MI<T PUT IT ?IS WAY3 IF VALUE IS SIMPLY :AT ONE CONSID]S IMPORTANT1 !N MONEY ALL[S IMPORTANCE TAKE A LIQUID =M1 5ABLES US TO COMP>E PRECISE QUANTITIES ( IMPORTANCE & TRADE ONE (F = ! O!R4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF SOMEONE DOES ACCUMULATE A V]Y L>GE AM\NT ( MONEY1 ! FIR/ ?+ !Y >E LIKELY TO DO IS TO TRY TO CONV]T IT 9TO SOME?+ UNIQUE1 :E!R ?IS BE ,MONET'S WAT] LILIES1 A PRIZE-W9N+ RACEHORSE1 OR AN 5D[$ *AIR AT A UNIV]SITY4 

,:AT IS REALLY AT /AKE H]E 9 ANY M>KET ECONOMY IS PRECISELY ! ABILITY TO MAKE !SE TRADES1 TO CONV]T 0VALUE0 9TO 0VALUES40 ,WE ALL >E /RIV+ TO PUT \RSELVES 9 A POSITION :]E WE CAN D$ICATE \RSELVES TO SOME?+ L>G] ?AN \RSELVES4 ,:5 LIB]ALS DO WELL 9 ,AM]ICA1 IT'S BECAUSE !Y CAN EMBODY ?AT POSSIBILITY3 ! ,K5N$YS1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ! ULTIMATE ,DEMOCRATIC ICONS NOT JU/ BECAUSE !Y />T$ AS POOR ,IRI% IMMIGRANTS :O MADE 5ORM\S AM\NTS ( MONEY1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E SE5 AS HAV+ MANAG$1 ULTIMATELY1 TO TURN ALL ?AT MONEY 9TO NOBILITY4 

,P,R,O,P,O,S,I,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I3 ,! REAL PROBLEM ( ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT IS ?AT :ILE IT DOES TRY 9 C]TA9 WAYS TO EFFACE ! DIVISION BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES1 IT L>GELY DOES SO = ITS [N *ILDR54 ,?IS HAS ALL[$ ! RI<T TO P>ADOXICALLY REPRES5T ITSELF AS ! *AMPIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,A,L,L ,?,I,S ,M,I,<,T HELP EXPLA9 :Y ! ,LEFT 9 ,AM]ICA IS 9 SU* A MESS4 ,F> FROM PROMOT+ NEW VISIONS ( EFFAC+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES1 OR PROVID+ A MODEL = PASS+ FROM ONE TO ! O!R1 PROGRESSIVES CANNOT EV5 SEEM TO ?9K !IR WAY PA/ IT4 ,AFT] ! LA/ PRESID5TIAL ELECTION1 ! BIG DEBATE 9 PROGRESSIVE CIRCLES WAS ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES V]SUS :AT WAS CALL$ 0! CULTURE W>S40 ,DID ! ,DEMOCRATS LOSE BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT ABLE TO SPELL \T ANY PLAUSIBLE ECONOMIC ALT]NATIVES1 OR DID ! ,REPUBLICANS W9 BECAUSE !Y SUCCESSFULLY MOBILIZ$ CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IANS >\ND ! ISSUE ( GAY M>RIAGE8 ,AS ,I SAY1 ! V]Y FACT ?AT PROGRESSIVES FRAME ! QUE/ION ?IS WAY NOT ONLY %[S !Y >E TRAPP$ 9 ! RI<T'S T]MS ( ANALYSIS4 ,IT DEMON/RATES !Y DO NOT UND]/& H[ ,AM]ICA REALLY WORKS4 

,LET ME ILLU/RATE :AT ,I MEAN BY CONSID]+ ! /RANGE POPUL> APPEAL1 AT LEA/ UNTIL REC5TLY1 ( ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%4 ,9 #b#d1 MO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA DID NOT SEEM TO BE ABLE TO GET !IR HEADS >\ND IT4 ,AFT] ! ELECTION1 :AT LEFT SO MANY ( !M REEL+ WAS !IR SUSPICION ?AT ! ?+S !Y MO/ HAT$ AB\T ,BU% W]E EXACTLY :AT SO MANY ,BU% VOT]S LIK$ AB\T HIM4 ,CONSID] ! DEBATES1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IF /ATI/ICS >E TO BE BELIEV$1 MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS :O WAT*$ ,GEORGE ,BU% & ,JOHN ,K]RY LOCK HORNS1 CONCLUD$ ?AT ,K]RY WON1 & !N W5T (F & VOT$ = ,BU% ANYWAY4 ,IT WAS H>D TO ESCAPE ! SUSPICION ?AT 9 ! 5D1 ,K]RY'S >TICULATE PRES5TATION1 HIS SKILL ) WORDS & >GUM5TS1 HAD ACTUALLY C\NT$ AGA9/ HIM4 

,?IS S5DS LIB]ALS 9TO SPIRALS ( DESPAIR4 ,!Y CANNOT UND]/& :Y DECISIVE LEAD]%IP IS EQUAT$ ) ACT+ LIKE AN IDIOT4 ,NEI!R CAN !Y UND]/& H[ A MAN :O COMES FROM ONE ( ! MO/ ELITE FAMILIES 9 ! C\NTRY1 :O ATT5D$ ,&OV]1 ,YALE1 & ,H>V>D1 & :OSE SIGNATURE FACIAL EXPRESSION IS A SELFSATISFI$ SMIRK1 C\LD EV] CONV9CE ANYONE HE WAS A 0MAN ( ! PEOPLE40 ,I MU/ ADMIT ,I HAVE /RUGGL$ ) ?IS AS WELL4 ,AS A *ILD ( WORK+ CLASS P>5TS :O WON A S*OL>%IP TO ,&OV] 9 ! #a#i#gS & EV5TUALLY1 A JOB AT ,YALE1 ,I HAVE SP5T MU* ( MY LIFE 9 ! PRES5CE ( M5 LIKE ,BU%41 EV]Y?+ AB\T !M OOZ+ SELF-SATISFI$ PRIVILEGE4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 /ORIES LIKE M9E - /ORIES ( DRAMATIC CLASS MOBILITY ?R\< ACADEMIC ACCOMPLI%M5T - >E 9CREAS+LY UNUSUAL 9 ,AM]ICA4 

,AM]ICA ( C\RSE CONT9UES TO SEE ITSELF AS A L& ( OPPORTUNITY1 & C]TA9LY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN IMMIGRANT FROM ,HAITI OR ,BANGLADE%1 IT IS4 ,NO D\BT 9 T]MS ( OV]ALL SOCIAL MOBILITY1 WE /ILL COMP>E FAVORABLY TO C\NTRIES LIKE ,BOLIVIA OR ,FRANCE4 ,BUT ,AM]ICA HAS ALWAYS BE5 A C\NTRY BUILT ON ! PROMISE ( UNLIMIT$ UPW>D MOBILITY4 ,! WORK+-CLASS CONDITION HAS BE5 TRADITIONALLY SE5 AS A WAY /ATION1 AS SOME?+ ONE'S FAMILY PASSES ?R\< ON ! ROAD TO SOME?+ BETT]4 ,L9COLN US$ TO /RESS ?AT :AT MADE ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE WAS ! ABS5CE ( A CLASS ( P]MAN5T WAGE LABOR]S4 ,9 ,L9COLN'S DAY1 ! IDEAL WAS ?AT IT WAS MA9LY IMMIGRANTS :O WORK$ AS WAGE LABOR]S1 & ?AT !Y DID SO 9 ORD] TO SAVE UP 5\< MONEY TO DO SOME?+ ELSE3 IF NO?+ ELSE1 TO BUY SOME L& & BECOME A HOME/EAD] ON ! FRONTI]4 

,! PO9T IS NOT H[ ACCURATE ?IS IDEAL WAS2 ! PO9T WAS MO/ ,AM]ICANS HAVE F\ND ! IMAGE PLAUSIBLE4 ,EV]Y TIME ! ROAD IS P]CEIV$ TO BE CLOGG$1 PR(\ND UNRE/ 5SUES4 ,! CLOS+ ( ! FRONTI] L$ TO BITT] LABOR /RUGGLES1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! /EADY & RAPID EXPANSION ( ! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY SY/EM C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( SUB/ITUTE4 ,P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 HUGE RES\RCES W]E P\R$ 9TO EXP&+ ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 :I* GREW EXTREMELY RAPIDLY1 & ALL ?IS WAS PROMOT$ QUITE EXPLICITLY AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL MOBILITY4 ,?IS S]V$ DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> AS ALMO/ AN IMPLI$ SOCIAL CONTRACT1 NOT JU/ (F]+ A COM=TABLE LIFE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES BUT HOLD+ \T ! *ANCE ?AT !IR *ILDR5 W\LD NOT BE WORK+-CLASS !MSELVES4 

,! PROBLEM1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT A HI<] $UCATION SY/EM CANNOT BE EXP&$ =EV]4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T ONE 5DS UP ) A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( ! POPULATION UNABLE TO F9D WORK EV5 REMOTELY 9 L9E ) !IR QUALIFICATIONS1 :O HAVE EV]Y REASON TO BE ANGRY AB\T !IR SITUATION1 & :O ALSO HAVE ACCESS TO ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( RADICAL ?\<T4 ,DUR+ ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! SITUATION MO/ LIKELY TO SP>K REVOLTS & 9SURRECTIONS - REVOLUTION>Y H]OES FROM ,*AIRMAN ,MAO TO ,FIDEL ,CA/RO ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TURN \T TO BE *ILDR5 ( POOR P>5TS :O SCRIMP$ TO GIVE !IR *ILDR5 A B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT A B\RGEOIS $UCATION DOES NOT1 9 ITSELF1 GU>ANTEE 5TRY 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BY ! LATE SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES1 ! V]Y PO9T :]E ! EXPANSION ( ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM HIT A DEAD 5D1 CAMPUSES W]E1 PR$ICTABLY1 EXPLOD+4 

,:AT FOLL[$ C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( SETTLEM5T4 ,CAMPUS RADICALS W]E REABSORB$ 9TO ! UNIV]SITY1 BUT SET TO WORK L>GELY AT TRA9+ *ILDR5 ( ! ELITE4 ,AS ! CO/ ( $UCATION HAS SKYROCKET$1 F9ANCIAL AID HAS BE5 CUT BACK1 & ! GOV]NM5T HAS BEGUN AGGRESSIVELY PURSU+ /UD5T LOAN DEBTS ?AT ONCE EXI/$ L>GELY ON PAP]1 ! PROSPECT ( SOCIAL MOBILITY ?R\< $UCATION - ABOVE ALL LIB]AL >TS $UCATION - HAS BE5 RAPIDLY DIM9I%$4 ,! NUMB] ( WORK+-CLASS /UD5TS 9 MAJOR UNIV]SITIES1 :I* /EADILY GREW UNTIL AT LEA/ ! LATE SIXTIES1 HAS N[ BE5 DECL9+ = DECADES4 ,IF WORK+-CLASS ,BU% VOT]S T5D TO RES5T 9TELLECTUALS MORE ?AN !Y DO ! RI*1 !N1 ! MO/ LIKELY REASON IS BECAUSE !Y CAN IMAG9E SC5>IOS 9 :I* !Y MI<T BECOME RI*1 BUT CANNOT IMAG9E ONE 9 :I* !Y1 OR ANY ( !IR *ILDR51 C\LD EV] BECOME MEMB]S ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA8 ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 ?IS IS NOT AN UNREASONABLE ASSESSM5T4 ,A ME*ANIC FROM ,NEBRASKA KN[S IT IS HI<LY UNLIKELY ?AT HIS SON OR DAU<T] WILL EV] BECOME AN ,5RON EXECUTIVE4 ,BUT IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS VIRTUALLY NO *ANCE ON ! O!R H& ?AT HIS *ILD1 NO MATT] H[ TAL5T$1 WILL EV] BECOME AN 9T]NATIONAL HUMAN RI<TS LAWY]1 OR A DRAMA CRITIC = ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES4 ,H]E WE NE$ TO REMEMB] NOT JU/ ! *ANGES 9 HI<] $UCATION1 BUT ALSO ! ROLE ?AT UNPAID1 OR EFFECTIVELY UNPAID1 9T]N%IPS4 ,IT HAS BECOME A FACT ( LIFE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT IF ONE *OOSES A C>E] = ANY REASON O!R ?AN ! MONEY1 = ! FIR/ YE> OR TWO ONE WILL NOT BE PAID4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE IF ONE WI%ES TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 ALTRUI/IC PURSUITS3 SAY1 TO JO9 ! WORLD ( *>ITIES1 OR ,N,G,OS1 OR TO BECOME A POLITICAL ACTIVI/4 ,BUT IT IS EQUALLY TRUE IF ONE WANTS TO PURSUE VALUES LIKE ,BEAUTY OR ,TRU?3 TO BECOME P>T ( ! WORLD ( BOOKS1 OR ! >T WORLD1 OR AN 9VE/IGATIVE REPORT]4 ,! CU/OM EFFECTIVELY SEALS (F ANY SU* C>E] = ANY POOR /UD5T :O ACTUALLY DOES ATTA9 A LIB]AL >TS $UCATION4 ,SU* /RUCTURES ( EXCLUSION HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ ( C\RSE1 ESPECIALLY AT ! TOP1 BUT 9 REC5T DECADES F5CES HAVE BECOME =TRESSES4 

,IF ?AT ME*ANIC'S SON - OR DAU<T] - WI%ES TO PURSUE SOME?+ HI<]1 MORE NOBLE1 = A C>E]1 :AT OPTIONS DOES %E REALLY HAVE8 ,LIKELY JU/ TWO4 ,%E CAN SEEK EMPLOYM5T ) H] LOCAL *UR*1 :I* IS H>D TO GET4 ,OR %E CAN JO9 ! ,>MY4 

,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! SECRET ( NOBILITY4 ,TO BE NOBLE IS TO BE G5]\S1 HI<-M9D$1 ALTRUI/IC1 TO PURSUE HI<] =MS ( VALUE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO TO BE ABLE TO DO SO BECAUSE ONE DOES NOT REALLY HAVE TO ?9K TOO MU* AB\T MONEY4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT \R SOLDI]S >E DO+ :5 !Y GIVE FREE D5TAL EXAM9ATIONS TO VILLAG]S3 !Y >E BE+ PAID 7MODE/LY1 BUT ADEQUATELY7 TO DO GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,SE5 9 ?IS LI<T1 IT IS ALSO EASI] TO SEE :AT REALLY HAPP5$ AT UNIV]SITIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! #a#i#fS - ! 0SETTLEM5T0 ,I M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,CAMPUS RADICALS SET \T TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY ?AT DE/ROY$ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 EGOISM & ALTRUISM1 VALUE & VALUES4 ,IT DID NOT WORK \T1 BUT !Y W]E1 EFFECTIVELY1 (F]$ A K9D ( COMP5SATION3 ! PRIVILEGE TO USE ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM TO CREATE LIVES ?AT DID SO1 9 !IR [N LITTLE WAY1 TO BE SUPPORT$ 9 ONE'S MAT]IAL NE$S :ILE PURSU+ VIRTUE1 TRU?1 & BEAUTY1 & ABOVE ALL1 TO PASS ?AT PRIVILEGE ON TO !IR [N *ILDR54 ,ONE CANNOT BLAME !M = ACCEPT+ ! (F]4 ,BUT NEI!R CAN ONE BLAME ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY = RES5T+ ! HELL \T ( !M4 ,NOT BECAUSE !Y REJECT ! PROJECT3 AS ,I SAY1 ?IS IS :AT ,AM]ICA IS ALL AB\T4 

,AS ,I ALWAYS TELL ACTIVI/S 5GAG$ 9 ! PEACE MOVEM5T & C\NT]-RECRUITM5T CAMPAIGNS3 :Y DO WORK+ CLASS KIDS JO9 ! ,>MY ANYWAY8 ,BECAUSE LIKE ANY TE5AG]1 !Y WANT TO ESCAPE ! WORLD ( T$I\S WORK & MEAN+LESS CONSUM]ISM1 TO LIVE A LIFE ( ADV5TURE & CAM>AD]IE 9 :I* !Y BELIEVE !Y >E DO+ SOME?+ G5U9ELY NOBLE4 ,!Y JO9 ! ,>MY BECAUSE !Y WANT TO BE LIKE Y\4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,>MY ( ,ALTRUI/S -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,>MY ( ,ALTRUI/S -- ,UPDAT$4 

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