,>*ITECTURE & ,HI/ORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,WE ( ?IS ,SOCIETY AT LEA/ KN[ ! BEAUTY ( ! WEA!R$ & TIME-WORN SURFACE 
      ( AN ANCI5T BUILD+1 & HAVE ALL ( US FELT ! GRIEF ( SEE+ ?IS SURFACE 
      DISAPPE> UND] ! H&S ( A 0RE/OR]20 BUT ?\< WE ALL FEEL ?IS DEEPLY 
      5\<1 SOME ( US P]HAPS MAY BE PUZZL$ TO EXPLA9 TO ! \TSIDE WORLD ! FULL 
      VALUE ( ?IS ANCI5T SURFACE4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ?AT IT IS 9 ITSELF PICTURESQUE 
      & BEAUTIFUL1 ?\< ?AT IS A GREAT DEAL2 NEI!R IS IT ONLY ?AT !RE IS A 
      S5TIM5T ATTA*+ TO ! V]Y FACE :I* ! ORIG9AL BUILD]S GAVE !IR WORK1 
      BUT DIMLY CONSCI\S ALL ! :ILE ( ! MANY G5]ATIONS :I* %\LD GAZE ON IT2 
      IT IS ONLY A P>T ( ITS VALUE ?AT ! /ONES >E FELT TO BE1 AS ,MR4 ,RUSK9 
      BEAUTIFULLY PUTS IT1 SPEAK+ ( SOME HI/ORIC ,FR5* BUILD+1 N[ PROBABLY 
      *ANG$ 9TO AN ACADEMIC MODEL ( ITS REAL SELF1 ?AT !Y >E FELT TO BE 0! V]Y 
      /ONES :I* ! EYES ( ,/4 ,L\IS SAW LIFT$ 9TO !IR PLACES40 ,?AT S5TIM5T IS 
      MU*1 BUT IT IS NOT ALL2 NAY1 IT IS BUT A P>T ( ! ESPECIAL VALUE TO :I* ,I 
      WI% TO-DAY TO CALL Y\R ATT5TION1 :I* VALUE BRIEFLY IS1 ?AT ! UNT\*$ 
      SURFACE ( ANCI5T >*ITECTURE BE>S WITNESS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAN'S IDEAS1 TO 
      ! CONT9UITY ( HI/ORY1 &1 SO DO+1 AF=DS NEV]-CEAS+ 9/RUCTION1 NAY 
      $UCATION1 TO ! PASS+ G5]ATIONS1 NOT ONLY TELL+ US :AT W]E ! 
      ASPIRATIONS ( M5 PASS$ AWAY1 BUT ALSO :AT WE MAY HOPE = 9 ! TIME TO COME4 
     
     

      ,Y\ ALL KN[ :AT A DIFF]5T SPRIT HAS ANIMAT$ HI/ORY 9 !SE LATT] DAYS FROM 
      ?AT :I* US$ TO BE ?\<T 5\< TO GIVE IT 9T]E/ TO ?9K+ M54 ,TIME WAS1 
      & NOT SO LONG AGO1 :5 ! CLEV] ESSAY WRIT] 7RA!R ?AN HI/ORIAN7 MADE HIS 
      HI/ORY SURR\ND$ BY BOOKS :OSE VALUE HE WEI<$ RA!R BY ! DEGREE 9 :I* 
      !Y CON=M$ TO AN >BITR>Y /&>D ( LIT]>Y EXCELL5CE1 ?AN BY ANY 
      9DICATIONS !Y MI<T GIVE ( BE+ ABLE TO AF=D A GLIMPSE 9TO ! PA/4 ,SO 
      TREAT$1 ! V]Y BOOKS W]E NOT CAPABLE ( YIELD+ ! VA/ /ORES ( KN[L$GE 
      ( HI/ORY :I* !Y REALLY POSSESS$1 IF DEALT ) BY ! HI/ORICAL ME?OD4 ,IT 
      IS TRUE ?AT = ! MO/ P>T !SE BOOKS W]E G5]ALLY WRITT5 = O!R 
      PURPOSES ?AN ?AT ( GIV+ SIMPLE 9=MATION TO ?OSE TO COME AFT]2 AT !IR 
      HONE/E/ ! WRIT]S W]E COMPELL$ TO LOOK ON LIFE ?R\< ! SPECTACLES ?RU/ 
      ON !M BY ! CONV5TIONAL MORALITY ( !IR [N TIMES2 AT !IR  
      DI%ONE/E/1 !Y W]E S]VILE FLATT]]S 9 ! PAY ( ! P[]S ?AT  
      W]E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?\< ! >T ( LY+ HAS ALWAYS BE5 S$UL\SLY CULTIVAT$  
      BY ! WORLD1 & ESPECIALLY BY ?AT P>T ( IT :I* LIVES ON ! LABOR ( O!RS1  
      IT IS AN >T :I* FEW PEOPLE ATTA9 TO 9 ITS P]FECTION1 & ! HONE/ MAN BY !  
      USE ( SUFFICI5T DILIG5CE CAN G5]ALLY MANAGE TO SEE ?R\< ! VEIL ( SOPHI/RY 
      9TO ! G5U9E LIFE :I* EXI/S 9 ?OSE WRITT5 RECORDS ( ! PA/2 NAY1 ! 
      V]Y LIES !MSELVES1 BE+ = ! MO/ P>T ( A R\< & SIMPLE NATURE1 CAN 
      (T5 BE DISSOLV$ & PRECIPITAT$1 SO TO SAY1 9TO HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE1 9TO 
      NEGATIVE EVID5CE ( FACTS4 
     
     

      ,BUT ! ACADEMICAL HI/ORIANS ( :OM ,I HAVE SPOK5 W]E NOT FITT$ = ! TASK2 
      !Y !MSELVES W]E CURS$ ) A FATAL ?\< UNCONSCI\S DI%ONE/Y2 ! WORLD 
      ( HI/ORY :I* !Y PICTUR$ TO !MSELVES WAS AN UNREAL ONE2 TO !M !RE W]E 
      BUT TWO P]IODS ( CONT9U\S ORD]1 ( ORGANIZ$ LIFE3 ! P]IOD ( ,GREEK & 
      ,ROMAN CLASSICAL HI/ORY WAS ONE1 ! TIME FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RETROSPECTION 
      9TO ?AT P]IOD TILL !IR [N DAYS WAS ! O!R2 ALL ELSE TO !M WAS M]E 
      ACCID5TAL CONFUSION1 /RANGE TRIBES & CLANS ) :OM !Y HAD NO RELATION1 
      JO/L+ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R = NO PURPOSE SAVE ?AT ( A H]D ( BISONS2 ALL ! 
      ?\S&S ( YE>S DEVOID ( CREATION1 LAD5 ONLY ) M]E OB/RUCTION1 & \T ( 
      ?AT1 AS ,I SAID1 TWO P]IODS ( P]FECTION1 LEAP+ FULLY EQUIPP$ LIKE ,PALLAS FROM 
      ! BRA9 ( ,ZEUS4 ,A /RANGE CONCEPTION1 TRULY1 ( ! HI/ORY ( ! 0FAM\S M5 
      & \R FA!RS ?AT BEGAT US10 BUT ONE :I* C\LD NOT HOLD \T LONG AGA9/ ! 
      NATURAL DEVELOPM5T( KN[L$GE & SOCIETY4 ,! MI/S ( P$ANTRY SL[LY LIFT$ 
      & %[$ A DIFF]5T PICTURE2 9*OATE ORD] 9 ! REMOTE/ TIMES1 V>Y+ 
      9DE$ AMONG DIFF]5T RACES & C\NTRIES1 BUT SWAY$ ALWAYS BY ! SAME LAWS1 
      MOV+ =W>D EV] T[>DS SOME?+ ?AT SEEMS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ?AT :I* IT 
      />T$ FROM1 & YET ! E>LI] ORD] NEV] DEAD BUT LIV+ 9 ! NEW1 & 
      SL[LY MOLD+ IT TO A RECREATION ( ITS =M] SELF4 ,H[ DIFF]5T A SPIRIT SU* 
      A VIEW ( HI/ORY MU/ CREATE IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE4 ,NO LONG] %ALL[ MOCK]Y 
      AT ! FAILURES & FOLLIES ( ! PA/1 FROM A /&PO9T ( SO-CALL$ 
      CIVILIZATION1 BUT DEEP SYMPA?Y ) ITS HALF-CONSCI\S AIMS1 FROM AMID ! 
      DIFFICULTIES & %ORTCOM+S ?AT WE >E ONLY TOO SADLY CONSCI\S ( TO-DAY2 ?AT 
      IS ! NEW SPIRIT ( HI/ORY2 KN[L$GE ,I W\LD FA9 ?9K HAS BR\<T US HUMILITY1 
      & HUMILITY HOPE ( ?AT P]FECTION :I* WE >E OBVI\SLY SO F> %ORT (4 
     
     

      ,N[1 FUR!R1 AS TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( ?IS NEW KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 W]E !Y NOT 
      *IEFLY TWO3 /UDY ( LANGUAGE & /UDY ( >*AEOLOGY8 ?AT IS1 ( ! EXPRESSION 
      ( M5'S IDEAS BY MEANS ( SPEE*1 & BY MEANS ( H&IWORK1 9 O!R WORDS ! 
      RECORD ( MAN'S CREATIVE DE$S4 ,( ! FIR/ ( !SE 9/RUM5TS1 DEEPLY AS ,I AM 
      9T]E/$ 9 IT1 & ESPECIALLY ON ! SIDE :I*1 T5D+ T[>DS COMP>ATIVE 
      MY?OLOGY1 PROCLAIMS SO CLE>LY ! UNITY ( MANK9D1 ( ?IS ,I LACK ! KN[L$GE 
      TO SPEAK1 EV5 IF ,I HAD ! TIME2 ON ! SECOND1 >*AEOLOGY1 ,I AM B\ND TO SPEAK1 
      AS IT IS ABOVE ALL ?+S ! FUNCTION ( \R ,SOCIETY TO KEEP BE=E PEOPLE'S EYES 
      ITS IMPORTANCE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ! /UDY ( HI/ORY1 :I* DOES 9 V]Y TRU? 
      LEAD US T[>DS ! SOLUTION ( ALL ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS OV] :I* 
      M5'S M9DS >E BUSI$4 
     
     

      ,I AM ALL ! MORE B\ND TO SPEAK ON ?IS SUBJECT BECAUSE1 9 SPITE ( ! 
      ASC5DANCY :I* ! NEW SPIRIT ( HI/ORY HAS OV] CULTIVAT$ M9DS1 WE MU/ NOT 
      =GET ?AT MANY M9DS >E UNCULTIVAT$1 & 9 !M ! P$ANTIC SPIRIT /ILL 
      BE>S SWAY2 & Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT :5 ,I SPEAK ( UNCULTIVAT$ M9DS1 ,I AM 
      NOT ?9K+ ( ! L[] CLASSES1 AS WE CIVILLY1 BUT TOO TRULY1 CALL !M1 BUT ( 
      MANY ( ?OSE :O >E 9 RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS1 & RESPONSIBLE ESPECIALLY AS TO 
      ! GU>DIAN%IP ( \R ANCI5T BUILD+S2 9DE$1 TO MEET ONE CONCEIVABLE 
      OBJECTION1 ,I CAN UND]/& A MAN SAY+ ?AT ! HALF-IGNORANT1 HALF-9/RUCT$1 
      & :OLLY P$ANTIC WAY ( DEAL+ ) AN ANCI5T BUILD+ IS HI/ORICAL ALSO1 & 
      ,I CAN ADMIT SOME LOGIC 9 ! OBJECTION2 DE/RUCTION IS1 ALAS6 ONE ( ! =MS ( 
      GR[?2 9DE$ ?OSE P$ANTIC HI/ORIANS ,I HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ ( HAD !IR %>E 
      ALSO 9 HI/ORY1 & IT IS A CURI\S QUE/ION1 :I* ,I CANNOT FOLL[ AT PRES5T1 AS 
      TO H[ F> !IR DE/RUCTIVE P$ANTRY WAS A SIGN ( /R5G? AS COMP>$ ) \R 
      REASONABLE RESE>* & TIMIDITY2 ,I SAY ?AT ,I CANNOT FOLL[ ?IS QUE/ION UP1 
      ?\< ,I ?9K IT W\LD LEAD TO CONCLUSIONS A/ONI%+ TO SOME PEOPLE1 & SO WILL 
      CONT5T MYSELF ) SAY+ ?AT IF ! N>R[NESS1 ! VULG>ITY ( M9D 7,I KN[ NO 
      O!R WORD71 :I* DEALS ) \R ANCI5T MONUM5TS1 AS IF ,>T HAD NO PA/ & IS 
      TO HAVE NO FUTURE1 BE AN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 7& ,I DON'T GA9SAY IT71 SO ALSO 
      IS ! SPIRIT :I* ANIMATES US TO RESI/ ?AT VULG>ITY - 0= ?IS AMONG ! RE/ 
      WAS ,I ORDA9$40 
     
     

      ,N[1 ,I AM SURE ?AT1 SO F> ,I HAVE C>RI$ Y\ ) ME AS MEMB]S ( \R ,SOCIETY2 
      Y\ CANNOT D\BT ?AT 9 ONE WAY OR O!R ! SURFACE ( AN ANCI5T BUILD+1 ! 
      H&L+ ( ! OLD H&ICRAFTSMAN ?AT IS1 IS MO/ VALUABLE & WOR?Y ( 
      PRES]VATION1 & ,I AM SURE ALSO ?AT WE ALL FEEL 9/9CTIVELY ?AT IT CANNOT BE 
      REPRODUC$ AT ! PRES5T DAY2 ?AT ! ATTEMPT AT REPRODUCTION NOT ONLY DEPRIVES 
      US ( A MONUM5T ( HI/ORY1 BUT ALSO ( A WORK ( >T4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S ,I HAVE TO 
      ATTEMPT ! TASK ( %[+ Y\ ?AT ?IS IMPOSSIBILITY ( REPRODUCTION IS NOT 
      ACCID5TAL1 BUT IS ESS5TIAL TO ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE AT ! PRES5T DAY2 ?AT IT 
      IS CAUS$ BY ! RESULTS ( ALL PA/ HI/ORY1 & NOT BY A PASS+ TA/E OR FA%ION 
      ( ! TIME2 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY NO MAN1 & NO BODY ( M51 H[EV] LE>N$ !Y 
      MAY BE 9 ANCI5T >T1 :ATEV] SKILL 9 DESIGN OR LOVE ( BEAUTY !Y MAY HAVE1 
      CAN P]SUADE1 OR BRIBE1OR =CE \R WORKM5 ( TO-DAY TO DO !IR WORK 9 ! SAME 
      WAY AS ! WORKM5 ( ,K+ ,$W>D ,I4 DID !IRS4 ,WAKE UP ,!OD]IC ! ,GO? FROM 
      HIS SLEEP ( C5TURIES1 & PLACE HIM ON ! ?RONE ( ,ITALY2 TURN \R MOD]N ,H\SE 
      ( ,COMMONS 9TO ! ,WIT5AGEMOTE 7OR MEET+ ( ! WISE M57 ( ,K+ 
      ,ALFR$ ! ,GREAT2 NO LESS A FEAT IS ! RE/ORATION ( AN ANCI5T BUILD+4 
     
     

      ,N[1 9 ORD] TO %[ Y\ ?AT ?IS IS NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE1 ,I AM COMPELL$ 
      V]Y BRIEFLY TO T\* UPON ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* H&IWORK HAS BE5 PRODUC$ 
      FROM ! CLASSICAL TIMES ONW>D2 9 DO+ SO ,I CANNOT AVOID T\*+ ON C]TA9 
      SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 ON ! SOLUTION ( :I* SOME ( Y\ MAY DIFF] FROM ME4 ,9 ?AT 
      CASE ,I ASK Y\ TO REMEMB] ?AT ?\< ! ,COMMITTEE HAS ORD]$ ME TO READ ?IS 
      PAP] TO Y\1 IT CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = ANY OP9IONS \TSIDE ! PR9CIPLES 
      ADVOCAT$ 9 ITS PUBLI%$ DOCUM5TS4 ,! ,SOCIETY %\LD NOT BE REG>D$ AS  
      DANG]\S1 EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 TO ! AMUSEM5T ( C]TA9 C\NTRY P>SONS & 
      SQUIRES1 & !IR WIVES & DAU<T]S4 
     
     

      ,WELL1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT EV]Y >*ITECTURAL WORK IS A WORK ( COOP]ATION4 
      ,! V]Y DESIGN]1 BE HE NEV] SO ORIG9AL1 PAYS HIS DEBT TO ?IS NECESSITY 9 
      BE+ 9 SOME =M OR ANO!R UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( TRADITION2 DEAD M5 
      GUIDE HIS H& EV5 :5 HE =GETS ?AT !Y EV] EXI/$4 ,BUT1 FUR!RMORE1 HE 
      MU/ GET HIS IDEAS C>RI$ \T BY O!R M52 NO MAN CAN BUILD A BUILD+ ) HIS 
      [N H&S2 EV]Y ONE ( ?OSE M5 DEP5DS = ! POSSIBILITY ( EV5 BEG9N+ HIS 
      WORK ON SOMEONE ELSE2 EA* ONE IS BUT P>T ( A MA*9E2 ! P>TS MAY BE BUT 
      MA*9ES !MSELVES1 OR !Y MAY BE 9TELLIG5T1 BUT 9 EI!R CASE MU/ WORK 9 
      SUBORD9ATION TO ! G5]AL BODY4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT M5 SO WORK+ MU/ BE 
      9FLU5C$ 9 !IR WORK BY !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & ! MAN :O ORGANIZES 
      !IR LABOR MU/ MAKE UP HIS M9D ?AT HE CAN ONLY GET LABOR ( A K9D :I* 
      ?OSE CONDITIONS HAVE BR$4 ,TO EXPECT 5?USIASM = GOOD WORKMAN%IP FROM M5 :O 
      = TWO G5]ATIONS HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ BY ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES TO WORK 
      SLOV5LY W\LD BE ABSURD2 TO EXPECT CONSCI\SNESS ( BEAUTY FROM M5 :O = T5 
      G5]ATIONS HAVE NOT BE ALL[$ TO PRODUCE BEAUTY1 MORE ABSURD /ILL4 ,! 
      WORKMAN%IP ( EV]Y PIECE ( COOP]ATIVE WORK MU/ BELONG TO ITS P]IOD1 & BE 
      *>ACT]I/IC ( IT4 ,UND]/& ?IS CLE>LY1 :I* ,I N[ PUT 9 ANO!R =M3 ALL 
      >*ITECTURAL WORK MU/ BE COOP]ATIVE2 9 ALL COOP]ATIVE WORK ! F9I%$ 
      W>ES CAN BE NO BETT] 9 QUALITY ?AN ! L[E/1 OR SIMPLE/1 OR WIDE/ GRADE1 
      :I* IS ALSO ! MO/ ESS5TIAL1 WILL ALL[ !M TO BE4 ,! K9D & QUALITY ( 
      ?AT WORK1 ! WORK ( ! ORD9>Y H&ICRAFTSMAN1 IS DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIAL 
      CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE LIVES1 :I* DIFF] MU* FROM AGE TO AGE4 
     
     

      ,LET US !N TRY TO SEE H[ !Y HAVE DIFF]$1 & GLANCE AT ! RESULTS TO ,>T ( 
      ?AT DIFF]5CE2 DUR+ :I* 9QUIRY WE %ALL HAVE MU* MORE TO DO ) ! 
      DEVELOP$ ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ) ! WORK ( :I* \R ,SOCIETY IS *IEFLY CONC]N$1 
      ?AN ) ANY O!R P]IOD4 
     
     

      ,9 ! CLASSICAL P]IOD 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS *IEFLY C>RI$ ON BY SLAVES1 
      :OSE P]SONS & WORK ALIKE BELONG$ TO !IR EMPLOY]S1 & :O W]E SU/A9$ AT 
      JU/ SU* /&>D ( LIFE AS SUIT$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! SAID EMPLOY]S4 ,IT WAS 
      NATURAL ?AT UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES 9DU/RIALISM %\LD BE DESPIS$1 BUT UND] 
      ,GREEK CIVILIZATION1 AT LEA/1 ORD9>Y LIFE = ! FREE CITIZ5S1 ! >I/OCRACY 
      9 FACT1 WAS SIMPLE1 ! CLIMATE WAS NOT EXACT+ ( ELABORATE WORK = ! 
      PURPOSES ( CLO?+ & %ELT]1 ! RACE WAS YET Y\NG1 VIGOR\S1 & PHYSICALLY 
      BEAUTIFUL4 ,! >I/OCRACY1 !RE=E1 FRE$ FROM ! NECESSITY ( R\< & 
      EXHAU/+ WORK BY !IR POSSESSION ( *ATTEL SLAVES1 :O DID ALL ?AT = !M1 
      & LITTLE OPPRESS$ ) ANXIETIES = !IR LIVELIHOOD1 HAD1 9 SPITE ( ! 
      CON/ANT BRAWL+ & PIRACY :I* =MS !IR EXT]NAL HI/ORY1 BO? 9CL9ATION 
      & LEISURE TO CULTIVATE ! HI<] 9TELLECTUAL >TS )9 ! LIMITS :I* !IR 
      NATURAL LOVE ( MATT] ( FACT & HATR$ ( ROMANCE PRESCRIB$ TO !M2 ! LESS] 
      >TS1 MEANTIME1 BE+ KEPT 9 RIGID1 & 9DE$ SLAVI% SUBORD9ATION TO !M AS 
      WAS NATURAL4 ,MAY ,I BREAK (F H]E TO ASK Y\ TO CONSID]19 CASE ANY ,A!NIAN 
      G5TLEMAN HAD ATTEMPT$ TO BUILD A ,GO?IC CA!DRAL 9 ! DAYS ( ,P]ICLES1 :AT 
      SORT ( HELP HE W\LD HAVE HAD FROM ! SLAVE LABOR ( ! DAY1 & :AT K9D ( 
      ,GO?IC !Y W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ = HIM8 
     
     

      ,WELL1 ! IDEAL ( >T E/ABLI%$ BY ! 9TELLECT ( ! ,GREEKS ) SU* 
      SPL5DID & OV]:ELM+ SUCCESS LA/$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ,ROMAN P]IOD ALSO1 9 
      SPITE ( ! 9V5TION & USE ( ! >* 9 >*ITECTURE1 OR RA!R 9 BUILD+2 
      & SIDE BY SIDE ) IT *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 UND] SOME:AT *ANG$ CONDITIONS1 
      PRODUC$ ! ORD9>Y W>ES ( LIFE2 ! OP5-M\!D CONTEMPT = ! RESULTS ( 
      9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION EXPRESS$ BY ! P$ANT ,PL9Y1 :E!R IT W]E G5U9E OR 
      >TIFICIALLY D$UC$ FROM ! CONV5TIONALITIES ( PHILOSOPHY1 WELL ILLU/RATES ! 
      CONDITION ( ! SLAVE-PRODUC$ LESS] >TS ( ! LAT] CLASSICAL P]IOD4 
     
     

      ,MEANTIME1 & :ILE ,PL9Y WAS ALIVE1 ! 9TELLECTUAL >TS ( CLASSICAL TIMES HAD 
      LONG FALL5 FROM !IR Z5I?1 & HAD TO WADE ?R\< WE>Y C5TURIES ( 
      ACADEMICALISM1 FROM :I* !Y W]E AT LA/ R$EEM$ BY NO RECURR5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL 
      G5IUS TO ! E>LI] & HUMAN P]IOD1 BUT BY ! BREAKUP ( CLASSICAL SOCIETY 
      ITSELF2 :I* 9VOLV$ ! *ANGE ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 ! F\NDATION ( CLASSICAL 
      SOCIETY1 9TO S]FDOM OR VILLE9AGE1 ON :I* ! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS BAS$4 ,! 
      P]IOD ( B>B>ISM OR DISORD] BETWE5 ! TWO P]IODS ( ORD] WAS LONG 
      D\BTLESS1 BUT ! NEW ORD] ROSE \T ( IT AT LA/ BRI<T & CLE>2 & 9 PLACE 
      ( ! SY/EM ( >I/OCRATIC CITIZ5 & *ATTEL SLAVE )\T RI<TS1 DOM9AT$ 
      BY ! WOR%IP ( ! CITY1 :I* WAS ! IDEAL1 ! RELIGION ( CLASSIC SOCIETY1 
      WAS =M$ A SY/EM ( P]SONAL DUTIES & RI<TS1 P]SONAL S]VICE & PROTECTION 
      9 SUBORD9ATION TO A PRIORI IDEAS ( MANK9D'S DUTIES TO & CLAIMS FROM 
      ! UNSE5 P[]S ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,NO D\BT1 AS WAS NATURAL 9 ?IS HI]>*ICAL 
      SY/EM1 ! RELIGI\S H\SES1 :OSE DI/9CT DUTY IT WAS TO HOLD ! HI]>*ICAL 
      IDEAL UP AS A BANN] AMONG IMP]FECT M51 FULFILL$ T[>DS ! >TS 9 ! 
      E>LI] ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AMID ! FIELD-S]FS & !IR LORDS1 ! FUNCTION :I* 9 
      CLASSICAL TIMES ! CULTIVAT$ ,GREEK FREE MAN FULFILL$ AMID HIS CR[D ( 
      5SLAV$ M5IALS4 ,BUT ! S]F WAS 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T CONDITION FROM ! *ATTEL 
      SLAVE2 =1 C]TA9 DEF9ITE DUTIES BE+ P]=M$ = HIS LORD1 HE WAS 79 !ORY 
      AT LEA/7 AT LIB]TY TO E>N HIS LIV+ AS HE BE/ C\LD )9 ! LIMITS ( HIS 
      MANOR4 ,! *ATTEL SLAVE1 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 HAD ! HOPE ( MANUMISSION1 BUT 
      COLLECTIVELY !RE WAS NO HOPE = HIM BUT 9 ! COMPLETE & ME*ANICAL OV]TURN 
      ( ! SOCIETY :I* WAS F\ND$ ON HIS SUBJECTION4 ,! S]F1 ON ! O!R H&1 
      WAS1 BY ! CONDITIONS ( HIS LABOR1 =C$ TO /RIVE TO BETT] HIMSELF AS AN 
      9DIVIDUAL1 & COLLECTIVELY SOON BEGAN TO ACQUIRE RI<TS AMID ! CLA%+ 
      RI<TS ( K+1 LORD1 & BUR<]4 ,ALSO1 QUITE E>LY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 A NEW & 
      MI<TY =CE BEGAN TO G]M9ATE = ! HELP ( LABOR1 ! FIR/ SIGNS ( SECUL> 
      COMB9ATION AMONG FREE M51 PRODUC]S1 & DI/RIBUTORS4 
     
     

      ,! GUILDS1 :OSE FIR/ BEG9N+ 9 ,5GL& DATES FROM BE=E ! ,NORMAN 
      ,CONQUE/1 AL?\< !Y FULLY RECOGNIZ$ ! HI]>*ICAL CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 
      & W]E 9DE$ (T5 9 E>LY TIMES MA9LY RELIGI\S 9 !IR AIMS1 DID NOT SPR+ 
      FROM ECCLESIA/ICISM1 NAY1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 HAD !IR ROOTS 9 ?AT P>T ( ! 
      ,EUROPEAN RACE :I* HAD NOT KN[N ( ,ROME & H] 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! DAYS ( H] 
      TEMPORAL DOM9ATION4 ,5GL& & ,D5M>K W]E ! =EMO/ C\NTRIES 9 ! 
      DEVELOPM5T ( ! GUILDS1 :I* TOOK ROOT LATE/ & MO/ FEEBLY 9 ! ,LAT9IZ$ 
      C\NTRIES4 
     
     

      ,! SPIRIT ( COMB9ATION SPREAD2 ! GUILDS1 :I* AT FIR/ HAD BE5 RA!R 
      B5EFIT SOCIETIES OR CLUBS ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 SOON DEVELOP$ 9TO BODIES = ! 
      PROTECTION & FRE$OM ( COMM]CE1 & RAPIDLY BECAME P[]FUL UND] ! NAME ( 
      M]*ANT GUILDS2 9 ! HEI<T ( !IR P[] !RE =M$ UND] !M ANO!R SET 
      ( GUILDS1 :OSE OBJECT WAS ! REGULATION & PRACTICE ( ! CRAFTS 9 FRE$OM 
      FROM FEUDAL EXACTIONS4 ,! OLD] M]*ANTS GUILDS RESI/$ !SE NEW] 
      9/ITUTIONS2 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 ,G]MANY !RE WAS BLOODY & DESP]ATE W> BETWE5 
      !M2 ! GREAT REVOLT ( ,<5T1 Y\ WILL REMEMB] AS ANILLU/RATION ( ?IS 
      HO/ILITY1 WAS FUR!R$ BY ! LESS] CRAFTS1 AS ,FROISS>T CALLS !M2 & AGA9 
      REMEMB] ?AT ,<5T1 ! PRODUC+ CITY1 WAS REVOLUTION>Y1 ,BRUGES1 ! COMM]CIAL 
      ONE1 REACTION>Y4 ,9 ,5GL& ! M]*ANT GUILDS *ANG$ 9 A MORE PEACEABLE 
      MANN]1 & BECAME 9 ! MA9 ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS1 & ! CRAFT-GUILDS 
      TOOK !IR DEF9ITE PLACE AS REGULATORS & PROTECTORS ( ALL H&ICRAFTS4 ,BY ! 
      BEG9N+ ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ! SUPREMACY ( ! CRAFT-GUILDS WAS COMPLETE1 
      & AT ?AT P]IOD AT LEA/ !IR CON/ITUTION WAS ?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC2 M]E 
      J\RNEYM5 !RE W]E NONE1 ! APPR5TICES W]E SURE1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 TO 
      TAKE !IR PLACES AS MA/]S ( !IR CRAFT :5 !Y LE>N$ IT4 
     
     

      ,N[ BE=E WE GO ON TO CONSID] ! DECL9E & FALL ( ! GUILDS1 LET US LOOK AT 
      ! WAY 9 :I* ! CRAFTSM5 WORK$ AT ?AT P]IOD3 & FIR/ A WORD AS TO HIS 
      CONDITIONS ( LIFE3 = ,I MU/ TELL Y\ V]Y BRIEFLY ?AT HE LIV$1 H[EV] 
      R\<LY1 YET AT LEA/ F> EASI] ?AN HIS SUCCESSOR DOES N[4 ,HE WORK$ = NO 
      MA/] SAVE ! PUBLIC1 HE MADE HIS W>ES FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D HIMSELF1 & SOLD 
      !M HIMSELF TO ! MAN :O WAS GO+ TO USE !M4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE AT LEA/ ) 
      NE>LY ALL1 IF NOT ALL1 ! GOODS MADE 9 ,5GL&2 SOME ( ! R>] GOODS1 SU* AS 
      SILK CLO?1 DID COME 9TO ! *AFF]+ M>KET1 :I* HAD TO BE ! CASE ALL ! 
      MORE = ?IS1 ?AT ! MAT]IALS ( ANY C\NTRY W]E *IEFLY WR\<T 9TO GOODS 
      CLOSE TO !IR BIR?PLACE4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! CASES ( !SE R>] GOODS !Y W]E 
      MADE PRIM>ILY = HOME CONSUMPTION1 & ONLY ! OV]PLUS CAME 9TO ! H&S ( 
      ! M]*ANT2 CONC]N+ :I* LATT] Y\ MU/ ALSO REMEMB] ?AT HE WAS NOT A M]E 
      GAMBL] 9 ! HAPHAZ>D ( SUPPLY & DEM& AS HE IS TODAY1 BUT AN 9DISP5SABLE 
      DI/RIBUTOR ( GOODS2 HE WAS PAID = HIS TR\BLE 9 BR++ GOODS FROM A PLACE 
      :]E !RE WAS MORE ?AN WAS NE$$ ( !M TO A C\NTRY :]E !RE WAS NOT 
      5\<1 & ?AT WAS ALL2 ! LAWS AGA9/ =E/ALL]S & REGRAT]S GIVE AN IDEA 
      ( H[ ?IS MATT] ( COMM]CE WAS LOOK$ ON 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AS COMM]CE1 VIZ1 
      NOT PR(ITMONG]+4 ,A =E/ALL] WAS A MAN :O B\<T UP PRODUCE TO HOLD IT = A 
      RISE1 A REGRAT]1 A MAN :O B\<T & SOLD 9 ! SAME M>KET OR )9 FIVE MILES 
      ( IT4 ,ON ! ADVANTAGES ( ! =E/ALL] TO ! COMMUNITY IT IS SC>CELY 
      NECESS>Y TO DWELL1 ,I ?9K3 AS TO ! REGRAT]1 IT WAS ! VIEW ( ! B5I<T$ 
      PEOPLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AT A MAN :O B\<T1 SAY1 A HUNDR$-WEI<T ( *EESE 
      = #bD4 A P\ND AT N9E 9 ! MORN+ & SOLD IT AT ELEV5 = #cD4 WAS NOT A 
      SPECIALLY USEFUL CITIZ54 ,I CONFESS ,I AM SUFFICI5TLY OLD-FA%ION$ & 
      CONS]VATIVE TO AGREE ) !M ON ?AT HEAD1 AL?\< ,I CANNOT HELP P]CEIV+ 
      ?AT ALL 0BUS9ESS10 PROP]LY SO CALL$1 IS N[ =E/ALL+ & REGRAT+1 & 
      ?AT WE >E ALL ! SLAVES ( ?OSE DELI<TFUL & SIMPLE PR(ESSIONS - SO ?AT ! 
      CRIM9ALS ( ONE AGE HAVE BECOME ! B5EVOL5T MA/]S ( ! NEXT4 
     
     

      ,WELL1 ANYH[1 IT FOLL[$ FROM ?IS DIRECT 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! MAK] & ! 
      CONSUM] ( GOODS1 ?AT ! PUBLIC 9 G5]AL W]E GOOD JUDGES ( MANUFACTUR$ 
      W>ES1 &1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT ! >T1 OR RELIGION RA!R1 ( ADULT]ATION WAS 
      SC>CELY KN[2 AT LEA/1 IT WAS EASY TO W9 ! FAME ( A CONFESSOR1 IF NOT A 
      M>TYR1 ( ?AT NOBLE CRE$4 
     
     

      ,N[1 AS TO ! MANN] ( WORK1 !RE WAS LITTLE OR NO DIVISION ( LABOR 9 EA* 
      CRAFT2 ?AT ,I ?9K IS SOME MITIGATION ( ! EVIL - = ,I LOOK UPON IT AS SU*1 ( 
      A MAN BE+ B\ND D[N TO ONE CRAFT = HIS LIFE LONG 7AS HE IS N[ ALSO7 - SOME 
      MITIGATION1 BECAUSE1 AFT] ALL1 !RE WAS PL5TY ( V>IETY 9 ! WORK ( A MAN 
      :O MADE ! :OLE ( A PIECE ( GOODS HIMSELF1 9/EAD ( MAK+ ALWAYS ONE LITTLE 
      PIECE ( A PIECE4 ,ALSO Y\ MU/ NOTE ?AT ! FREEM5 ( ! GUILDS HAD !IR %>E 
      9 ! PA/URE L&S ( ! C\NTRY1 AS EV]Y FREE MAN AT LEA/ HAD4 ,PORT ,MEAD[1 
      AT ,OX=D1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS ! COMMUNAL PA/URE ( ! FREEM5 ( ?AT CITY4 
     
     

      ,!SE W]E ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE & WORK ( ! ,5GLI% CRAFTSM5 ( ! 
      F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,I SUPPOSE MO/ ( US HAVE DECL9$ TO ACCEPT ! PICTURE ( HIM 
      :I* WE HAVE HAD PRES5T$ TO US BY ! HALF IGNORANT & :OLLY MISLEAD+ 
      P$ANTS ( :OM ,I HAVE SPOK5BE=E4 ,WE :O HAVE /UDI$ ! REMA9S ( HIS 
      H&ICRAFTS HAVE BE51 )\T ANY FUR!R RESE>*1 LONG 9/9CTIVELY SURE ?AT 
      HE WAS NO PRIE/-RIDD51 D[N-TRODD5 SAVAGE1 BUT A ?\<TFUL & VIGOR\S MAN1 
      & 9 SOME S5SE1 AT LEA/1 FREE4 ,?AT 9/9CT HAD BE5 ABUNDANTLY 
      CONFIRM$ BY PA9/AK+ COLLECTORS ( FACTS1 LIKE ,MR4 ,?OROLD ,ROG]S1 & WE N[ 
      KN[ ?AT ! GUILD CRAFTSMAN L$ ! SORT ( LIFE 9 WORK & PLAY ?AT WE %\LD 
      HAVE EXPECT$ FROM ! >T HE PRODUC$4 ,HE WORK$1 NOT = ! PR(IT ( A MA/]1 
      BUT = HIS [N LIVELIHOOD1 :I*1 ,I REPEAT1 HE DID NOT F9D IT DIFFICULT TO E>N1 
      SO ?AT HE HAD A GOOD DEAL ( LEISURE1 & BE+ MA/] ( HIS TIME1 HIS TOOLS1 & 
      HIS MAT]IAL1 WAS NOT B\ND TO TURN \T HIS WORK %ABBILY1 BUT C\LD AF=D TO 
      AMUSE HIMSELF BY GIV+ IT >TI/IC F9I%2 H[ DIFF]5T ?AT IS FROM .<!.> 
      ME*ANICAL OR TRADE F9I% SOME ( US1 AT LEA/1 HAVE LE>N$ - MAYBE1 BY ! WAY 
      ( ,WEEP+ ,CROSS4 ,WELL1 ?AT >TI/IC F9I% OR ORNAM5T WAS NOT V5AL1 IT WAS 
      GIV5 FREELY TO ! PUBLIC1 :O1 ,I RA!R ?9K1 PAID = IT BY 9T]E/ 9 & 
      SYMPA?Y = ! WORK ITSELF1 :I*1 9DE$1 ,I CONSID] A GOOD PAYM5T 9 TIMES 
      :5 A MAN C\LD LIVE O!RWISE )\T PAYM5T MORE GROSS & MAT]IAL4 ,= H]E ,I 
      MU/ MAKE ! CONFESSION ?AT :AT IS CALL$ 9 MOD]N SLANG ! 0WAGES ( G5IUS10 
      W]E MU* NEGLECT$ BY ! BUILD]S ( \R ANCI5T BUILD+S2 = >T1 AS ,MR4 
      ,?OROLD ,ROG]S JU/LY SAYS1 WAS WIDESPREAD2 ! POSSESSION ( SOME SKILL 9 IT WAS 
      ! RULE & NOT ! EXCEPTION4 ,AS A RULE1 ?OSE :O C\LD AF=D TO PAY = A 
      BUILD+1 W]E ABLE TO DO ! NECESS>Y PLANN+ & DESIGN+1 OBVI\SLY BECAUSE 
      !Y W\LD NATURALLY F9D HELP & H>MONI\S 9TELLIG5CE AMONG ! M5 !Y HAD 
      TO EMPLOY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! T[] ( ,M]TON ,COLLEGE ,*APEL AT ,OX=D WAS C>RI$ 
      \T BY ORD9>Y MASONS1 UND] ! SUP]9T5D5CE ( ! ,FELL[S ( ! ,COLLEGE4 
      ,WELL1 JUDG+ FROM ! WRET*$ T9K]+ ?AT ! PRES5T ,FELL[S HAVE ALL[$ TO 
      BE P]PETUAT$ ON !IR BEAUTIFUL SUCCURSAL H\SE1 ,/4 ,ALBANS' ,HALL1 ,I W\LD NOT 
      V5TURE TO TRU/ ! PRES5T MO/ RESPECTABLE ,FELL[S ( ?AT ANCI5T ,H\SE ) 
      SU* A JOB N[4 
     
     

      ,SO IT FOLL[$ FROM ?IS WIDESPREAD SKILL 9 ! >TS1 ?AT ?OSE POOR WRET*ES :O 
      HAD SKILL & TA/E BEYOND !IR FELL[-WORKM51 & :O 9 CONSEQU5CE HAD 
      PLEASANT] WORK ?AN !Y1 HAD TO PUT UP ) A V]Y MOD]ATE ADDITIONAL WAGE1 & 
      9 SOME CASES ) NO?+ ADDITIONAL2 IT SEEMS !Y C\LD NOT MAKE GOOD ! CLAIM 
      N[ PREF]R$ = ?AT MU* S9N$ AGA9/ - & MU* S9N+ - COMPANY1 M5 ( 
      G5IUS1 ?AT ! CON=MATION ( !IR /OMA*S & ! MAKE ( !IR SK9 IS 
      DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( O!R M51 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY !Y WANT MORE TO EAT & 
      DR9K & DIFF]5T RAIM5T FROM !IR FELL[S4 ,9 MO/ SOB] E>NE/1 :5 WE HE> 
      IT SAID1 AS IT (T5 IS SAID1 ?AT EXTRA MONEY PAYM5T IS NECESS>Y UND] ALL 
      CIRCUM/ANCES TO PRODUCE GREAT WORKS ( >T1 & ?AT M5 ( SPECIAL TAL5T WILL 
      NOT USE ?OSE TAL5TS )\T BE+ BRIB$ BY M]E GROSS MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES1 WE1 ,I 
      SAY1 %ALL KN[ :AT TO REPLY4 ,WE CAN APPEAL TO ! WITNESS ( ?OSE LOVELY WORKS 
      /ILL LEFT US1 :OSE UNKN[N1 UNNAM$ CREATORS W]E CONT5T TO GIVE !M TO ! 
      WORLD1 ) LITTLE MORE EXTRA WAGES ?AN :AT !IR PLEASURE 9 !IR WORK & 
      !IR S5SE ( USEFULNESS 9 IT MI<T BE/[ ON !M4 
     
     

      ,WELL1 ,I MU/ N[ SAY ?AT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT A BODY ( >TIFIC]S1 SO LIV+ AS WE 
      HAVE SE51 & SO WORK+1 ) SIMPLE MA*9ES OR 9/RUM5TS1 ( :I* !Y W]E 
      COMPLETE MA/]S1 HAD V]Y GREAT ADVANTAGES = ! PRODUCTION ( >*ITECTURAL 
      >T1 US+ ?AT WORD AT ITS WIDE/2 & ?AT ONE W\LD1 REASON+ A 
      PRIORI1 EXPECT TO F9D 9 !IR WORK ?AT ?\<TFULNESS & F]TILITY ( 
      RES\RCE ?AT BL5D$ FRE$OM & H>MONI\S COOP]ATION1 :I*1 AS A MATT] ( 
      FACT1 WE DO F9D 9 IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 SPITE ( ?IS FREE 9TELLIG5CE ( ! 
      M$IEVAL WORKMAN1 OR EV5 BECAUSE ( IT1 HE WAS /ILL COMPELL$ TO WORK ONLY AS A 
      TRADITION W\LD ALL[ HIM TO DO4 ,IF IT C\LD EV] HAVE OCCURR$ TO ANY MAN'S M9D 
      TO BUILD SOME ,P>!NON OR ,]EC!UM BY ! BANKS ( .<!.> ,?AMES1 OR ,W>FE1 OR 
      ,W5SUM1 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 H[ F> DO Y\ ?9K HIS FELL[-WORKMAN'S SKILL 
      W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SECOND HIS FOLLY8 
     
     

      ,BUT WE MU/ LEAVE ! F\RTE5? C5TURY A:ILE1 & HURRY ON 9 \R TALE ( ! 
      WORKMAN'S LOT4 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( ! CRAFT GUILD WAS AT FIR/ 
      ?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC OR FRAT]NAL1 BUT IT DID NOT LONG REMA9 SO4 ,AS ! T[NS 
      GREW BIGG] & POPULATION FL[$ TO !M FROM ! 5FRAN*IS$ FIELD-S]FS & 
      O!R S\RCES1 ! OLD CRAFTSM5 BEGAN TO =M A SEP>ATE & PRIVILEG$ CLASS 9 
      ! GUILDS ) !IR PRIVILEG$ APPR5TICES1 & ! J\RNEYMAN AT LA/ MADE HIS 
      APPE>ANCE4 ,AFT] A :ILE ! J\RNEYM5 ATTEMPT$ TO =M GUILDS UND] ! MA/] 
      CRAFTS1 AS ! LATT] HAD DONE UND] ! M]*ANT GUILDS2 BUT ! ECONOMIC 
      CONDITIONS ( ! TIME T5D$ N[ MORE & MORE T[>DS MANUFACTUR+ = A PR(IT1 
      BEAT !M1 & !Y FAIL$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! CONDITIONS ( WORK DID NOT *ANGE 
      MU*1 ! MA/]S W]E *ECK$ BY LAWS 9 FAVOR ( ! J\RNEYM51 & WAGES 
      RA!R ROSE ?AN FELL ALL ?R\< ! FIFTE5? C5TURY2 NOR DID DIVISION ( LABOR 
      BEG9 TILL MU* LAT]2 EV]Y:]E ! >TISAN WAS /ILL AN >TI/4 
     
     

      ,! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT *ANGE CAME ) ! ,TUDORS 9 ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! 
      SIXTE5? C5TURY1 DUR+ :I* TIME ,5GL&1 FROM BE+ A C\NTRY ( TILLAGE 
      CULTIVAT$ = LIVELIHOOD1 BECAME A GRAZ+ C\NTRY F>M$ = PR(IT4 ,HE :O RUNS 
      MAY READ ! TALE ( ?IS *ANGE & ITS MIS]IES 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,MORE & 
      ,LATIM]4 ,ALL ,I NE$ SAY AB\T IT H]E IS1 ?AT IT HAD A V]Y DIRECT 9FLU5CE UPON 
      ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE & MANN] ( WORK ( ! >TISANS1 = ! CRAFTS W]E N[ 
      FLOOD$ BY ! CR[DS ( L&LESS M51 :O HAD NO?+ BUT ! =CE ( !IR 
      BODIES TO LIVE UPON1 & W]E OBLIG$ TO SELL ?AT =CE DAY BY DAY = :AT ?OSE 
      W\LD GIVE !M :O C]TA9LY W\LD NOT BUY ! >TICLE LABOR UNLESS !Y 
      C\LD MAKE A PR(IT BY IT4 ,! BRUTAL RAP9E ) :I* ! *ANGE ( RELIGION 9 
      ,5GL& WAS C>RI$ \T2 ! WANTON DE/RUCTION ( \R PUBLIC BUILD+S :I* 
      ACCOMPANI$ ! /EAL+ ( \R PUBLIC L&S1 D\BTLESS PLAY$ ITS P>T 9 
      DEGRAD+ :AT >T WAS /ILL POSSIBLE UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS ( LABOR4 
     
     

      ,BUT ! ,RE=MATION ITSELF WAS BUT ONE ( ! ASPECTS ( ! NEW SPIRIT ( ! TIME 
      PRODUC$ BY GREAT ECONOMICAL *ANGES1 & :I* DEALT ) >T & ITS CREATOR1 
      LABOR1 = MORE COMPLETELY ?AN ANY S]IES ( ACCID5TS C\LD DO1 H[EV] 
      MOM5T\S !Y MI<T BE4 ,! *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( LABOR W5T ON SPE$ILY1 
      ?\< !RE WAS /ILL A GOOD DEAL ( :AT MAY BE CALL$ DOME/IC MANUFACTURE3 ! 
      WORKM5 9 ! T[NS GOT TO BE MORE DEP5D5T ON !IR EMPLOY]S1 MORE & MORE 
      M]E J\RNEYM51 & A GREAT *ANGE WAS COM+ OV] ! MANN] ( !IR WORK2 ! 
      M]E COLLECTION ( !M 9TO BIG WORK%OPS UND] ONE MA/]1 9 ITSELF M]ELY GAVE 
      ECONOMY ( SPACE1 R5T1 FIRE1 LI<T+1 & ! RE/1 BUT IT WAS ! PRELUDE TO A 
      MU* GREAT] *ANGE2 DIVISION ( LABOR N[ BEGAN1 & SPE$ILY GA9$ HEAD4 ,UND] 
      ! OLD M$IEVAL CONDITIONS ! UNIT ( LABOR WAS A MA/] CRAFTSMAN :O KNEW HIS 
      BUS9ESS FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D2 SU* HELP AS HE HAD WAS FROM M]E APPR5TICES :O 
      W]E LE>N+ !IR BUS9ESS1 & W]E NOT DOOM$ TO LIFE-LONG S]VICE4 ,BUT ) 
      ! NEW SY/EM ( MA/] & M5 CAME ?IS *ANGE1 ?AT ! UNIT ( PRODUCTION WAS 
      A GR\P1 EA* MEMB] ( :I* DEP5D$ ON EV]Y ONE ( ! O!RS1 & WAS HELPLESS 
      )\T !M4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM1 CALL$ ! DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM1 A MAN MAY 
      BE1 & (T5 IS1 CONDEMN$ = ! :OLE ( HIS LIFE TO MAKE ! 9SIGNIFICANT 
      PORTION ( AN 9SIGNIFICANT >TICLE ( ! M>KET4 ,I USE ! PRES5T T5SE1 BECAUSE 
      ?IS SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR IS /ILL GO+ ON SIDE BY SIDE ) ! LA/ 
      DEVELOPM5T ( MANUFACTUR+ = PR(IT1 ( :I* MORE ANON4 
     
     

      ,N[1 IT IS NECESS>Y = Y\ TO UND]/& ?AT ! BIR? & GR[? ( ?IS 
      DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM WAS NO M]E ACCID5T1 WAS NOT ! RESULT1 ,I MEAN1 ( SOME 
      PASS+ & 9EXPLICABLE FA%ION :I* CAUS$ M5 TO DESIRE ! K9D ( WORK :I* 
      C\LD BE DONE BY SU* MEANS2 IT WAS CAUS$ BY ! ECONOMICAL *ANGES :I* =C$ 
      M5 TO PRODUCE NO LONG] = A LIVELIHOOD AS !Y US$ TO DO1 BUT = A PR(IT4 
      ,ALMO/ ALL GOODS1 ALL EXCEPT ?OSE MADE 9 ! MO/ DOME/IC WAY1 HAD N[ GOT TO GO 
      ?R\< ! M>KET BE=E !Y REA*$ !US]S' H&S4 ,!Y W]E MADE = SALE1 
      NOT PRIM>ILY = USE1 & :5 ,I SAY 0!Y10 ,I MEAN ! :OLE ( !M2 ! >T 9 
      !M AS WELL AS !IR M]E OBVI\S UTILITY WAS N[ BECOME A M>KETABLE >TICLE1 
      DOL$ \T ACCORD+ TO ! NECESSITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ :O EMPLOY$ BO? 
      MA*9E-WORKMAN & DESIGN]1 FETT]$ BY ! NE$S ( PR(IT2 = BY ?IS TIME1 
      Y\ UND]/&1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR HAD SO WORK$1 ?AT 9/EAD ( ALL WORKM5 
      BE+ >TI/S1 AS !Y ONCE W]E1 !Y W]E DIVID$ 9TO WORKM5 :O W]E NOT 
      >TI/S1 & >TI/S :O W]E NOT WORKM54 
     
     

      ,?IS *ANGE WAS COMPLETE1 OR NE>LY SO1 BY ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY3 IT 
      IS NOT NECESS>Y = ME TO TRACE ! GRADUAL DEGRADATION ( ! >TS FROM ! 
      FIFTE5? C5TURY TO ?IS PO9T4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT IT WAS /EADY & C]TA92 
      ONLY :]E M5 W]E MORE OR LESS \TSIDE ! GREAT /REAM ( CIVILIZATION1 :]E 
      LIFE WAS RUDE1 & PRODUCTION :OLLY DOME/IC1 DID ! >T PRODUC$ RETA9 ANY 
      SIGNS ( HUMAN PLEASURE3 ELSE:]E P$ANTRY REIGN$ SUPREME4 ,! PICTURE-PA9T]S 
      :O W]E WONT TO %[ US1 AS ?R\< W9D[S OP5$ BY !M1 ! LONG+S & LIVES 
      ( ! SA9TS & H]OES1 NAY1 ! V]Y HEAV5S & CITY ( ,GOD HANG+ OV] ! 
      E>?LY CITY ( !IR LOVE1 W]E TURN$1 :AT FEW ( !M W]E AU<T ELSE ?AN 
      PRET5TI\S DAUB]S1 9TO C\RTLY FLATT]]S ( ILL-FAVOR$ F9E LADIES & /UPID 
      SUP]CILI\S LORDS4 ,AS = ! >*ITECTURAL >TS1 :AT C\LD Y\ EXPECT TO GET ( 
      !M FROM A SET ( HUMAN MA*9ES1 CO-OP]AT+ 9DE$1 BUT ONLY = SPE$ & 
      PRECISION ( PRODUCTION1 & DESIGN$ = AT BE/ BY P$ANTS :O DESPIS$ ! LIFE 
      ( MAN1 & AT WOR/ BY ME*ANICAL DRUDGES1 LITTLE BETT] 9 ANY WAY ?AN ! 
      LUCKLESS WORKM58 ,:ATEV] MI<T BE EXPECT$1 NO?+ WAS GOT BUT ?AT MASS ( 
      FOOLI% TOYS & CO/LY M9I/RATIONS TO LUXURY & O/5TATION1 :I* HAS S9CE 
      ?OSE DAYS BE5 MO/ WOR?ILY CONTEMN$ UND] ! NAME ( UPHOL/]Y4 
     
     

      ,IS ?AT ! 5D ( ! /ORY ( ! DEGRADATION ( ! >TS8 ,NO1 !RE IS ANO!R 
      ACT TO ! DRAMA2 WORSE OR BETT] ACCORD+ AS TO :E!R Y\ >E CONT5T$ TO 
      ACCEPT IT AS F9AL1 OR HAVE BE5 /IMULAT$ TO DISCONT5T1 ?AT IS1 HOPE = 
      SOME?+ BETT]4 ,I HAVE TOLD Y\ H[ ! WORKMAN WAS R$UC$ TO A MA*9E1 ,I HAVE 
      /ILL TO TELL Y\ H[ HE HAS BE5 PU%$ D[N FROM EV5 ?AT GIDDY EM95CE ( 
      SELF-RESPECT4 
     
     

      ,AT ! CLOSE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,5GL& WAS A C\NTRY ?AT MANUFACTUR$ 
      AMONG O!R C\NTRIES ?AT MANUFACTUR$3 H] MANUFACTURES W]E /ILL SECOND>Y TO 
      H] M]ELY C\NTRY LIFE1 & W]E MIX$ UP ) IT2 9 FIFTY YE>S ALL ?AT WAS 
      *ANG$1 & ,5GL& WAS ! MANUFACTUR+ C\NTRY ( ! WORLD - ! WORK%OP ( 
      ! WORLD1 (T5 SO CALL$ ) MU* PRIDE BY H] PATRIOTIC SONS4 ,N[ ?IS /RANGE 
      & MO/ MOM5T\S REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ! MA*9]Y :I* ! *ANCES 
      & *ANGES ( ! WORLD1 TOO LONG A TALE EV5 TO H9T AT H]E1 =C$ ON 
      \R POPULATION4 ,Y\ MU/ ?9K ( ?IS GREAT MA*9E 9DU/RY AS ?\< ON ! ONE 
      H& M]ELY ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! EFFECTS ( PRODUC+ = PR(IT 9/EAD ( 
      LIVELIHOOD1 :I* BEGAN 9 ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE'S TIME1 YET ON ! O!R AS A 
      REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE FROM ?AT ( ! M]E DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! EXIG5CIES ( MY 
      [N WORK HAVE DRIV5 ME TO DIG PRETTY DEEPLY 9TO ! /RATA ( ! 
      EI<TE5?-C5TURY WORK%OP SY/EM1 & ,I C\LD CLE>LY SEE H[ V]Y DIFF]5T IT 
      IS FROM ! FACTORY SY/EM ( TO-DAY1 ) :I* IT IS COMMONLY CONF\ND$2 
      !RE=E IT WAS ) A READY SYMPA?Y ?AT ,I READ ! FULL EXPLANATION ( ! 
      *ANGE & ITS T5D5CIES 9 ! WRIT+S ( A MAN1 ,I WILL SAY A GREAT MAN1 :OM1 ,I 
      SUPPOSE1 ,I \<T NOT TO NAME 9 ?IS COMPANY1 & :O CLE>$ MY M9D ON SEV]AL 
      PO9TS 7ALSO UNM5TIONABLE H]E7 RELAT+ TO ?IS SUBJECT ( LABOR & ITS 
      PRODUCTS4 ,BUT ?IS AT LEA/ ,I MU/ SAY1 ?AT :]EAS UND] ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY 
      DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM1 A MAN WAS COMPELL$ TO WORK = EV] AT A TRIFL+ PIECE 
      ( WORK 9 A BASE ME*ANICAL WAY1 :I*1 ALSO1 9 ?AT BASE WAY HE UND]/OOD1 
      UND] ! SY/EM ( ! FACTORY & ALMO/ AUTOMATIC MA*9E UND] :I* WE N[ 
      LIVE1 HE MAY *ANGE HIS WORK (T5 5\<1 MAY BE %IFT$ FROM MA*9E TO MA*9E1 
      & SC>CELY KN[ ?AT HE ISPRODUC+ ANY?+ AT ALL3 9 O!R WORDS1 UND] ! 
      EI<TE5?-C5TURY SY/EM HE WAS R$UC$ TO A MA*9E2 UND] ?AT ( ! PRES5T 
      DAY HE IS ! SLAVE ( A MA*9E4 ,IT IS ! MA*9E :I* BIDS HIM :AT TO DO ON 
      PA9 ( DEA? BY />VATION4 ,YES1 & BY NO MEANS METAPHORICALLY SO2 ! MA*9E1 
      = 9/ANCE1 CAN1 IF IT PLEASES1 IF IT *OOSES TO HURRY1 MAKE HIM WALK ?IRTY 
      MILES A DAY 9/EAD ( TW5TY1 & S5D HIM TO ! WORKH\SE IF HE REFUSES4 
     
     

      ,N[ IF Y\ ASK ME 7'TIS A BY QUE/ION7 :I* IS ! WOR/ (F1 ! MA*9E WORKMAN 
      ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY OR ! SLAVE TO ! MA*9E ( ! N9ETE5?1 ,I AM B\ND 
      TO SAY ?AT ,I ?9K ! =M] IS4 ,IF ,I GAVE Y\ MY REASONS1 FEW ( Y\ W\LD AGREE 
      ) ME1 & ,I AM NOT SURE ?AT Y\ W\LD ALL[ ME TO F9I% ?IS DISC\RSE3 AT ANY 
      RATE !Y >E SOME:AT COMPLICAT$4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION AS TO :I* SET ( WORKM5 
      PRODUC$ ! BETT] WORK CAN BE ANSW]$ ) LITTLE COMPLICATION4 ,! MA*9E 
      WORKMAN HAD TO BE WELL SKILL$ 9 HIS CONTEMPTIBLE TASK AT LEA/1 ! SLAVE TO ! 
      MA*9E NE$S BUT LITTLE SKILL1 &1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 HIS PLACE HAS BE5 TAK5 
      BY WOM5 & *ILDR51 & :AT SKILL IS NE$$ 9 ! WORK GOES 9 ! OV]LOOK+ 
      ( ! LABORS ( !SE LATT]4 ,9 %ORT1 ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ! FACTORY & ITS 
      DOM9AT+ MA*9E T5DS TO DO+ AWAY ) SKILL$ LABOR ALTOGE!R4 
     
     

      ,H]E1 !N1 IS A /RANGE CONTRA/1 :I* ,I MO/ S]I\SLY 9VITE Y\ TO CONSID]1 
      BETWE5 ! CRAFTSMAN ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & HIM ( TO-DAY4 ,! M$IEVAL MAN SETS 
      TO WORK AT HIS [N TIME1 9 HIS [N H\SE2 PROBABLY MAKES HIS TOOL1 9/RUM5T1 OR 
      SIMPLE MA*9E HIMSELF1 EV5 BE=E HE GETS ON TO HIS WEB1 OR HIS LUMP ( CLAY1 OR 
      :AT NOT4 ,:AT ORNAM5T !RE %ALL BE ON HIS F9I%$ WORK HE HIMSELF DET]M9ES1 
      & HIS M9D & H& DESIGNS IT & C>RIES IT \T2 TRADITION1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! 
      M9DS & ?\<TS ( ALL WORKM5 GONE BE=E1 ?IS1 9 ITS CONCRETE =M ( ! 
      CU/OM ( HIS CRAFT1 DOES 9DE$ GUIDE & HELP HIM2 O!RWISE HE IS FREE4 ,NOR MU/ 
      WE =GET ?AT EV5 IF HE LIVES 9 A T[N1 ! FIELDS & SWEET C\NTRY COME CLOSE 
      UP TO HIS H\SE1 & HE AT :ILES OCCUPIES HIMSELF 9 WORK+ 9 !M1 & MORE 
      ?AN ONCE OR TWICE 9 HIS LIFE HE HAS HAD TO TAKE ! B[ OR BR[N-BILL FROM ! 
      WALL1 & RUN HIS *ANCE ( MEET+ ! GREAT SECRET FACE TO FACE 9 ! RANKS ( 
      BATTLE2 (T5E/1 9DE$1 9 O!R M5'S QU>RELS1 YET SOMETIMES 9 HIS [N1 NOR 
      :OLLY UNSUCCESSFULLY !N4 
     
     

      ,BUT HE :O HAS TAK5 HIS PLACE1 H[ DOES HE WORK & LIVE8 ,SOME?+ ( ?AT WE ALL 
      KN[4 ,!RE HE HAS TO BE AT ! FACTORY-GATES BY ! TIME ! BELL R+S1 OR HE IS 
      F9$ OR 0S5T TO GRASS40 ,NAY1 NOT ALWAYS WILL ! FACTORY-GATE OP5 TO HIM2 UNLESS 
      ! MA/]1 CONTROLL$ HIMSELF BY A M>KET ( :I* HE KN[S LITTLE & ! H& 
      NO?+1 ALL[S HIM SPACE TO WORK 9 & A MA*9E TO WORK AT1 HE MU/ TURN BACK 
      & KNOCK AB\T ! /REETS1 AS MANY ?\S&S >E DO+ TO-DAY 9 ,5GL&4 ,BUT 
      SUPPOSE HIM !RE1 HAPPY BE=E HIS MA*9E2 UP & D[N HE HAS TO FOLL[ IT1 DAY 
      91 DAY \T1 & :AT ?\<TS HE HAS MU/ BE GIV5 TO SOME?+ ELSE ?AN HIS 
      WORK4 ,I REPEAT1 'TIS AS MU* AS HE CAN DO TO KN[ :AT ?+ ! MA*9E 7NOT HE7 
      IS MAK+4 ,DESIGN & ORNAM5T1 :AT HAS HE TO DO ) ?AT8 ,:Y1 HE MAY BE T5D+ 
      A MA*9E1 :I* MAKES A DEC5T PIECE ( WORK1 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 MAY BE AN 
      ACCOMPLICE 7A V]Y SMALL ONE7 9 TURN+ \T A BLATANT PIECE ( KNAV]Y & 
      IMPO/URE2 HE WILL GET AS MU* WAGES = ONE AS ! O!R1 NOR WILL ONE OR O!R BE 
      9 ! LEA/ DEGREE )9 HIS CONTROL4 ,ALL ! RELIGION1 MORALITY1 PHILAN?ROPY1 
      & FRE$OM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 WILL NOT HELP HIM TO ESCAPE ?AT DISGRACE4 
      ,NE$ ,I SAY H[ & :]E HE LIVES8 ,LODG$ 9 A SWELT]+ DOG-HOLE1 ) MILES & 
      MILES ( SIMIL> DOG-HOLES BETWE5 HIM & ! FAIR FIELDS ( ! C\NTRY1 :I* 9 
      GRIM MOCK]Y IS CALL$ 0HIS40 ,SOMETIMES ON HOLIDAYS1 BUNDL$ \T BY TRA9 TO HAVE A 
      LOOK AT IT1 TO BE BUNDL$ 9TO HIS GRIMY HELL AGA9 9 ! EV5+4 ,POOR WRET*6 
     
     

      ,TELL ME1 !N1 AT :AT P]IOD ( ?IS MAN'S WORK+ LIFE WILL Y\ PICK HIM UP & 
      SET HIM TO IMITAT+ ! WORK ( ! FREE CRAFTS-GUILDSMAN ( ! F\RTE5? 
      C5TURY1 & EXPECT HIM TO TURN \T WORK LIKE HIS 9 QUALITY8 
     
     

      ,WELL1 NOT TO WEAK5 MY >GUM5T BY EXAGG]ATION1 ,I ADMIT ?AT ?\< A HUGE 
      QUANTITY ( W\LD-BE >TI/IC WORK IS DONE BY ?IS SLAVE ( ! MA*9E AT ! 
      BIDD+ ( SOME RIDICUL\S M>KET OR O!R1 ! CRAFTS RELAT+ TO BUILD+ HAVE 
      NOT REA*$ ?AT PO9T 9 ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION2 !Y >E AN EXAMPLE ( MY 
      ASS]TION ?AT ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM /ILL EXI/S1 & 
      WORKS SIDE BY SIDE ) ! GREAT FACTORY & MA*9E SY/EM4 ,YET1 H]E1 TOO1 ! 
      PROGRESS ( ! DEGRADATION IS OBVI\S 5\<1 S9CE ! SIMIL> CRAFTSM5 ( ! 
      EI<TE5? C5TURY /ILL HAD L+]+ AMONG !M SCRAPS ( TRADITION FROM ! 
      TIMES ( >T N[ LO/4 :ILE N[ 9 ?OSE CRAFTS ! DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM HAS 
      EAT5 DEEP FROM ! >*ITECT TO ! HOD-MAN1 &1 MOREOV]1 ! /&>D ( 
      EXCELL5CE1 SO F> FROM ITS BE>+ ANY RELATION TO ?AT ( ! FREE WORKMAN ( ! 
      GUILDS1 HAS SUNK F> BEL[ ?AT ( ! MAN 5SLAV$ BY DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! 
      EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & IS NOT A :IT BETT] ?AN ?AT ( ! %ODDY-MAK] ( ! 
      GREAT 9DU/RIES2 9 %ORT1 ! WORKMAN ( ! GREAT MA*9E 9DU/RY IS ! TYPE 
      ( LABOR TO-DAY4 
     
     

      ,SURELY IT IS A CURI\S ?+ ?AT :ILE WE >E READY TO LAU< AT ! IDEA ( ! 
      POSSIBILITY ( ! ,GREEK WORKMAN TURN+ \T A ,GO?IC BUILD+1 OR A ,GO?IC WORKMAN 
      TURN+ \T A ,GREEK ONE1 WE SEE NO?+ PREPO/]\S 9 ! ,VICTORIAN WORKMAN 
      PRODUC+ A ,GO?IC ONE4 ,& ?IS1 AL?\< WE HAVE ANY AM\NT ( SPECIM5S ( ! 
      WORK ( ! ,R5AISSANCE P]IOD1 :OSE WORKM51 UND] ! P$ANTIC & RETROSPECTIVE 
      DIRECTION ( ! TIMES1 W]E !ORETICALLY SUPPOS$ TO BE ABLE TO IMITATE ! 
      ANCI5T CLASSICAL WORK1 :I* IMITATION1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 TURN$ \T 
      OB/9ATELY *>ACT]I/IC ( !IR [N P]IOD1 & D]IV$ ALL ! M]IT IT HAD 
      FROM ?OSE *>ACT]I/ICS - A CURI\S ?+1 & P]HAPS ( ALL ! SIGNS ( 
      WEAKNESS ( >T AT ! PRES5T DAY ONE ( ! MO/ DISC\RAG+4 ,I MAY BE TOLD1 
      P]HAPS1 ?AT ! V]Y HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 ( :I* ,I HAVE SPOK5 ABOVE1 & 
      :I* ! P$ANTRY ( ! ,R5AISSANCE & EI<TE5? C5TURY LACK$1 HAS 5ABL$ US 
      TO P]=M ?AT MIRACLE ( RAIS+ ! DEAD C5TURIES TO LIFE AGA92 BUT TO MY M9D 
      IT IS A /RANGE VIEW TO TAKE ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE & 9SI<T1 ?AT IT %\LD 
      SET US ON ! ADV5TURE ( TRY+ TO RETRACE \R /EPS T[>DS ! PA/1 RA!R 
      ?AN GIVE US SOME GLIMM] ( 9SI<T 9TO ! FUTURE2 A /RANGE VIEW ( ! 
      CONT9UITY ( HI/ORY1 ?AT IT %\LD MAKE US IGNORE ! V]Y *ANGES :I* >E ! 
      ESS5CE ( ?AT CONT9UITY4 ,9 TRU?1 ! >T ( ! PA/ CYCLE1 ?AT ( ! 
      ,R5AISSANCE1 :I* FLICK]$ \T AT LA/ 9 ! FEEBLE TWADDLE ( ! DILETTANTISM 
      ( ! LATT] ,GEORGES1 HAD AB\T IT1 AS ,I H9T$ ABOVE1 A SUP]CILI\S CONFID5CE 
      9 ITSELF1 :I* 5TIRELY =BADE IT TO ACCEPT ANY IMITATION ( /YLE BUT ONE1 AS 
      DESIRABLE1 :I* ONE WAS ?AT :I* IT REG>D$ AS P>T ( ITSELF4 ,IT C\LD MAKE NO 
      MORE *OICE 9 /YLE ?AN ,GREEK OR ,GO?IC >T C\LD2 IT FULLY1 IF TACITLY1 ADMITT$ 
      ! EVOLUTION ( HI/ORY1 ACCEPT$ ! DIVISION-(-LABOR WORKMAN1 & SO1 9DE$1 
      DID ITS BE/1 & HAD A K9D ( LIFE AB\T IT1 DRE>Y AS ?AT LIFE WAS1 & 
      EXPRESSIVE 5\< ( ! /UPID BUT FE>LESS MIDDLE CLASS DOM9ATION :I* WAS ! 
      ESS5CE ( ! P]IOD4 
     
     

      ,BUT WE1 ,I SAY1 WE REFUSE TO ADMIT ! EVOLUTION ( HI/ORY4 ,WE SET \R SLAVE TO ! 
      MA*9E TO DO ! WORK ( ! FREE M$IEVAL WORKMAN OR ( ! MAN ( ! TRANSITION 
      P]IOD 9DIFF]5TLY4 ,WE1 IF NO AGE ELSE1 HAVE LE>N$ ! TRICK ( MASQU]AD+ 9 
      O!R M5'S CA/(F CLO!S1 & C>RY ON A /RANGE HYPOCRITICAL !ATRICAL 
      P]=MANCE1 RA!R ) TIMID /OLIDITY ?AN ) HAU<TY CONFID5CE1 DET]M9$ 
      TO %UT \R EYES TO EV]Y?+ S]I\SLY DISAGREEABLE1 NOR HE$+ ! SIL5T 
      MOVEM5T ( REAL HI/ORY :I* IS /ILL GO+ ON >\ND & UND]NEA? \R R>EE 
      %[4 
     
     

      ,SURELY SU* A /ATE ( ?+S IS A TOK5 ( *ANGE - ( *ANGE1 SPE$Y P]HAPS1 
      COMPLETE C]TA9LY2 ( ! VISIBLE 5D ( ONE CYCLE & ! BEG9N+ ( ANO!R4 
      ,=1 /RANGE TO SAY1 H]E IS A SOCIETY :I* ON ITS CULTIVAT$ SURFACE HAS NO 
      DI/9CT *>ACT]I/ICS ( ITS [N1 BUT FLOATS1 P>T ( IT HI!R1 P>T ?I!R - 
      ?IS SET ( M9DS DRIFT+ T[>D ! BEAUTY ( ! PA/1 ?AT T[>D ! LOGIC ( 
      ! FUTURE1 EA* TACITLY AT LEA/ BELIEV+ ?AT !YNE$ BUT C\NT ( HEADS ON 
      !IR SIDE TO E/ABLI% A CONV5TION ( MANY1 :I* %\LD RULE ! WORLD1 DESPITE 
      ( HI/ORY & LOGIC1 IGNOR+ NECESSITY :I* HAS MADE EV5 !IR BL9D 
      FEEBL5ESS :AT IT IS4 ,& ALL ! :ILE B5EA? ?IS CULTIVAT$ SURFACE WORKS ! 
      GREAT COMM]CIAL SY/EM1 :I* ! CULTIVAT$ LOOK ON AS !IR S]VANT & ! BOND 
      ( SOCIETY1 BUT :I* REALLY IS !IR MA/] & ! BREAK]-UP ( SOCIETY2 = IT 
      IS 9 ITSELF & 9 ITS ESS5CE A W>1 & CAN ONLY *ANGE ITS *>ACT] ) ITS 
      DEA?3 MAN AGA9/ MAN1 CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 ) ?IS MOTTO1 ,:AT ,I GA9 Y\ LOSE1 
      ?AT W> MU/ GO ON TILL ! GREAT *ANGE COMES :OSE 5D IS PEACE & NOT W>4 
     
     

      ,& :AT >E WE1 :O >E MET TOGE!R H]E AFT] SEV5 YE>S ( HUMBLE /RIV+ = 
      EXI/5CE1 = LEAVE TO DO SOME?+8 ,M]E /RAWS 9 ?AT OCEAN ( HALF-CONSCI\S 
      HYPOCRISY :I* IS CALL$ CULTIVAT$ SOCIETY8 ,NAY1 ,I HOPE NOT4 ,AT LEA/1 WE DO NOT 
      TURN R\ND ON HI/ORY & SAY1 ,?AT IS BAD & ?AT IS GOOD2 ,I LIKE ?IS & ,I 
      DON'T LIKE ?AT2 BUT RA!R WE SAY1 ,?IS WAS LIFE1 & !SE1 ! WORKS ( \R 
      FA!RS1 >E MAT]IAL SIGNS ( IT4 ,?AT LIFE LIVES 9 Y\1 ?\< Y\ HAVE 
      =GOTT5 IT2 ?OSE MAT]IAL SIGNS ( IT1 ?\< Y\ DO NOT HE$ !M1 WILL ONE DAY 
      BE S\<T =3 & ?AT NECESSITY :I* IS EV5 N[ =M+ ! SOCIETY ( ! TIME 
      TO BE1 & %ALL ONE DAY MAKE IT MANIFE/1 HAS AMONG O!R ?+S =C$ US TO DO 
      \R BE/ TO TREASURE !M1 !SE TOK5S ( LIFE PA/ & PRES5T4 ,! SOCIETY ( 
      TO-DAY1 AN>*ICAL AS IT IS1 IS NEV]!LESS =M+ A NEW ORD] ( :I* WE 9 
      COMMON ) ALL ?OSE :O1 ,I WILL SAY IT1 HAVE C\RAGE TO ACCEPT REALITIES & 
      REJECT %AMS1 >E & MU/ BE1 A P>T2 SO ?AT 9 ! LONG RUN \R WORK1 HOPELESS 
      AS IT MU/ SOMETIMES SEEM TO US1 WILL NOT BE UTT]LY LO/4 ,=1 AFT] ALL1 :AT IS 
      IT ?AT WE >E CONT5D+ =8 ,! REALITY ( >T1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( ! PLEASURE 
      ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,! T5D5CY ( ! COMM]CIAL OR COMPETITIVE SOCIETY1 :I* HAS 
      BE5 DEVELOP+ = MORE ?AN #c YE>S1 HAS BE5 T[>DS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 
      PLEASURE ( LIFE4 ,BUT ?AT COMPETITIVE SOCIETY HAS AT LA/ DEVELOP$ ITSELF SO F> 
      ?AT1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ITS [N *ANGE & DEA? IS APPROA*+1 & AS ONE TOK5 ( 
      ! *ANGE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PLEASURE ( LIFE IS BEG9N+ TO SEEM TO MANY ( 
      US NO LONG] A NECESSITY BUT A ?+ TO BE /RIV5 AGA9/4 ,ON ! G5U95ESS & 
      REALITY ( ?AT HOPE ! EXI/5CE1 ! REASON = EXI/5CE ( \R ,SOCIETY 
      DEP5DS4 ,BELIEVE ME1 IT WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE = A SMALL KNOT ( CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE 
      TO KEEP ALIVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ! >T & RECORDS ( ! PA/ AMID ! PRES5T 
      CONDITIONS ( A SORDID & HE>T-BREAK+ /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE = ! MANY1 & 
      A LANGUID SAUNT]+ ?R\< LIFE = ! FEW4 ,BUT :5 SOCIETY IS SO RECON/ITUT$ 
      ?AT ALL CITIZ5S WILL HAVE A *ANCE ( LEAD+ A LIFE MADE UP ( DUE LEISURE & 
      REASONABLE WORK1 !N WILL ALL SOCIETY1 & NOT \R 0,SOCIETY0 ONLY1 RESOLVE TO 
      PROTECT ANCI5T BUILD+S FROM ALL DAMAGE1 WANTON OR ACCID5TAL1 = !N AT LA/ 
      !Y WILL BEG9 TO UND]/& ?AT !Y >E P>T ( !IR PRES5T LIVES1 & P>T 
      ( !MSELVES4 ,?AT WILL COME :5 ! TIME IS RIPE = IT2 = AT PRES5T EV5 IF 
      !Y KNEW ( !IR LOSS !Y C\LD NOT PREV5T IT1 S9CE !Y >E LIV+ 9 A /ATE 
      ( W>1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( BL9D WA/E4 
     
     

      ,SURELY WE ( ?IS ,SOCIETY HAVE HAD ! TRU? DRIV5 HOME PRACTICALLY (T5 5\<1 
      HAVE (T5 HAD TO CONFESS ?AT IF ! DE/RUCTION OR BRUTIFICATION ( AN ANCI5T 
      MONUM5T ( >T & HI/ORY WAS 0A MATT] ( MONEY10 IT WAS HOPELESS /RIV+ 
      AGA9/ IT4 ,DO NOT LET US BE SO FEEBLE OR C[>DLY AS TO REFUSE TO FACE ?IS FACT1 
      =1 = US ALSO1 AL?\< \R FUNCTION 9 =M+ ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY MAY BE A 
      HUMBLE ONE1 !RE IS NO COMPROMISE4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT WE >E LIV+ 9 ! TIME ( 
      B>B>ISM BETWIXT TWO P]IODS ( ORD]1 ! ORD] ( ! PA/ & ! ORD] ( ! 
      FUTURE1 & !N1 ?\< !RE MAY BE SOME ( US :O ?9K 7AS ,I DO7 ?AT ! 5D 
      ( ?AT B>B>ISM IS DRAW+ NE>1 & O!RS ?AT IT IS F> DI/ANT1 YET WE CAN 
      BO? ( US1 ,I ! HOPEFUL & Y\ ! UNHOPEFUL1 WORK TOGE!R TO PRES]VE :AT 
      RELICS ( ! OLD ORD] >E YET LEFT US = ! 9/RUCTION1 ! PLEASURE1 ! HOPE 
      ( ! NEW4 ,SO MAY ! TIMES ( PRES5T W> BE LESS DISA/R\S1 IF BUT A LITTLE - 
      ! TIMES ( COM+ PEACE MORE FRUITFUL4 
     
     
      ,BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE 
     
     
       ,TITLE 
     
     

      ,>*ITECTURE & ,HI/ORY 7#a#h#h#d74 
     
     
      ,DELIV]IES 
     
     

      #a4 #a ,JULY #a#h#h#d3 ,BE=E ,S,P,A,B AT ! ,ANNUAL ,MEET+ HELD AT ! ,SOCIETY ( 
      ,>TS1 ,ADELPHI ,/REET1 ,ADELPHI1 ,LONDON4 ,! ,HON ,R4 ,C4 ,GROSV5OR WAS *AIRMAN4 
     
     
      ,REVIEW 
     
     

      #a4 ^*,BETWE5 ! ,PA/ & ! ,FUTURE'1 ,! ,>*ITECT1 #ab ,JULY #a#h#h#d1 PP4 
      #a#e-#a#f4 
     
     
      ,PUBLICATION 
     
     

      #a4 ,AS ^*,PAP] ,READ BY ,MR4 ,MORRIS'1 ,S,P,A,B ,REPORT1 #a#h#h#d1 7,LONDON #a#h#h#d71 #d#i-#g#f4 
     
     

      #b4 .<,PORTIONS.> AS ^*,M$IEVAL & ,MOD]N ,CRAFTSMAN%IP'1 ,! ,>*ITECT1 #ac 
      ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#d1 PP4 #a#g#a-#g#c4 
     
     

      #c4 .<,PORTIONS.> 9 ,! ,CL>ION1 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#d4 
     
     

      #d4 ,AS ,>*ITECTURE & ,HI/ORY & ,WE/M9/] ,ABBEY1 7,LONDON3 ,*ISWICK 
      ,PRESS #a#i71 PP4 #a-#c#c4 ,?IS WAS PR9T$ US+ ! ,GOLD5 ,TYPE4 
     
     

      #e4 .<,DUT* TRANSLATION.> 9 ,KUN/ 5 ,MAATS*APPIJ1 7,ROTT]DAM #a#i#c71 PP4 
      #a-#c4 
     
     

      #e4 ,! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 $4 ,MAY ,MORRIS1 7,LONDON3 
      ,LONGMAN1 ,GRE5 @& ,CO4 #a#i#a-#a#e71 ,VOL4 ,X,X,I,I1 PP4 #b#i#f-#c#a#g4 
     
     

      #f4 ,AS ^*,PAP] ,READ AT ! ,SEV5? ,ANNUAL ,MEET+ ( ! ,S,P,A,B1 #a ,JULY1 #a#h#h#d'1  
      ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS3 ,>TI/1 ,WRIT]1 ,SOCIALI/1 $4 ,MAY ,MORRIS1 7,OX=D3 ,BASIL 
      ,BLACKWELL #a#i#c#f71 ,VOL4 ,I1 PP4 #a#b#d-#d#e4 
     
     

      #g4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ON ,>*ITECTURE1 $4 ,*RIS ,MIELE1 7,%EFFIELD3 ,%EFFIELD 
      ,ACADEMIC ,PRESS #a#i#i#f71 PP4 #i#i-#a#b#a4 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,>*ITECTURE & ,HI/ORY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,>*ITECTURE & ,HI/ORY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/