,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,NEW ,POLITICS 7,OLD ,S]IES7 #aifb 

,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK'S LIFE SPAN CO9CID$ ) :AT WAS ALMO/ ! :OLE 
HI/ORY ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T2 HE EXP]I5C$ ITS RISE AS A MOVEM5T ( 
SOCIAL PROTE/1 ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A MOVEM5T ( SOCIAL RE=M1 & ITS 
ECLIPSE AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,BUT 
,PANNEKOEK ALSO EXP]I5C$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES 9 ! SPONTANE\S 
UPHEAVALS :I*1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 9T]RUPT$ ! EV5 FL[ ( SOCIAL 
EVOLUTION4 ,HE 5T]$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T A ,M>XI/ & HE DI$ A ,M>XI/1 
/ILL CONV9C$ ?AT IF !RE IS A FUTURE1 IT WILL BE A SOCIALI/ FUTURE4 

,AS HAVE MANY PROM95T ,DUT* SOCIALI/S1 ,PANNEKOEK CAME FROM ! MIDDLE 
CLASS & HIS 9T]E/ 9 SOCIALISM1 AS HE ONCE REM>K$1 WAS DUE TO A 
SCI5TIFIC B5T /RONG 5\< TO EMBRACE BO? SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,TO HIM1 
,M>XISM WAS ! EXT5SION ( SCI5CE TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 & ! HUMANIZATION 
( SOCIETY4 ,HIS GREAT 9T]E/ 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE WAS 5TIRELY COMPATIBLE ) 
HIS 9T]E/ 9 NATURAL SCI5CE2 HE BECAME NOT ONLY ONE ( ! LEAD+ 
!ORETICIANS ( ! RADICAL LABOR MOVEM5T BUT ALSO AN A/RONOM] & 
MA!MATICIAN ( WORLD R5[N4 

,?IS UNIFY+ ATTITUDE REG>D+ NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY 
DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( MO/ ( ,PANNEKOEK'S WORK4 ,ONE ( HIS E>LIE/ 
PUBLICATIONS1 ,M>XISM & ,D>W9ISM1 ELUCIDATES ! RELATION%IP 
BETWE5 ! TWO !ORIES2 ONE ( HIS LA/1 ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS1 DEALS 
) ! ORIG9 ( MAN4 0,! SCI5TIFIC IMPORTANCE ( ,M>XISM AS WELL AS 
( ,D>W9ISM10 HE WROTE1 0CONSI/S 9 !IR FOLL[+ \T ! 
!ORY ( EVOLUTION1 ! ONE UPON ! DOMA9 ( ! ORGANIC WORLD1 ! O!R 
UPON ! DOMA9 ( SOCIETY40 ,:AT WAS SO IMPORTANT 9 ,D>W9'S WORK 
WAS ! RECOGNITION ?AT 0UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES SOME ANIMAL-K9DS 
WILL NECESS>ILY DEVELOP 9TO O!R ANIMAL-K9DS40 ,!RE WAS A 
0ME*ANISM10 A 0NATURAL LAW10 :I* EXPLA9$ ! 
EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,?AT ,D>W9 ID5TIFI$ ?IS 0NATURAL LAW0 
) A /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ANALOG\S TO CAPITALI/ COMPETITION DID NOT 
AFFECT HIS !ORY1 NOR DID CAPITALI/ COMPETITION BECOME !RE) A 
0NATURAL LAW40 

,IT WAS ,M>X :O =MULAT$ ! PROPELL+ =CE = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 
0,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 REF]R$ TO SOCIETY2 & ?\< ! WORLD 
CONSI/S ( BO? NATURE & SOCIETY - AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! NE$ = MAN TO 
EAT 9 ORD] TO LIVE - ! LAWS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T >E NOT 0LAWS 
( NATURE04 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ALL 0LAWS10 :E!R ( NATURE OR 
SOCIETY1 >E NOT ABSOLUTE4 ,BUT !Y >E RELIABLE 5\<1 AS V]IFI$ BY 
EXP]I5CE1 TO BE CONSID]$ 0ABSOLUTE0 = PURPOSES ( HUMAN 
PRACTICE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 !Y D5Y %E] >BITR>9ESS & FREE *OICE & RELATE 
TO OBS]V$ RULES & REGUL>ITIES :I* ALL[ = EXPECTATIONS ?AT =M ! 
RATIONALE = HUMAN ACTIVITIES4 

,) ,M>X ,PANNEKOEK HELD ?AT IT IS 0! PRODUCTION ( ! MAT]IAL 
NECESSITIES ( LIFE :I* =MS ! MA9 /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY & DET]M9ES 
! POLITICAL RELATIONS & SOCIAL /RUGGLES40 ,IT IS BY WAY ( CLASS 
/RUGGLE ?AT DECISIVE SOCIAL *ANGES HAVE BE5 BR\<T AB\T & !SE *ANGES 
HAVE L$ FROM A LESS TO A MORE PRODUCTIVE LEVEL ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 
,SOCIALISM1 TOO1 IMPLIES ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( 
PRODUCTION1 :I* >E N[ HAMP]$ BY ! PREVAIL+ CLASS RELATIONS4 ,& ?IS 
CAN ONLY BE DONE BY A LABOR+ POPULATION ABLE TO BASE ITS EXPECTATIONS ON ! 
EM]G5CE ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,9 KN[N HI/ORY1 /AGES ( HUMAN & SOCIAL 
EXI/5CE >E RECOGNIZABLE ?R\< *ANG+ TOOLS & =MS ( PRODUCTION ?AT 
ALT] ! PRODUCTIVITY ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,! 0ORIG90 ( ?IS 
PROCESS IS LO/ 9 PRE-HI/ORY1 BUT IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT IT IS TO BE 
F\ND 9 MAN'S /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 A NATURAL SETT+ :I* 5ABL$ 
& =C$ HIM TO DEVELOP A CAPACITY = WORK & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,S9CE 
,FRI$RI* ,5GELS WROTE ,! ,ROLE ( ,LABOR 9 ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,APE 
9TO ,MAN1 A :OLE LIT]ATURE HAS BE5 BUILT >\ND ! QUE/ION ( TOOLS 
& HUMAN EVOLUTION4 

,9 ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS1 ,PANNEKOEK RETURN$ TO PROBLEMS RAIS$ 9 
HIS E>LY ,M>XISM & ,D>W9ISM4 ,JU/ AS !RE >E 
0ME*ANISMS0 ?AT ACC\NT = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & NATURAL 
EVOLUTION1 SO !RE MU/ BE A 0ME*ANISM0 ?AT EXPELS ! RISE ( 
MAN 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,SOCIETY1 MUTUAL AID1 & EV5 ! USE ( 
0TOOLS0 >E *>ACT]I/IC ( O!R SPECIES BESIDES MAN2 :AT IS 
SPECIFIC TO MAN IS LANGUAGE1 REASON1 & ! MAK+ ( TOOLS4 ,IT IS ! LA/1 
! MAK+ ( TOOLS1 :I* 9 ALL PROBABILITY ACC\NTS = ! SIMULTANE\S 
DEVELOPM5T ( LANGUAGE & ?\<T4 ,BECAUSE ! USE ( TOOLS 9T]POSES ITSELF 
BETWE5 AN ORGANISM & ! \T] WORLD1 BETWE5 /IMULUS & ACTION1 IT 
COMPELS ACTION1 & H5CE ?9K+1 TO MAKE A DET\R1 FROM S5SE IMPRESSIONS BY 
WAY ( ! TOOL1 TO ! OBJECT4 

,SPEE* W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T HUMAN ?9K+4 ,! HUMAN M9D HAS ! 
CAPACITY = AB/RACT ?\<T1 ( ?9K+ 9 CONCEPTS4 ,:ILE M5TAL LIFE = 
BO? MAN & ANIMAL />TS FROM S5SATIONS1 :I* COMB9E 9TO IMAGES1 ! 
HUMAN M9D DIFF]5TIATES BETWE5 P]CEPTIONS & ACTIONS BY WAY ( ?\<T1 
JU/ AS ! TOOL 9T]V5ES BETWE5 MAN & ?AT :I* HE SEEKS TO ATTA94 ,! 
BREAK BETWE5 P]CEPTIONS & ACTIONS1 & ! RET5TION ( PA/ P]CEPTIONS1 
ALL[S = CONSCI\SNESS & ?\<T1 :I* E/ABLI%ES ! 9T] CONNECTIONS 
( P]CEPTIONS & =MULATES !ORIES APPLICABLE TO PRACTICAL ACTIONS4 ,NATURAL 
SCI5CE IS A LIV+ PRO( ( ! CLOSE CONNECTION ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 TOOLS & 
?9K+4 ,BECAUSE ! TOOL IS A SEP>ATE & DEAD OBJECT :I* CAN BE REPLAC$ 
:5 DAMAG$1 CAN BE *ANG$ = A BETT] ONE & DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO A 
MULTIPLICITY ( =MS = V>I\S USES1 IT ASSUR$ MAN'S EXTRAORD9>Y 
& RAPID DEVELOPM5T2 ITS USE1 9 TURN1 ASSUR$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS BRA94 
,LABOR1 !N1 IS ! MAK+ & ! 0ESS5CE0 ( MAN1 H[EV] MU* 
! WORK] MAY BE DESPIS$ & ALI5AT$4 ,WORK & ! MAK+ ( TOOLS LIFT$ 
MAN \T ( ! ANIMAL WORLD TO ! PLANE ( SOCIAL ACTIONS 9 ORD] TO COPE 
) LIFE'S NECESSITIES4 

,! *ANGE FROM ANIMAL TO MAN MU/ HAVE BE5 A V]Y LONG PROCESS4 ,BUT ! 
*ANGE FROM PRIMITIVE TO MOD]N MAN IS RELATIVELY %ORT4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES 
PRIMITIVE FROM MOD]N MAN IS NOT A DIFF]5T BRA9 CAPACITY BUT A DIFF]5CE 9 
! USES ( ?IS CAPACITY4 ,:]E SOCIAL PRODUCTION /AGNATES1 SOCIETY 
/AGNATES2 :]E ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR DEVELOPS SL[LY1 SOCIAL *ANGE IS 
ALSO T>DY4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETY SOCIAL PRODUCTION DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY1 CREAT+ NEW 
& DE/ROY+ OLD CLASS RELATION%IPS4 ,NOT ! NATURAL /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 
BUT ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE = ONE OR ANO!R CONCEPT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAS 
DET]M9$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 SOCIALISM HAS BE5 BO? !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,IT IS 
?US NOT RE/RICT$ TO ?OSE :O >E ?\<T TO B5EFIT BY ! TRANS=MATION 
FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,BE+ CONC]N$ ) ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY & 
! 5D+ ( SOCIAL /RIFE1 & BY ATTRACT+ 9TELLIG5T M5 FROM ALL LAY]S 
( SOCIETY1 SOCIALISM DEMON/RAT$ ITS POSSIBLE REALIZATION 9 ADVANCE4 ,ALREADY 
AS A Y\NG /UD5T ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 SPECIALIZ+ 9 A/RONOMY1 
,PANNEKOEK 5T]$ ! ,SOCIAAL ,DEMOKRATIS*E ,>BEIT]SP>TIJ 7,S,D,A,P7 & F\ND 
HIMSELF1 AT ONCE1 9 ITS LEFT W+1 ON ! SIDE ( ,H]MAN ,GORT] & ,H5RIETTE 
,ROL&-,HOL/4 

,?IS P>TY HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY ! ,SOCIAAL-,DEMOKRATIS*E ,BOND 7,S,D,P7 :I* 
UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS DISSOCIAT$ ITSELF FROM ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ANTI-MILIT>ISM WAS ITS =EMO/ CONC]N & ,NIEUW5HUIS 
ADVOCAT$ ! USE ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE = ! PREV5TION ( W>4 ,HE C\LD NOT 
GET A MAJORITY = HIS PROPOSALS & HE DETECT$1 QUITE E>LY1 ! TR5D 
T[>DS CLASS COLLABORATION )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE OPPOS$ ! EXCLUSION 
( ! ,AN>*I/S FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL & HIS EXP]I5CES AS A MEMB] ( 
,P>LIAM5T L$ HIM TO REJECT P>LIAM5T>ISM AS A WEAPON ( SOCIAL 
EMANCIPATION4 ,! 0AN>*I/-SYNDICALI/0 T5D5CIES1 REPRES5T$ 
BY ,NIEUW5HUIS1 SPLIT ! ORGANIZATION1 & ! NEW SOCIALI/ P>TY1 MORE AK9 
TO ! 0MODEL0 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 CAME 9TO BE+4 ,H[EV]1 
! RADICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! OLD P>TY 5T]$ ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,DUT* 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,?IS TRADITIONAL RADICALISM F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! NEW P>TY'S 
MON?LY1 ,DE ,NIEUWE ,TIJD1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( 
,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK :O F\<T ! GR[+ OPPORTUNISM ( ! P>TY LEAD]S4 
,9 #aii ! LEFT W+ GR\P >\ND ,GORT] WAS EXPELL$ & E/ABLI%$ A NEW 
ORGANIZATION1 ! ,SOZIAL-,DEMOKRATIS*E ,P>TIJ4 ,PANNEKOEK HAD MEAN:ILE GONE TO 
,G]MANY4 ,HE LECTUR$ 9 ! P>TY S*OOLS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOZIAL-,DEMOKRATIS*E 
,P>TEI1 WROTE = ITS !ORETICAL PUBLICATIONS & = V>I\S O!R PAP]S1 
ESPECIALLY ! ,BREM] ,BURG]ZEITUNG4 ,HE ASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF ) 
,GORT]'S NEW ORGANIZATION :I*1 YE>S LAT]1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( VAN 
,REVE/EYN1 ,WIJNKOOP1 & ,CETON BECAME ! ,MOSC[ ORI5T$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIJ4 

,?\< 9 ! TRADITION ( ! 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM0 ( 
,NIEUW5HUIS1 ,PANNEKOEK'S OPPOSITION TO RE=MISM & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 
0REVISIONISM0 WAS A ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION TO ! 0(FICIAL 
,M>XISM0 9 BO? ITS 0OR?ODOX0 & 0REVISIONI/0 
=MS4 ,9 ITS 0OR?ODOX0 =M1 ,M>XISM S]V$ AS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT 
COV]$ UP A NON-,M>XIAN !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,BUT ,PANNEKOEK'S DEF5SE ( 
,M>XISM WAS NOT ?AT ( ! DOCTR9AIRE2 MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE HE RECOGNIZ$ 
?AT ,M>XISM IS NOT A DOGMA BUT A ME?OD ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIAL ISSUES 9 ! 
ACTUAL PROCESS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,NOT ONLY W]E C]TA9 ASPECTS ( 
,M>XI/ !ORY SUP]C$$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM ITSELF1 BUT SOME ( ITS 
!SES1 BR\<T =? UND] DEF9ITE CONDITIONS1 W\LD LOSE !IR VALIDITY :5 
CONDITIONS *ANG$4 

,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BR\<T ,PANNEKOEK BACK TO ,HOLL&4 ,PRIOR TO ! W>1 
TOGE!R ) ,RADEK1 ,PAUL ,FROLI* & ,JOHANN ,KNIEF1 HE HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 
,BREM54 ,! ,BREM5 GR\P ( LEFT-RADICALS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/S1 LAT] 
AMALGAMAT$ ) ! ,SP>TAKUS ,BUND1 ?US LAY+ ! F\NDATION = ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 ,ANTI-W> GR\PS 9 ,G]MANY F\ND !IR LEAD]S 9 
,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,FRANZ ,MEHR+2 ANTI-W> S5TIM5T 9 
,HOLL& C5T]$ >\ND ,H]MAN ,GORT]1 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 & ,H5RIETTA 
,ROL&-,HOL/4 ,9 ,ZIMM]WALD & ,KI5?AL !SE GR\PS JO9$ ,L59 & HIS 
FOLL[]S 9 CONDEMN+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> & ADVOCAT+ PROLET>IAN ACTIONS 
= EI!R PEACE OR REVOLUTION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 HAIL$ AS A 
POSSIBLE BEG9N+ ( A WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 WAS SUPPORT$ BY BO? 
,DUT* & ,G]MAN RADICALS DESPITE PREVI\S BASIC DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M & 
! ,L59I/S4 

,:ILE /ILL 9 PRISON1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG EXPRESS$ MISGIV+S AB\T ! 
AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES ( BOL%EVISM4 ,%E FE>$ = ! SOCIALI/ CONT5T ( 
! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION UNLESS IT %\LD F9D A RECTIFY+ SUPPORT 9 A 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 ,H] POSITION ( CRITICAL SUPPORT T[>DS 
! BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS %>$ BY ,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK4 ,!Y WORK$ 
NEV]!LESS 9 ! NEW ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 !IR VIEWS1 H[EV]1 ?IS ,9T]NATIONAL WAS TO BE NEW NOT 
ONLY 9 NAME BUT ALSO 9 \TLOOK1 & ) REG>D TO BO? ! SOCIALI/ GOAL 
& ! WAY TO REA* IT4 ,! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM IS /ATE 
SOCIALISM1 TO BE WON BY WAY ( DEMOCRATIC-P>LIAM5T>Y PROC$URES4 ,UNIV]SAL 
SUFFRAGE & TRADE UNIONISM W]E ! 9/RUM5TS TO ACCOMPLI% A PEACEFUL 
TRANSITION FROM CAPITAL ISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,L59 & ! BOL%EVIKS DID NOT 
BELIEVE 9 A PEACEFUL TRANS=MATION & ADVOCAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ 
( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT !IR CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM WAS /ILL ?AT ( 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 & 9/RUM5TALITIES TO ?IS 5D /ILL 9CLUD$ 
P>LIAM5T>ISM & TRADE UNIONISM4 

,H[EV]1 ,CZ>ISM WAS NOT OV]?R[N BY DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES & TRADE UNION 
ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ?AT ( 
SPONTANE\SLY-EVOLV+ SOVIETS1 ( WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 
:I* SOON GAVE WAY1 H[EV]1 TO ! BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 ,JU/ AS ,L59 WAS 
READY TO MAKE USE ( ! SOVIET MOVEM5T1 SO WAS HE READY TO UTILIZE ANY O!R 
=M ( ACTIVITY1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>ISM & TRADE UNIONISM1 TO GA9 HIS 5D 
- DICTATORIAL P[] = HIS P>TY CAM\FLAG$ AS ! 0DICTATOR%IP 
( ! PROLET>IAT10 ,HAV+ REA*$ HIS GOAL 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE TRI$ TO 
CONSOLIDATE HIS REGIME ) ! HELP ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE &1 %\LD ?IS FAIL1 BY TRY+ TO GA9 SUFFICI5T 9FLU5CE 9 ! 
,WE/]N LABOR MOVEM5T TO SECURE AT LEA/ ITS 9DIRECT SUPPORT4 ,BECAUSE ( ! 
IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! BOL%EVIK REGIME1 AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL IDEAS ( ITS 
LEAD]S1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS NOT ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW LABOR 
MOVEM5T BUT M]ELY AN ATTEMPT TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! OLD MOVEM5T & USE IT 
TO SECURE ! BOL%EVIK REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! SOCIAL PATRIOTISM ( ! ,WE/]N LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & !IR POLICY 
( CLASS COLLABORATION DUR+ ! W> CONV9C$ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?AT !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT BE US$ = REVOLUTION>Y 
PURPOSES4 ,!Y HAD BECOME 9/ITUTIONS B\ND TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & HAD 
TO BE DE/ROY$ TOGE!R ) CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV] UNAVOIDABLE & NECESS>Y = 
! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM & ! /RUGGLE = IMM$IATE NE$S1 
P>LIAM5T>ISM & TRADE UNIONISM W]E NO LONG] 9/RUM5TS ( CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,:5 !Y DID 5T] ! BASIC SOCIAL CONFLICT1 IT WAS ON ! SIDE ( 
CAPITAL4 ,= ,PANNEKOEK ?IS WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( BAD LEAD]%IP1 TO BE SOLV$ 
BY A BETT] ONE1 BUT ( *ANG$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS :]E9 P>LIAM5T>ISM & 
TRADE UNIONISM PLAY$ NO LONG] AN EMANCIPATORY ROLE4 ,! CAPITALI/ CRISIS 9 
! WAKE ( ! W> POS$ ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION & ! OLD LABOR 
MOVEM5T C\LD NOT BE TURN$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y =CE S9CE SOCIALISM HAS NO 
ROOM = TRADE UNIONS OR =MAL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,:]EV]1 DUR+ ! W>1 WORK]S F\<T = IMM$IATE DEM&S !Y HAD TO 
DO SO AGA9/ ! TRADE UNIONS1 AS 9 ! MASS-/RIKES 9 ,HOLL&1 ,G]MANY1 
,AU/RIA & ,SCOTL&4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ !IR ACTIVITIES BY WAY ( %OP 
COMMITTEES1 %OP /EW>DS OR WORK]S' C\NCILS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( EXI/+ 
TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 EV]Y TRULY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aie & 
AGA9 9 #a#i#a#g1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA ( #a#i#a#h1 WORK]S' 
& SOLDI]S' C\NCILS 7SOVIETS7 >OSE SPONTANE\SLY & ATTEMPT$ TO 
ORGANIZE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE BY EXT5D+ ! C\NCIL SY/EM ON A 
NATIONAL SCALE4 ,! RULE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 = ! C\NCILS >E ELECT$ AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 ?US 
LEAV+ UNREPRES5T$ ALL SOCIAL LAY]S NOT ASSOCIAT$ ) PRODUCTION4 ,9 
ITSELF1 ?IS MAY NOT LEAD TO SOCIALISM1 &1 9 FACT1 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' 
C\NCILS VOT$ !MSELVES \T ( EXI/5CE BY SUPPORT+ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 
,YET1 PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION REQUIRES A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* LEAVES 
! DECISION-MAK+ P[] OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 ! H&S ( ! 
WORK]S4 

,9 ?IS C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 ,PANNEKOEK RECOGNIZ$ ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW 
REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A 
SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS MOVEM5T C\LD >ISE & MA9TA9 
ITSELF ONLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ITS PR9CIPLES ATTRACT$ 
! MO/ MILITANT SECTOR ( ! REBELLI\S PROLET>IAT1 MU* TO ! *AGR9 ( 
,L59 :O C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( A MOVEM5T NOT UND] ! CONTROL ( A P>TY1 OR 
! /ATE1 & :O WAS BUSY EMASCULAT+ ! SOVIETS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT NEI!R 
C\LD HE AGREE TO AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T NOT UND] ! ABSOLUTE 
CONTROL ( HIS [N P>TY4 ,AT FIR/ BY WAY ( 9TRIGUE1 & !N OP5LY1 AFT] 
#a#i#b1 ! BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO GET ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ITS 
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y & ANTI-TRADE UNION C\RSE1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT IT WAS 
NECESS>Y NOT TO LOSE CONTACT ) ! MASSES :I* /ILL ADH]$ TO ! OLD 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,L59'S 0,LEFT-,W+0 ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE 
,DISORD] WAS DIRECT$ FIR/ ( ALL AGA9/ ,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK1 ! SPOKESM5 
( ! COMMUNI/ C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 

,! ,HEIDELB]G ,CONV5TION 9 #aiai SPLIT ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9TO A 
,L59I/ M9ORITY & A MAJORITY ADH]+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( 
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM & ANTI-TRADE UNIONISM ON :I* ! P>TY HAD ORIG9ALLY 
BE5 BAS$4 ,BUT !RE WAS N[ A NEW DIVID+ QUE/ION1 NAMELY1 ?AT ( P>TY OR 
CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 ,! NON-,L59I/ COMMUNI/S ADOPT$ ! NAME1 ,COMMUNI/ 
,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,A,P,D71 & A SIMIL> ORGANIZATION WAS LAT] F\ND$ 
9 ,HOLL&4 ,P>TY COMMUNI/S OPPOS$ C\NCIL COMMUNI/S & ,PANNEKOEK SID$ 
) ! LATT]4 ,! C\NCIL COMMUNI/S ATT5D$ ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! 
,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! CAPACITY ( SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,! CONDITIONS ( 
ADMISSION TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL - COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( ! V>I\S 
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO ! WILL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY - DIVORC$ ! 
NEW C\NCIL MOVEM5T FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ALTOGE!R4 

,! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ ! 0ULTRA 
LEFT0 W]E ! FIR/ DIRECT ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! LIFE ( 
COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! PATT]N ( CONTROL NEV] 
*ANG$ & SUBORD9AT$1 EV5TUALLY1 ! :OLE WORLD COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T TO ! 
SPECIFIC NE$S ( ,RUSSIA & ! BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN 
DOM9AT$ MOVEM5T1 AS ,PANNEKOEK & ,GORT] HAD PR$ICT$1 NEV] 
0CAPTUR$0 ! ,WE/]N TRADE UNIONS1 NOR DOM9AT$ ! OLD 
SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS BY DIVORC+ !IR FOLL[]S FROM !IR LEAD]S1 !Y 
DID DE/ROY ! 9DEP5D5CE & RADICAL *>ACT] ( ! EM]G+ NEW 
COMMUNI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,) ! 5ORM\S PRE/IGE ( A SUCCESSFUL POLITICAL 
REVOLUTION ON !IR SIDE1 & ) ! FAILURE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 !Y 
C\LD NOT FAIL TO W9 A L>GE MAJORITY 9 ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T TO ! 
PR9CIPLES ( ,L59ISM4 ,! IDEAS & ! MOVEM5T ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM 
DECL9$ /EADILY & PRACTICALLY DISAPPE>$ ALTOGE!R 9 ! FASCI/ REIGN 
( T]ROR & ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,:ILE ,L59'S FI<T AGA9/ ! 0ULTRA LEFT0 WAS ! FIR/ 
9DICATION ( ! 0C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y0 T5D5CIES ( BOL%EVISM1 
,PANNEKOEK'S & ,GORT]'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,L59I/ CORRUPTION 
( ! NEW LABOR MOVEM5T WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ANTI-BOL%EVISM FROM A 
PROLET>IAN PO9T ( VIEW4 ,& ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! ONLY CONSI/5T 
ANTI-BOL%EVISM !RE IS4 ,B\RGEOIS 0ANTI-BOL%EVISM0 IS ! 
CURR5T IDEOLOGY ( IMP]IALI/ CAPITAL COMPETITION1 :I* WAXES & WANES 
ACCORD+ TO *ANG+ NATIONAL P[] RELATIONS4 ,! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC1 = 
9/ANCE1 F\<T BOL%EVISM ON ! ONE H& & ON ! O!R MADE SECRET DEALS 
) ! ,R$ ,>MY & OP5 BUS9ESS DEALS ) BOL%EVISM 9 ORD] TO BOL/] 
ITS [N POLITICAL & ECONOMIC POSITION )9 ! WORLD COMPETITIVE PROCESS4 
,!RE WAS ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 PACT & ! 9VASION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,WE/]N ALLIES 
( YE/]DAY >E ! COLD-W> 5EMIES ( TODAY1 TO M5TION ONLY ! MO/ 
OBVI\S ( 09CONSI/5CIES0 :I*1 9 FACT1 >E ! 
0POLITICS0 ( CAPITALISM1 DET]M9$ AS !Y >E1 BY NO?+ BUT 
! PR(IT & P[] PR9CIPLES4 

,ANTI-BOL%EVISM MU/ PRESUPPOSE ANTI-CAPITALISM S9CE BOL%EVIK /ATE 
CAPITALISM IS M]ELY ANO!R TYPE ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS WAS NOT AS OBVI\S1 ( 
C\RSE1 9 #aib AS IT IS N[4 ,IT REQUIR$ EXP]I5CE ) ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVISM TO 
LE>N H[ SOCIALISM CANNOT BE REALIZ$4 ,! TRANSF] ( CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION FROM PRIVATE [N]S TO ! /ATE & ! C5TRALI/IC & 
ANTAGONI/IC DET]M9ATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION /ILL LEAVES 9TACT 
CAPITAL LABOR RELATIONS AS A RELATION BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$1 RUL]S 
& RUL$4 ,9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 IT M]ELY LEADS TO A MORE MOD]N =M ( 
CAPITALISM :]E CAPITAL IS DIRECTLY - & NOT 9DIRECTLY1 AS IT WAS 
PREVI\SLY - ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( A POLITICALLY MA9TA9$ RUL+ 
CLASS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS DIRECTION ?AT ALL CAPITALI/ SY/EMS MOVE1 ?US R$UC+ 
CAPITALI/ 0ANTI-BOL%EVISM0 TO A M]E IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE = 
WORLD CONTROL 

,9 RETROSPECT IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,PANNEKOEK & 
,L59 C\LD NOT BE RESOLV$ BY WAY ( >GUM5T4 ,9 #a#i#b1 H[EV]1 IT WAS /ILL 
POSSIBLE TO HOPE ?AT ! ,WE/]N WORK+ CLASS W\LD TAKE AN 9DEP5D5T 
C\RSE NOT T[>DS A MODIFI$ CAPITALISM BUT T[>DS ITS ABOLITION4 ,ANSW]+ 
,L59'S 0,LEFT-W+0 ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE 
,DISORD]1 ,GORT] /ILL TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! BOL%EVIKS ( ! 
0]RORS0 ( !IR WAYS1 BY PO9T+ TO ! DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIO 
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ! ,WE/1 & TO ! FACT ?AT ! 
0TACTICS0 :I* BR\<T BOL%EVISM TO P[] 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT 
POSSIBLY APPLY TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T 
( BOL%EVISM REVEAL$1 ?AT ! 0B\RGEOIS0 ELEM5TS 9 ,L59ISM 
W]E DUE NOT TO A 0FAULTY !ORY10 BUT HAD !IR S\RCE 9 ! 
*>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 :I* HAD BE5 CONCEIV$ & WAS 
C>RI$ \T AS A /ATE CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION SU/A9$ BY A PSEUDO-,M>XIAN 
IDEOLOGY4 

,9 NUM]\S >TICLES 9 ANTI-BOL%EVIK COMMUNI/ J\RNALS1 & UNTIL ! 5D 
( HIS LIFE1 ,PANNEKOEK ELUCIDAT$ UPON ! *>ACT] ( BOL%EVISM & ! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS HE DID 9 HIS E>LI] CRITICISM ( ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY1 SO H]E1 TOO1 HE DID NOT ACCUSE ! BOL%EVIKS ( A 
0BETRAYAL0 ( WORK+-CLASS PR9CIPLES4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?\< AN IMPORTANT EPISODE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 ASPIR$ ONLY TO A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION :I* C\LD BE 
,CALL$ /ATE SOCIALISM1 OR /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* >E ONE & ! SAME ?+4 
,IT DID NOT BETRAY ITS [N GOAL ANY MORE ?AN TRADE UNIONS 0BETRAY0 
TRADE UNIONISM4 ,JU/ AS !RE CANNOT BE ANY O!R TYPE ( TRADE UNIONISM ?AN 
! EXI/+ ONE1 SO ONE CANNOT EXPECT /ATE CAPITALISM TO BE SOME?+ O!R 
?AN ITSELF4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 HAD BE5 F\<T UND] ! BANN] ( 
,M>XISM1 & ! BOL%EVIK /ATE IS ALMO/ G5]ALLY CONSID]$ A ,M>XI/ 
REGIME4 ,M>XISM1 & SOON ,M>XISM-,L59ISM-,/AL9ISM1 REMA9$ ! IDEOLOGY ( 
,RUSSIAN /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,TO %[ :AT ! 0,M>XISM0 ( ,L59ISM 
REALLY IMPLI$1 ,PANNEKOEK UND]TOOK A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ITS PHILOSOPHICAL 
BASIS1 PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH]1 9 
#a#i#c#h4 

,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS APPE>$ 9 HIS WORK ,MAT]IALISM & 
,EMPIRIOCRITICISM1 9 ,RUSSIAN 9 #aih & 9 ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS 9 
#a#i#b#g4 ,>\ND #aid C]TA9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S1 ,BOGDANOV 9 P>TICUL>1 HAD TAK5 
AN 9T]E/ 9 MOD]N ,WE/]N NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! IDEAS ( 
,]N/ ,MA*1 & TRI$ TO COMB9E !SE ) ,M>XISM4 ,!Y GA9$ SOME 9FLU5CE 
)9 ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ P>TY & ,L59 SET \T TO DE/ROY ?IS 9FLU5CE 
BY ATTACK+ ITS APP>5T PHILOSOPHICAL S\RCE4 

,?\< NOT 9 A PHILOSOPHICAL S5SE1 ,M>X HAD CALL$ HIS SY/EM ( ?\<T 
MAT]IALISM4 ,IT REF]R$ TO ! MAT]IAL BASE ( ALL SOCIAL EXI/5CE & 
*ANGE & GREW \T ( HIS REJECTION ( BO? ! PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM ( 
,FEU]BA* & ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL4 ,= B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM1 
NATURE WAS OBJECTIVELY GIV5 REALITY & MAN WAS DET]M9$ BY NATURAL LAWS4 
,?IS DIRECT CONFRONTATION ( 9DIVIDUAL MAN & EXT]NAL NATURE1 & ! 
9ABILITY TO SEE SOCIETY & SOCIAL LABOR AS AN 9DIVISIBLE ASPECT ( ! 
:OLE ( REALITY1 DI/+UI%$ MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM FROM ,HI/ORICAL 
,MAT]IALISM4 

,E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM1 OR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 HAD HELD ?AT ?R\< 
S5SE EXP]I5CE & ! 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY D]IV$ !REFROM1 IT W\LD BE 
POSSIBLE TO GA9 ABSOLUTE1 VALID KN[L$GE ( PHYSICAL REALITY - ?\<T 
TO BE MADE UP ( MATT]4 ,9 AN ATTEMPT TO C>RY ! MAT]IALI/ REPRES5TATION 
( ! OBJECTIVE WORLD TO ! PROCESS ( KN[L$GE ITSELF1 ,MA* & ! 
POSITIVI/S D5I$ ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( MATT]1 S9CE PHYSICAL CONCEPTS 
MU/ BE CON/RUCT $ FROM S5SE EXP]I5CE & ?US RETA9 !IR SUBJECTIVITY4 
,?IS DI/URB$ ,L59 GREATLY1 BECAUSE = HIM1 KN[L$GE WAS ONLY :AT REFLECTS 
OBJECTIVE TRU?1 TRU?1 ?AT IS1 AB\T MATT]1 ,9 ,MA*'S 9FLU5CE 9 
SOCIALI/ CIRCLES1 HE SAW A CORRUPTION ( ,M>XIAN MAT]IALISM4 ,! SUBJECTIVE 
ELEM5T 9 ,MA*'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE BECAME1 9 ,L59'S M9D1 AN 
IDEALI/ AB]RATION & A DELIB]ATE ATTEMPT TO REVIVE RELIGI\S 
OBSCURANTISM4 

,IT WAS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! CRITICAL PROGRESS ( SCI5CE F\ND 
IDEALI/IC 9T]PRET]S :O W\LD GIVE COM=T TO ! RELIGIONI/S4 ,SOME 
,M>XI/S BEGAN TO DEF5D ! MAT]IALISM ( ! ONCE REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE 
AGA9/ ! NEW IDEALISM - & ! NEW SCI5CE AS WELL - ( ! 
E/ABLI%$ CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,TO ,L59 ?IS SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT AS 
! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 /ILL ON ! V]GE ( ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION1 WAG$ ITS IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE TO A L>GE EXT5T ) ! 
SCI5TIFIC & PHILOSOPHICAL >GUM5TS ( ! E>LY ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE4 

,BY CONFRONT+ ,L59'S ATTACK ON 0,EMPIRIOCRITICISM0 ) 
ITS REAL SCI5TIFIC CONT5T1 ,PANNEKOEK NOT ONLY REVEAL$ ,L59'S BIAS$ 
& DI/ORT$ EXPOSITION ( ! IDEAS ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 BUT ALSO HIS 
9ABILITY TO CRITICIZE !IR WORK FROM A ,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW4 ,L59 ATTACK$ 
,MA* NOT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 BUT FROM ?AT ( AN 
E>LI] & SCI5TIFICALLY LESS DEVELOP$ B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 ,9 ?IS USE ( 
MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM 9 DEF5SE ( 0,M>XISM0 ,PANNEKOEK SAW AN 
ADDITIONAL 9DICATION ( ! HALF-B\RGEOIS1 HALF-PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( 
BOL%EVISM & ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,IT W5T TOGE!R ) ! 
/ATE CAPITALI/ CONCEPT ( 0SOCIALISM01 ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDES 
T[>DS SPONTANEITY & ,ORGANIZATION1 ) ! \T-DAT$ & UNREALIZABLE 
PR9CIPLE ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & ) ,L59'S CONVICTION 
?AT ONLY ! MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLIG5TSIA IS ABLE TO DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y 
CONSCI\SNESS & IS ?US DE/9$ TO LEAD ! MASSES4 ,! COMB9ATION ( 
B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM & REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM :I* *>ACT]IZ$ 
,L59'S PHILOSOPHY REAPPE>$ ) ! VICTORI\S BOL%EVISM AS ! 
COMB9ATION ( NEO-CAPITALI/ PRACTICE & SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,H[EV] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A PROGRESSIVE EV5T ( 5ORM\S 
SIGNIFICANCE COMP>ABLE TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT ALSO REVEAL$ ?AT A 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ! PRIVATE PROP]TY 
RELATIONS :I* DOM9AT$ ITS LAISSEZ-FAIRE P]IOD4 ,) ! SUBSID+ FEEBLE 
WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 CAPITALISM 
REE/ABLI%$ ITSELF1 DESPITE ! PREVAIL+ CRISIS CONDITIONS1 BY WAY ( 
9CREAS+ /ATE 9T]V5TIONS 9 ITS ECONOMY4 ,9 ! WEAK] CAPITALI/ NATIONS 
?IS TOOK ! =M ( FASCISM & L$ TO ! 9T5SIFICATION ( IMP]IALI/ 
POLICIES :I*1 F9ALLY1 L$ TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ! ,FIR/1 
! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> %[$ CLE>LY ?AT ! EXI/+ LABOR MOVEM5T WAS NO 
LONG] A CLASS MOVEM5T BUT P>T & P>CEL ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM4 

,9 ,OCCUPI$ ,HOLL&1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ,PANNEKOEK BEGAN HIS WORK 
ON ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 :I* HE COMPLET$ 9 #a#i#d#g4 ,IT WAS A 
SUMM+-UP ( HIS LIFE EXP]I5CE ) ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! 
9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T & ! DEVELOPM5T & TRANS=MATION ( 
CAPITALISM 9 V>I\S NATIONS & AS A :OLE4 ,?IS HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM1 & 
( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 5DS ) ! TRIUMPH ( A REVIV$1 ?\< 
*ANG$1 CAPITALISM AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 & ) ! UTT] SUBJUGATION 
( WORK+-CLASS 9T]E/S TO ! COMPETITIVE NE$S ( ! TWO RIVAL CAPITALI/ 
SY/EMS PREP>+ = A NEW WORLD W>4 ,:ILE 9 ! ,WE/1 ! /ILL EXI/+ 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS ASPIRE1 AT BE/1 TO NO MORE ?AN ! REPLACEM5T ( 
MONOPOLY BY /ATE-CAPITALISM1 ! SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/ WORLD MOVEM5T HOPES = 
A WORLD REVOLUTION AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 
SOCIALISM IS CONF\ND$ ) PUBLIC [N]%IP :]E ! /ATE IS MA/] ( 
PRODUCTION & WORK]S >E /ILL SUBJECT$ TO A RUL+ CLASS4 

,! COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALISM ( OLD WAS ALSO ! COLLAPSE ( ! OLD 
LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,:AT ?IS MOVEM5T CONSID]$ TO BE SOCIALISM TURNS \T TO BE 
A H>%] =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT UNLIKE ! RUL+ CLASS1 :I* ADAPTS ITSELF 
QUICKLY TO *ANG$ CONDITIONS1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 BY /ILL ADH]+ TO 
TRADITIONAL IDEAS & ACTIVITIES1 F9DS ITSELF 9 A P[]LESS & APP>5TLY 
HOPELESS SITUATION4 ,& AS ECONOMIC *ANGES ONLY GRADUALLY *ANGE IDEAS1 IT MAY 
/ILL TAKE CONSID]ABLE TIME BE=E A NEW LABOR MOVEM5T - FITT$ TO ! 
NEW CONDITIONS - WILL >ISE4 ,= LABOR'S TASK IS /ILL ! SAME1 
?AT IS1 ! ABOLITION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! REALIZATION 
( SOCIALISM4 ,& ?IS CAN BE BR\<T AB\T ONLY :5 ! WORK]S ORGANIZE 
!MSELVES & SOCIETY 9 SU* A WAY AS TO ASSURE A PLANN$ SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
& DI/RIBUTION DET]M9$ BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,:5 SU* A LABOR 
MOVEM5T >ISES1 IT WILL RECOGNIZE ITS ORIG9S 9 ! IDEAS ( C\NCIL 
COMMUNISM & 9 ?OSE ( ONE ( ITS MO/ CONSI/5T PROPON5TS - ,ANTON 
,PANNEKOEK4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/